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This study investigates the improvement of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in China during 2004-2011. A clinic-based prospective study was conducted among HIV-positive pregnant women and their children in eight counties across China. Associated factors of mother-to-child transmission were analyzed using regression analysis. A total of 1,387 HIV+ pregnant women and 1,377 HIV-exposed infants were enrolled. The proportion of pregnant women who received HIV testing increased significantly from 45.1% to 98.9% during 2004-2011. Among whom, the proportion that received antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis increased from 61% to 96%, and the corresponding coverage in children increased from 85% to 97% during the same period. In contrast, single-dose nevirapine treatment during delivery declined substantially from 97.9% to 12.7%. Vertical transmission of HIV declined from 11.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.7-23.3%) in 2004 to 1.2% (95% CI: 0.1-5.8%) in 2011. Women who had a vaginal delivery (compared to emergency caesarian section (odds ratio [OR] = 0.46; 0.23-0.96)) and mothers on multi-ARVs (OR = 0.11; 0.04-0.29) were less likely to transmit HIV to their newborns. Increasing HIV screening enabled timely HIV care and prophylaxis to reduce vertical transmission of HIV. Early and consistent treatment with multi-ARVs during pregnancy is vital for PMTCT.

Introduction: Solid fuel combustion is a significant source of household air pollution and an important risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study presents the rates and change in the use of solid fuels for cooking and heating in China., Methods: Based on data from the Chinese Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Surveillance, the research estimated the rates and change of solid fuels usage for cooking and heating from 2014-2015 to 2019-2020 and the rate of primary cooking solid fuels usage in 2019-2020, and analyzed the association between solid fuels usage and COPD., Results: The rates of solid fuels usage for cooking and heating significantly decreased, dropping from 45.3% to 28.0% and from 33.5% to 23.2%, respectively. Usage rates were higher among rural residents, with 47.2% using it for cooking and 37.7% for heating in 2019-2020. The usage of solid fuels for cooking is associated with increased risk of COPD. Among rural residents, combined usage of biomass and coal for cooking ( OR =1.29, 95% CI : 1.12, 1.48) and using coal as primary fuel for cooking ( OR =1.18, 95% CI : 1.00, 1.38) are associated with higher risk of COPD. The usage of biomass for cooking is associated with an increased risk of COPD in urban residents ( OR =1.17, 95% CI : 1.03, 1.32)., Conclusions: The study demonstrates a significant decline in the use of household solid fuels. Nevertheless, high utilization rates persist among individuals in rural settings and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. It is of great public health importance to propose targeted fuel substitution measures for various solid fuels in different regions to reduce the risk of COPD., Competing Interests: No conflicts of interest., (Copyright and License information: Editorial Office of CCDCW, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2024.)

Background: Breast cancer (BC) risk-stratification tools for Asian women that are highly accurate and can provide improved interpretation ability are lacking. We aimed to develop risk-stratification models to predict long- and short-term BC risk among Chinese women and to simultaneously rank potential non-experimental risk factors., Methods: The Breast Cancer Cohort Study in Chinese Women, a large ongoing prospective dynamic cohort study, includes 122,058 women aged 25-70 years old from the eastern part of China. We developed multiple machine-learning risk prediction models using parametric models (penalized logistic regression, bootstrap, and ensemble learning), which were the short-term ensemble penalized logistic regression (EPLR) risk prediction model and the ensemble penalized long-term (EPLT) risk prediction model to estimate BC risk. The models were assessed based on calibration and discrimination, and following this assessment, they were externally validated in new study participants from 2017 to 2020., Results: The AUC values of the short-term EPLR risk prediction model were 0.800 for the internal validation and 0.751 for the external validation set. For the long-term EPLT risk prediction model, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.692 and 0.760 in internal and external validations, respectively. The net reclassification improvement index of the EPLT relative to the Gail and the Han Chinese Breast Cancer Prediction Model (HCBCP) models for external validation was 0.193 and 0.233, respectively, indicating that the EPLT model has higher classification accuracy., Conclusions: We developed the EPLR and EPLT models to screen populations with a high risk of developing BC. These can serve as useful tools to aid in risk-stratified screening and BC prevention., (Copyright © 2024 The Chinese Medical Association, produced by Wolters Kluwer, Inc. under the CC-BY-NC-ND license.)

What Is Already Known About This Topic?: Psychological and lifestyle factors are known to potentially play a significant role in the development of breast cancer. However, current evidence-based studies present controversial findings on the associations between depression, sleep duration, and breast cancer risk., What Is Added by This Report?: This study investigated the potential risk factors of depressive symptoms and short sleep duration for breast cancer within the Breast Cancer Cohort Study in Chinese Women. The findings revealed that women experiencing depressive symptoms and short sleep duration exhibited a heightened risk of developing breast cancer, particularly among the older population., What Are the Implications for Public Health Practice?: Public policy ought to prioritize early health education interventions targeting psychological factors in order to facilitate the prevention of breast cancer., Competing Interests: No conflicts of interest., (Copyright and License information: Editorial Office of CCDCW, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2023.)

What Is Already Known About This Topic?: Breast cancer awareness plays a crucial role in promoting screening attendance, enabling early detection, and improving survival rates associated with breast cancer. Nevertheless, a persistent issue is the low public awareness of breast cancer warning signs and risk factors., What Is Added by This Report?: Breast cancer awareness rate was 10.2%, with particularly low rates among never-screened and inadequately screened women. Factors associated with low awareness levels included low income, agricultural occupation, limited educational attainment, smoking, and the absence of professional recommendations., What Are the Implications for Public Health Practice?: Consideration should be given to effective health education and delivery strategies aimed at women who have never been screened or have received inadequate screening., Competing Interests: No conflicts of interest., (Copyright and License information: Editorial Office of CCDCW, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2023.)

What Is Already Known About This Topic?: Human papillomavirus (HPV) type-specific strategies play a key role in the prevention of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), but evidence on the HPV type-specific prevalence in CIN is limited., What Is Added by This Report?: This multicentric study estimates the prevalence of high-risk HPV types in CIN cases and the associations of HPV infection patterns with high-grade CIN in China in 2017-2018., What Are the Implications for Public Health Practice?: Population-based prevention strategies should give preference to HPV-16 and 18, and strategies for non-16/18 high-risk HPV are essential for the elimination of cervical cancer., Competing Interests: No conflicts of interest., (Copyright and License information: Editorial Office of CCDCW, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2022.)

What is already known about this topic?, Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among HIV-positive women. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended a program of cervical cancer screening for HIV-positive women. Prospective follow-up studies and specific recommendations on cervical cancer screening for HIV-positive women in China are not currently being performed., What is added by this report?, Among HIV-positive women from high HIV-burden areas of China, the detection rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) in the baseline survey and the incidence of CIN2+ in the follow-up survey after 18 months was high. High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection and early (< 18 years old) sexual debut was associated with CIN2+ among HIV-positive women., What are the implications for public health practice?, HIV-positive women need cervical cancer prevention and regular screening services. These women might benefit from a cervical cancer screening program that combines hrHPV test and cytology and has short intervals between screenings., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest:No conflict of interest were reported., (Copyright and License information: Editorial Office of CCDCW, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2020.)

Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: No conflicts of interest were reported.