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The article is devoted to the problems of medical and sanitary support for the transportation of resettlers by rail in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The basis for the performed historical reconstruction was the materials of the railway medicine section of the congresses of the Society of Russian Physicians in memory of N. I. Pirogov.

The article considers the nature, causes, determinants and consequences of corruption. As a form of social deviation of a delinquent nature and as a type of crime, corruption has a destructive effect on all spheres of social life, primarily on their management - by redistributing their resources and by replacing social values and goals with group and personal ones. Corruption affects not only states but also international affairs; therefore, we need active opposition to corruption from the world community: International Anti-Corruption Day was included in the calendars of 187 countries including Russia. According to the World Bank, the annual global amount of bribes is 1 trillion US dollars. For many countries, corruption has become a threat to national security, which makes them seek and use effective and often radical measures to counter corruption, and to conduct comprehensive studies of corruption as an objective and widespread social phenomenon. The authors consider corruption on the basis of an interdisciplinary methodology with an emphasis on institutional and structural-functional approaches, which allowed to identify institutional features of corruption, its structure, functions and social consequences, and to assess the efficiency of anti-corruption measures. The article is based on the statistical data on the dynamics of corruption in Russia and the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2012-2020, and on the results of the sociological survey conducted by the Institute for Strategic Studies of the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2020 according to the methodology for assessing corruption described in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. The survey focused on the problems in the interaction of citizens and employees of state and municipal authorities (everyday corruption), and in the interaction of authorities and business (business corruption) (the corresponding samples were 814 and 300 people). The study of everyday corruption was conducted by individual formalized interviews, of business corruption - by the online survey on the Google Forms.

The impact of the synthesis method and morphology of the LaFe0.5Sb1.5O6 samples on their catalytic activity in CO oxidation was studied in detail. The samples obtained by solid-phase reaction and co-precipitation showed higher catalytic activity. The features of the morphology, which cause the lowering of catalytic activity, were revealed for the samples synthesized in molten salts with and without preliminary microwave-hydrothermal treatment. A comparative study of all synthesized rosiaites LnFe0.5Sb1.5O6, Ln = La–Pr, LaFe0.5-xGaxSb1.5O6 and also pyrochlore Pr2(Fe,Sb)O7 using an in situ diffuse reflection IR spectroscopy method was undertaken to clarify the mechanism of CO oxidation. It was revealed that in the course of the reaction the intermediate complexes of metal carbonyls are formed on the surface. At the same time, inactive carbonyls, which exist on the of Ce- and Pr-containing samples surface before the reaction mixture is fed, were found. This feature gives rise to a decrease in their catalytic activity. A reaction mechanism occurring via intermediate carbonyl complexes on the active centers - [Sb3+ - VO- - Fe3+] – is proposed. The CO oxidation on completely gallium-substituted samples indicates the existing of an additional channel for proceeding of redox process, which is not associated with Fe3+. It is suggested that the nature of this channel is possibly associated with a rosiaite layered structure, which creates a unique environment conducive to complex adsorption phenomena.

The layered oxide BiGeSbO6 has been synthesized for the first time via solid state reaction. Rietveld refinement showed that BiGeSbO6 belongs to PbSb2O6 structural type (P-31m space group) with unit cell parameters a = 5.1314(9), c = 4.9974(1) A, α = 90°, γ = 120°, Z = 1. Using the EXAFS and XANES methods, it was shown that a structural feature of this compound is a strong disordering of the Bi–O octahedron caused by the stereochemical activity of the 6s2 lone pair of Bi3+ electrons. A model according to which one oxygen vertex in the oxygen coordinated Bi3+ octahedron is absent, and the lone pair of electrons builds this polyhedron to the octahedron, was proposed. A particularity of the structure of BiGeSbO6 is that the existing oxygen vacancy does not have a specific position. It was established that BiGeSbO6 does not exhibit any polymorphic transition up until its incongruent melting point Тm = 985°С. Isobaric heat capacity was measured and thermodynamic functions (entropy, enthalpy increment and Gibbs free energy) were calculated for BiGeSbO6 in the 10–1200 K temperature range. We found that the band gap of BiGeSbO6 is due to the allowed direct interband transition with the energy of 3.16 eV. It was shown that BiGeSbO6 has a wide transmission region in the visible and near-IR ranges. BiGeSbO6 is a self-activated phosphor, but its luminescence spectrum is atypical for Bi3+-containing oxides. The luminescent properties of Bi1-xEuxGeSbO6 solid solutions (x = 0.3, 0.5) were also studied.

We studied the features of the appearance of broadband “white” emission in CaF2-x mol% ErF3 and ZrO2-x mol% Er2O3 (x = 0–25) nanosized dielectric particles upon their excitation by intense laser radiation with λexc = 1550 nm. Comparison of the results of this study with the results obtained previously for other materials doped with Er3+ ions confirmed the thermal nature of the observed emission and made it possible to identify the main factors affecting its occurrence. These include the band gap of the material and the presence of defects in its structure. A method of applying the effect in dermatology is proposed.

A novel process has been developed for the preparation of Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. In this method, microwave radiation is used for the first time to heat organic fuel (urea), which allows its decomposition to be uniformly activated throughout the reaction mixture. The key synthesis parameters are the pH of the medium, the volume of the liquid phase in the system, and the way in which the starting mixture is homogenized. Varying these parameters has made it possible to reduce the synthesis time to 3 min. We have obtained BGO samples consisting of quasi-spherical particles, potentially attractive for the fabrication of scintillating ceramics. In addition, we have synthesized powders that have an order of magnitude better kinetic scintillation characteristics in comparison with single-crystal BGO and are thus interesting for designing scintillating materials for highly sensitive detectors.

(Ln1.8Fe0.2)FeSbO7 (Ln = Pr–Tb) mixed oxides have been synthesized via coprecipitation followed by annealing. According to Rietveld refinement results, all of the oxides have the pyrochlore structure (sp. gr. Fd$$\bar {3}$$mz). The (Ln1.8Fe0.2)FeSbO7 compounds have been shown to exhibit high activity for CO oxidation reaction. The best results have been obtained for (Pr1.8Fe0.2)FeSbO7, which has a 90% CO conversion temperature T90 = 385°C. With increasing lanthanide atomic number, T90 rises monotonically from 385 to 550°C in going from Pr to Tb. This behavior is most likely due to the decrease of structural imperfection in the compounds with smaller lanthanide ionic radii.

The series of La1-xPrxGa0.5Sb1.5O6 solid solutions (x = 0–1) with PbSb2O6 structure was synthesized. The comparative study of the La1-xPrxGa0.5Sb1.5O6 morphology showed all compounds have net microstructures. Herein the Pr concentration increasing leads to particles size decreasing from 400 up to 200 nm in the samples with low Pr content and to recrystallization and coarsening of the particles in Pr-rich ones. Using LaGa0.5Sb1.5O6 as an example, it was shown that the compounds have a wide transmission region in the visible and IR spectral ranges and are characterized by a low-energy phonon spectrum. An analysis of the spectral-luminescent characteristics revealed the presence of a cross-relaxation process (1D2→1G4) → (3H4→3F4) of Pr3+ ions for La1-xPrxGa0.5Sb1.5O6 at x ≥ 0.07. It was showed that a broadband radiation of thermal nature is observed under laser excitation with λ = 457 nm and a power density of J = 4.65 kW/cm2 for the samples with high (x = 0.4–1) praseodymium content.

The Emperor philanthropic society considered as one of the greatest charitable society of the pre-revolutionary Russia. Its medical activity was a significant complement to governmental and municipal medical care of population. Factually this society changed into governmental charitable department preserving semblance public organization.

—We have synthesized needle- and platelike α-Bi2O3 and Bi2O2CO3 nanoparticles. The bulk density of the α-Bi2O3 and Bi2O2CO3 powders is 8.5 and 6.9 g/cm3. The dielectric permittivity of α-Bi2O3 and Bi2O2CO3 has been calculated using dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss tangent dispersion measurements in the frequency range from 2.5 × 101 to 1 × 106 Hz for 40% suspensions (0.05 and 0.08 volume fractions of α-Bi2O3 and Bi2O2CO3, respectively) in PMS-300 polydimethylsiloxane. The value of e∞ has been found to be 5.4 for α-Bi2O3 and 4.9 for Bi2O2CO3. Dielectric spectra of the suspensions have been shown to exhibit no relaxation behavior in the frequency range studied. We have compared the effects of the shape and dielectric permittivity of the particles on the magnitude of the electrorheological effect in them. Using a simple polarization model, we have analyzed the effect of the dielectric characteristics of the filler material on the yield stress τ0 of the suspensions in electric fields from 0 to 4 kV/mm. Using a combination of rheometric and direct microscopic observations, we have explained the effect of the type of filler on the electrorheological effect: the Bi2O2CO3-based ERFs have higher shear and compressive yield stresses, whereas the α-Bi2O3-based ERFs have a higher tensile yield stress.

The existence of the LnIIIFeIII0.5SbV1.5O6 (Ln = La-Sm) series has been established for the first time. These compounds were prepared using the co-precipitation method with subsequent annealing. The systematic investigation, which includes phase equilibria study of the Ce2Ox–Fe2O3–Sb2Oy system, XRD, XANES, Rietveld refinement method and magnetic measurements has been carried out. It was shown that these ternary oxides are realized in PbSb2O6 structure type (sp. g. P-31 m) and contain RE and Fe ions in +3 oxidation state. The comparative study of the morphology showed that the composition of the compounds do not affect the shape of the obtained quasi-spherical particles while the size decreases from 400 up to 100 nm in La Sm series. These antimonates exhibit high activity and stability in CO oxidation. The best result was obtained for LaFe0.5Sb1.5O6 catalyst. The temperature of 90% CO conversion increases from 272 up to 426 °C in the series La > Ce > Pr > Nd > Sm.

We have prepared glasses in the ZrF4–BaF2–LaF3–AlF3–NaF (ZBLAN) and HfF4–BaF2–LaF3–AlF3–NaF (HBLAN) systems in which fluorine anions are partially replaced by chlorine and bromine anions. Structural changes in the chlorine-substituted glasses have been investigated by Raman spectroscopy and their crystallization behavior has been studied by differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The results demonstrate a characteristic decrease in glass transition temperature (Tg) and the precipitation of fine-particle crystalline chloride and bromide phases in a temperature range well below the crystallization temperature (Tx) of the fluoride analogues. We have identified phases that crystallize during heat treatment of the glasses at various temperatures.

We studied the features of the appearance of broadband "white" emission in CaF