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We investigated the temperature dependence of the Raman spectra of a nine-layer ${\mathrm{BaRuO}}_{3}$ single crystal and a four-layer ${\mathrm{BaRuO}}_{3}$ epitaxial film, which show pseudogap formations in their metallic states. From the polarized and depolarized spectra, the observed phonon modes are assigned properly according to the predictions of group theory analysis. In both compounds, with decreasing temperature, while ${A}_{1g}$ modes show a strong hardening, ${E}_{g}$ (or ${E}_{2g})$ modes experience a softening or no significant shift. Their different temperature-dependent behaviors could be related to a direct Ru metal bonding through the face sharing of ${\mathrm{RuO}}_{6}.$ It is also observed that another ${E}_{2g}$ mode of the oxygen participating in the face sharing becomes split at low temperatures in the four-layer ${\mathrm{BaRuO}}_{3}.$ And, the temperature dependence of the Raman continua between 250 and $600 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is strongly correlated to the square of the plasma frequency. Our observations imply that there should be a structural instability in the face-shared structure, which could be closely related to the pseudogap formation of ${\mathrm{BaRuO}}_{3}$ systems.

Introduction The prevalence of internet game use among children and adolescents has been increased in the recent years. Objectives Internet addiction has been found to cause various psychiatric symptoms and psychological problems. Internet addiction has been found to cause various psychiatric symptoms and psychological problems. Aims The aim of this study was to examine the association between problematic internet game use and psychiatric symptoms in a sample of the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic, Ulsan University Hospital. Methods We analyzed data from 447 subjects who first visit the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic of the Ulsan University Hospital. The level of Internet addiction was categorized as either high-risk (≥108; group 3), potential risk (95 to 107; group 2), or no risk (≤94, group 1) based on the total score. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0 and one-way ANOVA and multiple logistic regression method were used. Results Thirteen adolescents met the criteria for high risk group of internet game addiction. In the high risk group, 10 were male and 3 were female adolescents. There was an mean difference among group 3 (high risk) 1 (no risk), 2 (potential risk) in BDI, BAI, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity and K-ARS score. With multiple logistic regression analysis, K-scale was significantly related with male sex, BDI, ARShyperactivity/ impulsivity score. Conclusion We conclude that having male sex, happiness and depressive symptoms is associated with the risk of developing internet use disorders.