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French clones have been widely propagated in wine countries around the world since the 70’s. Among this palette, clones of Cabernet-Sauvignon took a large place in the reputation of the French clonal material. Three emblematic clones of Cabernet-Sauvignon N — 191, 337 and 341— contributed to the success of wineries in France and abroad. These three clones tested positive for GRLaV-2. In France, we still consider that effects and symptoms of GLRaV-2 on vines are of poor impact on growth and quality on the wines. 191 and 337 have been recently cleaned-up by IFV, formerly ENTAV, using the micro shoot tip culture (MSTC) method. As agronomic and genetic profiles are required for the French official registration, in addition to sanitary testing by indexing, the “new candidate clones” were planted in an experimental vineyard, located in an INRA unit which was in charge of the vineyard management. Viticultural checking, wines and tastings by a panel have been carried out by Chambre d’Agriculture de la Gironde. This presentation provides the final results with detailed performance of five clones involved. Two clones have been registered in 2010 by the Vine Section of the Technical Permanent Committee for Selection (CTPS), 1124 (191 MSTC) and 1125, no micro shoot tip cultured, an “offspring” of the historical and original vine of 337. Five years of experimentation provided the following results: • 1124 : higher vigour, slightly higher producer in comparison with 191. Its fertility is higher, bunches are bigger, anthocyanins are also more present and its wines are structured and balanced. • 1125 : more fertile than 337, bunches are smaller, wines are aromatic and full. • 337 MSTC did not perform as well as the original 337 (LR2 +), and, above all, wines have been less appreciated than 337. A decision for its registration has not been made.

Основание. Новый препарат жировой эмульсии для внутривенного введения (нВЖЭ) изготовлен из смеси масел соевых бобов и масла олив и содержит только длинноцепочечные триацилглицериды, с низким содержанием полиненасыщенных жирных кислот (20 %) и 60% содержанием мононенасыщенных жирных кислот. Целью рандомизированного двойного слепого исследования было определение эффективности и безопасности применения нового препарата ВЖЭ у детей в сравнении с контрольной группой, которая получала жировую эмульсию деривата соевых бобов (ЖЭДСБ). Дизайн исследования. 18 детей получали в течение 2 мес. 24 % энергетического обеспечения небелкового происхождения (1,80 г кг-1 день-1) или в виде нового препарата ВЖЭ, или ЖЭДСБ. Определение профиля проводилось в такие дни: -30, 0, 30 и 60-й, также оценивались изменения (день 60-й день 0-й) методом вариативного анализа. Результаты. Не отмечено существенной разницы в показателях содержания триацилглицерида, аполипопротеинов А-І и В или холестерина ЛПВП в 2 группах, причем на 60-й день исследования показатели общего холестерина и холестерина ЛПНП были выше в группе, где применялась ЖЭДСБ. Профиль липопротеидов 20:4n-6 в эритроцитарных мембранах не изменялся существенно, неизмененным оставалось также соотношение фракций 20:3n-9 и 20:4n-6. На 60-й день уровень фракции липопротеидов 18:1n-9 был значительно выше у детей, которые получали нВЖЭ, показатели Sn-6 > С18 + 18:3n-6 относительно 18:2n-6 были на уровне 2,20 ± 0,09 в группе детей, которые получали нВЖЭ, и 1,33 ± 0,16 в группе, в которой применяли ЖЭДСБ; показатели Sn-3 > С18 были на уровне 3,83 ± 0,30 в группе детей, которые получали нВЖЕ, и 4,03 ± 0,33 в группе, в которой применяли ЖЭДСБ. Индекс перекисного окисления липидов был значительно ниже у детей, которые получали нВЖЭ. Выводы. Препарат нВЖЭ хорошо переносится при использовании у пациентов педиатрического профиля, помогает поддерживать на необходимом уровне показатели незаменимых жирных кислот (EFA-статус) и может использоваться как инфузийный препарат, которому следует отдавать предпочтение при применении с целью предупреждения процессов перекисного окисления липидов по сравнению с ЖЭДСБ., Background. A new intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) prepared from a mixture of soybean and olive oils contains only long-chain triacylglycerols, with a low proportion (20 %) of polyunsaturated fatty acids and 60 % monounsaturated fatty acids. Objective. The goal of this randomized, double-blind clinical trial was to assess in children the efficacy and safety of this new ILE compared with a control group receiving a soybean-oil emulsion. Design. Eighteen children received for 2 mo 24 % of nonprotein energy (1.80 g kg-1 d-1) either as the new ILE or a soybean oil-based emulsion. Assessments were performed on days -30, 0, 30, and 60 and the changes (day 60 day 0) assessed by analysis of variance. Results. There were no significant differences in triacylglycerol, apolipoproteins A-I and B, or HDL cholesterol between the 2 groups, whereas total and LDL cholesterol were higher in the soybean oil group on day 60. The pattern of 20:4n-6 in erythrocyte membranes did not change significantly, nor did the ratio of 20:3n-9 to 20:4n-6. On day 60, 18:1n-9 was significantly higher in the olive oil group, the ratio of Sn-6 > C18 + 18:3n-6 to 18:2n-6 was 2.20 ± 0.09 in the olive oil group and 1.33 ± 0.16 in the soybean-oil group, and Sn-3 > C18 was 3.83 ± 0.30 in the olive oil group and 4.03 ± 0.33 in the soybean-oil group. The peroxidation index was lower after the olive oil treatment. Conclusions. The olive oil-based emulsion was well tolerated, maintained a normal EFA status, and may be more suitable for prevention of lipid peroxidation than the soybean-oil-based emulsion.

Colloque Dinabio mai 2008 à Montpellier. 2. Evaluation et amélioration de la durabilité de l'Agriculture Biologique; National audience; Organic farming is often considered to be the most environmentally-friendly crop management system, even if integrated production also aims at decreasing the impact of agriculture on the natural environment. In order to establish references for the agro-environmental evaluation of these two production systems in relation to grape growing, INRA carried out an initial study from 2001 to 2004 at the plot scale. This study focused on two grape varieties (Merlot N and Cabernet Sauvignon) in its Couhins vineyard (Graves cru classé), located on two organically-farmed plots and two plots using integrated production, a system based on the implementation of decision rules aimed at limiting the number of pest control treatments. Production means only differed in terms of pest control management (choice of products and application strategy). Each of the parcels covered approximately 0.30 ha. An agro-environmental evaluation of these two systems was made for 2003, using the INDIGO Vigne method at the plot level. Because of their nature, the choice of parameters for the indicators used determines the interpretation of the results. Nevertheless, it appears that the environmental impact of integrated production is more favourable in this case than that of organic farming, particularly in terms of pest control and energy indicators. One of the reasons for this is the high number of applications of pest control treatments in organic farming and, as a result, higher energy consumption, as well as the use of copper that has a major impact on deep waters, the ground and the air. The two systems can decrease their environmental impact by limiting the number of tractor runs for soil maintenance. Flexibility appears to be greater in the case of integrated production since, contrary to organic farming, it can use herbicides under the row. The calculation of the agro-environmental evaluation on the parcel using integrated protection with chemical weeding under the row leads to a clear improvement of the energy indicator, without significantly decreasing the value of the pest control indicator. Natural sodding of the inter-row, when the vigour of the vineyard allows it, provides an effective solution since the decrease in the number of tractor runs leads to an improvement of erosion and organic matter indicators. This type of evaluation should be carried out at the scale of a group of plots or of an entire wine-farm. Ground maintenance is an important factor in decreasing the impact of grape growing on the environment. In this respect, organic farming offers some promising prospects.

La viticulture française est forte consommatrice de pesticides, la vigne étant sensible à de nombreux bio- agresseurs, mais le poids des intrants phytosanitaires connaît de fortes variations inter- et intra-régionales. L’objectif de l’étude est d’identifier différents niveaux de rupture avec l’usage intensif des pesticides et de caractériser leurs performances productives, environnementales et économiques. On peut distinguer en viticulture quatre grands niveaux de rupture : (0) protection systématique, (1) protection raisonnée, (2) protection intégrée (adoption d’alternatives aux pesticides), (3) agriculture biologique. Chaque niveau de rupture présente une forte variation du nombre d’interventions phytosanitaires, ce qui conduit à identifier les niveaux 1+, 2+ et 3+ caractérisés par un raisonnement des applications à des échelles inférieures à l’exploitation agricole. Les performances des niveaux de rupture 0, 1, 2 et 3 sont évaluées à partir de l’enquête PK Vigne 2006 du Scees. Les informations disponibles ne lèvent pas la confusion entre rendement de référence et rendement réalisé et ne permettent pas d’évaluer la qualité des produits. Un indicateur composite de maîtrise de la vigueur est créé afin d’évaluer l’intensité des pratiques à caractère prophylactique. Certains postes de charges peuvent être évalués, (coût de l’entretien mécanique du sol et des pulvérisations et coût des produits phytosanitaires hors herbicides), d’autres non (main d’œuvre). Ces charges manquantes et l’incertitude totale sur le prix des produits empêchent de calculer une marge brute. Enfin, l’IFT peut être calculé pour différentes classes de produits. Les indicateurs sont calculés pour 10 régions viticoles présentant des caractéristiques climatiques et des orientations de production contrastées. Des groupes de régions peuvent être distingués du point de vue du poids relatif des niveaux de rupture, sans corrélation systématique avec des contextes climatiques ou de pression parasitaire. D’une façon générale, on vérifie la réduction des IFT moyens du niveau 0 aux niveaux 2 et 3. Rendements et charges diffèrent également, ce qui révèle des différences de systèmes d’exploitation derrière les différences de pratiques de protection de la vigne. Tous les indicateurs présentent une grande variabilité au sein de chaque niveau. Des essais pluriannuels (2001 2007) conduits au centre Inra de Bordeaux permettent d’une part de quantifier les variations d’indicateurs liées à un raisonnement des interventions à l’échelle de la parcelle et, d’autre part, de constater de fortes variations inter annuelles de performances et de différences entre niveaux de rupture. A partir de cette caractérisation des niveaux de rupture, on peut formuler les conséquences potentielles de différentes hypothèses de changements de pratique. Deux voies (non concurrentes) sont possibles pour réduire systématiquement l’IFT : soit une migration des niveaux 0, 1, 2 et 3 vers les niveaux 1+, 2+ et 3+, soit une migration des niveaux 0 et 1 vers les niveaux 2 ou 3. Le caractère incomplet de l’information nécessaire au calcul des indicateurs agronomiques et économiques rend difficile l’évaluation des conditions de réalisation de ces changements de pratiques. C’est à l’échelle des exploitations viticoles que l’analyse doit être poursuivie., The French viticulture is a high consumer of pesticides, as grapevine is sensitive to many pests and diseases. Yet the intensity of pesticide use varies a lot among and within regions. The aim of the present study was to identify various classes of dependency to the intensive use of pesticides and to characterize their productive, environmental and economic performances. Four classes were defined: (0) systematic crop protection, (1) non-systematic protection, (2) integrated protection (adoption of alternatives to pesticides), (3) organic farming. Each class presented a strong variation of the number of pesticide applications, which resulted in identifying classes 1+, 2+ and 3+ characterized by a management of pesticide applications at field rather than at farm scale. The performances of classes 0,1, 2 and 3 were evaluated from a survey carried out by the French Ministry of Agriculture on the management plan of more than 5000 vineyards throughout the country in 2006. Information was missing for calculating agricultural indicators: there was confusion between the reference yield and the actual field yield, and there was no information about product quality. A composite indicator of canopy control was designed to evaluate the intensity of prophylactic practices. Some costs could be evaluated (soil tillage, pesticide applications, pesticides except herbicides), others not (labour). Gross margin could not be calculated, due to missing costs and uncertainty about the price of products. Lastly, the TFI (treatment frequency index) could be calculated for various types of products. The indicators were calculated for 10 wine-producing regions presenting contrasted climates and strategies of production. Groups of regions could be distinguished by the relative weight of the classes of dependency to pesticides, without systematic correlation with climate or pest pressure. On average, TFI decreased from class 0 to classes 2 and 3. Yield and costs also differed, which revealed differences in farm management behind the differences in practices of grapevine protection. All indicators varied a lot within each class. Long term experiments (2001 2007) carried out at Bordeaux Inra centre made it possible to quantify variations of indicators related to pesticide management at farm or field scale and to observe strong inter annual variations in performances and differences among classes. From this characterization of classes of dependency to pesticides, the potential consequences of changes in practices of grapevine protection could be evaluated. Two trajectories led to a significant reduction of TFI: either a migration of classes 0, 1, 2 and 3 towards classes 1+, 2+ and 3+, or a migration of classes 0 and 1 to classes 2 or 3. The incomplete information needed to calculate the agronomic and economic indicators made difficult the assessment of the likelihood of adoption of these changes of practices. To this end, the analysis should be continued at farm scale.

La production biologique est souvent considérée comme le système de conduite le plus respectueux de l’environnement, même si la production intégrée vise également des objectifs de diminution des impacts de l’agriculture sur le milieu naturel. L’INRA a conduit de 2001 à 2004, une première étude limitée à l’échelle parcellaire sur deux cépages (Merlot N et Cabernet Sauvignon) de son vignoble de Couhins, cru classé de Graves, implanté sur deux parcelles selon le cahier des charges de l’Agriculture Biologique et deux parcelles en production intégrée, selon des règles de décision visant à limiter le nombre de traitements phytosanitaires. Les modes de production ne différent que par la protection phytosanitaire (choix des produits et stratégie d’application). Un bilan agri-environnemental de ces deux systèmes a été réalisé pour l’année 2003, à l’aide de la méthode INDIGO Vigne au niveau parcellaire. L’impact environnemental de la production intégrée s’avère ici plus favorable que celui de l’agriculture biologique, notamment au niveau des indicateurs Phytosanitaire et Energie en raison du nombre plus élevé de passages pour appliquer les traitements phytosanitaires dans la conduite en agriculture biologique avec par conséquent une consommation en énergie plus importante ainsi que par l’utilisation de cuivre ayant un impact important sur les eaux de profondeur, le sol et l’air. Les deux systèmes peuvent diminuer leur impact environnemental en limitant le nombre de passages des tracteurs pour l’entretien du sol. La marge de manoeuvre semble supérieure pour la protection intégrée puisqu’elle peut utiliser des herbicides sous le rang. L’enherbement de l’inter-rang, quand la vigueur de la vigne le permet, constitue une solution efficace L’entretien du sol constitue un enjeu important pour diminuer l’impact de la viticulture sur l’environnement., Organic farming is often considered to be the most environmentally-friendly crop management system, even if integrated production also aims at decreasing the impact of agriculture on the natural environment. In order to establish references for the agro-environmental evaluation of these two production systems in relation to grape growing, INRA carried out an initial study from 2001 to 2004 at the plot scale. This study focused on two grape varieties (Merlot N and Cabernet Sauvignon) in its Couhins vineyard (Graves cru classé), located on two organically-farmed plots and two plots using integrated production, a system based on the implementation of decision rules aimed at limiting the number of pest control treatments. Production means only differed in terms of pest control management (choice of products and application strategy). Each of the parcels covered approximately 0.30 ha. An agro-environmental evaluation of these two systems was made for 2003, using the INDIGO Vigne method at the plot level. Because of their nature, the choice of parameters for the indicators used determines the interpretation of the results. Nevertheless, it appears that the environmental impact of integrated production is more favourable in this case than that of organic farming, particularly in terms of pest control and energy indicators. One of the reasons for this is the high number of applications of pest control treatments in organic farming and, as a result, higher energy consumption, as well as the use of copper that has a major impact on deep waters, the ground and the air. The two systems can decrease their environmental impact by limiting the number of tractor runs for soil maintenance. Flexibility appears to be greater in the case of integrated production since, contrary to organic farming, it can use herbicides under the row. The calculation of the agro-environmental evaluation on the parcel using integrated protection with chemical weeding under the row leads to a clear improvement of the energy indicator, without significantly decreasing the value of the pest control indicator. Natural sodding of the inter-row, when the vigour of the vineyard allows it, provides an effective solution since the decrease in the number of tractor runs leads to an improvement of erosion and organic matter indicators. This type of evaluation should be carried out at the scale of a group of plots or of an entire wine-farm. Ground maintenance is an important factor in decreasing the impact of grape growing on the environment. In this respect, organic farming offers some promising prospects.

National audience