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Tyrimo tikslas - atskleisti socialinių darbuotojų, dirbančių su šeimomis, patiriančiomis riziką, profesinio perdegimo prevenciją. Kiekybinio tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, jog socialiniai darbuotojai dirbdami su šeimomis, patiriančiomis riziką, dažniausiai susiduria su nepakeliamu stresu, įtampa, neigiamu klientų požiūriu į socialinį darbuotoją, per dideliu klientų skaičiumi. Norėdami išvengti profesinio perdegimo, socialiniai darbuotojai stengiasi gerai sutarti su kolegomis, vadovais, mokosi tinkamai planuotis savo laiką. Prevencines priemones pasitelkia ir įstaigų vadovai organizuodami darbuotojų mokymus, supervizijas, kurdami teigiamą atmosferą darbo aplinkoje., Purpose of the research - to reveal the prevention of occupational burnout of social workers working with families at high risk. The results of the research revealed that social workers, when working with families at risk, are often exposed to unbearable stress, tension, negative attitudes of clients towards the social worker, and an excessive number of clients. In order to avoid professional burnout, social workers try to agree well with colleagues, managers, learn to plan their time properly. Preventive measures are also used by the heads of institutions by organizing training and supervision of employees, creating a positive atmosphere in the work environment.

Metodska supervizija je supervizija koja se definira kao proces, u kojem kao referentni materijal služi profesionalna interakcija supervizanta s klijentom, a poseban naglasak stavlja se na edukativnu komponentu, produbljenu strukturu rada na slučaju i fazu profesionalnog razvoja supervizanta. U ovom radu prikazan je dio rezultata kvalitativnog istraživanja doživljaja djelotvornosti sudjelovanja u metodskoj superviziji voditelja mjere stručne pomoći i potpore u ostvarivanju skrbi o djetetu. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 17 voditelja mjere stručne pomoći i potpore koji mjere provode kao djelatnici i vanjski suradnici CZSS-a Osijek, Našice i D. Miholjac i sudjelovali su u tzv. metodskoj superviziji. Istraživanje je provedeno metodom polustruktuiranog intervjua, a u obradi podataka korištena je tematska analiza. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da voditelji mjere stručne pomoći i potpore prepoznaju dobiti od sudjelovanja u metodskoj superviziji, kako generičke tako i specifične, te ukupno kao ishode metodske supervizije opisuju osjećaj većeg postignuća u radu s obitelji te promjene u odnosu s obitelji u kojoj provede mjeru stručne pomoći i potpore. U metodskoj superviziji voditelji su dobili podršku, a njezine učinke podijelili su na generičke i specifične. Također, u radu se opisuju posebnosti metodske supervizije koje su prepoznali voditelji mjere stručne pomoći i potpore u ostvarivanju skrbi o djetetu u odnosu na druge oblike supervizije u kojima su sudjelovali., Method oriented supervision is a supervision defined as a process, whereas referent material serves professional interaction of a supervisees with a client. A unique accent in method oriented supervision is on the educational component, deepened casework structure and on the professional development phase of the supervisor. This paper represents part of the qualitative research of experience in the effectiveness of participation in method oriented supervision of supervisors of measures for the protection of child welfare who conduct professional assistance and support measures in exercising child care. This study included 17 participants who, conduct measures in the Centre of Social Welfare in Osijek, Našice, and Donji Miholjac. They participated in method oriented supervision. The research was conducted by a method of semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was used for data processing. The results of the research show that supervisors of measures for the protection of child welfare recognize the benefits of participating in method oriented supervision as generic and specific, and in general they describe the feeling of greater achievement in working with families and changes in the relationship with the families in which they implement the measure of professional help and support. Supervisors of measures for the protection of child welfare obtained support and they divided the effects of method oriented supervision into generic and specific ones. Also, the paper describes the special features of method oriented supervision recognized by supervisors of measures for the protection of child welfare in relation to other forms of supervision in which they participated.

Straipsnyje analizuojama gana naujos šeimai skirtų socialinių paslaugų pareigybės – atvejo vadybininko profesinės veiklos sudėtingumas ir supervizijos, kaip profesinės paramos formos, taikymo perspektyva. Socialinio darbo lauke supervizija – gerai žinoma profesinių santykių konsultavimo forma. Socialiniai darbuotojai, keldami profesinę kvalifikaciją, siekia dalyvauti grupės, komandos ir individualiose supervizijose. Socialinio darbo praktikoje puikiai žinoma ir vadovo bei visos organizacijos supervizija. Lietuvoje, kaip ir visame pasaulyje, ji pirmiausia įsitvirtino socialinio darbo lauke, kas rodo šios profesijos sudėtingumą. Socialinis darbas, kaip profesija, nuolat patiria įvairių pokyčių, gausėja paslaugų, vis daugiau dėmesio skiriama specialioms metodikoms, kai globalus požiūris nebetenkina esamos įgalinimo situacijos. Atvejo vadybininkas yra nauja pareigybė, tad jos turinys tik formuojasi. Atliktas tyrimas atskleidė, kad darbuotojai nuolat patiria įtampą, kurią didina esamos atsakomybės našta. Jie ir kuria šios pareigybės turinį, nuolat susidurdami su tarpinstitucinio bendradarbiavimo trukdžiais. Straipsnyje aptarti kokybinis tyrimas, atvejo vadybininkų interviu ir supervizijos patirties refleksija leidžia pateikti išvadas dėl supervizijos taikymo perspektyvos, pasiūlyti konkrečias supervizijos formas, išskirtinėmis šioje situacijoje tampa individuali ir komandos supervizija. Supervision as a form of professional relationship counselling has long been recognised in the context of professional assistance professions. It is described as burn-out prevention, an opportunity for personal and professional growth, an effective form of support and professional support, and a context for reflective education. As in Lithuania, in world practice, supervision first appeared in the field of social work, and later reached other professions in health care and education systems, business, etc. The practice of supervision is constantly accompanied by research to enable more professional ways of empowering professionals in the process of professional relationship counselling. At present, three programmes for supervisors have been prepared in Lithuania. The Lithuanian Association of Professional Relations Consultants, established in 2006, guarantees the quality of services provided, and unites over 60 supervisors. Lithuanian supervisors conduct control supervisions in other countries, present reports at international scientific conferences, and participate in international supervisor training study programmes. This suggests that experience has already been gained that can be shared in the development of supervisory studies and progressive practices at an international level. Social work as a profession is currently clearly formed; more and more professionals are interested in and use the opportunities of professional support, realising that social work is a profession where employees are constantly faced with challenges, working in crisis intervention situations. New positions are emerging where employees have to adjust the content of their professional activities, sometimes as a challenge, and sometimes as a threat. Changes require new knowledge and general skills from the employee, and one such position is the case manager. [...] The aim is to explore the possibilities of supervision in case management. Research methods: semi-structured interviews, reflection on experience, narrative data analysis. The interviews were conducted in April 2020. Eight case managers from N district participated in the study. The interviews were arranged in advance. The study participants were informed about the aims, objectives, functions and course of the study. The interview questions were constructed by focusing on elements of the interaction-based social work process model: employee, client, circumstances (Bagdonas, 2001; Dirgėlienė, Kiaunytė, 2005). During the investigation, full confidentiality, the right to anonymity and privacy were ensured. When analysing the data obtained during the research, the names of the research participants were not made public, by giving them pseudonyms: X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6 and X7. Characteristics of the study participants: all the study participants were women; X1, X2, X3 and X4 have an MA in social work; and X5, X6 and X7 have a higher university degree in social work. Prior to becoming managers, all the study participants had previously worked in social work with families at risk. Their length of service is: X1 ten years, X2 six years, X3 15 years, X4 six years, X5 ten years, X6 seven years, and X7 eight years. The age of study participants: from 30 to 45. [...] Conclusions. Empirical research revealed that case managers, as professionals in quite a new position, experience a situation of change when the content of professional activities is formed, requiring a new approach, new competencies, courage and creativity from the employee. The client of the case manager is a family at social risk. Like the social worker working directly with the family, the case manager works in a crisis intervention situation, operating in conditions of intensive interaction. Complex family problems, responsibility for case management and decisionmaking cause tension, and existential anxiety is also experienced. It is time to talk about existential social work, about the personality traits of employees, their ‘personal power’, their readiness to work in crisis situations, and psychosocial competencies. The refinement of the new role and functions is becoming topical; one of the obstacles to activities is the duplication of activities, bureaucracy, overload, and the situation of inter-institutional cooperation. There is a need for new knowledge and skills; meeting skills, oratorical skills and organisational skills; the ability to concentrate and persuade; important legal knowledge; and, of course, leadership. In a situation of change, a very important aspect is professional support, organisational culture, and leadership style. The topics raised by the case managers involved in group supervision responded to organisational, professional, domain, and relationship dynamics. Supervision reflected on and analysed professional values, role change, conflict resolution and stress-coping strategies, and change management and acceptance. According to the participants, supervision strengthened self-confidence, provided support and security, and encouraged self-reflection and continuous learning. Some topics of supervision require deeper analysis and openness, so individual supervision is highly recommended. Team supervision would be valuable: it would help facilitate the process of accepting change and creating new collaborative content. The supervision of the manager is also important, because the well-being and progress of not only each employee, but also the entire organisation, depends to a large extent on the leadership style, openness and cooperation.

Background Difficult conditions during childhood can limit an individual’s development in many ways. Factors such as being raised in an at-risk family, child temperamental traits or maternal traits can potentially influence a child’s later behaviour. The present study investigated the extent of regulatory problems in 6-month-old infants and their link to temperamental traits and impact on externalizing and internalizing problems at 36 months. Moderating effects of maternal distress and maternal depressive symptoms were tested as well. Methods In a quasi-experimental, longitudinal study, a sample of 185 mother-infant dyads at psychosocial risk was investigated at 6 months with SFS (infants’ regulatory problems) and at 3 years with CBCL (children’s behavioural problems), EAS (children’s temperament), ADS (maternal depressive symptoms) and PSI-SF (maternal stress). Results A hierarchical regression analysis yielded a significant association between infants’ regulatory problems and both externalizing and internalizing behaviour problems at age 3 (accounting for 16% and 14% variance), with both externalizing and internalizing problems being linked to current maternal depressive symptoms (12 and 9% of the variance). Externalizing and internalizing problems were found to be related also to children’s temperamental difficulty (18 and 13% of variance) and their negative emotionality. With temperamental traits having been taken into account, only feeding problems at 6 months contributed near-significant to internalizing problems at 3 years. Conclusions Our results underscore the crucial role of temperament in the path between early regulatory problems and subsequent behavioural difficulties. Children’s unfavourable temperamental predispositions such as negative emotionality and generally “difficult temperament” contributed substantially to both externalizing and internalizing behavioural problems in the high-risk sample. The decreased predictive power of regulatory problems following the inclusion of temperamental variables indicates a mediation effect of temperamental traits in the path between early regulatory problems and subsequent behavioural problems. Our results support the main effects of a child’s temperament, and to some degree maternal depressive symptoms, rather than the diathesis stress model of interaction between risky environment and temperamental traits. Trial registration D10025651 (NZFH)

Research demonstrates that involvement in evidence based early childhood and parenting prevention interventions can alleviate some of the negative impacts of disadvantage on young children and families (Gross et al., 2009) and create high effect and population impact. However, service providers can find it challenging to reach and engage families at risk to participate in offered interventions, so reach has a valid function in determining public impact. There are various intervention strategies to engage families and children at risk. The selection of an appropriate reach strategy depends upon the identified setback/problem. The solution of this problem can be to 1. increase demand and use (marketing and access problem), 2. extend capacity and efficiency (capacity and efficiency problem), 3. focus on organization development (organization and coordination problem), 4. change goals and analysis (target spectrum and analysis problem) or 5. change the intervention strategy (strategy problem). To provide additional guidance to service providers at reaching their targeted population this paper contains an extended review of strategies for engaging families at risk in prevention interventions. A single strategy will likely not provide long lasting effects. The assumption is that long-term optimized reach can be achieved by knowing evidence-based effect principles and elements, context and target group characteristics, having in-depth needs assessments, multidimensional elaborated reach strategies and an ongoing evaluation

Families at risk face many problems. Public opinion about these families usually is formed by mass media which not only provides information, but rather interprets social reality through information. Mass media is a strong tool in forming stereotypes which prevent some social groups from equal participation in mainstream society. By definition, stereotypes are statements that proceed specific stages and influence the stereotyped objects. Families at risk are one of the most vulnerable groups sensitive to the negative influence of stereotypes. The aim of the article is to find out what stereotypes about families at risk are formed by e-media in Lithuania. Two data collecting techniques were used. At the first stage a survey of public opinion was done. At the second stage—content analysis was used for the texts in e-media. Survey data revealed the respondents’ opinion that e-media forms public opinion in general, and negatively affects specific social groups. Families at risk were in the second place among the social groups which are stereotyped in e-media. According to respondents, the most often prevailing stereotypes in e-media are: “families live in poverty,” “have legal problems,” “members of the family use alcohol and other drugs,” “one or both parents are unemployed,” “children are neglected.” The most often used stereotypes in the texts of e-media are: “there is violence in the families,” “members of the family use alcohol and other drugs,” “children are neglected.” Content analysis allowed finding out a combination of stereotypes in the e-media texts: usually more than one stereotypical statement is found in the same text. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis showed that information about families at risk in e-media proceeds three stages of stereotyping: levelling by separating specific traits from the object; strengthening by emphasising only these traits and neglecting others; assimilation by providing accumulating info of the stereotyped object. Thus e-media forms negative stereotypes about families at risk, which affects the position of this social group in mainstream society. Mes gyvename visuomenės informavimo priemonių sukurtoje aplinkoje, kurią įsivaizduojame esant realiu gyvenimu. Kiekvienas individas yra laisvas rinktis, kokią informaciją priimti ir kaip ją vertinti, tačiau tenka pripažinti, kad neretai atsitinka taip, jog tas pats faktas yra nušviečiamas skirtingai ir kelia abejonių visa su juo susijusi informacija. Per žiniasklaidos priemones nebepranešinėjama apie tikrovę, priešingai – pranešinėjant kuriama tikrovė (Pruskus, 2007). Norint išmokti tinkamai vertinti didelius informacijos srautus, kurie mus pasiekia kiekvieną dieną, būtina analizuoti ne tik pačią žiniasklaidos struktūrą ar jos veiklos principus, bet ir kuriamus stereotipus bei jų daromą įtaką visuomenei, ypač lengvai pažeidžiamoms grupėms, tokioms kaip probleminė šeima. Tai suponuoja atlikto tyrimo ir jo pagrindu parengto straipsnio reikšmingumą. Šiame straipsnyje siekiama, taikant anketinės apklausos ir turinio analizės metodus, atskleisti, kokie probleminės šeimos stereotipai vyrauja elektroninėje žiniasklaidoje. Apibendrindami anketinės apklausos duomenis galime teigti, jog respondentai dažniausiai lankosi internetiniame naujienų portale „delfi.lt“ ir skaito publikacijas, susijusias su „visuomenės aktualijomis“. Apklaustųjų nuomone, informaciniuose portaluose pateikiamos publikacijos turi įtakos formuojant visuomenės nuomonę, o probleminė šeima yra antra pagal dažnumą (po alkoholį ir kitas svaiginamąsias medžiagas vartojančių asmenų) socialinė grupė, apie kurią respondentai publikacijų randa dažniausiai. Tiriamieji mano, jog informaciniuose portaluose pateikiami rašiniai apie šią socialinę grupę dažniau turi neigiamą atspalvį ir kuria stereotipus visuomenėje. Populiariausi egzistuojantys probleminių šeimų stereotipai internetiniuose naujienų portaluose, yra: „šeimos gyvena nepritekliuje“, „kyla daug problemų su teisėsauga“, „šeimos nariai girtauja ir kitaip svaiginasi“, „vienas arba abu tėvai neturi nuolatinio darbo“, „vaikai yra neprižiūrimi“. Išanalizavus informacinio naujienų portalo „delfi.lt“ mėnesio publikacijas paaiškėjo, jog iš 1217 rašinių 27 rašoma apie problemines šeimas. Šiuose straipsniuose buvo identifikuoti tokie dažniausiai randami stereotipai: „šeimose visada smurtaujama“, „šeimos nariai girtauja bei kitaip svaiginasi“ ir „vaikai neprižiūrimi“. Tyrimas atskleidė, jog respondentų išsakyta nuomonė anketinės apklausos metu iš dalies sutampa su informaciniame naujienų portale „delfi.lt“ pateiktų publikacijų turiniu.

U ovom radu prikazana su očekivanja i motivi za uključivanje u superviziju 121 voditelja koji su vodili nadzor nad izvršavanjem roditeljske skrbi na području Centra za socijalnu skrb (CZSS) Zagreb. Istraživanje je provedeno odgovarajućim anketnim upitnikom. Rezultati pokazuju dva ključna motiva za uključivanje u superviziju: (1) motiv unapređenja vlastitih kompetencija za kvalitetan rad koji je izraženiji kod voditelja koji imaju manje iskustvo u radu s obitelji, koji percipiraju manje teškoća u suradnji sa stručnjacima CZSS-a i drugim ustanovama te imaju veću potrebu za podrškom, te (2) motiv uspostavljanja odnosa s kolegama koji je izraženiji kod voditelja s prethodnim iskustvom sudjelovanjau superviziji. Istraživanje je ukazalo na tri očekivanja voditelja od supervizije: (1) unapređenje kompetencijapotrebnih za kvalitetan rad i (2) dobivanje uvida u procese i ishode provođenja mjere. Ova dva očekivanja još su izraženija kod voditelja s manje iskustva te onih koji imaju veću potrebu za podrškom stručnjaka CZSS-a. Treće očekivanje je u području upravljanja stresom i dobivanja emocionalne podrške, a koju više imaju voditelji koji su zaposlenici sustava socijalne skrbi, kao i oni voditelji koji izražavaju veću potrebu za podrškom, te su zadovoljniji dosadašnjom suradnjom sa stručnjacima CZSS-a. Nešto više od polovine voditelja mjere (52,1%) izražava spremnost da se odmah uključi u superviziju, a njih 41,3% spremno je uključiti se u superviziju u nekom kasnijem razdoblju, dok ih se 6,6% ne želi uključiti.Polazeći od specifičnosti stručnog rada u području skrbi za djecu i nalaza ovog istraživanja predložen je model grupne konzultativne supervizije za voditelje mjere., This paper examines expectations and motives for participating in the supervision of 121 parental care supervisors within the area of the Centre for Social Welfare (CSW) in Zagreb. The results show that there are two key motives for participating in supervision: (1) the motive for upgrading professional competences necessary to improvethe quality of work, which is more evident among parental care supervisors with a more limited experience in family work, those who perceive less difficulties in cooperation with professionals in CSW and other institutions, and thosewith a greater need for support; (2) the motive for establishing relationships with colleagues, which is more evident among parental care supervisors with previous experience with supervision.The study shows that parental care supervisors have three key expectations from supervision: (1) upgrading professional competences necessary to achieve high work quality and (2)insight into the processes and outcomes of parental care supervisory measures. These expectations are more evident among less experienced parental care supervisors and among ones with a greater need for CSW expert support. The third expectation is related to stress management and emotional support that is more evident among those parental care supervisors who work within the social care system, in supervisors that are in need of more support, and those who are more satisfied with cooperation with the CSW experts. Subsequently, 52,1% of parental care supervisors expressed their willingness to immediately join supervision, 41,3% of them would rather join at a later date, and 6.6% do not wish to participate in supervision.Based on the work specifics in the field of childcare and findings of this research,agroup consultative supervision model is offered for parental care supervisors.

Tyrimo objektas: paauglių, priskiriamų socialinės rizikos šeimoms, psichosocialinės adaptacijos lygis skirtinguose regionuose. Tyrimo tikslas. Nustatyti paauglių, priskiriamų socialinės rizikos šeimoms, psichosocialinės adaptacijos lygį skirtingose regionuose. Baigiamojo darbo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti miesto ir rajono paauglių, priskiriamų socialinės rizikos šeimoms, psichosocialinės adaptacijos lygį. 2. Nustatyti miesto ir rajono paauglių, nepriskiriamų socialinės rizikos šeimoms, psichosocialinės adaptacijos lygį. 3. Palyginti miesto ir rajono paauglių, priskiriamų ir nepriskiriamų socialinės rizikos šeimoms, psichosocialinės adaptacijos lygį. Hipotezė. Paauglių, priskiriamų socialinės rizikos šeimoms, psichosocialinės adaptacijos lygis yra žemesnis už jų bendraamžių, kurių šeimos nepriklauso socialinės rizikos grupei. Išvados. 1. Miesto ir rajono paaugliai, priskiriami socialinės rizikos šeimoms, vertinant kiekvieną psichosocialinės adaptacijos komponentą atskirai yra žemesnės adaptacijos lygio, menkesnio savęs vertinimo, kito priėmimo ir internalumo. Paauglių iš miesto ir rajono socialinės rizikos šeimų psichosocialinė adaptacija yra žemo lygio (p, The object of investigation: level of psychosocial adaptation of teenagers from disadvantaged families from different region. Aim of the study. To set level of psychosocial adaptation of teenagers from disadvantaged families from city and district. Tasks of the study: 1st – to set level of psychosocial adaptation level of teenagers from disadvantaged families. 2nd – to set level of psychosocial adaptation level of teenagers from non - disadvantaged families. 3rd - to compare level of psychosocial adaptation level of teenagers from city and district. Hypothesis. Teens from social risk families in district psychosocial adaptation rate is lower than other teens, whose family is non-disadvantaged. Conclusions. 1. Teenagers from city and district disadvantaged families, evaluating each psychosocial adaptation component separately are lower adaptation, reduced self-evaluation, adoption and other internality. Teenagers from disadvantaged families psychosocial adaptation is in a low level (p

Socialinio darbuotojo, dirbančio su socialinės rizikos šeimomis ir dalyvaujančio vaiko paėmimo iš šeimos procese, profesinis vaidmuo yra daugialypis, susidedantis iš daugybės vaidmenų, kurie dažnai yra nesuderinami, prieštarauja vienas kitam. Esant vaidmenų nesuderinamumui gali iškilti vaidmenų konfliktų, kurie sąlygoja stresą darbe, nusivylimą ar išsekimą. Straipsnyje pristatomo tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti, kokių vaidmenų konfliktų ir kodėl patiria socialinis darbuotojas, dalyvaudamas vaiko paėmimo iš šeimos procese The role of a professional social worker who works with social risk families and participates in the process of taking away a child from his/her biological family is both varied and diverse. Social workers have a lot of roles which are often inconsistent and contradictory to each other. When there is inconsistency of social worker's roles, there is a possibility to arise role conflicts which are a condition of job stress, disappointment of job or a burn-out syndrome. The aim of this article is to find out which and why role conflicts experience social worker during the process of taking away a child from his/her biological family. This paper overlooks concepts of role and role conflict and establishes role conflicts during the process of taking away a child from his/her biological family. A qualitative research was conducted and performed in a semi-structural interview method. 6 social workers involved in the process of taking away a child from his/her biological family were interviewed. The data was analyzed by grounded theory. Analysis of data developed the central categories that characterize social worker's role conflicts, its reasons and outcomes. It is clear that role conflicts are arising between role of control, schoolmaster, and keeper of the clients, observer and motivator, supporter, teacher, helper roles. These conflicts arise when conception of the social worker role of organization concur with social worker's opinion, also when clients do not accept social worker's role and when social worker's conceivable role contradicts accomplished role. Social workers during this process construct three types of professional identity: integral, functionary, and caregiver. Two types of job related stress covers this field of conflict

International audience; To help families challenged by transgenerational problems, substance abuse, and violence, support strategies require professionals who understand their specific needs and inspire trust. Such support, provided by a group consisting of professionals, volunteers, and families, was assessed by a follow-up study. The outcome of 22 families was observed an average of 7 years after their participation in the group ended. Results show that most parents recovered a significant degree of social autonomy and developed the capacity to nurture their children. Alcohol abuse, violence, and child neglect decreased significantly. Such an intensive approach enhances individual and professional practices and prevents adverse childhood experiences, thus reducing welfare costs. But such support systems require accessible structures in order to avoid discontinuities in care.

A lo largo del artículo se reflexiona sobre el papel que juegan la familia y su relación con la escuela en la adaptación escolar de niños y niñas. Estas relaciones se fundamentan en la complementariedad de ambos contextos de desarrollo, y resultan especialmente críticas para los niños y las niñas que crecen en entornos familiares de riesgo. En el trabajo se exponen evidencias empíricas que apuntan hacia la especial relevancia que tiene el fortalecimiento de la relación familia-escuela desde la etapa infantil, sobre todo en situaciones de riesgo para niños y niñas. In this article family-school relationship and its relevance for children's school adaptation are discussed. These relations are based on the complentarities between family and school contexts, and are particularly relevant for children who grow up in at-risk families. We also describe and comment data supporting the importance of promoting family-school relations from early infancy , especially for families at risk. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (España) Proyecto SEJ2007-66105

Straipsnyje analizuojamos socialinės rizikos šeimų vaikų socialinio dalyvavimo galimybės, šio proceso bruožų raiška kasdieniame gyvenime bei vaikų dienos centrų veikla, nukreipta į socialinio dalyvavimo plėtotę. Atskleidžiama socialinio dalyvavimo bruožų - „savigarba ir jos palaikymo būdai", „savirealizacijos būdai ir paieška", „svajonės ir lūkesčiai dėl ateities veiklos" - raiška kasdienėje socialinės rizikos šeimų vaikų veikloje bei reikšmė jų socializacijos ir individuacijos procesams. Analizuojama, kokios ugdomosios ir socialinės paslaugos turėtų būti teikiamos vaikų dienos centruose, plėtojant socialinį dalyvavimų. Social participation is a new concept in the contemporary society, however it is of high importance to every member of the society who aims at becoming an active subject of own becoming and who aims at full involvement into the social life. The main features of social participation are as follows: individuation, socialization, parity, self-support, cooperative relations, the development of networks, and open solution of conflicts. These features are important to every person who aims at resettlement into the society and at participation in its processes. Children, who live in the families at social risk, often have no possibilities to cognize and to acquire these features, often get into the social exclusion and come quasi to a crossroad. One of the innovatory social services to children are daytime care centers, i.e. institutions of social services, providing daytime care, social and educational services for children who got into the social exclusion and who are in difficulties. The aim of the paper is to reveal the development trends of social participation in child daytime care centers. The following objectives have been set to reach the aim: to identify the possibilities of child's socialization while creating future dreams; to reveal his/her self-respect and the need of self-realization are forming during the process of individualization; to explore what services, which are provided in daytime child care centers are attached to develop child social participation. Qualitative descriptive research aimed at looking holistically at the importance of experiences of children, who live in the families at social risk, for their social participation. Information and data, which have been collected during this research, may be used for the identification of the situation and needs of children and for the creation of new activities and services that would develop social participation of children

Une recherche psychosociale menée dans trois lieux de soins s'adressant à des familles peu accessibles aux circuits de soins habituels, a analysé le devenir des familles suivies. Leur objectif commun est de traiter la parentalité défaillante et d'oeuvrer pour la (re)construction des liens familiaux et le développement des potentialités de l'enfant. Plus de soixante dix parents et leurs enfants ont été rencontrés dans cette étude qui s'est appuyée sur un important recueil de données à partir de plusieurs sources : les parents, les enfants, les professionnels qui les ont suivis ou les suivent encore, les familles d'accueil des enfants placés à l'ASE. La confiance réciproque entre les parents et l'équipe constitue le point de départ de la (re)construction des images parentales. La redécouverte des habiletés parentales et leur redéploiement se sont effectués à travers de tels accompagnements, étayés parfois de soins psychiques pour les parents. Les familles ont pu sortir de leur isolement, les relations parents- enfants se sont améliorées. Les violences et carences graves ont pu être éradiquées et on a constaté un développement “dans la norme” pour les enfants. Aucun enfant n'a été placé depuis la fin des prises en charge. Dans ces familles touchées par de nombreux problèmes trangénérationnels, l'émergence des acquis parentaux doit néanmoins être consolidée, les interventions précoces doivent être relayées dans un véritable travail en réseau sur le long terme, les ruptures et discontinuités dans les soins ayant des effets dommageables surtout pour les enfants. De telles coopérations entre professionnels nécessite un étayage permanent afin d'éviter le cloisonnement entre les équipes thérapeutiques, sociales et éducatives.

This research has evaluated the impact of a group support designed to help parents to face social isolation, to be responsible of their health and to enhance parental competencies. Twenty-two families from high risk backgrounds with a prevalent history of transgenerational family alcoholism were assessed through a psychological and comprehensive approach. Families with their infants or toddlers participated for more than one year to the group support which included professionals and paraprofessionals too. Evaluation took place seven years on average after receiving such a support: all the mothers and eight spouses were interviewed. This paper focuses on the current situation of the parents, their social relationships competencies and their parenthood. The verbal competencies of the mother were also assessed. Three family profiles were drawn from this analysis, based on their level of autonomy and depending on whether they were raising their child or not. The impact of such an early intervention is notable among these families: intra-family violence has largely diminished, severe neglect and abuse has disappeared, nine mothers out of eleven became alcohol abstinent. An increased level of autonomous in half of the families was also observed. However, some situations remain precarious and support from social workers is absolutely necessary for very disabled families from high risk environments., Des stratégies de «rencontres» entre familles, professionnels et bénévoles, ayant pour but d'aider les parents à rompre avec l'exclusion sociale et de développer leurs compétences parentales, ont été évaluées. Vingt deux familles très carencées, porteuses de nombreux facteurs de risque dont l'alcoolisme familial trans-générationnel, ont été interviewées sept ans en moyenne après la fin d'un support médico-social et éducatif. Elles avaient participé avec leurs jeunes enfants à un groupe convivial informel pendant une moyenne de 30 mois. L'article est centré sur la situation actuelle des parents, leurs compétences socio-relationnelles ; les compétences verbales des mères ont également été analysées. Trois profils de familles ressortent des analyses, selon leur autonomie et selon qu'elles élèvent ou non leurs enfants. Un tel accompagnement précoce et de longue durée est à mettre en parallèle avec la très forte diminution des violences intra-familiales et la rupture avec le cycle de la maltraitance et des placements ; la moitié des familles sont devenues autonomes, neuf mères sur onze ont cessé toute addiction à l'alcool. Néanmoins, le support des professionnels reste indispensable auprès des familles les plus démunies.

This research reports the outcome of families whose children were followed in an out-patient treatment centre before the age of eighteen months and who had been out of treatment for at least five years. Families exhibiting psycho-emotional and/or psychiatric problems were treated for a period of three to six years. Thirty-one situations were re-evaluated using standardized materials and semi-structured interviews with parents, children, and foster families. Results focus on: 1) the families' present situation, their social/relational and parental competence; 2) the intellectual, social/scholastic and behavioural competence of the young people. Even for children in care, parents are able to carry out their responsibilities. No serious child abuse or neglect was detected and there was a positive evolution for the majority of the children. Given these results, we can assume that early therapeutic intervention mediates psycho-social risk in these families.; Le devenir de familles fragilisées par des difficultés psycho-affectives et/ou psychiatriques suivies très précocément a été étudié cinq ans au moins après la sortie d'une institution soignante. L'action thérapeutique avait porté sur l'enfant, âgé de moins de dix huit mois à l'admission, sa mère, le lien enfant-parent(s) et l'environnement socio-familial. Trente et une situations ont été réévaluées à partir d'entretiens semi-directifs et d'outils standardisés. Cet article est centré sur la situation actuelle des familles, leurs compétences socio-relationnelles et parentales et sur l'adaptation des jeunes à travers leurs compétences intellectuelles, socio-scolaires et comportementales. Aujourd'hui, la parentalité est assumée, même si elle reste partielle dans le cas des parents ayant des enfants placés. Aucune maltraitance grave n'a été repérée dans les familles et la situation des enfants a évolué de façon positive. Les soins précoces de longue durée ont joué un rôle médiateur par rapport aux facteurs de risque psychosociaux des familles.