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Emerging viruses causing Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) can be more damaging due to irreversible brain damage, irrespective of the identical medical characteristics created by all agents. We report two cases of acute encephalitis syndrome caused by Japanese encephalitis virus from a usually under-reported geographic region of India. Both patients were managed conservatively with favourable outcome in one of them.There should be considerable effort to identify the particular causative agent that triggers AES, bearing in mind the various clinical manifestations of Japanese encephalitis virus. Although there is no significant impact on management, it is possible to prevent transmission to healthy contacts and the community through vector control and vaccination.

EmergingvirusescausingAcute EncephalitisSyndrome (AES)canbemoredamagingduetoirreversiblebraindamage,irrespectiveoftheidenticalmedicalcharacteristicscreatedbyallagents. We report two cases of acute encephalitis syndrome caused by Japanese encephalitis virus from a usually under-reported geographic region of India. Both patients were managed conservatively with favourable outcome in one of them.There should be considerable effort to identify the particular causative agent that triggers AES, bearing in mind the various clinical manifestations of Japanese encephalitis virus. Although there is no significant impact on management, it is possible to prevent transmission to healthy contacts and the community through vector control and vaccination. &nbsp

Background: The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of iron deficiency in febrile seizures.Methods: Case control study conducted at Pediatric department of Tertiary care hospital. A total 70 cases and 70 controls were included in the study. Consecutive cases and controls were selected. Cases were children of age group 6 months to 5 years with simple febrile seizures and controls were children of same age group with short febrile illness without any seizures. After consent, detailed history was taken and clinical examination were carried out for both groups. Blood investigations were done to diagnose iron deficiency in both cases and controls. Iron deficiency was diagnosed as per WHO criteria haemoglobin

Background: The objective of the study was to study the prevalence and various risk factors of dysnatremia in sick newborns admitted in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).Methods: Cross sectional study conducted in Paediatric Department of tertiary care hospital from February 2016 to October 2016 which includes 384 neonates admitted to NICU during the study period. After informed consent, detailed history was taken and clinical examination carried out in both cases and controls. Blood investigations were done to diagnose sodium levels in sick neonates. Based on the corrected sodium values, the subjects were classified as having hyponatremia (serum sodium 145 meq/l) or normonatremia (serum sodium 135 to 145 meq/l).Results: The mean (SD) (range) serum sodium in sick newborns measured was 136.72 (6.7) (115-165) meq/l at a median (range) age of 56.97 (1-545) hours. Out of 384 sodium values obtained, 285 (74.2%) were sent on ≤3 days, 64 (16.7%) between 4th to the 6th day and 35 (9.1%) were sent on ≥7 days. The overall frequency of dysnatremia in 384 sodium values from 384 patients was 142 (37%). Hyponatremia was observed in 117 (30.5%) and hypernatremia in 25 (6.5%) of sodium values. Hyponatremia observed in term, low birth weight, very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight neonates were 16.4%, 25.2%, 67.2% and 100% respectively whereas hypernatremia were 10.1%, 4.6%, 3.4% and 0% respectively. Various risk factors for hyponatremia namely; prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, renal failure, birth asphyxia, sepsis, meningitis, vomiting/ nasogastric drainage.Conclusions: Hyponatremia are common in sick newborns in NICU.

Congenital longitudinal radial deficiency is a rare congenital anomaly and encompasses a spectrum ranging from mild hypoplasia to complete absence of radius. Furthermore known as radial club hand or radial dysplasia, there is variable degree of deficiency along the radial side of the limb. The authors report a case series of four cases; two cases of isolated radial club hand and two associated with other anomalies, including VACTERL syndrome. The rarity of the disease and the need to exclude other associated anomalies are emphasized.