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U ovom članku bit će riječi o značaju plovnog puta rijekom Danubius, koja je s Dardanijom povezana rijekama Margus i Timachus. Ovaj plovni put igrao je važnu ulogu u uvozu skulpture i mramornih blokova ne samo iz maloazijskog područja, nego i sa Sredozemlja. Ovo je najviše izraženo na sjeverno dardanskim središtima: Timacum minus i Naissus. Timacum minus: jedna grupa kultne skulpture istočnjačkog i grčko-rimskog panteona vrlo je kvalitetno izrađena od mramora pretežito maloazijskog podrijetla, a otkrivena je u Dolicheneumu, nedaleko kastruma. U području Naisa uvezen je mramor za obradu ograničenog broja kipova kultne namjene grčko-rimskog i domaćeg panteona, kao i iz ostalih područja, npr. Egipta, uočavaju se dvije statuete od porfira otkrivene u peristilu palače u Mediani i jedan portret počasne namjene iz samog Naisa, uvezen preko Sredozemlja i Crnog mora. Iz drugih dijelova dardanskog područja, tom uvozu pripadaju i dva sarkofaga visoke kvalitete, iz postaje Vendenis (Gllamnik) kao poluproizvod i Ulpiane kao gotov rad., In spite of the fact that the Danube does not flow through Dardania, from the point of view of river traffic during the Roman period, the navigation route of this river certainly played a particularly important role. The Danube was connected with Dardania through the Margus (Morava) and Timachus (Timok) rivers. It played a prominent role for this area in the import of sculpture and marble blocks not only from Asia Minor but also from other Mediterranean areas. This comes most to the fore in the north Dardanian centres: in the settlement and station Timachum minus (Ravne), connected with the Danube via the Timachus river (the White Timok and the Great Timok) – another river important for transport – and the municipium Naissus (Niš), which was connected through that same route, as well as through the Margus river. Another way that both centres were connected was through the road Naissus-Ratiaria, connecting Naissus and Timacum Minus with the Danube region. Marble from Asia Minor was imported to the area of Naissus for the manufacture of a number of cult sculptures of Greco- Roman (Fig. 3) and local pantheons (Fig. 4). Sculptures in porphyry imported from Egypt arrived through the Mediterranean and the Black Sea – two cult figurines were found in the peristylium of the palace (villa) in Mediana (Brzi Brod) (Fig. 1-2), while one portrait head was found in Naissus (Fig. 10). Taking into consideration that the Greeks transported marble also on wagons, we have not included the sculptures found in this centre that were made of Greek (Attic) marble, because it is possible that it was imported through a shorter route – by sea to Thessaloniki and then by the road Thessaloniki-Scupi-Naissus – which especially suited the figurines, which form the bulk of the finds in this centre. Timacum minor yielded a group of cult sculptures of Oriental and Greco-Roman pantheons (Fig. 5-9), found in the Dolicheneum near the castrum. Based on the type of marble, by and large from Asia Minor, the group was probably imported from there, or was crafted in local workshops. From the central part of the Dardanian area, the same provenance is presumed for two imported sarcophagi – a semi-finished import of Proconnesus marble from the settlement and station Vendenis (Gllamnik) (Fig. 11), and a finished one from Ulpiana (near Prishtina) (Fig. 12). These artefacts, which belong to three thematic groups of excellent stone from the famous quarries of the Mediterranean, are mostly high-quality works – either imports (in most cases), or local products (more rarely) – mostly from the end of the 3rd and the beginning of the 4th c.

Arhitektonski ostatci u središnjem dijelu Dardanije tijekom rimskog doba dokumentirani su ne samo u velikim središtima, nego i u drugim naseljima. Oni su predstavljeni s dvije skupine arhitektonskih spomenika: zdanjima i plastikom. Međutim, jedan manji dio, do sad otkrivenih, pripada nastambama. Arhitektonska zdanja – do sada je otkriven manji broj nepokretnih spomenika i slabije su očuvani. Od urbanih središta sklop stambene arhitekture nalazimo na najnižoj terasi u Municipiumu DD, u kojemu je izgrađen grad te možda u Ulpiani između sjevernih gradskih vrata i bazilike, gdje se radi o većoj zgradi s dijelovima mozaičnog poda. U većem broju su otkriveni ostatci villae rusticae, nekoliko njih blizu današnje Mitrovice, a najčuvenija se nalazi kod današnjeg Nerodimlja blizu Uroševca, koju karakteriziraju freske i podni višebojni mozaik s prikazom sedam helenskih mudraca, među kojima je i Platon. Od velikog značaja je i veća raskošna građevina, možda vila iz postaje i naselja Vendenis, također sa zidovima ukrašenim freskama te višebojnim podnim mozaikom s prikazom sjedeće figure Orfeja s lirom na središnjem dijelu. Arhitektonska plastika – pokretni spomenici daleko su brojniji u municipalnim središtima (Ulpiani, Municipiju DD i Municipiju nepoznatog imena na gornjem toku Bijelog Drima), također i kod dvije civitates (kod Suhareke i Klokota blizu Gnjilana). Arhitektonska se plastika u najviše slučajeva sastoji od kapitela i baze stubova, a manje od stupova i arhitrava. Međutim, za sad je teško ustanoviti njenu namjenu. Nadajmo se da će današnja intenzivnija istraživanja, nakon višegodišnjeg prekida, doprinijeti otkrivanju većeg broja nastambi na ovom području Dardanije, kako bismo stekli jasan pregled stanovanja na središnjem dardanskom prostoru tijekom antike., Architectonic ruins in the region of central part of Dardania (of nowadays Kosova) during the Antique period have been found not only in greater centres, but also in other settlements beginning from the period of incorporation of Dardania in the Roman Empire till the end of destruction of the last antique important center, Ulpiana (nearby Prishtina) in the end of the 6th century. Starting from the fact that architectonic monuments represent important source for determining characteristics of a settlement and a region, we are presenting here these survey of these ruins a wider context of settlement, including dwellings and other buildings elated to the way of living in general, which are presented with two groups of architectonic monuments: objects (buildings) and plastic. For presentation of these materials we have relied on archaeological researches (excavations) – which besides in well-known municipal regions of Ulpiana and Municipium DD (at Socanica near Mitrovica), very few have been done in other antique centres – in recognition of terrain and accidental discoveries. On the basis of reviewing all the material we can say that despite excavations in a smaller scale in antique centres, the ruins of architectonic objects, with their peculiarities, which is best reflected in Municipium DD in the complex of forum and the basilica urbana, in harmony with architectonics of those objects in centres of other regions of antique world. They are arranged according to regulations of urbanity scheme, and in that case they take certain part of the town according to the function: dwellings, where the main part belongs to villas with mosaics of high artistic level (in Ulpiana and Vendedis), the main buildings of public character at the town core – forum horrea temple and basilica urbana (in Municipium DD), horrea as an independent object in important parts of the town (in Ulpiana and in the big antique settlement in nowadays town of Peja – ant. Siparuntum?), termes, which are proved to be in several places, they are found very near the town core or nearby town entrance gates (in Ulpiana, Municipium DD and in a settlement of greater scale of nowadays village of Çifllak on the riverbank of White Drin - Drini i Bardhë), and trade and craftsman buildings along the porticus on both sides of main road, among which of particular importance are workshops for smelting and processing of metals with several furnaces (in Ulpiana). Their belonging time is connected with building phases implemented in the settlement and lasting period of the settlement itself – Municipium DD 1st – 4th century, settlement in nowadays Çifllak 1st – 5th century, while Ulpiana (Justiniana Secunda) 1st – 7th century, with so far discovered early Christian basilica, two buildings southwards of it, and castrum outside of walls. Dependently of building phases it was changed urban modelling of the town. On the other hand, elements of architectonic plastics discovered in different locations contribute to know about ruins of antique building objects. They in most cases are made from capitals and the bases of pillars and less of pillars, and rarely of architraves and antefixes. One of these monuments with its forms and decoration represents rare samples of architectonic plastics. We hope that the future intensive excavations in the most important antique town of Ulpiana and researches in other antique centers will contribute to the discovery of a greater number of architectonic ruins.

Dobruna-Salihu Exhlale. Altari i Deae Dardanicae dhe stacioni benefi ciar nga Vendenisi / A votive altar of Dea Dardanica and a beneficiary station from Vendenis. In: Iliria, vol. 35, 2011. pp. 243-254.

U ovom članku na temelju sitne, brončane plastike iz rimskoga razdoblja na području današnjega Kosova, a koja je najvećim dijelom otkrivena u arealu Ulpijane, a rijetko u arealima drugih antičkih središta (današnje Peći i Suhareke), nastojat ćemo dati jedan pregled upotrebe predmeta umjetničkog obrta u bronci na ovom području Dardanije. Ovi predmeti prisutni su u tri osnovne skupine. Prvu skupinu čine ostvarenja vjerske i ukrasne naravi. Gotovo svi primjerci predstavljaju statuete božanstava, koje su i najbrojnije od svih izrađevina ove vrste, a samo jedan primjerak je animalne prirode. Drugoj skupini pripadaju izrađevine ukrasno-simbolične naravi - riječ je o dvije aplike. Treću skupinu čine predmeti čija je svrha isključivo praktična (uporabni predmeti): tri svjetiljke i jedna žlica. Najveći broj predmeta ukazuje na grčko-helenističke uzore i većinom ti predmeti posjeduju visoke umjetničke kvalitetete, a izrađeni su u poznatim obrtničkim središtima, dok je ostatak mjesne proizvodnje, gdje se, među ostvarenjima uobičajenog provincijskog rada, nalaze i visokokvalitetni primjerci. Ove izrađevine pokazuju da je potražnja za predmetima umjetničkog obrta u bronci, bilo uvezenima, bilo onima domaće proizvodnje, u središnjem dijelu Dardanije (Kosova) bila značajna, što je rezultat visoke kulturne razine stanovnika tog područja., It has been observed that demand for bronze artefacts - statuettes in the central area of Dardania (present-day Kosovo) - started early in the past. Of particular value are two statuettes, Hellenistic imports, from the 6th century discovered in Prizren: the famous female statuette of the Runner, kept in the British Museum, and a beautiful statuette of a lying goat, kept in the museum in Vranje. However, this paper gives an overview of artefacts made of bronze in this area of Dardania through time, based on finds of small bronze statuettes from the Roman period, more precisely from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD, recovered mainly in the area of Ulpiana, and only rarely in areas of other antique centres (one municipium of an unknown name and one civitas, respectively present-day Peć and Suharek). The items in question can be divided into three basic groups: items with a religious and decorative meaning, items with a decorative and symbolic meaning, and items with a practical meaning (useful items). Almost all the items from the group of artefacts with a religious and decorative function are statuettes of divinities, which are also the most numerous of all the artefacts of this type, and are rarely representations of animals. All the divinities come from the Roman pantheon: Minerva, Mercury who appears both alone and in a statuette group, Venus and Mars. There is only one animal statuette and it represents an elephant. Two appliqués belong to the group of artefacts with a decorative-symbolic function. One is in the form of Mercury’s bust and the other is in the form of a female head whose identity is difficult to determine. Three lamps and a spoon belong to the group of artefacts with merely a practical function. The lamps are of wellknown types and also bear significant traits, namely, one lamp’s handle is decorated with a tragic female mask and another lamp’s handle bears a crescent decoration. The spoon is also nicely decorated. These items, which have analogous examples observed all over the Empire, point to Greek and Hellenistic models, and most (Apollo, Venus, the elephant, the lamps) possess high artistic qualities, since they were made in renowned production centres, in contrast to Mercury’s statuary group, which apparently belongs to local Ulpiana production. Other artefacts (the statuettes of Mars, Minerva, Mercury, and the two appliqués) were made by local artisans, and represent plain provincial execution. These items show that demand for bronze artefacts, either imported or locally produced, was significant in the central part of Dardania (Kosovo). Particularly important are the lamps which were expensive and less accessible and as such were not only luxury items, but also had material value. Thus, the very fact that three bronze lamps have been recovered in the territory of Ulpiana indicates a high cultural and economic level of the inhabitants of the centre of this region. Further archaeological investigations of this area, and in particular of Ulpiana, will probably contribute to the discovery of a larger number of items of this kind.