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Endometrial cancer (EC) is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer morbidity and mortality in the U.S. Despite advancements in cancer research, EC death rates are increasing, particularly high-grade endometrial cancers. The development of three-dimensional (3D) patient-derived organoid (PDO) models for EC is crucial, as they provide a more accurate representation of the biological and genetic complexity of a patient’s tumor compared to traditional 2D cell lines. Here, we describe a protocol for cultivating PDO models from normal endometrium and EC across different EC subtypes. These EC PDO models can be expanded across multiple passages and facilitate the exploration of tumor behavior and drug responses, thereby advancing our understanding of the disease and potentially leading to more effective and individualized novel therapeutic strategies.

Mohammad I Fatani,1 Ibrahim Al-homood,2 Mohamed Bedaiwi,3 Sahar Al Natour,4 Alper Erdogan,5 Aya Alsharafi,5 Suzan M Attar6 1Department of Dermatology, Heraa Hospital, Mecca, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Rheumatology, King Fahad Medical City (KFMC), Riyadh, Riyadh Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Rheumatology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Riyadh Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Dermatology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 5Eli Lilly and Company, Riyadh, Riyadh Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 6Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Mohammad I Fatani, Department of Dermatology, Heraa Hospital, Al Madinah Al Munawarah Road, Mecca, Makkah, 24227, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email m_fatani@yahoo.comPurpose: Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory, immune-mediated skin disease that has significant impact on a patient’s quality of life, yet it remains challenging for dermatologists to successfully identify and manage. Without effective screening, diagnosis and treatments, psoriasis can potentially progress to psoriatic arthritis. A descriptive, observational cross-sectional study of Saudi Arabian dermatologists and patients with psoriasis was conducted to explore dermatologist and patient perspectives of psoriasis, including diagnosis, management, disease course and unmet needs.Patients and Methods: This study involved a quantitative questionnaire administered to 31 dermatologists and 90 patients with psoriasis at eight medical centers and was analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: Dermatologists and patients perceived that psoriasis treatment was initiated promptly and that follow-up visits were sufficient. Their perspectives differed in the time to diagnosis and patient reaction, symptom severity, input into treatment goals and educational needs. The dermatologists’ concerns about underdiagnosed psoriasis (13%) were primarily related to patient awareness (87%), physician awareness (58%), and the absence of a regular screening program (52%). Only 31% of patients with psoriasis were highly satisfied with their psoriasis treatment, with 78% experiencing unpleasant symptoms of pain or swelling in joints indicative of psoriatic arthritis. However, only 56% of these patients reported these symptoms to their physicians. When dermatologists were made aware of this difference, referrals to a rheumatologist increased.Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of strengthening psoriasis management by enhancing dermatologist referral and screening practices, adopting a multidisciplinary approach to care, and improving education and resources for physicians and patients. These results can help to inform the improvement of psoriasis screening, diagnosis and treatment strategies and ensure that expectations meet treatment outcomes. Further research exploring the dermatologist and patient perspectives of the disease pathway from psoriasis to psoriatic arthritis and tailor-made treatment approaches is recommended.Keywords: autoimmune disease, disease pathway, patient satisfaction, provider perspective

This article analyses Turkish parliamentary discourse about Turkish communities living outside of Turkey from 1988 to 2016. It focuses particularly on the usage of the bridge metaphor in discursive strategies towards these communities; concentrated mainly in former Ottoman territories and parts of Eurasia. The article argues that Turkish parliamentarians used the bridge metaphor to frame Turkish communities as part of both the Turkish nation and the nation where they lived, thereby constituting their liminal and in-between identity. Parliamentarians continuously (re-)imagine, (re-)construct, and (re-)produce the Turkish nation by using different discursive strategies that included uniqueness, sameness or difference. They used identity markers as ethnicity, language, geography, history, and religion to address these strategies. Metaphorically framing Turkish communities as a bridge provided them a dominant bridge role, namely that of friendship and peace. By transforming Turkish communities into a bridge of friendship and peace, through different dimensions, they believed that they would have a positive and crucial role for the country where they live and for Turkey. This bridge role provided opportunities as well as limits, illustrating the interplay between discourse and foreign policy developments.

This study aims to evaluate the online measurement and evaluation course in teacher training programs during the COVID-19 process. In the study, we sought answers to two primary research questions: What are the opinions of teachers and school administrators regarding their measurement and evaluation competencies? Does the online "measurement and evaluation" course have the qualities of an effective program in the "antecedents, transactions, and outcomes" dimension? We structured the research into two phases within a multistage evaluation design framework. The findings show that there were problems and positive aspects in all dimensions of the program. For example, adapting teacher training programs developed before COVID-19 to distance education processes was challenging. In distance education, some practices contradict the modern teaching and assessment approach. Such problems were reflected in teachers' acquisition of measurement and evaluation competencies. The achievement test we applied to the observed groups also confirmed these findings. For this reason, responsible organizations should not ignore the fact that we cannot renounce distance education. During program development, they should reconsider how the teachers will acquire measurement and evaluation competencies and how we will measure and evaluate in distance education.

In this study, the effect of dialogic reading practices on the development of fluent reading skills of primary school 2nd grade students under the guidance of teachers and parents was examined. In the study the quasi-experimental design of the quantitative research approach was applied. A total of 30 students (first experimental group: 10, second experimental group: 10 and control group: 10) studying in the second grade of primary school in Macka district of Trabzon province were included in the study. The student reading fluency scale (by the teacher) which was prepared by the researchers was applied to the students as a pre-post-retention test In the application, which lasted for five weeks twice a week; dialogic reading was implemented with the experimental groups (1st experimental group: parents-teacher-students, 2nd experimental group: teacher-students), and traditional reading was implemented with the control group. Since the assumptions of the ANCOVA test could not be met after the application, the significant difference between the pre-posttest and post-retention test scores of each group was determined with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The significance between the pre-post test and retention test scores of the groups was determined by the Kruskal Wallis test. At the end of the study; it was determined that the dialogic reading practice performed in the presence of parents and teachers created a statistically significant difference in the automaticity and accuracy sub-dimension of fluent reading, but not in the prosody sub-dimension. The development of dialogic reading under the guidance of parents and teachers in the automaticity and accuracy sub-dimension of fluent reading continues in permanence. [This article includes an extended summary in Turkish.]

The aim of this study is to reveal the effect of cooperative learning method in science education on academic achievement with mixed-meta method. For this purpose, various national and international databases were searched, and among 81 articles and 37 theses covering the period between 2001 and 2022, 46 articles and 31 theses that included pre-test-post-test data and included the statistical information required for experimental or quasi-experimental analysis were preferred for meta-analysis. The effect size of 77 studies included in the analysis was found to be g = 1.070 and it was seen that the cooperative learning method in science education had a positive and large effect on academic achievement. On the other hand, as a result of the meta-thematic analysis, it was determined that the cooperative learning method increased academic achievement due to the meaningful and permanent realisation of learning. In addition, thanks to the activities in which the student plays a central role, it is understood that it develops positive attitudes towards the science course depending on the results such as making the course enjoyable and fun, making it popular and interesting; it is effective in gaining 21st century skills such as creativity, communication and cooperation, productivity and entrepreneurship. It is thought that examining the effects of cooperative learning method in science education with mixed-meta method will contribute to the literature by providing comprehensive results on the subject.

Mohammed A Omair,1 Alper Erdogan,2 Nicole Tietz,3 Rieke Alten4 1Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2Medical Affairs Department, Eli Lilly and Company, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA; 4Schlosspark-Klinik University Medicine, Berlin, GermanyCorrespondence: Rieke AltenSchlosspark-Klinik University Medicine, Heubnerweg 2, Berlin 14059, GermanyTel +49 30 3264-1325Fax +49 30 3264-1324Email rieke.alten@schlosspark-klinik.dePurpose: The aim of this study was to better understand the physical and emotional impacts of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on the lives of patients in Saudi Arabia, and to determine whether there are any discrepancies between how healthcare providers (HCPs) perceive the feelings of patients with RA and how patients actually feel.Patients and Methods: An online survey of adults with RA and HCPs was conducted in Saudi Arabia between January and June 2018. The survey used closed-ended questions with nominal and interval scales to cover relationships with others, ability to work and career progression, ability to perform normal activities, and aspirations for the future.Results: In total, 85 patients and 24 HCPs were surveyed. Patients were more likely than HCPs to feel that the people around them understood the emotional and physical impacts of RA (emotional impact understood: 67% of patients vs 42% of HCPs; physical impact understood: 61% vs 38%, respectively). Additionally, a larger proportion of younger (aged < 40 years) than older patients (aged 40– 59 and ≥ 60 years) felt that these impacts were not understood by others. For patients, the greatest barrier to working was difficulty using hands (52% vs 41% of HCPs), whereas HCPs considered pain the greatest barrier (50% vs 38% of patients). Both patients (59%) and HCPs (81%) considered pain to be a common barrier to undertaking everyday activities. Regarding future aspirations, 40% of patients wished to accept their RA despite the barriers it caused.Conclusion: Discrepancies between how HCPs perceived the feelings of patients with RA and how patients actually felt suggest that HCP–patient communication could be improved. This is the first study of its kind in Saudi Arabia and should help increase awareness of the difficulties and concerns of patients with RA in the Arabic world.Keywords: burden of illness, surveys, rheumatologists, health personnel, patients, quality of life

Rutin (Vitamin P1) is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoid. This study examined the effect of rutin on the potential of cisplatin to cause oxidative and proinflammatory damage in blood serum, ureter, bladder and urethra in rats. Animals were divided into four groups: (i) healthy (HG), (ii) 50 mg/kg of rutin + 5 mg/kg of cisplatin (C + R50), (iii) 100 mg/kg of rutin + 5 mg/kg of cisplatin (C + R100) and (iv) only cisplatin (CG). Rutin and distilled water were applied once a day for eight days. Cisplatin was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 5 mg/kg for eight days, once every two days. Finally, animals were sacrificed by high -dose anesthesia after blood samples were taken. Ureter, bladder and urethra tissues were removed and malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), total glutathione (tGSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) interleukin beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured. The results showed that the levels of MDA, MPO, IL-1β and TNF-α in the blood serum of the CG group increased significantly (p 0.05).This suggests that cisplatin produces oxidative stress in the blood serum but not in the ureter, bladder and urethra tissues. It was observed that rutin prevented the cisplatin-related oxidative and proinflammatory damage in the blood serum.

Objective: The applicability of cystoscopy follow-up protocol that is indicated for low-risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) in the guidelines was investigated for our population. Materials and Methods: Patients who underwent transurethral resection with a diagnosis of primary bladder tumor in our clinic within 10 years with low grade of pathology pTa and follow-up periods of at least 5 years were retrospectively reviewed. Fifty-one patients (39 males and 12 females) who were diagnosed with a low-risk NMIBC, had no recurrence at the 3-month control cystoscopy, and followed up for the first 2 years on 3-month basis with cystoscopy were included in the study. Results: The mean age of the patients was 57.37 ± 12.21 years (range: 29–80 years), and the mean duration of recurrence was 25.76 ± 32.45 months. In the cystoscopy follow-ups of 51 patients, up to the 6th month, a total of 12 (24%); up to the 9th month, a total of 21 (41%); up to the 12th month, a total of 30 (59%); up to the 15th month, a total of 36 (71%); up to the 18th month, a total of 36 (71%); up to the 21st month, a total of 39 (77%); and up to the 24th month, a total of 41 (80%) patients were reported to have recurrence. In the case of patients with no recurrence at the 9th month cystoscopy, it was determined that 50% of the patients had recurrence in the first 6 months and 67% in the first 2 years. Conclusion: The majority (80%) of recurrences in low-risk NMIBC occurred in the first 2 years. If the follow-up protocol described in the guidelines had been applied, patients with relapses would have a delay of at least 6 months of diagnosis. Therefore, even if there is no recurrence in the low-risk NMIBC at the 3rd and 9th months, it may be more appropriate to follow the cases in the first 2 years with follow-up cystoscopy every 3 months.

In this study, five new pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized and characterized by characterization methods such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FT- -IR and elemental analysis. The corrosion inhibition activity of the synthesized compounds was examined by theoretical calculation using DFT method at the level of B3LYP/6-31G (d,p). According to the calculations, 4-(6-benzoyl-2- -benzylidene-3-oxo-7-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-5H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-yl)- benzoic acid (6) appears to be a good inhibitor for corrosion.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between principal distributed leadership and teacher job satisfaction, with the mediating role of collective teacher efficacy. It also investigated the moderating role of teacher commitment in the link between collective teacher efficacy and teacher job satisfaction. Drawing data from a sample of 338 Turkish language teachers in secondary schools in Turkey, the current study employed a cross-sectional survey design. Moderated mediation structural equation modeling was utilized to analyze the data. Results provided a moderate direct association between distributed leadership and teacher job satisfaction and an indirect relationship mediated by collective teacher efficacy. Researchers also found the moderating role of teacher commitment in the relationship between collective teacher efficacy and teacher job satisfaction to be positive and significant. Results provide evidence from a non-Western developing context and Turkish language teachers, contributing to the global knowledge base by confirming the positive and direct link between distributed leadership and teacher job satisfaction while highlighting the significant mediating role of collective teacher efficacy between these two constructs and the moderating role of teacher commitment in reflecting this role in teacher job satisfaction. Implications for policymakers and practitioners are discussed.

Aim: To investigate incidental prostate cancer (IPCa) rate and to determine prostate specific antigen (PSA) cut-off value indicating PCa in patients who underwent surgery by being diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) clinically or by standard prostate biopsy. Methods: Data of 317 patients, who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or open prostatectomy (OP) with pre-diagnosis of BPH, were evaluated retrospectively. The examined parameters included patients’ demographics, preoperative serum PSA values, digital rectal examination (DRE) findings, surgical method, histopathological findings and Gleason Scores. Results: A total of 317 patients were included the study. The median age of patients was 69 years (min: 51-max: 79) and the median PSA value was 3.24 ng/dl (min: 0.17-max: 34.9). In 21 patients (6.6%); DRE findings were in favor of malignancy, but prostate biopsy resulted as BPH. While 281 (88.6%) of the patients underwent TURP, 36 (11.4%) underwent open prostatectomy. PCa was detected in 21 (6.6%) patients. PSA was statistically higher in patients who underwent OP compared to patient who underwent TUR-P, 5.9 (min: 1.2 - max: 27.6, IR: 8.7) vs. 2.8 (min: 0.1-max: 34.9, IR: 4.2) ng/dl, p < .001. The rate of IPCa among four PSA group was similar (p = 0.46). There was no difference between the rate of IPCa in patients younger and older than 70 years, (p = 0.11). Please change whole sentence as 'The median PSA level was slightly higher in patients diagnosed with BPH compared to patients diagnosed with IPCa, 3.2 (min: 0.1-max: 34.9) vs. 2.7 (min: 0.3-max: 26.5) ng/dL, p = 0.9. Conclusions: IPCa still remains an important clinical problem. We were not able to find any correlation of PSA and age with incidental PCa.

Carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) –including conversion to valuable chemicals-is a challenging contemporary issue having multi-facets. The prospect to utilize carbon dioxide (CO2) as a feedstock for synthetic applications in chemical and fuel industries -through carboxylation and reduction reactions-is the subject of this review. Current statute of the heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation, as well as the photocatalytic and electrocatalytic activations of conversion of CO2 to value-added chemicals is overviewed. Envisaging CO2 as a viable alternative to natural gas and oil as carbon resource for the chemical supply chain, three stages of development; namely, (i) existing mature technologies (such as urea production), (ii) emerging technologies (such as formic acid or other single carbon (C1) chemicals manufacture) and (iii) innovative explorations (such as electrocatalytic ethylene production) have been identified and highlighted. A unique aspect of this review is the exploitations of reactions of CO2 –which stems from existing petrochemical plants-with the commodity petrochemicals (such as, methanol, ethylene and ethylene oxide) produced at the same or nearby complex in order to obtain value-added products while contributing also to CO2 fixation simultaneously. Exemplifying worldwide ethylene oxide facilities, it is recognized that they produce about 3 million tons of CO2 annually. Such a CO2 resource, which is already separated in pure form as a requirement of the process, should best be converted to a value-added chemical there avoiding current practice of discharging to the atmosphere. The potential utilization of CO2, captured at power plants, should also been taken into consideration for sustainability. This CO2 source, which is potentially a raw material for the chemical industry, will be available at sufficient quality and at gigantic quantity upon realization of on-going tangible capture projects. Products resulting from carboxylation reactions are obvious conversions. In addition, provided that enough supply of energy from non-fossil resources, such as solar [1], is ensured, CO2 reduction reactions can produce several valuable commodity chemicals including multi-carbon compounds, such as ethylene and acrylic acid, in addition to C1 chemicals and polymers. Presently, there are only few developing technologies which can find industrial applications. Therefore, there is a need for concerted research in order to assess the viability of these promising exploratory technologies rationally.

This paper investigates the phenomenon of technostress in medical students and its predictors during pandemic-prompted distance education. From a sample of 259 students in a school of medicine at a public university in Turkey, the data were collected using convenience sampling through an online questionnaire based on person-environment misfit theory and were analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptively, the participant students reported experiencing relatively mild level of technostress. As a result of the multiple regression analysis, regular attendance and participation, adequate learning environment, perceived negativity of distance education, perceived need for psychological support, and year at medical school were all found to be significant predictors of technostress in medical students. This is the first study evaluating technostress on medical students. Students who do not attend classes regularly, do not have an adequate learning environment, have higher degree of perceived negativity of distance education, have need for psychological support and are at higher grade levels experience more technostress. Finally, according to the person-environment misfit theory the major component of technostress in medical students originated from the tool-related component. Although the level of technostress was relatively low, technological tools generate pressure even on the digital native generation.

The theoretical framework and conceptual framework help to determine the purpose of scientific research, facilitate the analysis of data, organize the thoughts of researchers, increase the reliability of research, and ensure that research is shared in a wide area. Although these two concepts seem to be basically the same, they have structural differences and the roles they assume are not same. Despite this, it is seen that many researchers use these two concepts when structuring their academic studies without fully distinguishing between them. In this research, 87 doctoral theses in the field of physics education in Turkiye from past to present were examined in terms of theoretical framework and conceptual framework. In the study, the case study, which is one of the qualitative research approaches, was used and the obtained data were analyzed with descriptive method. As a result of the findings obtained, it was seen that all of the theses had at least one theoretical framework or conceptual framework, and instead of these two titles, five different titles were used: theoretical framework in 29 of 87 theses, conceptual framework in 18, introduction in 18, literature review in 15 and general information in 7. When the distribution of theses in terms of theoretical framework and conceptual framework was analyzed, 64 of the 87 theses were evaluated under the titles of conceptual framework and 23 of them were evaluated under theoretical framework titles. In addition, when the distribution of approaches, theories, models, strategies and methods used in the theses was examined, it was concluded that they were mostly accumulated in the learning-teaching, conceptual understanding, cognitive dimension and affective dimension categories.

This research aimed to investigate the effects of giving learners self directed learning (SDL) instruction based on the Staged Self-Directed Learning Model (SSDLM) during distance English learning on their SDL readiness, achievement, attitudes toward English course and distance education. The study sample consisted of one hundred forty-six freshmen enrolled in two different departments at the Faculty of Education in Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University in Türkiye in 2017/2018 Academic Year. All the participants took part in a twelve-week quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test. The English course program was common to both groups, but the SDL instruction program prepared according to the principles of SSDLM was unique to the experimental group only. The research data were collected using the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale, Attitude toward English Courses Scale, Attitude toward Distance Education Scale, and Achievement Test developed specifically for this English course. The obtained data were analyzed through the independent samples t-tests with bootstrap technique. The findings revealed no observable difference in SDL readiness scores between the groups. It may be because changing the way people learn requires longer time. However, remarkable differences in some other variables were observed in favor of the experimental group. These variables were attitude toward learning, importance of English and attitude toward distance education. These findings can be evaluated as the indication of some developments on the brink. All the findings were discussed in detail with this in mind and, suggestions were made accordingly.

This study examines the effect of a training program on pre-service teachers' ability to design materials using Web 2.0 tools by applying training to pre-service science teachers to use Web 2.0 tools. In the research, a holistic single case study method was used. Semi-structured interviews, "Teachers' Digital Teaching Material Development Self-Efficacy Scale" and document analysis were used as data collection tools. The sample of the research consists of 16 pre-service science teachers studying in the Science teaching program of the Faculty of Education of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University in the fall semester of the academic year 2021-2022. The "Teachers' Digital Teaching Material Development Self-Efficacy Scale" was applied to the pre-service teachers twice as a pre- and post-test. The training for the teaching of Web 2.0 tools was completed during a total of 25 40-minute lessons outside of the participants' class hours and in three weeks. At the end of the study, improved teaching Web 2.0 tools for education, pre-service teachers teaching material that has a positive impact on developing digital competencies, to increase their awareness of Web 2.0 tools for use in the learning process, it provides enough about to be able to use Web 2.0 tools to start to see and realize the importance of the concept of Web 2.0 tools in teaching that the use is concluded. In accordance with these results, in order to use the Web 2.0 tools for research, pre-service teachers, elective courses in undergraduate programs, etc. the proposals have been terminated.

This study investigates the effect of out-of-school activities on gifted students' affective and behavioral tendencies. Mixed method research with a single group pre and post-test experimental design was used in this study. Twenty-five gifted students from Turkey-Istanbul participated in this study. "Environmental Affect Scale" and "Environmental Behavior Scale" were used, and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Results showed that out-of-school activities positively affected the students' affective and behavioral tendencies toward the environment. It was also found that the awareness of students on environmental problems increased, and they began to produce their solutions to these problems.

Problem behaviors negatively affect the lives of special education students in different ways. Individuals with special needs may exhibit problem behaviors such as aggression, harming themselves or others, and excessive hyperactivity in general. It can be said that intervening, taking precautions, and changing these behaviors in a positive way before the emergence of problem behaviors are of critical importance in facilitating these children's lives. In this sense, the examination of postgraduate theses in the field of behavior management in special education is important in terms of describing the innovations, developments, current trends, and, if any, incomplete situations in the field of behavior management. Within the scope of the research, it is aimed to examine the studies on behavior management in the field of special education in Turkey between the years 2016-2022 in terms of various variables (type of publication, publication year, publishing university, research method, subject, study group). Document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods, was preferred in this study. According to the research findings, it was concluded that most master studies were done as postgraduate publications, the most publications were made in 2019, the university that made the most publications was Eskisehir Anadolu University and the most used research method in the studies carried out was the quantitative research method. It has been revealed that it is important for other universities to design behavior management studies in special education.

Theoretical frameworks for mathematics teaching and learning technology-supported provide a systematic structure in examining the contribution of the tool to conceptual development. This study examines the processes for the use of spreadsheets and the mathematical development of the participants in the tasks for performing the conversions between number systems using the instrumental genesis approach, which deals with transforming a tool into an instrument that will contribute to the conceptual development. In the study, the screen images of the worksheets of the participants, who are at the Department of Computer Technologies Program in a vocational school in Turkey, are analyzed together with the observation notes and evaluation scales prepared based on the outcomes. In the study, while the efforts of the participants to transform the spreadsheet into an instrument are observed, it is seen that their habits of paper-and-pencil experiences and misconceptions lead to an obstacle to transferring their operations to the spreadsheet and hesitations. However, their developments in instrumentalization processes are reflected by the following: they use subjective usage schemes, realize the advantages of spreadsheet functions and features, and create dynamic worksheets through dragging and cell addresses. Nevertheless, it can be stated that the reflections of instrumentalization progress on the instrumentation processes for conceptual development are limited.

The aim of this study is to classify the subjects and skills of middle school mathematics course in the context of MATH Taxonomy and to determine their relations. For this purpose, the questions and answers related to the mathematics subtest of a national exam were analyzed over the answers of 20154 students. The study continued with the analysis of the data set containing the answer patterns of the students according to the rules of association of data mining methods by using RapidMiner program and FP-Growth algorithm. The results show that students with any level of skill in MATH taxonomy related to mathematical skills could perform skills in subcategories at a high rate. Students who have attainment in the learning areas provided later in the mathematics program had a high rate of knowledge in the previously provided learning areas. However, this result is not valid for Probability of Simple Events.