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Gastrointestinal disorders are important place among the visceral manifestations of systemic autoimmune and immunoinflammatory rheumatic diseases (RD). Pathology of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine can vary from moderate functional disorders to the development of severe chronic inflammation with metaplasia and dysplasia of the mucous membrane, the formation of multiple erosions, hemorrhages and deep ulcers. Complications of gastrointestinal pathology in RD, such as bleeding, perforations and strictures, can cause death. This review examines the main clinical manifestations, possibilities of diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal lesions in systemic scleroderma, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, systemic vasculitis, Sjogren’s syndrome and disease, as well as systemic lupus erythematosus.

Introduction. Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FlC) is a rare subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Drug antitumor treatment of FlC has not been studied sufficiently due to the rarity of the pathology and requires further research to choose an effective treatment.Aim. The choice of effective drug antitumor treatment in patients with fibrolamellar liver carcinoma.Materials and methods. The retrospective study included 31 patients with FlC who received drug antitumor therapy at the N.N. Blokhin National Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in the period from 2005 to 2020. The patients were divided into comparison groups: “targeted therapy” (mainly sorafenib), “chemotherapy” (mainly gemcitabine + cisplatin). A comparative intergroup analysis of the effectiveness of drug antitumor treatment in the 1st and 2nd lines of therapy was carried out. Adjuvant chemotherapy was evaluated for time without progression. The correlation of the number of treatment lines in the anamnesis with the prognosis of the disease was also evaluated.Results. Analysis of the effect of adjuvant therapy on relapse-free survival did not prove significant differences between the comparison groups (p = 0.112; log-rank test). Therapy with multikinase inhibitors (mainly sorafenib) allows to achieve a better time without progression compared to chemotherapy (mainly gemcitabine + cisplatin / oxaliplatin) (p = 0.000; log-rank test) in patients in the 1st line of FlC treatment. OS did not significantly differ between the groups (p = 0.417; log-rank test). In line 2, time without progression in patients receiving targeted therapy (p = 0.042; log-rank test) is higher compared to patients receiving chemotherapy in line 2. A longer duration of OV was recorded in the groups of patients who underwent 2 lines of drug antitumor treatment and in the group of 3 or more lines compared with the use of only 1st line of treatment (p = 0.024) and (p = 0.003), respectively.Conclusion. The results of the work demonstrate an advantage in the appointment of targeted therapy as the 1st and 2nd lines of drug antitumor treatment, while the appointment of chemotherapy remains a less prognostically favorable option. Adjuvant therapy administration did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in relapse-free survival.

Abstract The article deals with the issues of the geodynamic evolution of the Kara–Barents Sea shelf and influence of structure-forming processes on the nature of relief formation. The aggregate data obtained allows us to assume that the relief of the western part of the Russian Arctic formed as a result of polycyclic processes of closing of the Proto-Atlantic, Paleoural, and Iapetus oceans. A systematic analysis of paleogeodynamic reconstructions of the evolution of the continental crust of the Arctic region makes it possible to identify with a high degree of reliability the spatiotemporal patterns of relief formation, predict areas of localization of hazardous phenomena on the seafloor, and substantiate geomorphological criteria for searching for hydrocarbon deposits in shallow bedding.

We present a rare clinical case of a 37-year-old man who had intrahepatic splenosis (IHS) mimics hepatocellular carcinoma on CT/MRI imaging. The patient with a history of splenectomy 14 years ago had no specific complains and the lesion was found incidentally during follow up imaging for the chronic pancreatitis. Definitive diagnosis of IHS was possible with post-operative histopathological analysis of the resected liver.

Summary. Purpose. It consists in the study of the main indicators of the activity of the emergency medical care system in 2020 based on the results of reports from the centers of emergency medical care and medicine of disasters in the regions in comparison with 2019. Study of positive experience and ways to optimize the organizational and staff structure of emergency medical care, which will allow the most effective use of forces and resources in the process of performing tasks as intended. Materials and methods. In the course of researching the reports of the centers of emergency medical care, the following research methods were used: analytical, systematic approach. The regulatory legal acts regulating the activities of emergency medical care were used. Results. A detailed analysis of the reports of the centers of emergency medical care in 2020 was carried out, the factors of positive and negative impact on the results of activities were identified. Conclusions. In general, the emergency medical care system copes with the tasks set to perform the tasks as prescribed, but there are a number of problematic issues that negatively affect its activities.

The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), even if short-term, may be associated to small intestinal complications, such as erosions, ulcers and chronic mucosal inflammation. Video capsule endoscopy allows for identification of such lesions in 20 to 55% of the patients who have taken nonselective NSAID for 2 to 4 weeks. The pathophysiology of NSAID-induced enteropathy is related to a reduced reparative potential of the mucosa and abnormalities of the microbial balance in the small intestine. In real world practice, NSAID enteropathy is commonly asymptomatic, and its manifestations, such as bleeding, perforation and ileus, are quite rare (about 0.3 episodes per 100 patient-years). The main manifestation of NSAID enteropathy is chronic iron deficient anemia. The use of rebamipide, sulfasalazine, mesalazine, and rifaximin has been discussed in the treatment of NSAID enteropathy, whereas its prevention implies preferential administration of coxibs, the use of rebamipide and probiotics.

Objective: to evaluate the effect of piribedil on cognitive functions in elderly patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease (CCVD) and cognitive impairment (CI). Patients and methods. A total of 67 patients aged 60-75 years with CCVD and CI were examined. A control group included 32 patients who had received basic therapy with antihypertensive and, if indicated, lipid-lowering and antithrombotic drugs. A study group consisted of 35 patients who additionally took piribedil 50 mg after evening meals for 3 months. Neuropsychological examination was made before and after a treatment cycle. Results and discussion. After 3 months, only the piribedil group showed a significant neuropsychological improvement (pConclusion. When used in CCVD and CI, piribedil 50 mg once daily for 3 months is able to improve cognitive functions in elderly patients, which indicates that it is feasible to use the drug in combined therapy with essential (antihypertensive, lipid-lowering, antithrombotic) medicines.

Intaking antithrombotic funds (ATA) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is one of the most frequent causes of pathology in gastrointestinal (GI) tract.The purpose of the study: comparison of pathological changes of the mucous membrane in the upper GI tract, that occur against the background of ATA and NSAIDs admission.Material and methods. Endoscopic data of two groups of patients taking ATA and NSAIDS have been compared. The first group of 448 patients from the 10th Gastrointestinal Department in N.N. Burdenko Main Military Clinical Hospital was on record from 2013 to 2017. The patients had erosive ulcerous changes of gastrointestinal mucosa, occurred against the background of the ATA admission. The second group comprised 6431 patients with rheumatic diseases. They were hospitalized in the clinic of V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology in the period from 2007 to 2016 and took NSAIDs regularly.Results. Duodenal and gastric ulcer changes in gastric mucosa and duodenal ulcers were identified in 168 (37.5 %) patients taking ATA and in 1691 (26.3 %) patient treated with NSAIDS. Structure of pathology varied. So, against the background of ATA and NSAIDS admission, the number of acute gastric ulceration amounted to 6.5 % and 15.5 % (p < 0.001); acute ulcers duodenal was 2.9 % and 4.9 %; combined ulcerative lesions of gastric and duodenal was 2.9 % and 2.0 %; multiple erosions of gastroduodenal mucosa were 52.4 % and 15.7 % (p < 0.001); single erosion was 35. 1% and 61.6 %. The factor of ulcer history and age ≥ 65 years old increased significantly the risk of duodenal and gastric ulcer changes in patients taking ATA and NSAIDs: OR 5.182 (95% CI 2.701–9.942) and 3.24 (95% CI 2.19–5.34), 4.537 (95% CI 2.036–10.11) and 2.016 (95% CI 1.230–2.917) respectively. Intaking of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) reduced significantly the risk of complications for both ATA and NSAIDs: OR 0.329 (95% CI 0.199–0.546) and 0.317 (95% CI 0.210–0.428) respectively.Conclusion. The structure of pathology of mucous in the upper gastrointestinal tract that arose against the backdrop of ATA and NSAIDs admission is different. The first is characterized by a multiple erosion, while the second one has single acute distal gastric ulcers. The ulcerative history and advanced age of patients increase significantly the risk of complications concerning the gastroduodenal mucosa when using ATA and NSAIDs. PPI is the effective means of preventing this pathology.

Colon cancer is the 3rdmost common malignant neoplasm and the 4thleading cause of mortality from them. The majority of patients are diagnosed at stages II–IV, which indicates the need for markers that can predict disease progression, especially after surgical treatment. Recently, there has been a growing interest in exploring circulating tumor DNA as a marker of residual tumor in colon cancer. In 2018, the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology together with the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine under the coordination of the Center for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks initiated a research project entitled “Development of an assay for the diagnosis of various malignant tumors and treatment efficacy monitoring based on the analysis of circulating tumor DNA from patient blood”. This article provides a theoretical background for the project and a report on its progress made so far.

Use of antithrombotic aids (ATA) significantly impact the prevention of life-threatening cardiovascular complications. ATA applications, however, are associated with a wide range of adverse digestive system responses. Due to, continuously growing clinical use of ATA this problem has become a current challenge of contemporary medicine.Purpose of the study was to evaluate the patterns of digestive system damage in patients receiving ATA.Materials and Methods. 672 patients were examined, 91.0% males, 46.7±17.4 years of age, who had digestive system changes that occurred due to ATA intake. 71 patients were admitted for treatment after gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding; other patients were hospitalized because of disorders of the digestive system or erosive and ulcerous changes of the digestive system detected by endoscopy. The following parameters were evaluated: GI bleeding sources, character of complaints, the endoscopic patterns due to intake of different ATAs (low doses of aspirin, warfarin, clopidogrel, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, low-molecular heparin, combined therapy), and of risk factors for GI complications.Results. The sources of GI bleeding (n=71) included gastric ulcers and/or erosions (39.4%), duodenum ulcers and/or erosions (21.1%), colon ulcers and/or erosions (28.2%), unknown (11.3%). The majority of 672 patients noticed various complaints: sensation of heaviness in epigastrium (62.8%), gastralgia (46.7%), burning sensation (34.3%). Endoscopy found erosive esophagitis (13.2%), ulcers in stomach and/or duodenum (11.6%), multiple ( 10) erosions of stomach or duodenum (17.1%), sporadic erosions of stomach or duodenum (24.4%). In 32.3% cases no erosive or ulcerous alterations were found. H. pylori was identified in 57.9% of patients. There was no significant difference in character of alterations in the upper digestive system between patients who received different ATA treatment, except of frequent erosive esophagitis in those patients who received dabigatran (16.8%). The elderly age ( 65 years), ulcer history, concomitant intake of NSAIDS, H. pylori presence, and smoking habit were associated with a higher occurrence of pathological alterations of digestive system. Presence of gastralgia did not correlate with the development of erosive and ulcerous alterations.Conclusion. In majority of patients who received ATA, the commonly observed erosive and ulcerous alterations in the digestive system might become a source of bleeding.

The use of glucocorticoids (GC) is considered one of the risk factors for the development of gastro-intestinal (GI) complications associated with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, the data on this issue are contradictory. Objective. To assess the frequency of ulceration and erosion in patients with rheumatic diseases (RD) receiving NSAIDs, depending on the concomitant use of GC. Materials and methods. A retrospective comparison was made of the incidence of gastrointestinal lesions detected in patients with RD during endoscopic examination in one medical center for 2007-2016. Three groups were formed: in group 1 patients took only NSAIDs (n=4823, women 80.7%, age 51.1 + 15.4 years), in group 2 patients took NSAIDs and GC (n = 1608, women 89, 8%, age 50.4 + 14.6 years), in group 3 - only patients took GC (n=1135, women 92.7%, age 44.1 + 15.3 years). The detection of multiple erosions (>10, ME) and gastric and / or duodenal ulcers was as-sessed. Results. The frequency of ME and ulcers in patients of groups 1 and 2 did not differ significantly: 10.5% and 8.5%, odds ratio 0.799 (95% confidence interval 0.546-1.169, p=0.072). Risk factors, such as age > 65 years, ulcer history and low-dose aspirin, did not affect this pattern. The incidence of ME and ulcers was significantly lower in Group 3 patients than in Groups 1 and 2: 6.3% (p

The purpose of this article is to analyze the reasons and the substantive content of the critical discourse on totalitarianism developed in foreign historiography of the 1960s. The analysis is based on the fundamental methodological principles of historical study: systemic approach of historicism and scientific objectivity. The research focuses on the works by famous foreign researchers in the area: H. Arendt, P. Sorokin, K. Friedrich, Z. Brzezinski, R. Мills, A. Ulam. The content of these works makes it possible to highlight the main methodological problems of critical discourse. The author criticizes the totalitarian model for its structural and external uniformity and lack of differentiation of totalitarian regimes. Revisionism in foreign historiography of the 1960s contributed to the study of Soviet society on the basis of sociological methodology by highlighting its high social mobility. The critical approach specifies the differences between communist and fascist systems and the peculiarities of individual communist regimes. However, the representatives of the critical approach failed to create a coherent theory compatible to the one offered by the adherents of totalitarianism. The critical discourse of totalitarianism in the 1960s contributed to the formation of a modernized concept of the phenomenon. The final part of the article contains the main conclusions of the discussion. The content and results of this article can be used in foreign historiography courses.

Hydrochemical analysis of the high-salinity lakes in the Ishim Plain (>250–300 g/L) located at the border with the Northern Kazakhstan uranium ore province is performed. The studies have shown that the main factor of concentration and redistribution of uranium in the lake basins of the Ishim Plain are the processes of intense salt deflation causing sanding of lakes and uranium depletion in the near-surface layer of the bottom deposits. The correlation between the hydroxide forms of uranium binding in the bottom lacustrine deposits of the Ishim Plain and the coffinite composition of the Semizbai deposit makes it possible to consider this province to be promising for the discovery of hydromineral uranium deposits.

Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs), such as the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and the selective factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban and apixaban, are increasingly used as an effective antithrombotic drug in real clinical practice. Unfortunately, these medications can cause severe adverse events, including gastrointestinal bleeding, one of the most common events. This complication annually develops in 2–3% of patients taking NOACs. The sources of bleeding can be in both the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The common cause of bleeding is undiagnosed GIT neoplasms, often colorectal cancer. Clinical and cohort studies show that the greatest risk of bleeding is observed with the use of rivaroxaban. The risk factors are advanced age, concurrent administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, and other anticoagulants, gastrointestinal diseases, H. pylori infection, impaired renal and hepatic functions, and alcohol intake. Gastrointestinal bleeding is treated on general principles, by applying endoscopic and surgical techniques. Particular importance is attached to the blockade of the anticoagulant effects of NOACs. For this, the entire range of antidotes, such as idarucizumab (it has been already applied in several countries of the world), andexanet, and ciraparantag, has been recently designed and is undergoing clinical trials. Bleeding prevention involves control of risk factors, rational use of NOACs, prophylactic administration of proton pump inhibitors, timely discontinuation of anticoagulation prior to traumatic medical procedures on the gastrointestinal organs (before certain endoscopic procedures in particular).

Soft drinks are widely used and have steady demand. The content of beverages includes food colours and flavourings of different origins. Currently, consumers prefer drinks that contain natural raw materials. The purpose of this study is to analyze the product range and informational identification of the naturalness of food colours and flavourings declared by the producers of soft drinks presented by the domestic food retailers. The study objects are 48 soft drinks of various brands sold in the Lenta retail chain. When performing research, methods of analysis and systematization were used. The study of food colours and flavourings contained in soft drinks was based on the method of observation and content analysis. As a result of this study, information about ingredients indicated on the labels of soft drinks from the product range of the Lenta retail chain was researched. When studying the labels, special attention was paid to the presence or absence of food colours and flavourings in the sold beverages as well as whether these ingredients are natural. Depending on the presence of colours and/or flavourings in the beverage, the structure calculation of the soft drinks range was made. It was found that a great part of the Lenta assortment includes soft drinks that are coloured with one or more natural food colours (48 %), as well as soft drinks that do not contain food colours (25 %). Synthetic food colours are found in 21 % of beverages; soft drinks containing natural and synthetic colours make up 6 % of the range. It is revealed that there is no uniformity of information about the flavouring used in the labelling of soft drinks, consequently it makes difficult for the consumer to choose the product. Attained results can have practical implementation. The product range formation of domestic soft drinks of adequate quality helps to increase the competitiveness of Russian brands, reduce the consumer health risk, and meet consumer demand for quality products.

Prevention of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) complications is the most important element for the rational use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and low-dose aspirin (LDA). Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have long been the only medication to prevent these complications. However, PPIs are only effective in preventing and treating upper GIT diseases (NSAID gastropathy) rather than small intestinal injury (NSAID enteropathy). Rebamipide has emerged as a novel agent to protect the gastrointestinal mucosa today. The effect of the drug differs from that of PPIs: it is a typical gastroand enteroprotector that enhances the synthesis of endogenous prostaglandins and possesses a significant anti-inflammatory potential. Rebamipide has long been widely used by doctors inJapan,South Korea, andChinaas an effective and safe agent for the treatment of many diseases of the digestive system. There is a strong evidence base for the efficacy of rebamipide in preventing and treating NSAID gastropathy and NSAID enteropathy (including LDA-induced injuries). Controlled studies have found that the drug is not inferior to the classic gastroprotective agent misoprostol, significantly outperforming the latter in its tolerability. This review describes the mechanism of action of rebamipide and main clinical trials of its therapeutic effect in NSAID gastropathy and NSAID enteropathy.

Aim. To study prevalence of resistance to acetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel and dual resistance in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), to identify clinical risk factors of resistance development, to study effects of concomitant therapy on resistance development, to identify relationship between risk of cardiovascular complications and activity of platelet aggregation, to assess safety of dual antiplatelet therapy , and to suggest possible ways to overcome clopidogrel resistance. Material and Methods. Patients (n=100) with stable angina class II-IV, that were planned for PCI, were included in the study. Patients randomized to group A (n=53) received clopidogrel 75 mg daily for 7 days before PCI, and later were allocated to subgroups of clopidogrel sensitive or resistant depending on platelet aggregation. In resistant subgroup clopidogrel daily dose was increased to 150 mg for the whole next period of observation. Patients randomized to group B (n=47) received a loading dose of clopidogrel 300 mg one day before PCI. Depending on the results of platelet reactivity assessment, patients were split into sensitive or resistant subgroups. Patients of resistant subgroup received the second loading dose of clopidogrel 300 mg before PCI and started to take clopidogrel 150 mg daily after PCI. Patients of sensitive subgroup did not receive the second clopidogrel loading dose and started to take clopidogrel in usual daily dose of 75 mg. The combined endpoint (after 6 and 12 months) included cardiovascular death, recurrent nonfatal myocardial infarction, recurrent angina, acute ischemic stroke, acute impairment of peripheral circulation. Results. Increased reactivity of platelets to acetylsalicylic acid was detected in 21% of patients. Resistance to clopidogrel in both groups was 56%. Double resistance was registered in 8% of patients. The development of resistance to clopidogrel was related with obesity (p=0.014) and hyperglycemia (p=0.017). 4 and 11 cardiovascular events were registered in 6 and 12 months, respectively. Conclusion. To assess efficacy of antiplatelet therapy it is advisable to study platelet aggregation before and shortly after PCI, especially in patients with obesity and glucose metabolism disturbances. Knowledge of changes in platelet aggregation during clopidogrel therapy can be usefull for timely correction of antiplatelet therapy. Increase in clopidogrel dose up to 150 mg a day is one of the possible way to overcome resistance to clopidogrel.

A comparative study was carried out of the structure of samples of zirconium oxides modified by yttrium and magnesium, synthesized by coprecipitation and calcined during 10 days at a temperature of 1250 °C. Refinement of the structure of the samples according to diffraction data within the framework of the fluorite type, gives high uncertainty factors, regardless of composition, and variation of structural parameters does not reduce their value. EXAFS analysis of the local structure of the samples revealed separate clusters consisting only of yttrium and oxygen ions in the structure of both samples. It has been suggested that the presence of these clusters prevents refinement of structures using the model of statistical solid solution with a fluorite structure.

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common and aggressive type of malignant liver tumor. HCC progression depends significantly on its vascularization and formation of new blood vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) is a crucial regulator of tumor vascularization and components of VEGF-induced cell signaling pathways are important targets of therapeutical drugs that demonstrated the highest efficiency in case of advanced HCC (sorafenib and regorafenib). VEGFA is expressed as a set of isoforms with different functional properties, thus VEGFA isoform expression pattern may affect tumor sensitivity to anti-angiogenic drugs. However, information about VEGFA isoforms expression in HCC is still incomplete and contradictory. The present study aims to quantitatively investigate VEGFA isoform expression aberrations in HCC tissue. Methods A total of 50 pairs of HCC and non-tumor tissue samples were used to evaluate the VEGFA isoform spectrum using RT-PCR and quantitatively estimate changes in isoform expression using RT-qPCR. Correlations between these changes and tumor clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed. Results We identified VEGFA-189, VEGFA-165, and VEGFA-121 as predominant isoforms in liver tissue. Anti-angiogenic VEGFA-xxxb variants constituted no more than 5% of all mature VEGFA transcripts detected and their expression was not changed significantly in HCC tissue. We demonstrated for the first time that the least active variant VEGFA-189 is frequently repressed in HCC (p < 0.001), while no uniform changes were detected for potent angiogenesis stimulators VEGFA-165 and VEGFA-121. Isoform balance in HCC shifts from VEGFA-189 towards VEGFA-165 or VEGFA-121 in the majority of cases (p < 0.001). Changes in fractions, but not expression levels, of VEGFA-189 (decrease) and VEGFA-121 (increase) correlated with advanced Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) tumor stages (p < 0.05), VEGFA-189 fraction reduction was also associated with poor tumor differentiation (p < 0.05). Discussion A distinct shift in VEGFA isoform balance towards more pro-angiogenic variants occurs in HCC tissue and may modulate overall impact of VEGFA signaling. We suppose that the ratio between VEGFA isoforms is an important parameter governing HCC angiogenesis that may affect HCC progression and be used for optimizing the strategy of HCC therapy by predicting the response to anti-angiogenic drugs.

Non-steroid anti-inflammatory preparations (NSAlDs) - a unique class of the medical products possessing analgesic, anti-inflammatory and febrifugal effect. NSAlDs are widely used in various branches of medicine, especially at a pathology of the oporno-impellent device for knocking over of a pain after traumas, and also for symptomatic therapy of acute and chronic rheumatic diseases. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is one of the most important methods for diagnosis of diseases of the pancreatobiliary zone. ln addition to visualizing intraductal changes, this technique allows a wide range of surgical procedures, such as papillosfinkterotomiya, removal of stones, stenting and more. Unfortunately, during ERCP, serious complications may arise, primarily acute pancreatitis. To prevent the development of this pathology are offered a variety of technical and pharmacological approaches, but not all of them have proven effective in clinical trials. One of the most successful means for the prevention of post-ERCP acute pancreatitis was the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Appointment NSAlDs at carrying out ERCP - in an hour to - or is direct after procedure, essentially improves its shipping. First of all it is a question of reduction of number and reduction of weight of ERCP - associated acute pancreatitis potentially menacing to life of complication. Though in clinical researches it has not been shown authentic decrease mortality from the given pathology, nevertheless, it is necessary to think that active preventive maintenance will allow to rescue patients from the destruction caused heavy iatrogenic by a pancreatitis. This review is devoted to an analysis of published data on the subject.

The long-term strength of a system of single-crystal nickel alloy ZhS36-VI with Cr - Al gas circulation coating (GCC) + Ni - Cr - Al - Ta - Re - Yion-plasma coating (IPC) + Al - Ni - Cr - Yion-plasma coating (IPC) is analyzed under conditions close to the operating ones after a hold for 1 - 1000 h in a temperature range of 1050 - 1300 C. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.

An analysis of modern state of law interpretation in Russia is given in the article. Showing the concepts of law interpretation, we can see methodological approaches and assessments in studying law. Main concepts of modern Russian law interpretation include integrative, liberty-juridical, communicative and normativistic ones.

Coronary angioplasty is an important component of coronary heart disease (CHD) management. There is a substantial evidence of the need for dual antiaggregant therapy (clopidogrel and aspirin) in this clinical group, both before and after the intervention. The development of thrombotic complications during antiaggregant therapy suggests the antiplatelet drug resistance. The prevalence of this condition varies from 5% to 45% for aspirin, and from 20% to 45% for clopidogrel, depending on the assessment method and the specific clinical group. For dual antiplatelet therapy, the resistance prevalence is 6-8%. Presently, the gold standard method of the platelet functional activity assessment is optical aggregometry. To assess the resistance to aspirin, arachidonic acid is used as an aggregation inductor, with the calculation of absolute aggregation levels. To assess the resistance to clopidogrel, ADP is used as an aggregation inductor, and the relative aggregation parameters are calculated. The development of aspirin resistance is influenced by biological, clinical, and genetic factors. The clopidogrel resistance is associated with certain medications, hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis, and CYP2C19*2 gene polymorphism. Identification of the patients resistant to antiplatelet drugs enables the clinicians to adjust the antiplatelet treatment reasonably early and to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. The possible methods of overcoming antiplatelet drug resistance are to double the loading and maintenance doses of clopidogrel and to use new agents.

Aim. Identification of candidate secreted biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis. Methods. Genes upregulated in HCC tissue and encoding secreted proteins were identified by RNA-seq. Gene expression changes in HCC were evaluated by RT-qPCR and meta-analysis of public databases. Biomarker properties were studied using ROC-curves, correlation and survival analysis. Results. PDGFA was identified by RNA-seq as an overexpressed gene encoding for a secreted protein in 5 HCC cases. PDGFA and GPC3 up-regulation was revealed in 17 of 19 HCC samples and in most cases from the public databases. Combination of PDGFA and GPC3 discerned HCC and non-tumor tissue better than PDGFA or GPC3 alone. PDGFA overexpression was associated with better overall survival of the patients at early HCC stage and with weaker tumor invasion into blood vessels. Conclusion. PDGFA is a valuable secreted biomarker for HCC that might be used in combination with GPC3 to increase its sensitivity. Мета. Ідентифкація потенційних біомаркерів, що секретується для діагностики гепатоцелюлярної карциноми (ГК). Методи. Гени, експресія яких підвищена в тканині ГК і які кодують білки, що секретуються, виявляли РНК-секвенуванням. Експресію генів оцінювали ЗТ-ПЛР або використовували інформацію з відкритих баз даних. Біомаркерні властивості оцінювали за допомогою ROC-кривих, аналізу кореляцій і виживання. Результати. РНК-секвенування п’яти випадків ГК виявило гіперекспресію PDGFA, що кодує секретуємий білок. Підвищення експресії PDGFA та GPC3 виявлено в 17 з 19 зразків ГК та для більшого випадку зразків у базах даних. Спільне використання PDGFA та GPC3 дозволяє точніше відрізнити ГК від непухлинної тканини печінки , ніж PDGFA або GPC3 окремо. Гіперекспресія PDGFA асоційована з кращим прогнозом для пацієнтів з ранніми стадіями ГК і низькою інвазією пухлини в судини. Висновки. PDGFA – перспективний біомаркер ГК, що секретується, який може бути використаний разом з GPC3 для підвищення його чутливості. Цель. Поиск потенциальных секретируемых биомаркеров для диагностики гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы (ГК). Методы. Гены, экспрессия которых повышена в ткани ГК и кодирующие секретируемые белки, выявляли РНК-секвенированием. Экспрессию генов оценивали ОТ-ПЦР или использовали информацию из открытых баз данных. Биомаркерные свойства оценивали с помо-щью ROC-кривых, анализа корреляций и выживаемости. Результаты. РНК-секвенирование 5 случаев ГК выявило гиперэкспрес-сию PDGFA, кодирующего секретируемый белок. Повышение экспрессии PDGFA и GPC3 выявлено в 17 из 19 образцов ГК и в большинстве случаев из баз данных. Совместное использование двух маркерных генов PDGFA и GPC3 позволяет дифференци-ровать ткань ГК от неопухолевой ткани печени лучше, чем PDGFA или GPC3 по отдельности. Гиперэкспрессия PDGFA ассо-циирована с лучшим прогнозом для пациентов с ранними стадиями ГК и низкой инвазией опухоли в сосуды. Выводы. PDGFA – перспективный секретируемый биомаркер ГК, который может быть использован вместе с GPC3 для повышения его чувстви-тельности.

Analysis of major- and trace-element compositions of water in hypersaline soda closed basin lakes of Northwestern Mongolia and Chuya basin (Gorny Altai) shows high enrichment in 238U (up to 1 mg/l). Proceeding from new data, uranium accumulation in water has been attributed to (i) location of the lakes and their watersheds in potential provinces of U-bearing rocks and (ii) uranium complexing with carbonate in presence of carbonate (bicarbonate) anions. Among the explored hypersaline soda lakes of the area, the greatest uranium resources are stored in Lake Hyargas Nuur (about 6000 ton).

265 The works of the 26th cruis of R/V Academik Nikolaj Strakhov scientific research vessel showed that the Barents Sea shelf located north of Medvezhii island experiences lift and erosion delivering terrige� nous material for fan systems from the shelf edge to the Knipovich Ridge. Bottom relief indicates the presence of tectonic fracturing in the region of intensive iso� statitical process in a continent–ocean transition zone and traces of movements of icebergs formed at differ� ent times. The survey in the zone of the Knipovich Ridge from 74°40 ′ to 75°20′ N indicates intensifica� tion of neotectonic processes on the eastern side of the rift valley and increase of their amplitude to 1.5 km. The nature of deformations of the sedimentary cover testifies to the continuation of Riedel fractures under sediments on the eastern side and confirms the right

In 2007, the Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (GIN RAS) carried out investigations in the North Atlantic, in the southern part of the Knipovich Ridge extending for 600 km from the Mohns spreading ridge to the Molloy fault zone (chief of the cruise A.V. Zaionchek). The investigations were conducted according to the Program of the RAS Presidium entitled “Basic Problems of Oceanology: World Ocean Physics, Geology, Biology, Ecology” (Project “Regularities of the Structure and Formation of the Oceanic Crust in Characteristic Regions of the Atlantic Ocean: Tectonics, Magmatism, Composition and Genesis of Fe‐Mn Deposits,” supervisor Academician Yu.M. Pushcharovskii). The problem facing the expedition was to study the geological structure of the Knipovich‐Mohns junction. With the help of the R/V Akademik Nikolaj Strakhov (Cruise 25), there were conducted complex areal, medium-scale, regional geological study of the selected object, which involved echo-sounding with SeaBat 7150 multibeam sounder, continuous seismic profiling (CSP), high-frequency sounding with the Edgetech 3300 profiler, and bottom dredging (Fig. 1). Within the region of 74 ° N, south of the Greenland Fault Zone (FZ) extending southeastward, the Mohns spreading ridge passes into the north‐south-trending Knipovich Ridge. The peculiarity of both ridges is that these are unified extensive spreading structures not broken into segments by transform faults. The ridges differ in the time and conditions of formation. From the beginning of formation, regular and steady growth of the oceanic crust in the rift zone was characteristic of the Mohns Ridge, which is marked by the symmetrical and natural position of linear magnetic anomalies relative to the rift valley axis [1, 2]. The Knipovich Ridge began forming under unsteady geodynamic conditions, which was reflected in the disordered position and fragmentation of magnetic anomalies. The region of the Mohns and Knipovich junction attracts the attention of researchers in that this is a unique area where one spreading ridge passes into another with rift valley structures gradually bending by 40 ° without apparent transform faults serving as accommodation zones for stresses generated in the course of plate motions. Hence, the geodynamics of structures in this key region has been the subject of investigations.

A complex coating consisting of three layers, i.e., a gas-circulation coating and a two-layer ion-plasma coating with an internal Ni - Cr - Al - Ta - Re - Y layer and an external Al - Ni - Cr - Y layer for protecting single crystal turbine rotor blades from high-temperature oxidation is considered. The fine structure and the phase composition of the complex coating and of the reaction zone of interaction with single-crystal alloy ZhS36-VI after high-temperature holds in a range of 1050 - 1300 C for 1-1000 h are studied. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.

An investigation of the influence of support on the activity of monolayer vanadia-titania catalysts in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by ammonia has been carried out. The V2O5-TiO2 catalysts were prepared via VOCI3 grafting on the TiO2 surface, V2O5-WO3-TiO2 catalysts were prepared by inserting ammonium salts in TiO2. The supports and catalysts were characterized by XPS, XRD, EPR, SIMS, electric conductivity, DRS UV-vis, BET, ICP, and X-ray fluorescence methods. The catalytic activity of samples was determined in a flow recycle reactor. On the basis of catalytic activity data it may be concluded that the specific activity, activation energy, and turnover frequency do not depend on the crystal structure of titania. The activation energy of the SCR process coincides with the vanadia reoxidation activation energy. Reoxidation of reduced vanadia species seems to be the rate-limiting step of the SCR process. NO SCR by ammonia with and without oxygen may have a common reaction mechanism. Conversion of one NO(NH3) molecule proceeds on two surface vanadium atoms. Part of the supported vanadia penetrates into the sublayers of titania independent of the vanadia introduction method and titania crystal structure.

Morphometric, rheographic and ultrasonographic hemodynamical investigations were conducted in 137 patients, suffering hepatic cirrhosis. Three types of morphological signs of hepatic cirrhosis were delineated. Rheohepathographic and ultrasonographic characteristics of common hepatic blood flow, vessels and hemodynamics in a portal vein system for every type were established.