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Tres poemas recogidos en Las cosas como fueron. Poesía completa, 1974-2017, Barcelona, Tusquets Editores, 2018.

En el presente trabajo nos enfocaremos en las interpretaciones de Paul Ricoeur en el marco de su hermenéutica simbólica, teniendo en mente que ésta no está aislada, sino que es parte del camino que sigue dentro de su hermenéutica del sí, la cual no se entendería sin su planteamiento ético, hacia el cual, consideramos, van encaminadas sus reflexiones acerca del símbolo. Para lograr lo anterior, en un primer momento, previa introducción breve, analizaremos lo que Ricoeur llama “injerto de hermenéutica en la fenomenología”; en un segundo momento abordaremos sus dos concepciones de la hermenéutica simbólica: hermenéutica de la escucha o amplificadora y hermenéutica de la sospecha o reductora; por último, señalaremos la importancia de la hermenéutica en el camino hacia su propuesta ética, sin ser esta última objeto de reflexión del presente trabajo.

Colorectal cancer is a major health problem, where advances towards computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems to assist the endoscopist can be a promising path to improvement. Here, a deep learning model for real-time polyp detection based on a pre-trained YOLOv3 (You Only Look Once) architecture and complemented with a post-processing step based on an object-tracking algorithm to reduce false positives is reported. The base YOLOv3 network was fine-tuned using a dataset composed of 28,576 images labelled with locations of 941 polyps that will be made public soon. In a frame-based evaluation using isolated images containing polyps, a general F1 score of 0.88 was achieved (recall = 0.87, precision = 0.89), with lower predictive performance in flat polyps, but higher for sessile, and pedunculated morphologies, as well as with the usage of narrow band imaging, whereas polyp size

Direct endoscopic visualization of biliary and pancreatic ducts represents one step further in the journey of digestive endoscopy. It allows the identification of lesions that were previously attainable through indirect means. Directed biopsy taking has permitted a better characterization of the lesions. The use of power sources through the cholangiopancreatoscope means that it is now possible to fragment and remove refractory lithiases using traditional endoscopic systems. This document aims to define the advisable workflow when using a single-use, flexible cholangiopancreatoscope with the commercial name of SpyGlass®. Penning a set of guidelines to provide instructions on the technique, as well as tips and tricks related with the operation of these endoscopes will be a useful resource.

Revisión de la bibliografía del coronavirus (COVID-19) y su relación con el paciente pediátrico ante la pandemia. Este material, y su aplicación en niños, tiene como propósito ofrecer orientación a los profesionales de nuestro hospital y sugerencias para tratar a los niños que requieran atención, bien sea solo para intubación por complicaciones respiratorias o, bien, porque requieren un procedimiento quirúrgico para resolver algúnproblema no relacionado con la crisis sanitaria actual.

T1 colorectal polyps with at least 1 risk factor for metastasis to lymph node should be treated surgically and are considered endoscopically unresectable. Optical analysis, based on the Narrow-Band Imaging International Colorectal Endoscopic (NICE) classification system, is used to identify neoplasias with invasion of the submucosa that require endoscopic treatment. We assessed the accuracy of the NICE classification, along with other morphologic characteristics, in identifying invasive polyps that are endoscopically unresectable (have at least 1 risk factor for metastasis to lymph node).We performed a multicenter, prospective study of data collected by 58 endoscopists, from 1634 consecutive patients (examining 2123 lesions) at 17 university and community hospitals in Spain from July 2014 through June 2016. All consecutive lesions10 mm assessed with narrow-band imaging were included. The primary end point was the accuracy of the NICE classification for identifying lesions with deep invasion, using findings from histology analysis as the reference standard. Conditional inference trees were fitted for the analysis of diagnostic accuracy.Of the 2123 lesions analyzed, 89 (4.2%) had features of deep invasion and 91 (4.3%) were endoscopically unresectable. The NICE classification system identified lesions with deep invasion with 58.4% sensitivity (95% CI, 47.5-68.8), 96.4% specificity (95% CI, 95.5-97.2), a positive-predictive value of 41.6% (95% CI, 32.9-50.8), and a negative-predictive value of 98.1% (95% CI, 97.5-98.7). A conditional inference tree that included all variables found the NICE classification to most accurately identify lesions with deep invasion (P.001). However, pedunculated morphology (P.007), ulceration (P = .026), depressed areas (P.001), or nodular mixed type (P.001) affected accuracy of identification. Results were comparable for identifying lesions that were endoscopically unresectable.In an analysis of 2123 colon lesions10 mm, we found the NICE classification and morphologic features identify those with deep lesions with96% specificity-even in non-expert hands and without magnification. ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT02328066.

Background In staged liver resections, associating liver partition and portal ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) achieves sufficient hypertrophy of the future liver remnant (FLR) in 7 days. This is based on portal vein ligation and transection, and on occlusion of intrahepatic collaterals. This article presents a new surgical technique for achieving rapid hypertrophy of the FLR, which also involves adding intrahepatic collateral occlusion to portal vein transection. Methods Patients scheduled for two-stage liver resection for primary or secondary liver tumours, in whom the FLR was considered too small, were enrolled prospectively. In the first stage, a tourniquet was placed around the parenchymal transection line, and the right portal vein was ligated and cut (associating liver tourniquet and portal ligation for staged hepatectomy, ALTPS). The tourniquet was placed on the umbilical ligament if a staged right trisectionectomy was planned, and on Cantlie's line for staged right hepatectomy. Results From September 2011, 22 ALTPS procedures were carried out (right trisectionectomy in 15, right hepatectomy in 7). Median FLR at 7 days increased from 410 to 700 ml (median increase 61 (range 33–189) per cent). The median duration of the first stage was 125 min and no patient received a blood transfusion. The median duration of the second stage was 150 min and five patients required a blood transfusion. Fourteen patients had complications, most frequently infected collections, and five patients developed postoperative liver failure. Two patients died. Conclusion The ALTPS technique achieved adequate hypertrophy of the FLR after 7 days. It may provide a less aggressive modification of the ALPPS procedure.

The ubiquitous Internet of Things (IoT) devices nowadays are generating various and numerous data from everywhere at any time. Since it is not always necessary to centralize and analyze IoT data cumulatively (e.g., the Monte Carlo analytics and Convergence analytics demonstrated in this article), the traditional implementations of big data analytics (BDA) will suffer from unnecessary and expensive data transmissions as a result of the tight coupling between computing resource management and data processing logics. Inspired by software-defined infrastructure (SDI), we propose the &ldquo, microservice-oriented platform&rdquo, to break the environmental monolith and further decouple data processing logics from their underlying resource management in order to facilitate BDA implementations in the IoT environment (which we name &ldquo, IoBDA&rdquo, ). Given predesigned standard microservices with respect to specific data processing logics, the proposed platform is expected to largely reduce the complexity in and relieve inexperienced practices of IoBDA implementations. The potential contributions to the relevant communities include (1) new theories of a microservice-oriented platform on top of SDI and (2) a functional microservice-oriented platform for IoBDA with a group of predesigned microservices.

Background— We investigated whether increased collagen type I synthesis and deposition contribute to enhancement of myocardial fibrosis and deterioration of cardiac function in patients with hypertensive heart disease (HHD). Methods and Results— We studied 65 hypertensives with left ventricular hypertrophy subdivided into 2 groups: 34 patients without heart failure (HF) and 31 patients with HF. Transvenous endomyocardial biopsies of the interventricular septum were performed to quantify the amount of fibrotic tissue and the extent of collagen type I deposition. The carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (PIP), an index of collagen type I synthesis, was measured by radioimmunoassay in serum samples from the coronary sinus and the antecubital vein. Compared with normotensives, the amount of collagen tissue, the extent of collagen type I deposition, and coronary and peripheral PIP were increased ( P P P Conclusions— These findings suggest that an excess of cardiac collagen type I synthesis and deposition may be involved in the enhancement of myocardial fibrosis that accompanies the development of HF in HHD. In addition, our data show that the heart secretes PIP via the coronary sinus into the peripheral circulation in patients with HHD. Thus, PIP determined in peripheral blood can be a useful marker of myocardial fibrosis in these patients.

Aspergillus tracheobronchitis is an uncommon manifestation of Aspergillus infection. This study retrospectively analysed patients presenting tracheobronchitis among non-neutropenic/non-transplant adult patients with at least two valuable cultures of respiratory samples yielding Aspergillus spp. in Spanish hospitals.Clinical records were retrospectively reviewed. Simple tracheobronchitis was considered when the bronchoscopy report described mucosal inflammation and mucus secretions and invasive tracheobronchitis when ulceration and pseudomembrane formation was reported. Cases were considered "proven" (histopathological confirmation) or "probable" aspergillar tracheobronchitis.A total of 38 cases of tracheobronchitis (26 simple, 12 invasive) were identified, all considered probable aspergillar tracheobronchitis. Patients were elderly (89.5% patients were ≥ 65 years), males (76.3%), presented advanced COPD (GOLD III+IV in 81.3%) and heart insufficiency (55.3%), with higher APACHE II score in those with invasive tracheobronchitis (10.17 ± 7.38 vs. 4.32 ± 4.39, p=0.019). Up to 50% patients were taking steroids (accumulated doses100 mg in 89.5% of them) and 34.2% antibiotics pre-admission. Antifungals were administered to 60.5% patients (57.7% with simple and 66.6% with invasive tracheobronchitis). Voriconazole was the most frequent antifungal (alone or in combination): 69.6% in the 23 treated patients (60.0% simple and 87.5% invasive tracheobronchitis). Mortality was 23.7% (15.4% in simple and 41.7% in invasive tracheobronchitis).The results of the present study suggest that aspergillar tacheobronchitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of non-immunocompromised patients with deteriorating chronic airway limitation.

Gloria Fernandez-Esparrach, Angel Calderon, Joaquin de-la-Pena, Jose B. Diaz-Tasende, Jose Miguel Esteban, Antonio Zebenzuy Gimeno-Garcia, Alberto Herreros-de-Tejada, David Martinez-Ares, David Nicolas-Perez, Oscar Nogales, Akiko Ono, Aitor Orive-Calzada, Adolfo Parra-Blanco, Sarbelio Rodriguez-Munoz, Eloy Sanchez-Hernandez, Andres Sanchez-Yague, Enrique Vazquez-Sequeiros, Juan Vila and Leopoldo Lopez-Roses; on behalf of the Sociedad Espanola de Endoscopia Digestiva (SEED)

Many colorectal cancers (CRCs) develop in genetically susceptible individuals most of whom are not carriers of germ line mismatch repair or APC gene mutations and much of the heritable risk of CRC appears to be attributable to the co-inheritance of multiple low-risk variants. The accumulated experience to date in identifying this class of susceptibility allele has highlighted the need to conduct statistically and methodologically rigorous studies and the need for the multi-centre collaboration. This has been the motivation for establishing the COGENT (COlorectal cancer GENeTics) consortium which now includes over 20 research groups in Europe, Australia, the Americas, China and Japan actively working on CRC genetics. Here, we review the rationale for identifying low-penetrance variants for CRC and the current and future challenges for COGENT.

Resumen Introduccion La mortalidad en la hemorragia digestiva alta no varicosa (HDA-NV) no ha variado. Se necesita conocer mas informacion para mejorar las estrategias de tratamiento. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: a) describir el perfil de presentacion de los episodios de HDA-NV; b) el manejo clinico segun practica clinica habitual, y c) establecer cuales son los resultados clinicos asociados a los tratamientos endoscopicos y medicos en Espana. Metodos ENERGIB fue un estudio retrospectivo de cohortes que recogio informacion del manejo y forma de presentacion de HDA-NV en Europa. Presentamos los datos relativos a Espana. Los pacientes se trataron segun la practica clinica habitual. Para las variables cuantitativas se calculo la media y la desviacion estandar y para las categoricas se calcularon frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados Los pacientes (n = 403) fueron hombres (71%), con edad media 65 anos, asociaron comorbilidad (62,5%). Los equipos encargados de su manejo fueron gastroenterologos (57,1%) o medicos internistas (25,1%). Los inhibidores de la bomba de protones se usaron de forma empirica preendoscopia en un 80% de los casos. El 6,4% presento persistencia y el 6,7% resangrado despues de la endoscopia. La tasa de mortalidad en los 30 dias posteriores fue del 3,5%. Conclusiones Este estudio permite conocer el perfil de presentacion de los episodios de HDA-NV en Espana y el manejo en practica clinica habitual. Este se ajusta a los estandares propuestos por las recientes guias de practica clinica. Entre otros datos destaca que los pacientes con hemorragia son cada vez de edad mas avanzada y presentan un mayor numero de enfermedades asociadas, lo que podria explicar que la mortalidad se haya mantenido estable a pesar de los evidentes avances en el manejo de esta entidad.

Objetivos: Presentamos un caso de masa testicular derecha en varón de 65 años con afectación sincrónica de piel y anillo de Waldeyer, datos que nos orientan a que se trate de un linfoma testicular maligno por lo característico de la presentación del cuadro clínico. Material/Resultados: Se realiza una presentación y comentarios de las características del caso clínico, así como una revisión de la literatura. Conclusiones: El linfoma testicular primario es un tumor testicular infrecuente, suponiendo no más del 9% de los tumores testiculares en las series con mayor incidencia; a su vez el linfoma testicular como tumor hematopoyético es infrecuente, con una incidencia del 1% de los linfomas, pero debido a su histopatología en la mayoría de los casos de alta malignidad, les hace ser de los tumores testiculares más agresivos. La edad de aparición es por encima de los 60 años, convirtiéndose en el tumor más frecuente para este grupo de edad. En el momento del diagnóstico el 70% de los pacientes presentan estadios I y II de Ann Arbor. Cuando el debut es en forma de estadio avanzado, las localizaciones extranodales más frecuentes son el sistema nervioso central, la piel, el anillo de Waldeyer y el pulmón.

Background: Several models have recently been developed to predict mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutations. Their comparative performance with clinical criteria or universal molecular screening in a population based colorectal cancer (CRC) cohort has not been assessed. Methods: All 1222 CRC from the EPICOLON cohort underwent tumour MMR testing with immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability, and those with MMR deficiency (n= 91) underwent MLH1/ MSH2 germline testing. Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of the PREMM1,2 and the Barnetson models for identification of MLH1/ MSH2 mutation carriers were evaluated and compared with the revised Bethesda guidelines (RBG), Amsterdam II criteria, and tumour analysis for MMR deficiency. Overall discriminative ability was quantified by the area under the ROC curve (AUC), and calibration was assessed by comparing the average predictions versus the observed prevalence. Results: Both models had similar AUC (0.93 and 0.92, respectively). Sensitivity of the RBG and a PREMM1,2 score > 5% was 100% (95% CI 71% to 100%); a Barnetson score.0.5% missed one mutation carrier (sensitivity 87%, 95% CI 51% to 99%). PPVs of all three strategies were 2 - 3%. Presence of MMR deficiency increased specificity and PPV of predictive scores ( 97% and 21% for PREMM1,2 score > 5%, and 98% and 21% for Barnetson > 0.5%, respectively). Conclusions: The PREMM1,2 and the Barnetson models offer a quantitative systematic approach to select CRC patients for identification of MLH1/MSH2 mutation carriers with a similar performance to the RBG.

Resumen Con relativa frecuencia los pacientes que se presentan a tratamiento tienen pocos dientes residuales. Tiempo atrás, muchos de estos pacientes habrían sido diagnosticados para dentaduras completas. En la actualidad, estos dientes residuales pueden ser preservados para ser utilizados con aditamentos, para mejorar soporte, estabilidad y retención de las prótesis. ¹ Una de estas formas de aditamentos son las barras ferulizadoras. Una barra ferulizadora es un segmento metálico, de mayor longitud que anchura, que sirve para conectar dos o más partes de una prótesis parcial removible,³ que se emplea para la fijación, retención y estabilidad de una prótesis removible o fija7. Presentando indicaciones, ventajas, contraindicaciones y desventajas que se determinan según el caso. Es importante destacar que para que la barra ferulizadora brinde un servicio prolongado, además de seleccionar correctamente al paciente y de emplear procedimientos adecuados, será necesario realizar controles periódicos y eventual mantenimiento de las condiciones obtenidas en el momento de la instalación.Existen diversos tipos de Barras, anclajes y combinación con aditamentos, que se utilizan con el fin de dar inmovilización y estabilidad a los dientes pilares. Para fines de este trabajo fueron analizadas las Barras Dolder, Barras Hader y Barras Ackerman Abstract With relative frequency the patients that are presented to processing they have few residual teeth. Time behind, many of these patients would have been diagnosed for complete dentures. Currently, these residual teeth can be preserved for to be utilized with accessories, to improve backup, stability and retention of the prosthesis. One of these forms of accessories are the splinting bars. A splinting bar is a metallic segment, of greater length that width, that serves to connect two or more parts of a partial prosthesis removable, that is employed for the obsession, retention and stability of a prosthesis removable or fixed. Presenting indications, advantages, contraindications and disadvantages that are determined according to the case. It is important to emphasize that so that the splinting bar offer a service prolonged, besides selecting correctly al patient and of employing adequate procedures, will be necessary to carry out eventual and periodic controls maintenance of the conditions obtained at the moment of the installation. Diverse types of bars they exist, anchorages and combination with accessories, which are utilized in order to giving immobilization and stability to the teeth pillars. For end of this work they were analyzed the Dolder bars, Hader bars and Ackerman bars

Objetivo: UroLume® es una endoprótesis uretral tipo stent, no magnética y autoexpandible indicada para el mantenimiento de la luz uretral en los casos de obstrucción infravesical. Ha sido aprobada por la Food and Drug Administration. Presentamos nuestra experiencia en el uso de esta prótesis en los casos de obstrucción por HBP y por estenosis uretral. Métodos: Desde abril de 1999 a julio de 2005 hemos colocado 18 endoprótesis Urolume en 17 varones; presentando 10 de ellos síntomas de HBP y 7 estenosis de uretra bulbar. Analizamos acontinuación los resultados de nuestra serie. Resultados: La edad media de los pacientes era de 61 años [30-79], siendo la media de edad de los pacientes con prótesis bulbar significativamente inferior. De los pacientes con HBP (58,8%, n=10), el 80% (n=8) eran portadores de sonda (el 40% con riesgo quirúrgico ASA III y el 60% ASA IV). Han fallecido 4 pacientes, llevando sólo 1 sonda permanente en el momento del éxitus. La colocación de la endoprótesis se realizó con gel de xilocaína en 4 de estos 10 pacientes (40%). La técnica ha fracasado en 2 pacientes, uno requiriendo de sonda permanente por retención urinaria (hasta que falleció), y otro de extracción de la misma y adenomectomía por RAO. De entre los pacientes con estenosis de uretra (41,2% n =7), en uno hemos tenido que colocar una segunda prótesis telescopada sobre la primera (por desplazamiento caudal de ésta), habiendo realizado además 2 RTU de tejido hiperplásico intraprotésico en el mismo paciente. Subjetivamente, la puntuación media en la escala de Madsen-Iversen precirugía era de 22,5 frente a 7,78 postcirugía (p

OBJECTIVES: This individually randomized, open-label, parallel-group pilot study was designed to test the hypothesis that the ability of loop diuretics to interfere with cardiac fibrosis in chronic heart failure (CHF) may be different between compounds. BACKGROUND: The apparent mortality and cardiac benefits seen in studies comparing torasemide with furosemide in CHF suggest that torasemide may have beneficial effects beyond diuresis (e.g., on the process of cardiac fibrosis). METHODS: Patients with New York Heart Association functional class II to IV CHF received diuretic therapy with either 10 to 20 mg/day oral torasemide (n = 19) or 20 to 40 mg/day oral furosemide (n = 17), in addition to their existing standard CHF therapy for eight months. At baseline and after eight months, right septal endomyocardial biopsies were obtained to quantify collagen volume fraction (CVF) with an automated image analysis system. Serum carboxy-terminal peptide of procollagen type I (PIP) and serum carboxy-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I (CITP), indexes of collagen type I synthesis and degradation, respectively, were measured by specific radioimmunoassays. RESULTS: In torasemide-treated patients, CVF decreased from 7.96 +/- 0.54% to 4.48 +/- 0.26% (p < 0.01), and PIP decreased from 143 +/- 7 to 111 +/- 3 microg/l (p < 0.01). Neither CVF nor PIP changed significantly in furosemide-treated patients. In all patients, CVF was directly correlated with PIP (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) before and after treatment. No changes in CITP were observed with treatment in either group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that loop diuretics possess different abilities to reverse myocardial fibrosis and reduce collagen type I synthesis in patients with CHF.

Se aborda la relación entre lenguaje y moral, también se aclaran brevemente los conceptos de sentido y conversación en el pensamiento de Gadamer. Lo anterior con el propósito de encontrar elementos que nos permitan vislumbrar una concepción ética en el pensamiento de dicho filósofo.

Background Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an effective but time-consuming treatment for early neoplasia that requires a high level of expertise. Objective The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and learning curve of gastric ESD with a hybrid knife with high pressure water jet and to compare with standard ESD. Material and methods We performed a prospective non survival animal study comparing hybrid-knife and standard gastric ESD. Variables recorded were: Number of en-bloc ESD, number of ESD with all marks included (R0), size of specimens, time and speed of dissection and adverse events. Ten endoscopists performed a total of 50 gastric ESD (30 hybrid-knife and 20 standard). Results Forty-six (92 %) ESD were en-bloc and 25 (50 %) R0 (hybrid-knife: n = 13, 44 %; standard: n = 16, 80 %; p = 0.04). Hybrid-knife ESD was faster than standard (time: 44.6 +/- 21.4 minutes vs. 68.7 +/- 33.5 minutes; p = 0.009 and velocity: 20.8 +/- 9.2 mm(2)/min vs. 14.3 +/- 9.3 mm(2)/min (p = 0.079). Adverse events were not different. There was no change in speed with any of two techniques (hybrid-knife: From 20.33 +/- 15.68 to 28.18 +/- 20.07 mm(2)/min; p = 0.615 and standard: From 6.4 +/- 0.3 to 19.48 +/- 19.21 mm(2)/min; p = 0.607). The learning curve showed a significant improvement in R0 rate in the hybrid-knife group (from 30 % to 100 %). Conclusion despite the initial performance of hybrid-knife ESD is worse than standard ESD, the learning curve with hybrid knife ESD is short and is associated with a rapid improvement. The introduction of new tools to facilitate ESD should be implemented with caution in order to avoid a negative impact on the results.

The members of the Gastrointestinal Oncology Group of the Spanish Gastroenterological Association are: Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid: Juan Diego Morillas (local coordinator), Raquel Muñoz, Marisa Manzano, Francisco Colina, Jose Díaz, Carolina Ibarrola, Guadalupe López, Alberto Ibáñez; Hospital Clínic, Barcelona: Antoni Castells (local coordinator), Virgínia Piñol, Sergi Castellví-Bel, Francesc Balaguer, Victoria Gonzalo, Teresa Ocaña, María Dolores Giráldez, Maria Pellisé, Anna Serradesanferm, Leticia Moreira, Miriam Cuatrecasas, Josep M. Piqué; Hospital Clínico Universitario, Zaragoza: Ángel Lanas (local coordinator), Javier Alcedo, Javier Ortego; Hospital Cristal-Piñor, Complexo Hospitalario de Ourense: Joaquin Cubiella (local coordinator), Ma Soledad Díez, Mercedes Salgado, Eloy Sánchez, Mariano Vega; Hospital del Mar, Barcelona: Montserrat Andreu (local coordinator), Anna Abuli, Xavier Bessa, Mar Iglesias, Agustín Seoane, Felipe Bory, Gemma Navarro, Beatriz Bellosillo, Josep Ma Dedeu, Cristina Álvarez, Begoña Gonzalez; Hospital San Eloy, Baracaldo and Hospital Donostia, CIBERehd, University of Country Basque, San Sebastián: Luis Bujanda (local coordinator) Ángel Cosme, Inés Gil, Mikel Larzabal, Carlos Placer, María del Mar Ramírez, Elisabeth Hijona, Jose M. Enríquez-Navascués, Jose L. Elosegui; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante: Artemio Payá (EPICOLON I local coordinator), Rodrigo Jover (EPICOLON II local coordinator), Cristina Alenda, Laura Sempere, Nuria Acame, Estefanía Rojas, Lucía Pérez-Carbonell; Hospital General de Granollers: Joaquim Rigau (local coordinator), Ángel Serrano, Anna Giménez; Hospital General de Vic: Joan Saló (local coordinator), Eduard Batiste-Alentorn, Josefina Autonell, Ramon Barniol; Hospital General Universitario de Guadalajara and Fundación para la Formación e Investigación Sanitarias Murcia: Ana María García (local coordinator), Fernando Carballo, Antonio Bienvenido, Eduardo Sanz, Fernando González, Jaime Sánchez, Akiko Ono; Hospital General Universitario de Valencia: Mercedes Latorre (local coordinator), Enrique Medina, Jaime Cuquerella, Pilar Canelles, Miguel Martorell, José Ángel García, Francisco Quiles, Elisa Orti; CHUVI-Hospital Meixoeiro, Vigo: EPICOLON I: Juan Clofent (local coordinator), Jaime Seoane, Antoni Tardío, Eugenia Sanchez; EPICOLON II: Ma Luisa de Castro (local coordinator), Antoni Tardío, Juan Clofent, Vicent Hernández; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona and Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL: Xavier Llor (local coordinator), Rosa M. Xicola, Marta Piñol, Mercè Rosinach, Anna Roca, Elisenda Pons, José M. Hernández, Miquel A. Gassull; Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa: Fernando Fernández-Bañares (local coordinator), Josep M. Viver, Antonio Salas, Jorge Espinós, Montserrat Forné, Maria Esteve; Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida: Josep M. Reñé (local coordinator), Carmen Piñol, Juan Buenestado, Joan Viñas; Hospital Universitario de Canarias: Enrique Quintero (local coordinator), David Nicolás, Adolfo Parra, Antonio Martín; Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia: Lidia Argüello (local coordinator), Vicente Pons, Virginia Pertejo, Teresa Sala; Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona: Dolors Gonzalez (local coordinator), Eva Roman, Teresa Ramon, Maria Poca, Ma Mar Concepción, Marta Martin, Lourdes Pétriz; Hospital Xeral Cies, Vigo: Daniel Martinez (local coordinator); Fundacion Publica Galega de Medicina Xenomica (FPGMX), CIBERER, Genomic Medicine Group-University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain: Ángel Carracedo (local coordinator), Clara Ruiz-Ponte, Ceres Fernández-Rozadilla, Ma Magdalena Castro; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias: Sabino Riestra (local coordinator), Luis Rodrigo; Hospital de Galdácano, Vizcaya: Javier Fernández (local coordinator), Jose Luis Cabriada; Fundación Hospital de Calahorra (La Rioja) La Rioja: Luis Carreño (local coordinator), Susana Oquiñena, Federico Bolado; Hospital Royo Villanova, Zaragoza: Elena Peña (local coordinator), José Manuel Blas, Gloria Ceña, Juan José Sebastián; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba: Antonio Naranjo (local coordinator). Epigenetics are thought to play a major role in the carcinogenesis of multiple sporadic colorectal cancers (CRC). Previous studies have suggested concordant DNA hypermethylation between tumor pairs. However, only a few methylation markers have been analyzed. This study was aimed at describing the epigenetic signature of multiple CRC using a genome-scale DNA methylation profiling. We analyzed 12 patients with synchronous CRC and 29 age-, sex-, and tumor location-paired patients with solitary tumors from the EPICOLON II cohort. DNA methylation profiling was performed using the Illumina Infinium HM27 DNA methylation assay. The most significant results were validated by Methylight. Tumors samples were also analyzed for the CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP); KRAS and BRAF mutations and mismatch repair deficiency status. Functional annotation clustering was performed. We identified 102 CpG sites that showed significant DNA hypermethylation in multiple tumors with respect to the solitary counterparts (difference in β value ≥0.1). Methylight assays validated the results for 4 selected genes (p = 0.0002). Eight out of 12(66.6%) multiple tumors were classified as CIMP-high, as compared to 5 out of 29(17.2%) solitary tumors (p = 0.004). Interestingly, 76 out of the 102 (74.5%) hypermethylated CpG sites found in multiple tumors were also seen in CIMP-high tumors. Functional analysis of hypermethylated genes found in multiple tumors showed enrichment of genes involved in different tumorigenic functions. In conclusion, multiple CRC are associated with a distinct methylation phenotype, with a close association between tumor multiplicity and CIMP-high. Our results may be important to unravel the underlying mechanism of tumor multiplicity. This work was supported by grants from the Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (Josep Font grant), Ministerio de Economí­a y Competitividad (SAF 2007-64873 and SAF2010-19273), Fundación Científica de la Asociación Española contra el Cáncer, and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI10/00384). “Cofinanciado por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). Unión Europea. Una manera de hacer Europa”. CIBEREHD is funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy can lead to infectious complications, and endoscopes must be disinfected to prevent them.to evaluate three methods of disinfection: 1) usual cleaning technique and immersion in glutaraldehyde phenolate (GP); 2) meticulous cleaning and immersion in GP, and 3) meticulous cleaning and immersion in hydrogen peroxide.thirty endoscopes (15 gastroscopes and 15 colonoscopes) were disinfected with each method. Samples were taken following endoscopic exploration, after cleaning and after disinfection, and were cultured. The number of positive culture (cfu/ml1) was counted.the rate of contamination of endoscopes did not decrease significantly after cleaning with method 1 (66 vs 60%), but did decrease with method 2 (38 vs 16%) and method 3 (53 vs 17%). The contamination rate after cleaning was significantly lower with methods 2 and 3 (p0.005). This rate was also lower after disinfection (p0.025). Method 3 achieved 0% contamination following disinfection.the greatest decrease in contamination rate was achieved with conscientious cleaning followed by disinfection. Both disinfectants yielded similar results, although hydrogen peroxide produced a higher level of disinfection.