49 results on '"Dowell, M"'
Search Results
2. Toward an Operational Anthropogenic CO₂ Emissions Monitoring and Verification Support Capacity
- Author
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Janssens-Maenhout, G., Pinty, B., Dowell, M., Zunker, H., Andersson, E., Balsamo, G., Bézy, J.-L., Brunhes, T., Bösch, H., Bojkov, B., Brunner, D., Buchwitz, M., Crisp, D., Ciais, P., Counet, P., Dee, D., van der Gon, H. Denier, Dolman, H., Drinkwater, M. R., Dubovik, O., Engelen, R., Fehr, T., Fernandez, V., Heimann, M., Holmlund, K., Houweling, S., Husband, R., Juvyns, O., Kentarchos, A., Landgraf, J., Lang, R., Löscher, A., Marshall, J., Meijer, Y., Nakajima, M., Palmer, P. I., Peylin, P., Rayner, P., Scholze, M., Sierk, B., Tamminen, J., and Veefkind, P.
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- 2020
3. From Bottom-Up to Top-Down: Europe's C[O.sub.2] Emissions Monitoring Capacity
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Janssens-Maenhout, G., Pinty, B., Dowell, M., Zunker, H., Andersson, E., Balsamo, G., Bezy, J.-L., Brunhes, T., Bosch, H., Bojkov, B., Brunner, D., Buchwitz, M., Crisp, D., Ciais, P., Counet, P., Dee, D., van der Gon, H. Denier, Dolman, H., Drinkwater, M.R., Dubovik, O., Engelen, R., Fehr, T., Fernandez, V., Heimann, M., Holmlund, K., Houweling, S., Husband, R., Juvyns, O., Kentarchos, A., Landgraf, J., Lang, R., Loscher, A., Marshall, J., Meijer, Y., Nakajima, M., Palmer, P.I., Peylin, P., Rayner, P., Scholze, M., Sierk, B., Tamminen, J., and Veefkind, P.
- Subjects
Greenhouse gases -- Measurement ,Emissions (Pollution) -- Measurement ,Air pollution -- Measurement ,Business ,Earth sciences ,United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2015 - Abstract
The Paris Agreement of 2015 established an enhanced transparency framework, in which parties of the agreement compile and provide their national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories based on annual statistics of [...]
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- 2021
- Full Text
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4. Inclusive pion double charge exchange in light p-shell nuclei
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Fong, W., Matthews, J. L., Dowell, M. L., Kinney, E. R., Soos, T., Wang, M. Y., Wood, S. A., Gram, P. A. M., Rebka, Jr., G. A., and Roberts, D. A.
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Nuclear Experiment - Abstract
We report the results of a series of measurements of the differential cross sections for inclusive pion double charge exchange in 6,7Li, 9Be, and 12C for positive and negative incident pions of energies 120, 180, and 240 MeV. The data are compared with the predictions of an intranuclear cascade model and a model based on two sequential single charge exchange processes., Comment: 36 pages, 14 figures, 6 tables
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- 2007
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5. Assessing the uncertainties of model estimates of primary productivity in the tropical Pacific Ocean
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Friedrichs, MAM, Carr, ME, Barber, RT, Scardi, M, Antoine, D, Armstrong, RA, Asanuma, I, Behrenfeld, MJ, Buitenhuis, ET, Chai, F, Christian, JR, Ciotti, AM, Doney, SC, Dowell, M, Dunne, J, Gentili, B, Gregg, W, Hoepffner, N, Ishizaka, J, Kameda, T, Lima, I, Marra, J, Mélin, F, Moore, JK, Morel, A, O'Malley, RT, O'Reilly, J, Saba, VS, Schmeltz, M, Smyth, TJ, Tjiputra, J, Waters, K, Westberry, TK, and Winguth, A
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Primary production ,Modeling ,Remote sensing ,Satellite ocean color ,Statistical analysis ,Tropical Pacific Ocean (15 degrees N to 15 degrees S and 125 degrees E ,to 95 degrees W) ,Oceanography - Abstract
Depth-integrated primary productivity (PP) estimates obtained from satellite ocean color-based models (SatPPMs) and those generated from biogeochemical ocean general circulation models (BOGCMs) represent a key resource for biogeochemical and ecological studies at global as well as regional scales. Calibration and validation of these PP models are not straightforward, however, and comparative studies show large differences between model estimates. The goal of this paper is to compare PP estimates obtained from 30 different models (21 SatPPMs and 9 BOGCMs) to a tropical Pacific PP database consisting of ∼ 1000 14C measurements spanning more than a decade (1983-1996). Primary findings include: skill varied significantly between models, but performance was not a function of model complexity or type (i.e. SatPPM vs. BOGCM); nearly all models underestimated the observed variance of PP, specifically yielding too few low PP (< 0.2 g C m- 2 d- 1) values; more than half of the total root-mean-squared model-data differences associated with the satellite-based PP models might be accounted for by uncertainties in the input variables and/or the PP data; and the tropical Pacific database captures a broad scale shift from low biomass-normalized productivity in the 1980s to higher biomass-normalized productivity in the 1990s, which was not successfully captured by any of the models. This latter result suggests that interdecadal and global changes will be a significant challenge for both SatPPMs and BOGCMs. Finally, average root-mean-squared differences between in situ PP data on the equator at 140°W and PP estimates from the satellite-based productivity models were 58% lower than analogous values computed in a previous PP model comparison 6 years ago. The success of these types of comparison exercises is illustrated by the continual modification and improvement of the participating models and the resulting increase in model skill. © 2008 Elsevier B.V.
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- 2009
6. 87 Increasing inhaled hypertonic saline therapy in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis
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O'Malley, C., primary, Ward, S., additional, Palla, J., additional, and Dowell, M., additional
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- 2022
- Full Text
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7. Toward an Operational Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions Monitoring and Verification Support Capacity
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Doubovik, Oleg, Janssens-Maenhout, G., Pinty, B., Dowell, M., Zunker, H., Andersson, E., Balsamo, G., Bézy, J.-L., Brunhes, T., Bösch, H., Bojkov, B., Brunner, D., Buchwitz, M., Crisp, D., Ciais, P., Counet, P., Dee, D., Denier Van Der Gon, H., Dolman, H., Drinkwater, M., Dubovik, O., Engelen, R., Fehr, T., Fernandez, V., Heimann, M., Holmlund, K., Houweling, S., Husband, R., Juvyns, O., Kentarchos, A., Landgraf, J., Lang, R., Löscher, A., Marshall, J., Meijer, Y., Nakajima, M., Palmer, P., Peylin, P., Rayner, P., Scholze, M., Sierk, B., Tamminen, J., Veefkind, P., Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Earth Sciences, European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
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Atmospheric Science ,Decision support system ,Service (systems architecture) ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Agency (philosophy) ,Climate change ,010501 environmental sciences ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,12. Responsible consumption ,Atmospheric measurements ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,European commission ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph] ,business.industry ,[SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering ,Environmental resource management ,[SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society ,13. Climate action ,Greenhouse gas ,Transparency (graphic) ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,Environmental science ,business - Abstract
Under the Paris Agreement (PA), progress of emission reduction efforts is tracked on the basis of regular updates to national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, referred to as bottom-up estimates. However, only top-down atmospheric measurements can provide observation-based evidence of emission trends. Today, there is no internationally agreed, operational capacity to monitor anthropogenic GHG emission trends using atmospheric measurements to complement national bottom-up inventories. The European Commission (EC), the European Space Agency, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, and international experts are joining forces to develop such an operational capacity for monitoring anthropogenic CO2 emissions as a new CO2 service under the EC’s Copernicus program. Design studies have been used to translate identified needs into defined requirements and functionalities of this anthropogenic CO2 emissions Monitoring and Verification Support (CO2MVS) capacity. It adopts a holistic view and includes components such as atmospheric spaceborne and in situ measurements, bottom-up CO2 emission maps, improved modeling of the carbon cycle, an operational data-assimilation system integrating top-down and bottom-up information, and a policy-relevant decision support tool. The CO2MVS capacity with operational capabilities by 2026 is expected to visualize regular updates of global CO2 emissions, likely at 0.05° x 0.05°. This will complement the PA’s enhanced transparency framework, providing actionable information on anthropogenic CO2 emissions that are the main driver of climate change. This information will be available to all stakeholders, including governments and citizens, allowing them to reflect on trends and effectiveness of reduction measures. The new EC gave the green light to pass the CO2MVS from exploratory to implementing phase.
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- 2020
8. Liraglutide and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
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Mann JFE, Ørsted DD, Brown-Frandsen K, Marso SP, Poulter NR, Rasmussen S, Tornøe K, Zinman B, Buse JB, LEADER Steering Committee and Investigators. Bergenstal R, Daniels G, Moses AC, Nauck M, Nissen S, Pocock S, Steinberg W, Stockner M, Kristensen P, Ravn LS, Zychma M, Flyvbjerg A, Ford I, Kloos RT, Schactman MJ, Sleight P, Swedberg K, Tenner SM, Akalın S, Arechavaleta R, Bain S, Babkowski MC, Benroubi M, Berard L, Comlekci A, Czupryniak L, Eliasson B, Eriksson M, Fonseca V, Franek E, Gross J, Hafidh K, Haluzik M, Hayes F, Huang YY, Jacob S, Kaddaha G, Khalil A, Kilhovd B, Laakso M, Leiter L, Lalic N, Ji L, Luedemann J, Mannucci E, Marre M, Masmiquel L, Mota M, Omar M, O’Shea D, Pan C, Petrie J, Pieber T, Pratley R, Raz I, Rea R, Rutten G, Satman I, Shestakova M, Simpson R, Smith D, Tack C, Tarnow L, Thomas N, Van Gaal L, Travert F, Vidal J, Warren M, Yoon KH, Tuttle RM, Sheerman SI, Hegedüs L, Baerwald H, Bergenstal M, Celik S, Dias C, Eder M, Fitzgibbons S, Irvhage L, Kloluckova J, Kriulianski R, McDuffie R, Moen S, Paster A, Saalfeld RM, Sankar K, Shehaj E, Swierzewska P, Tiktin M, Tovey S, Gibson CM, Chakrabarti AK, Dashe JF, Hinchey J, Leary MC, Pride Y, Wiviott S, Allen S, Mehr AP, Mutter WP, Parikh S, Ray S, Cheifetz A, Leffler D, Sheth S, Alexander E, Gaglia JL, Goessling W, Mitzner LD, Rosenberg C, Snow KJ, Wagner A, Piazza G, Abell S, Davis T, D'Emden M, Ding SA, Gilfillan C, Greenaway T, Gunawan F, Ho J, Jackson R, Kalra B, Lau SL, Lin J, MacIsaac R, Makepeace A, Malabu U, Marjason J, McCallum R, McLean M, Moin N, Petersons C, Price S, Roberts A, Roberts D, Sangla K, Stranks S, Tan Y, Thynne T, Walters J, Ward G, Wen W, Zhang J, Brix J, Feder A, Höbaus C, Höllerl F, Höller V, Kotter T, Kratz E, Krzizek EC, Leb-Stoeger U, Mader J, Mras N, Novak E, Obendorf F, Peric S, Pesau G, Prager R, Ribitsch A, Schnack C, Schernthaner G, Wascher T, Batens AH, Benhalima K, De Block C, Ernest P, Fouckova A, Jandrain B, Lapauw B, Letiexhe M, Mathieu C, Neven S, Peiffer F, Ruige J, Scheen A, Taes Y, Van Boxelaer I, Vandistel G, Van Durme Y, Verhaegen A, Alencar E, Alencar R, Almeida AC, Alves B, Alves E, Alves G, Alves J, Araujo L, Arruda V, Augusto GA, Baggentoss R, Balestrassi L, Barbosa M, Barcelos I, Belem L, de Bem A, Betti RT, Bona R, Bosco A, Branda J, Bronstein M, Bueno T, Bulcão T, Caiado F, Camazzola F, Cambréa MF, Campos S, Canani L, Carra MK, Caruso S, Carvalho N, Casillo A, Castro D, Cavalcanti T, Cavichioli V, Cercato C, Chacra A, Challela W, Charchar HS, Chaves C, Chrisman C, Correia-Deur J, da Costa A Jr, Costa M, Costi B, Coutinho P, Coutinho W, Cunha MR, Daher J Jr, Davini E, Democh D Jr, Eliaschewitz F, Esmanhoto Facin G, Farias F, Felício J, Fernandes V, Filho CS, Filho FF, Filho M, Fontan D, Fontenele AP, Forti A, Franco D, Freire K, Fusaro A, Genestreti P, Gerchman F, Godi A, Gomes KF, Gonçalves P, Gonçalves R, Griz L, Grossman M, Gurgel MH, Vasconcellos Haddad AW, Halpern A, Hissa M, Inuy A, Jaime J, Jonasson T, Jorge JC, Malucelli FJ, Kohara S, Kramer C, Lacerda C, Ladeira S, Lana J, Lastebasse F, Leitão A, Leite S, Lerário AC, Lima D, Lima M, Lippi V, Lunardi M, Machado E, Maia F, Maia J, Maia KP, Mañas N, Marchisotti F, Marinho C, Martins C, Figueiredo de Medeiros F, Melo A, Melo F, Mendonca E, Mendonça P, Filho RM, Miguel M, Miléo K, Miyahara M, Montenegro AP, Moraes A, Moreira A, Ítalo Mota J, Mothe FS, Murro A, Nakatani V, Napoli TF, Neto BG, Neto OQ, Niclewicz E, Ohe LN, Oliveira F, Oliveira M, Panarotto D, Parente E, Parolin S, Pechmann L, Costa da Penha P, Perlamagna L, Perotta B, Pimentel L, Pinto M, Poço C, Ponte C, Prazeres P, Quintao E, Raduan R, Rassi DT, Rassi N, Reck L, Montenegro R Jr, Ribeiro R, Rodovalho S, Silveira Rodrigues G, Rollin G, Rossi S, Sabino C, Sales AP, Salles J, Sampaio CR, Santana L, Sato V, da Silva Santos M, Santos NL, Santos R, Saraiva J, Sartori C, Sena R, Sevilha M, Sgarbi J, Silva D, D'albuquerque Silva L, Silva ME, Siqueira K, Soares S, Sobreira W, Sousa B, Souza AC, Souza B, Tambascia M, Tarantino R, Tenor F, Tomarchio M, Triches C, Tristão LJ, Valenti A, Vasques E, Vencio S, Vianna A, Munhoz Vidotto T, Vieira S, Villar H, Visconti G, Volaco A, Wajchenberg B, Zanatta L, Zimmerman L, Abbott EC, Abu-Bakare A, Advani A, Allison R, Bishara P, Bowering CK, Cheng A, Chouinard S, Clayton D, Conway J, D'Amours M, de Tugwell B, DeYoung P, D'Ignazio G, Dube F, Ekoe JM, Fagan S, Garceau C, Gottesman I, Hanna A, Harris S, Hramiak IM, Hurd C, Imran S, Josse R, Joyce C, Kaiser S, Khan F, Kirouac I, Kovacs C, Labonte I, Langlois WJ, Levac MF, Liutkus J, McDonald C, Milosevic V, Nyomba BL, Paul T, Raby K, Ransom T, Reichert SM, Retnakaran R, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Raff E, Shaikholeslami R, Sigalas J, Yip CE, Weisnagel SJ, Woo V, Bao Y, Cai X, Chen J, Chen K, Chen M, Chen X, Chen Y, Ji Y, Lei J, Li H, Liu P, Mu Y, Ren M, Ren Y, Shi Y, Wang D, Wang F, Wang J, Wang Y, Yan L, Yang G, Yang J, Yu X, Yuan G, Xu M, Zhao X, Zheng J, Zhou L, Anderlová K, Brožová J, Haluzík M, Hanušová V, Kosák M, Křížová J, Mráz M, Owen K, Rušavý Z, Tomešová J, Trachta P, Žourek M, Andersen PH, Boesgaard T, Christensen S, Gram J, Gregersen S, Henriksen JE, Hermansen K, Jakobsen PE, Jensen J, Krogsaa A, Larsen M, Lervang HH, Madsbad S, Mortensen L, Olesen T, Pietraszek A, Ridderstråle M, Safai N, Schioldan AG, Schmidt C, Snorgaard O, Stidsen J, Cederberg H, Haapamäki H, Hukkanen J, Jauhiainen R, Kujari ML, Lahtela J, Laine M, Mäkelä J, Miilunpohja M, Savolainen M, Taurio J, Vänttinen M, Creton C, Cosma NV, Dillinger J, Jacques JL, Guedj AM, Moulla M, Petit C, Ratsianoharana V, Richter D, Rodier M, Roussel R, Hinz A, Politz E, Esser M, Deuse U, Mittag D, Hagenow A, Jacob F, Jordan R, Gantke D, Venschott-Jordan U, Löhr C, Klausmann G, Eschenbrücher K, Karakas M, Jahrsdörfer B, Kunze MR, Wöhrle J, König W, Spielhagen H, Kilimnik A, Lüdemann HP, Lüdemann J, Mölle A, Mölle M, Müller J, Appelt S, Sauter A, Sauter J, Hartmann U, Löw A, Krötz F, Sohn HY, von Schacky C, Klauss V, Braun D, Segner A, Degtyareva E, Kreutzmann K, Paschmionka R, Hauck N, Sihal O, Busch AK, Maus O, Stübler P, Füllgraf-Horst S, Vietzke A, Müller C, Tosch-Sisting R, Lengsfeld B, Thaler J, Schaum T, Steindorf J, Steindorf S, König A, Reitschuster S, Schlott D, Clever HU, Witzel P, Kempe HP, Stemler L, Benis A, Diakoumopoulou E, Kazakos K, Kypraios N, Liatis S, Pagkalos E, Siami E, Tentolouris N, Alur VC, Agrawal M, Ali M, Asirvatham A, Asirvatham E, Bandgar TR, Balaji M, Bardoloi N, Baruah M, Bekur R, Bhansali A, Bhatia S, Bhonsley S, Bhuyan S, Borah B, Bright N, Ambrish C, Chaudhury T, Choudhury S, Chellan G, Das M, Dharmalingam M, Dutta P, Erugu A, Vinutha FP, Gunasekaran P, Das Gupta R, Iqbal A, Jagadish P, Jain S, Jebasingh H, John A, John M, Kalra S, Kasaragod P, Kesavadev J, Kumar H, Kumar P, Lakshmanan V, Lila AR, Mathew T, Miyen H, Mohan T, Motha A, Murthy C, Shivashankara N, Nanaiah A, Ommen T, Pani K, Pandey K, Paramesh S, Paramesh V, Pillai B, Prabhu M, Kalki RC, Ramachandran S, Ramu M, Rao Y, Reddy S, Saikia P, Saravu K, Selvam K, Sethi B, Shankar A, Sharma A, Shah N, Shankar P, Shetty R, Shivane V, Srivalli S, Thaseen S, Sarada S, Shirisha A, Subramani M, Balaji V, Mohan V, Padmanaban V, Verma M, Vidyasagar S, Walinjkar V, Walia R, Davenport C, Forde H, Gadintshware G, Gan KJ, Khattak A, O'Connell J, O'Shea D, Beilin V, Cahn A, Cohen O, Cukierman-Yaffe T, Daoud D, Darawsha M, Dicker D, Gavish A, Hochberg I, Ilany J, Inbal U, Itzhak B, Karasik A, Karnieli E, Khader N, Khamaisi M, Lender D, Lieberman GS, Mahamid R, Marcoviciu D, Michael L, Minuchin O, Mosenzon O, Narevichius F, Percik R, Potekhin M, Sabbah M, Sawaed S, Schurr D, Segal E, Slezak L, Vollach I, Zaina A, Zloczower M, Zolotov S, Antenore A, Arnone M, Arturi F, Barbaro V, Barone M, Di Biagio R, Buscemi C, Buscemi S, Buzzetti R, Di Carlo A, Carlone A, Caruso V, Casadidio I, Cerrelli F, Ciavarella A, Cipolloni L, Colella A, Colotto M, Consoli A, Crippa VG, Cuccuru I, Cufone S, Desideri C, Fallarino M, Febo F, Filetti S, Foffi C, Formoso G, Frosio L, Di Fulvio P, Gambineri A, Ginestra F, Grimaldi MS, Lamanna C, Leto G, Lucotti P, Lugarà M, Lumera G, Magistro A, Maranghi M, Martelli D, Mattina A, Monti LD, Parise M, Pedace E, Perticone F, Piatti P, Pompea Antonia Baldassarre M, Ragghianti B, Repaci A, Ribichini D, Da Ros S, Rossi M, Santilli M, Sesti G, Setola E, Succurro E, Sussolano E, Tarquini G, Verga S, Vitale V, Alanis RR, del Rosario Arechavaleta-Granell M, de Jesús Beltran Jaramillo T, de Jesús Rodríguez Berrones DA, Rodríguez Briones I, Rodríguez Briones R, Acevedo Castañeda ES, Chapa Grimaldo JB, Flores-Moreno CA, Garza Felix S, Nieto Flores J, Morales Franco G, Garza Morán RA, Hernández González SO, González-Gálvez G, González González JG, Hernández Salazar E, García Hernández PA, Campos Hurtado S, López-Velázco ML, Cardona Muñóz EG, Nuñez Márquez R, Campos Moreno OV, Cavazos Oliveros FJ, Haro Ortiz JA, Pelayo-Orozco ES, Sida Perez P, Vazquez Ramírez R, Uribe Rios MA, López Rodríguez JC, Rodríguez Rosales M, Robledo Durón I, Alvarado Ruíz R, González Saldivar G, Reyes Sánchez R, Sánchez-Michel BL, Contreras Sandoval AY, Velasco Gutiérrez A, Perez Verdín AE, Ramos Zavala MG, Abbink-Zandbergen E, Ahdi M, Bugter A, van Dijk M, Eisma G, Erdtsieck R, Gerards M, Gerdes V, Haak H, Harbers V, Hoogenberg K, Huvers F, Janssen W, Kars M, Kooy A, Lafeber M, Landewé-Cleuren S, Lieverse A, Meesters E, Moerman S, van Moorsel D, Nijhuis J, Smit CJ, Thevissen K, Timmerman Thijssen DM, Willemsen A, Birkeland K, Cooper J, Gulseth H, Hjelmesæth J, Jørgensen P, Kilhovd BK, Kulseng B, Nicolaisen B, Skadberg Ø, Wium C, Antkowiak-Piatyszek K, Arciszewska M, Bajkowska-Fiedziukiewicz A, Bogdanski P, Czubek U, Cypryk K, Dabrowski J, Dabrowska M, Dziedzic S, Dziewit T, Faligowska M, Fedor-Plenkowska G, Gajos G, Galicka-Latala D, Galuszka-Bilinska A, Gladysz I, Grycewicz J, Hachula G, Janas I, Jazwinska-Tarnawska E, Jedynasty K, Jozefowska M, Kaminska A, Katra B, Kitowska-Koterla J, Klupa T, Koblik T, Konduracka E, Konieczny J, Konieczny M, Kosinski M, Kulkowski G, Kunecki M, Kurmaniak M, Lesniewski R, Lominska T, Losa B, Majkowska D, Malecki M, Mirocka J, Misztal M, Mruk K, Musialik K, Olejniczak H, Opadczuk P, Peczynska J, Plinta M, Polaszewska-Muszynska M, Przech E, Pupek-Musialik D, Ruzga Z, Scibor Z, Sidorowicz-Bialynicka A, Siegel A, Stankiewicz A, Strzelecka-Sosik A, Swierszcz T, Szulinska M, Szymkowiak K, Trybul I, Witek P, Wozniak I, Zambrzycki J, Zarzycka-Lindner G, Zuradzka-Wajda D, Zurawska-Klis M, Ahn HY, Chin SO, Choi SH, Chon S, Han KA, Jang HC, Jeong KC, Kang SM, Kim JW, Kim HS, Kim SJ, Kim SW, Kim YS, Lee EY, Lim S, Min KW, Nam JY, Oh SJ, Park SY, Rhee SY, Shin JA, Son JI, Song YD, Woo JT, Yang HK, Yoo JS, Yoon JW, Avram R, Braicu MD, Carlan L, Catrinoiu D, Ciomos D, Ciorba A, Ghise G, Girgavu S, Guja C, Mihai D, Nicodim S, Nistor L, Pintilei DR, Pintilei E, Pletea N, Pop A, Rosu M, Savu O, Serban V, Sima A, Sitterli-Natea C, Suciu G, Szabo M, Szilagyi I, Timar B, Vlad A, Vladu IM, Alfaraj A, Dubova V, Dvoryashina I, Gaysina L, Gromova S, Gudkova K, Ivanova S, Ivashkina I, Kalashnikova M, Kazankova T, Khaykina E, Khaykina O, Kiseleva T, Komissarova E, Kononenko I, Koreneva V, Koshcheeva O, Koshel L, Kozachuk D, Kufelkina T, Kunitsyna M, Likhodey N, Lysenko T, Makarova O, Malceva A, Mikhailova S, Ogorodnikova E, Pavlikova I, Pekareva E, Postoeva A, Reshedko D, Reshedko G, Reshedko L, Rogaleva A, Rogova L, Rozanov D, Runov G, Samylina I, Semikina T, Sergeeva-Kondrachenko M, Shatskaya O, Shimokhina O, Smetanina S, Startseva M, Strelkova A, Suplotova L, Suvorova L, Sych Y, Valeeva A, Valeeva F, Venjkova T, Vinokurova V, Voychik E, Yanovskaya E, Yanovskaya M, Yarkova N, Yarygina E, Yuzhakova N, Zakharova T, Zanozina O, Zenovko A, Zhuk S, Zhukova E, Aleksic S, Bulatovic A, Buric B, Cvijovic G, Jelic MA, Jojic B, Jotic A, Kendereski A, Lalic K, Lukic L, Macesic M, Petkovic MM, Micic D, Milicic T, Popovic L, Prostran M, Rajkovic N, Seferovic J, Singh S, Stojanovic R, Stosic L, Vuksanovic M, Zamaklar M, Zivkovic TB, Zoric S, Aboo N, Albertse HW, Badat A, Basson M, Bawa E, Bester F, Blignaut S, Booysen S, Bosch FJ, Burgess L, Cassimjee S, Coetzee K, Du Bois J, Engelbrecht J, Finegan K, Gibson GJ, Hansa S, Hemus A, Immink IP, Jacovides A, Joshi P, Joshi S, Kapp C, KhoeleMachobane S, Uys Knox HJ, Kok J, Komati S, Lai E, Lakha D, Lehloenyane K, Mahomed AG, Meeding R, Moodley R, Moosa N, Nel J, Nell H, Van Niekerk FJ, Pillay N, Pretorius M, Prozesky H, Ramduth S, Roos J, Sarvan M, Seeber M, Siebert M, Somasundram P, Stavrides A, Venter N, Wadvalla S, Alcolea JO, Álvarez de Arcaya Vicente A, Pérez Arroyo MB, Romero Bobillo E, Buño MM, Carreira Arias JN, Cepero García D, Masmiquel Comas L, Coves Figueras MJ, de la Cuesta Mayor C, Feria-Carot MD, Frade Fernández AM, Ferreiro Gómez M, García García C, García Delgado E, Durán García S, Gómez Gómez LA, Soto González A, Hernán García C, Ángeles Tapia Herrero M, Jodar Gimeno E, Quevedo Juanals J, López Jiménez M, Masanes F, Marco Mur ÁL, Navarro López M, Ramis JN, Palmer AG, Calle Pascual A, Romero Pérez LG, Morales Portillo C, Prieto González S, Mezquita Raya P, Reyes García R, Vera TR, Rodríguez Castro C, Rodríguez Rodríguez I, Sacanella Meseguer E, Serrano Olmedo I, Lopez Soto A, Toba Alonso F, Aliaga Verdugo A, Vidal Cortada J, Vigil Medina L, Ackefelt-Frick E, Alfredsson H, Beling E, Benedek P, Crisby M, Dorkhan M, Drescik T, Eeg-Olofsson K, Eliasson K, Fardelin P, Fredholm A, Frid A, Gerok-Andersson K, Hjelmaeus L, Hufnagl A, Jasinska E, Kowalska E, Lafolie P, Lindquist O, Lundvall M, Melander E, Nicander C, Moris L, Tengmark BO, Saphir U, Skagerberg P, Steczkó-Nilsson C, Strandell B, Tomson Y, Chen JY, Chen YC, Chiang CY, Chou CW, Ho CW, Hsiao PJ, Hsieh MC, Hsu RS, Hsu SR, Huang CH, Hung WW, Lee MY, Lee YM, Lin CW, Lin CH, Lin KD, Lin SD, Lin SF, Liou MJ, Lu WT, Shin SJ, Sia HK, Su MH, Su SL, Sun JH, Tien KJ, Tsai DH, Tsai SS, Tu ST, Wang CC, Wang SY, Yang CY, Yen FC, Acikgoz A, Akalin S, Akin S, Akinci B, Akkurt A, Akturk M, Alkis N, Altun I, Altunbas HA, Altuntas Y, Araz M, Aribas S, Arslan E, Arslan G, Arslan M, Ataoglu EH, Ayan F, Aydin K, Aydogan BI, Ayvaz G, Bahadir MA, Balci MK, Basaran MN, Baskal N, Bugra MZ, Calan M, Cavdar U, Cetin F, Cinar N, Colbay M, Dagdelen S, Damci T, Davutoglu V, Demir M, Demir T, Deyneli O, Dincer I, Dogan B, Kanipek Doker KY, Engin I, Eraydin A, Erbas T, Erdogan MF, Ersoy C, Gedik A, Gokay F, Gul OO, Guler S, Gumus T, Gunes E, Gurler MY, Hatipoglu E, Ilkova H, Iyidir OT, Kabakci G, Karadag B, Karatemiz G, Karci AC, Kartal E, Kaya EB, Keskin C, Keskin EF, Kocabas G, Kocak F, Kol AK, Korkmaz H, Kucukler FK, Mesci BA, Oguz A, Orbay E, Oz H, Ozcan ND, Ozdem S, Ozisik S, Ozkan C, Ozsan M, Ozyazar M, Parlar H, Sargin H, Sargin M, Saygili F, Selek A, Simsek Y, Sisman P, Solmaz K, Soydas C, Tatliagac S, Tamer I, Temizkan S, Tulunay C, Tuncel E, Turker F, Unluhizarci K, Unluturk U, Uygur MM, Vatansever B, Yazici D, Yavuz DG, Yener S, Yenigun M, Yilmaz M, Abbas S, Alawadi F, Aziz AA, Bashier A, Rashid F, Abraham P, Adamson K, Atkin 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C, Wise J, Witte M, Wittenmyer J, Wood C, Wood R, Woodruff C, Worthington B, Wynn D, Wysham C, Xavier P, Yela S, Yenoby L, Young L, Younus N, Yourell V, Zaid M, Zubair I., Mann, Jfe, Ørsted, Dd, Brown-Frandsen, K, Marso, Sp, Poulter, Nr, Rasmussen, S, Tornøe, K, Zinman, B, Buse, Jb, Bergenstal R, LEADER Steering Committee and Investigators., Daniels, G, Moses, Ac, Nauck, M, Nissen, S, Pocock, S, Steinberg, W, Stockner, M, Kristensen, P, Ravn, L, Zychma, M, Flyvbjerg, A, Ford, I, Kloos, Rt, Schactman, Mj, Sleight, P, Swedberg, K, Tenner, Sm, Akalın, S, Arechavaleta, R, Bain, S, Babkowski, Mc, Benroubi, M, Berard, L, Comlekci, A, Czupryniak, L, Eliasson, B, Eriksson, M, Fonseca, V, Franek, E, Gross, J, Hafidh, K, Haluzik, M, Hayes, F, Huang, Yy, Jacob, S, Kaddaha, G, Khalil, A, Kilhovd, B, Laakso, M, Leiter, L, Lalic, N, Ji, L, Luedemann, J, Mannucci, E, Marre, M, Masmiquel, L, Mota, M, Omar, M, O’Shea, D, Pan, C, Petrie, J, Pieber, T, Pratley, R, Raz, I, Rea, R, Rutten, G, Satman, I, 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M, Barker, T, Barnes, K, Barnum, O, Barra, J, Bartkowiak, A, Baula, G, Bautista, A, Bayliss, R, Beaman, M, Beatty, K, Becker, J, Bedolla, L, Begum, G, Belejchak, P, Bell, A, Beltran, M, Belucher, C, Bensfield, E, Benton, J, Bergamo, K, Bergman, B, Berry, M, Bettino, K, Beyea, M, Bhargava, A, Bhattacharya, A, Bilas, A, Bischoff, L, Bixler, L, Bizjack, S, Blank, R, Blankfield, R, Block, L, Bloodworth, J, Bloomberg, K, Bloomberg, R, Blustin, J, Boban, I, Bolden, A, Boncu, O, Bookless, P, Brassie, C, Brautigam, D, Bressler, P, Brewster, R, Brown, C, Brown, D, Brown, F, Bruskewitz, M, Bryant, D, Buchanan, C, Buchanan, N, Buck, G, Buckley, S, Bueno, J, Burke, D, Burton, K, Buske, S, Byars, W, Bye, R, Caldwell, R, Calvin, K, Camacho, R, Campbell, E, Cannon, D, Cantrell, J, Caplan, J, Cardenas, C, Carlton, J, Carpio, G, Carrol, A, Cartwright, L, Casanova, G, Castaneda, L, Castle, M, Castro, L, Catangay, J, Chaidarun, S, Chambers, J, Chambliss, T, Chandra, L, Chang, A, Chang, S, Chappel, J, Chappel, C, Chappell, T, Charles, C, Chavira, A, Chaykin, L, Check, E, Chee, L, Cherry, A, Chestnut, A, Chiarot, J, Chiniwala, N, Chionh, K, Choe, J, Christiansen, M, Chrzanowski, S, Chuang, E, Chuck, L, Clyatt, J, Cohan, B, Cohen, R, Comi, R, Comulada-Rivera, A, Conner, K, Connor, G, Contreras, R, Cook, K, Cook, R, Corder, C, Cornejo, B Sr, Cornette, L, Cortes, G, Cortez, L, Cox, C, Cox, G, Craig, W, Cramer, B, Cromer, C, Cromer, M, Cuddihy, R, Culmer, D, Curran, H, Curran, M, Dadis, C, Dagogo-Jack, S, Dairywala, I, D'Alessio, D, Damberg, G, Dang, A, Daniel, K, Davidson, M, Dean, J, Debold, R, Deitz, P, M, Del, Delaney, D, Delgado, E, Demicco, M, Demuro, Ma, Desalle, D, Desouza, C, Devireddy, K, Devries, B, Dezube, M, Diab, I, Diesburg-Stanwood, A, Dilliard, J, Dilling, J, Diner, J, Dishongh, K, Dodis, R, Doing, C, Doll, W, Donoho, A, Donovan, D, Doremus, N, Dorfman, S, Doshi, P, Dostou, J, Douglas, D, Douglass, S, Dowell, M, Drazich, E, Driver, E, Du, H, Dubose, R III, Duclos, M, Dunn, K, Dunnam, T, Durham, N, Dye, L, Eagerton, D, Ebenibo, S, Edeoga, C, Edwards, G, Ekwensi, J, El Asmar, I, El Sayad, N, Eliopoulos, C, Elkosseifi, M, Elmer, R, Elmore, M, Elson, D, Elzein, L, Emmert, L, Erbe, L, Estes, S, Estrada, L, A, Estrada, Eveleigh, T, Everhart, B, Faas, F, Faircloth, C, Farmer, M, Fehr, K, Ferguson, T, Fernandes, J, Ferree, K, Ferrington, B, Fitzhugh, M, Fitzsimmons, R, Flanders, D, M, Flore, E, Flore, Flores, J, Florida, C, Flynn, J, Folmar, P, Forbes, R, Ford, W, Fowler, M, Fraker, A, Francis, S, Franco-Cotto, E, Fratila, C, Fuentes, M, Galagan, R, Galloway, A, Garcia, M, Garcia, R, Garriott, M, J, Garza, Gass, N, Gates, S, Geary, M, Geiger, K, Geishauser, J, Giglio, A, Gilbert, M, Godwin, S, Goetter, B, Goley, A, Golici, L, Gomori, E, Gonzales, J, Gore, A, Gorman, T, Gosmanova, A, Goswami, K, Gotham, A, Govoni, J, Graddick, S, Grant, T, Greca, A, Green, C, Greenbaum, K, Greenwald, J, Grover, D, Grunberger, G, Guice, M, Guirao, D, Gunna, V, Guseva, N, Ha, T, Hagan, A, Hager, S, Haggag, A, Haggar, M, Hamilton, M, Hamlet, P, Hammond, J, Hansen, A, Harrell, W, Harris, E, Harris, K, Harris, M, Harrison, L, Hartman, I, Hatch, A, Hayes, D, Hayes, M, Heath, J, Heineman, R, Heinzman, A, Hendrick, M, Herbst, R, Hermayer, K, Hibbard, J, Hill, Wd, Hilliard, B, Hix, M, Hoch, B, Hollander, P, Holmes, Z, Horobetz, C, Horowitz, R, Hsieh, P, Hsieh, S, Htun, W, Huang, J, Huber, C, Hudson, T, Huizar, S, Hull, B, Hull, J, Hummer, K, Hundal, R, Hunt, G, Hunt, V, Hutchinson, P, Hwang, J, Iannamorelli, A, Iannuzzi, L, Ingram, M, Iram, N, Ismail-Beigi, F, Jabbour, S, Jackson, T, Jaen, L, Jain, V, Jannesari, R, Januski, V, Japa, U, Jarvis, K, Jayson, L, Jensen, R, Jester, D, Jocko, C, Johnson, C, Johnson, M, Johnston, K, Jones, D, Jones, J, Jordan, T, Juarez, M, Kaapuraala, A, Kain, A, Kaiser, V, Kamradt, K, Karatoprakli, P, Karegar, M, Karounos, C, Karounos, D, Karunaratne, H, Katalenich, B, Katic, K, Katz, M, Kaur, G, Kawa, A, Keib, C, Keider, G, Kem, D, Kennedy, R, Kenney, B, Kereiakes, D, Ketana, M, Kettinger, L, Khaira, A, Khan, A, Khan, K, Khan, M, Khoo, T, Khrlobyan, N, Kilgore, J, Kim, G, Kimble, S, Kinsley, M, Kitchen, T, Klick, M, Kniffen, W, Knight, R, Kodzwa, D, Koenig, T, Komarovskiy, K, Kong, Y, Koontz, D, Krishnasamy, S, Krueger, E, Kuechenmeister, L, Kuehl, A, Kuettel, K, Kugler, D, Kulow, T, Kupriyanchik, I, Kuruvanka, T, Kushner, D, Kwon, E, Kwon, S, Kyle, M, Labryer, L, Labuda, J, Lafave, J, Laguerre, J, Laliberte, A, Lane, J, Langel, C, Lann, D, Largay, J, Latif, K, Latus, T, Lawrence, J, Ledger, G, Lee, Fg, Lee, E, Leffert, J, Leinung, M, Lenhard, Mj, Lentino, J, Leon, J, Leonard, M, Letassy, N, Leuck, K, Levin, P, Levinson, D, Lewis, M, Light, T, Lim, J, Lindamood, R, Lingvay, I, Lipps, J, Lisa, A, Livingston, Y, Llamas, L, Loesch, R, Long, T, Looby, R, Lopez, C, Lorenz, T, Lovre, D, Lu, P, Lucas, K, Luevano, G, Luidens, M, Luna, B, Luttrell, L, Lyons, T, Macadams, M, Mack, D, Mack, M, Madden, M, Madder, R, Madireddy, S, Mae, L, Mahakala, A, Maheshwari, H, Malbari, H, Maldonado, N, Mallitz, M, Mandviwala, M, Mann, K, Mardahay, M, Marino, J, Marney, A, Marshall, L, Martin, A, Martin, E, Martinez, G, Martinez-Miss, S, Marx, P, Massara, L, Mastoor, M, Matfin, G, Maturu, A, Maurides, P, May, M, Mayfield, R, Maynard, B, Mazza, A, Mccann, K, Mccoy, J, Mccoy, T, Mccullen, Mk, Mcdaniel, C, Mcdaniel, Am, Mcdermott, M, Mcdonald, A, Mcmasters, B, Mcmurray, C, Medlin, T, Meinel, M, Mendez, I, Menefee, J, Meredith, M, Merriweather, M, Mersey, J, Messino, C, Meyer, S, Meyers, L, Michael, D, Midyett, C, Miklius, A, Milford, E, Miller, B, Miller, H, Milligan, M, Minor, A, Miranda-Palma, B, Mirarchi, N, Mittadodla, S, Mittle, J, Moffat, A, Mohaupt, S, Mohiuddin, K, Mokshagundam, S, Monaco, S, Monsaert, R, Montano-Pereira, C, Montgomery, A, Moody, K, Moon, M, Moore, D, Moore, L, Morawski, E, Moreau, C, Morin, D, Moscoa, C, Motzkin, C, Mueller, R, Munoz, C, Munoz, M, Myneni, A, Naderi, B, Nagireddy, P, Naidu, J, Naidu, R, Naik, S, Naimark, R, Nardicchi, M, Ndukwu, I, Neller, C, Netten-Foster, L, Neumiller, J, New, T, Newman, S, Newton, T, Nguyen, B, Nicol, B, Nicol, P, Ninivaggi, L, Niswender, K, Norman, L, Noworatzky, G, Nyenwe, E, O'Brien, H, O'Connell, T, Oden, W, Odugbesan, A, Oliver, M, Oliver, T, Olmeda, C, O'Neil, C, Oremus, R, Ortega, T, Ortiz-Santos, S, Osborn, T, Padmanabhan, S, Papacostea, O, Park, I, Parker, A, Parker, K, Parker, R, Patel, C, Patel, M, Patel, R, Patino, M, Patterson, S, Paulson, K, Paz, A, Pemba, R, Pepe, C, Perez, J, Perez, T, Perry, D, Phillips, B, Phillips, J, Pickett, A, Pinson, M, Pitzer, R, Poduri, M, Poehls, J, Poteat, T, Powell, L, Prasad, S, Prevost, J, Price, E, Priest, D, Prieto, L, Purewal, T, Purighalla, R, Purighalla, U, Quadrel, M, Qureshi, A, Radhamma, R, Rafla, E, Rajab, H, Ramalingam, R, Ramirez, A, J, Ramirez, Ramirez, K, Ramirez, M, Randall, M, Rangaraj, U, Rao, V, Rasmussen, P, Rasouli, N, Ray, A, Reed, J, Rems, L, Renaud, K, Reno, M, Resnick, M, Reusch, J, Reynolds, L, Rhoton, K, Rhudy, J, Ricci, C, Rice, L, Richardson, A, Richardson, L, Rickard, H, Rickels, M, Riff, D, Rightenour, N, Risser, J, Rizvi, A, Robertson, J, Robinson, A, Robinson, R, Rockwell, M, Rodriguez, Jp, Rodriguez, M, Rojas, M, Rojas, W, Rooker-Morris, L, Root, C, Rose, M, Rosenberg, R, Rosenstock, J, Roth, M, Ruby, R, Sachson, R, Sack, P, Sadler, Rk, Sahai, S, J, Salazar, Salgam, M, Samal, A, Samson, A, Sanagorski, R, Sanchez, A, Sandberg, J, Sanderson, M, Sandoval, J, Santiago, E, Sapp, T, Saunders, J, Schill, J, Schott, C, Schreiman, R, Schu, D, Schuh, K, Schutta, M, Schwartz, J, Schweppe, L, Scofield, H, Scribner, A, Seal, J, Sealock, J, Seaton, B, Sedlak-Hanslik, T, Seekins, K, Segal, M, Seggelke, S, Semenza, S, Sentman, P, Serra, M, Seshadri, P, Sevilla, E, Shah, S, Shaheen, K, Shanik, M, Shaw, J, Sheets, M, Shellabarger, C, Sher, J, Shippey, J, Shivaswamy, V, Shomali, M, Shore, D, Shroff, P, Siddiqui, T, Siegwald, A, Silver, R, Simmons, D, Simons, R, Sinan, A, Singh, M, Sirinvaravong, S, Skero, J, Slover-Zipf, J, Small, S, Smith, B, Smith, K, Smith, M, Sohl, J, Solarz, Sh, Soler, D, Sood, A, Sora, N, Souchet, A, Soule, J, Sparks, J, Spector, L, Speicher, R, Spillers, L, Spivey, T, Springer, N, Sprouse, H, St John, J, Stacey, A, Stacey, H, Stafford, M, Stagner, E, Staples, K, Steadman, E, Steed, R, Steeves, G, Steinberg, H, Stell, C, Stirman, E, Straub, K, Strock, E, Sue, M, Suris, O, Sutton, T, Tabbah, I, Talsania, M, Tang, R, Tapia, J, Taylor, K, Taylor-Hancher, R, Teator, R, Tekateka, M, Temple, B, Temple, K, Teodori, M, Tharp, P, Thethi, T, Theuma, P, Thomas, S, Thottan, A, Thrasher, J, Thrasher, L, Tiemeyer, M, Tinney, I, Tobin, T, Toma, S, Tovar, M, Townsend, J, Trantow, C, Traylor, H, Trevino, M, Troy, M, Trumper, D, Tryggestad, J, Tucker, C, Turner, J, Turney, R, Tuten, C, Tyzack, J, Ullo, L, Underkofler, C, Unger, J, Urdanetta, R, Valdivia, V, Valenti, S, Vanderheiden, A, Vanderlinde-Wood, M, Varma, C, Vasquez, E, Vazquez, M, Vickery, D, Villafuerte, B, Villegas, C, Vivar, J, Vivekananthan, K, Vo, G, Vukojicic, K, Wachter, A, Wahl, D, Waitmann, J, Walker, D, Walsh, J, Walsh, K, Walton, A, Wang, A, Wardell, K, Watkins, S, Watkinson, J, Watts, M, Watwe, V, Weaver, N, Weber, R, Wedick, C, Weeks, D, Weeks, L, Weindorff, K, Weinstein, R, Weiss, S, Wenger, K, Wentworth, M, Werner, A, West, M, Whelan, S, White, B, White, J, Whitmire, M, Whittington, R, Wical, J, Wigley, C, Wilkins, F, Will, K, Williams, A, Wilson, Le, Wince, M, Wine, S, Winkle, P, Winner, C, Wise, J, Witte, M, Wittenmyer, J, Wood, C, Wood, R, Woodruff, C, Worthington, B, Wynn, D, Wysham, C, Xavier, P, Yela, S, Yenoby, L, Young, L, Younus, N, Yourell, V, Zaid, M, Zubair, I., Mann J.F.E., Orsted D.D., Brown-Frandsen K., Marso S.P., Poulter N.R., Rasmussen S., Tornoe K., Zinman B., Buse J.B., and Buscemi S.
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Male ,Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna ,Acute Kidney Injury ,Aged ,Albuminuria ,Creatinine ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Diabetic Nephropathies ,Double-Blind Method ,Female ,Follow-Up Studies ,Glomerular Filtration Rate ,Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 ,Humans ,Hypoglycemic Agents ,Intention to Treat Analysis ,Kidney Failure, Chronic ,Liraglutide ,Middle Aged ,Type 2 diabetes ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,urologic and male genital diseases ,GLOMERULAR-FILTRATION-RATE ,KIDNEY-FUNCTION ,DISEASE ,law.invention ,Kidney Failure ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Medicine ,Settore MED/49 - Scienze Tecniche Dietetiche Applicate ,Chronic ,RISK ,Kidney ,Acute kidney injury ,11 Medical And Health Sciences ,General Medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,TRIAL ,liraglutide, randomized controlled trial, type 2 diabetes, renal outcomes ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Type 2 ,medicine.drug ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Renal function ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES ,Follow-Up Studie ,03 medical and health sciences ,Medicine, General & Internal ,General & Internal Medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,Internal medicine ,Diabetes Mellitus ,Intensive care medicine ,Science & Technology ,business.industry ,MORTALITY ,medicine.disease ,INTENSIVE GLUCOSE CONTROL ,INDIVIDUALS ,chemistry ,Diabetic Nephropathie ,LEADER Steering Committee and Investigators ,business - Abstract
BACKGROUND: In a randomized, controlled trial that compared liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue, with placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk who were receiving usual care, we found that liraglutide resulted in lower risks of the primary end point (nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes) and death. However, the long-term effects of liraglutide on renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes are unknown. METHODS: We report the prespecified secondary renal outcomes of that randomized, controlled trial in which patients were assigned to receive liraglutide or placebo. The secondary renal outcome was a composite of new-onset persistent macroalbuminuria, persistent doubling of the serum creatinine level, end-stage renal disease, or death due to renal disease. The risk of renal outcomes was determined with the use of time-to-event analyses with an intention-to-treat approach. Changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria were also analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 9340 patients underwent randomization, and the median follow-up of the patients was 3.84 years. The renal outcome occurred in fewer participants in the liraglutide group than in the placebo group (268 of 4668 patients vs. 337 of 4672; hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67 to 0.92; P=0.003). This result was driven primarily by the new onset of persistent macroalbuminuria, which occurred in fewer participants in the liraglutide group than in the placebo group (161 vs. 215 patients; hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.91; P=0.004). The rates of renal adverse events were similar in the liraglutide group and the placebo group (15.1 events and 16.5 events per 1000 patient-years), including the rate of acute kidney injury (7.1 and 6.2 events per 1000 patient-years, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This prespecified secondary analysis shows that, when added to usual care, liraglutide resulted in lower rates of the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease than placebo. (Funded by Novo Nordisk and the National Institutes of Health; LEADER ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01179048 .).
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- 2017
9. Marine sustainability in an age of changing oceans and seas
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Thiede J, Aksnes D, Bathmann U, Betti M, Boero F, Boxshall G, Cury P, Dowell M, Emmerson R, Estrada M, Fine M, Grigelis A, Herman P, Herndl G, Kuparinen J, Martinsohn JT, Prášil O, Serrão Santos R, Soomere T, Synolakis C., Thiede, J, Aksnes, D, Bathmann, U, Betti, M, Boero, F, Boxshall, G, Cury, P, Dowell, M, Emmerson, R, Estrada, M, Fine, M, Grigelis, A, Herman, P, Herndl, G, Kuparinen, J, Martinsohn, Jt, Prášil, O, Serrão Santos, R, Soomere, T, and Synolakis, C.
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Marine Sustainability - Abstract
Oceans and seas are essential components of the biosphere. Marine sustainability and human society are intrinsically interlinked. The oceans are crucial for global food security, human health and regulation of climate. The livelihoods of over 3 billion people worldwide depend upon services from marine and coastal biodiversity. Under the EU’s blue growth strategy, new marine goods and services, such as marine renewable energy, marine biotechnology and marine minerals, are seen as important sources of employment, economic security and sustainable development. Over the past 10 years there has been increasing focus on marine and maritime governance both within the European Union and beyond. The fundamental challenge that European policymakers must address is how to achieve a sustainable use of the oceans that ensures that marine goods and services are available for future generations, while meeting the demands of human population growth and economic growth.
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- 2016
10. An operational anthropogenic CO2 emissions monitoring and verification support capacity. Baseline requirements, model components and functional architecture
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Pinty, B., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Dowell, M., Zunker, H., Brunhes, T., Ciais, P., Dee, D., Denier van der Gon, H.A.C., Dolman, H., Drinkwater, M., Engelen, R., Heimann, M., Holmlund, K., Husband, R., Kentarchos, A., Meyer, A., Palmer, P., and Scholze, M.
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2015 Urban Mobility & Environment ,Urbanisation ,CAS - Climate, Air and Sustainability ,ELSS - Earth, Life and Social Sciences ,Environment ,Environment & Sustainability - Abstract
The Monitoring and Verification Support (MVS) capacity is a technical capacity to provide support to the policy makers and the scientific community. The MVS aims at supplying extra evidence on the emissions levels and trends, coupling anthropogenic activities and associated emissions with the atmospheric patterns in greenhouse gas concentrations. The MVS thus intends to support enhancing the quality of national greenhouse gas emission inventories and complement the data available under the UNFCCC measurement, reporting and verification framework. The MVS will include top-down verification of emissions using independent atmospheric observations and, in particular, observations acquired by spaceborne sensors at high temporal and spatial resolutions all over the globe.
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- 2017
11. Bioavailability of the calcium in fortified soy imitation milk, with some observations on method
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Heaney, Robert P, Dowell, M Susan, Rafferty, Karen, and Bierman, June
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- 2000
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12. Toward an Operational Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions Monitoring and Verification Support Capacity.
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Janssens-Maenhout, G., Pinty, B., Dowell, M., Zunker, H., Andersson, E., Balsamo, G., Bézy, J.-L., Brunhes, T., Bösch, H., Bojkov, B., Brunner, D., Buchwitz, M., Crisp, D., Ciais, P., Counet, P., Dee, D., van der Gon, H. Denier, Dolman, H., Drinkwater, M. R., and Dubovik, O.
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EMISSION inventories ,METEOROLOGICAL satellites ,CARBON cycle ,GREENHOUSE gases ,CLIMATE change - Abstract
Under the Paris Agreement (PA), progress of emission reduction efforts is tracked on the basis of regular updates to national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, referred to as bottomup estimates. However, only top-down atmospheric measurements can provide observation-based evidence of emission trends. Today, there is no internationally agreed, operational capacity to monitor anthropogenic GHG emission trends using atmospheric measurements to complement national bottom-up inventories. The European Commission (EC), the European Space Agency, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, and international experts are joining forces to develop such an operational capacity for monitoring anthropogenic CO2 emissions as a new CO2 service under the EC's Copernicus program. Design studies have been used to translate identified needs into defined requirements and functionalities of this anthropogenic CO2 emissions Monitoring and Verification Support (CO2MVS) capacity. It adopts a holistic view and includes components such as atmospheric spaceborne and in situ measurements, bottom-up CO2 emission maps, improved modeling of the carbon cycle, an operational data-assimilation system integrating top-down and bottom-up information, and a policy-relevant decision support tool. The CO2MVS capacity with operational capabilities by 2026 is expected to visualize regular updates of global CO2 emissions, likely at 0.05° x 0.05°. This will complement the PA's enhanced transparency framework, providing actionable information on anthropogenic CO2 emissions that are the main driver of climate change. This information will be available to all stakeholders, including governments and citizens, allowing them to reflect on trends and effectiveness of reduction measures. The new EC gave the green light to pass the CO2MVS from exploratory to implementing phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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13. Challenges of modeling depth-integrated marine primary productivity over multiple decades: A case study at BATS and HOT
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Saba, V, Friedrichs, M, Carr, M, Antoine, D, Armstrong, R, Asanuma, I, Aumont, O, Bates, N, Behrenfeld, M, Bennington, V, Bopp, L, Bruggeman, J, Buitenhuis, E, Church, M, Ciotti, A, Doney, S, Dowell, M, Dunne, J, Dutkiewicz, S, Gregg, W, Hoepffner, N, Hyde, K, Ishizaka, J, Kameda, T, and Karl, D
- Abstract
The performance of 36 models (22 ocean color models and 14 biogeochemical ocean circulation models (BOGCMs)) that estimate depth-integrated marine net primary productivity (NPP) was assessed by comparing their output to in situ 14C data at the Bermuda Atlantic Time series Study (BATS) and the Hawaii Ocean Time series (HOT) over nearly two decades. Specifically, skill was assessed based on the models' ability to estimate the observed mean, variability, and trends of NPP. At both sites, more than 90% of the models underestimated mean NPP, with the average bias of the BOGCMs being nearly twice that of the ocean color models. However, the difference in overall skill between the best BOGCM and the best ocean color model at each site was not significant. Between 1989 and 2007, in situ NPP at BATS and HOT increased by an average of nearly 2% per year and was positively correlated to the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation index. The majority of ocean color models produced in situ NPP trends that were closer to the observed trends when chlorophyll-a was derived from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), rather than fluorometric or SeaWiFS data. However, this was a function of time such that average trend magnitude was more accurately estimated over longer time periods. Among BOGCMs, only two individual models successfully produced an increasing NPP trend (one model at each site). We caution against the use of models to assess multiannual changes in NPP over short time periods. Ocean color model estimates of NPP trends could improve if more high quality HPLC chlorophyll-a time series were available. © 2010 by the American Geophysical Union.
- Published
- 2016
14. Blood Groups and Haemoglobin Values Amongst the Ewa Ge and Orokaiva People of the Northern District of Papua
- Author
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Dowell, M. F., Booth, P. B., and Walsh, R. J.
- Published
- 1967
15. Generalized ocean color inversion model for retrieving marine inherent optical properties
- Author
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Werdell, P. J., Franz, B. A., Bailey, S. W., Feldman, G.C., Boss, E., Brando, V. E., Dowell, M., Hirata, T., Lavender, S., Lee, Z., Loisel, Hubert, Maritorena, S., Mélin, F., Moore, T., Smyth, T., Antoine, David, Devred, E., Hembise, O., d'Andon, F., Mangin, Alain, Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 (LOG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
- Subjects
Water mass ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Software as a service ,Inversion (meteorology) ,01 natural sciences ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,010309 optics ,symbols.namesake ,Software ,Optics ,Ocean color ,Attenuation coefficient ,0103 physical sciences ,symbols ,Radiative transfer ,Satellite ,14. Life underwater ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Rayleigh scattering ,business ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,[SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
International audience; Ocean color measured from satellites provides daily, global estimates of marine inherent optical properties (IOPs). Semi-analytical algorithms (SAAs) provide one mechanism for inverting the color of the water observed by the satellite into IOPs. While numerous SAAs exist, most are similarly constructed and few are appropriately parameterized for all water masses for all seasons. To initiate community-wide discussion of these limitations, NASA organized two workshops that deconstructed SAAs to identify similarities and uniqueness and to progress toward consensus on a unified SAA. This effort resulted in the development of the generalized IOP (GIOP) model software that allows for the construction of different SAAs at runtime by selection from an assortment of model parameterizations. As such, GIOP permits isolation and evaluation of specific modeling assumptions, construction of SAAs, development of regionally tuned SAAs, and execution of ensemble inversion modeling. Working groups associated with the workshops proposed a preliminary default configuration for GIOP (GIOP-DC), with alternative model parameterizations and features defined for subsequent evaluation. In this paper, we: (1) describe the theoretical basis of GIOP; (2) present GIOP-DC and verify its comparable performance to other popular SAAs using both in situ and synthetic data sets; and, (3) quantify the sensitivities of their output to their parameterization. We use the latter to develop a hierarchical sensitivity of SAAs to various model parameterizations, to identify components of SAAs that merit focus in future research, and to provide material for discussion on algorithm uncertainties and future emsemble applications.
- Published
- 2013
16. Laser plasma x-ray source for ultrafast time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy
- Author
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Miaja-Avila, L., primary, O'Neil, G. C., additional, Uhlig, J., additional, Cromer, C. L., additional, Dowell, M. L., additional, Jimenez, R., additional, Hoover, A. S., additional, Silverman, K. L., additional, and Ullom, J. N., additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Salmonellosis associated with pet turtles--Wisconsin and Wyoming, 2004
- Author
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Salna, B., Monson, T., Kurzynski, T., Gundlach, K., Fox, P.E., Kazmierczak, J., Wegner, M., Davis, J.P., Harrington, R., Dowell, M., Heald, R., Harris, R., Manley, W., Snow, J., Heryford, A., and Seys, S.
- Subjects
Government regulation ,United States. Food and Drug Administration -- Laws, regulations and rules ,Turtles ,Salmonellosis ,Pets ,Public health - Abstract
Salmonellosis associated with small pet turtles in the United States was a major public health concern in the 1970s (1). In 1975, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned commercial [...]
- Published
- 2005
18. Generalized ocean color inversion model for retrieving marine inherent optical properties
- Author
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Werdell, P., Franz, B., Bailey, S., Feldman, G., Boss, E., Brando, V., Dowell, M., Hirata, T., Lavender, S., Lee, Z., Loisel, H., Maritorena, S., Melin, F., Moore, T., Smyth, T., Antoine, David, Devred, E., d’Andon, O., Mangin, A., Werdell, P., Franz, B., Bailey, S., Feldman, G., Boss, E., Brando, V., Dowell, M., Hirata, T., Lavender, S., Lee, Z., Loisel, H., Maritorena, S., Melin, F., Moore, T., Smyth, T., Antoine, David, Devred, E., d’Andon, O., and Mangin, A.
- Abstract
Ocean color measured from satellites provides daily, global estimates of marine inherent optical properties (IOPs). Semi-analytical algorithms (SAAs) provide one mechanism for inverting the color of the water observed by the satellite into IOPs. While numerous SAAs exist, most are similarly constructed and few are appropriately parameterized for all water masses for all seasons. To initiate community-wide discussion of these limitations, NASA organized two workshops that deconstructed SAAs to identify similarities and uniqueness and to progress toward consensus on a unified SAA. This effort resulted in the development of the generalized IOP (GIOP) model software that allows for the construction of different SAAs at runtime by selection from an assortment of model parameterizations. As such, GIOP permits isolation and evaluation of specific modeling assumptions, construction of SAAs, development of regionally tuned SAAs, and execution of ensembe inversion modeling. Working groups associated with the workshops proposed a preliminary default configuration for GIOP (GIOP-DC), with alternative model parameterizations and features defined for subsequent evaluation. In this paper, we: (1) describe the theoretical basis of GIOP; (2) present GIOP-DC and verify its comparable performance to other popular SAAs using both in situ and synthetic data sets; and, (3) quantify the sensitivities of their output to their parameterization. We use the latter to develop a hierarchical sensitivity of SAAs to various model parameterizations, to identify components of SAAs that merit focus in future research, and to provide material for discussion on algorithm uncertainties and future ensemble applications.
- Published
- 2013
19. An evaluation of ocean color model estimates of marine primary productivity in coastal and pelagic regions across the globe
- Author
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Saba, V., Friedrichs, M., Antoine, David, Armstrong, R., Asanuma, I., Behrenfeld, M., Ciotti, A., Dowell, M., Hoepffner, N., Hyde, K., Ishizaka, J., Kameda, T., Marra, J., Mélin, F., Morel, A., O’Reilly, J., Scardi, M., Smith, W., Smyth, T., Tang, S., Uitz, J., Waters, K., Westberry, T., Saba, V., Friedrichs, M., Antoine, David, Armstrong, R., Asanuma, I., Behrenfeld, M., Ciotti, A., Dowell, M., Hoepffner, N., Hyde, K., Ishizaka, J., Kameda, T., Marra, J., Mélin, F., Morel, A., O’Reilly, J., Scardi, M., Smith, W., Smyth, T., Tang, S., Uitz, J., Waters, K., and Westberry, T.
- Abstract
Nearly half of the earth’s photosynthetically fixed carbon derives from the oceans. To determine global and region specific rates, we rely on models that estimate marine net primary productivity (NPP) thus it is essential that these models are evaluated to determine their accuracy. Here we assessed the skill of 21 ocean color models by comparing their estimates of depth-integrated NPP to 1156 in situ 14C measurements encompassing ten marine regions including the Sargasso Sea, pelagic North Atlantic, coastal Northeast Atlantic, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Arabian Sea, subtropical North Pacific, Ross Sea, West Antarctic Peninsula, and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone. Average model skill, as determined by root-mean square difference calculations, was lowest in the Black and Mediterranean Seas, highest in the pelagic North Atlantic and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone, and intermediate in the other six regions. The maximum fraction of model skill that may be attributable to uncertainties in both the input variables and in situ NPP measurements was nearly 72%. On average, the simplest depth/wavelength integrated models performed no worse than the more complex depth/wavelength resolved models. Ocean color models were not highly challenged in extreme conditions of surface chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature, nor in high-nitrate low-chlorophyll waters. Water column depth was the primary influence on ocean color model performance such that average skill was significantly higher at depths greater than 250 m, suggesting that ocean color models are more challenged in Case-2 waters (coastal) than in Case-1 (pelagic) waters. Given that in situ chlorophyll-a data was used as input data, algorithm improvement is required to eliminate the poor performance of ocean color NPP models in Case-2 waters that are close to coastlines. Finally, ocean color chlorophyll-a algorithms are challenged by optically complex Case-2 waters, thus using satellite-derived chlorophyll-a
- Published
- 2011
20. The challenges of modeling depth-integrated marine primary productivity over multiple decades: A case study at BATS and HOT
- Author
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Saba, V., Friedrichs, M., Carr, M., Antoine, David, Armstrong, R., Asanuma, I., Aumont, O., Bates, N., Behrenfeld, M., Bennington, V., Bopp, L., Bruggeman, J., Buitenhuis, E., Church, M., Ciotti, A., Doney, S., Dowell, M., Dunne, J., Dutkiewicz, S., Gregg, W., Hoepffner, N., Hyde, K., Ishizaka, J., Kameda, T., Karl, D., Lima, I., Lomas, M., Marra, J., McKinley, G., Mélin, F., Moore, K., Morel, A., O’Reilly, J., Salihoglu, B., Scardi, M., Smyth, T., Tang, S., Tjiputra, J., Uitz, J., Vichi, M., Waters, K., Westberry, T., Yool, A., Saba, V., Friedrichs, M., Carr, M., Antoine, David, Armstrong, R., Asanuma, I., Aumont, O., Bates, N., Behrenfeld, M., Bennington, V., Bopp, L., Bruggeman, J., Buitenhuis, E., Church, M., Ciotti, A., Doney, S., Dowell, M., Dunne, J., Dutkiewicz, S., Gregg, W., Hoepffner, N., Hyde, K., Ishizaka, J., Kameda, T., Karl, D., Lima, I., Lomas, M., Marra, J., McKinley, G., Mélin, F., Moore, K., Morel, A., O’Reilly, J., Salihoglu, B., Scardi, M., Smyth, T., Tang, S., Tjiputra, J., Uitz, J., Vichi, M., Waters, K., Westberry, T., and Yool, A.
- Abstract
The performance of 36 models (22 ocean color models and 14 biogeochemical ocean circulation models (BOGCMs)) that estimate depth-integrated marine net primary productivity (NPP) was assessed by comparing their output to in situ 14C data at the Bermuda Atlantic Time series Study (BATS) and the Hawaii Ocean Time series (HOT)over nearly two decades. Specifically, skill was assessed based on the models’ ability to estimate the observed mean, variability, and trends of NPP. At both sites, more than 90%of the models underestimated mean NPP, with the average bias of the BOGCMs being nearly twice that of the ocean color models. However, the difference in overall skill between the best BOGCM and the best ocean color model at each site was not significant. Between 1989 and 2007, in situ NPP at BATS and HOT increased by an average of nearly 2% per year and was positively correlated to the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation index. The majority of ocean color models produced in situ NPP trends that were closer to the observed trends when chlorophyll-a was derived from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), rather than fluorometric or SeaWiFS data. However, this was a function of time such that average trend magnitude was more accurately estimated over longer time periods. Among BOGCMs, only two individual models successfully produced an increasing NPP trend (one model at each site). We caution against the use of models to assess multiannual changes in NPP over short time periods. Ocean color model estimates of NPP trends could improve if more high quality HPLC chlorophyll-a time series were available.
- Published
- 2010
21. Assessing the uncertainties of model estimates of primary productivity in the tropical Pacific Ocean
- Author
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Friedrichs, M., Carr, M., Barber, R., Scardi, M., Antoine, David, Armstrong, R., Asanuma, I., Behrenfeld, M., Buitenhuis, E., Chai, F., Christian, J., Ciotti, A., Doney, S., Dowell, M., Dunne, J., Gentili, B., Gregg, W., Hoepffner, N., Ishizaka, J., Kameda, T., Lima, I., Marra, J., Melin, F., Moore, K., Morel, A., O'Malley, R., O'Reilly, J., Saba, V., Schmeltz, M., Smyth, T., Tjiputra, J., Waters, K., Westberry, T., Winguth, A., Friedrichs, M., Carr, M., Barber, R., Scardi, M., Antoine, David, Armstrong, R., Asanuma, I., Behrenfeld, M., Buitenhuis, E., Chai, F., Christian, J., Ciotti, A., Doney, S., Dowell, M., Dunne, J., Gentili, B., Gregg, W., Hoepffner, N., Ishizaka, J., Kameda, T., Lima, I., Marra, J., Melin, F., Moore, K., Morel, A., O'Malley, R., O'Reilly, J., Saba, V., Schmeltz, M., Smyth, T., Tjiputra, J., Waters, K., Westberry, T., and Winguth, A.
- Abstract
Depth-integrated primary productivity (PP) estimates obtained from satellite ocean color-based models (SatPPMs) and those generated from biogeochemical ocean general circulation models (BOGCMs) represent a key resource for biogeochemical and ecological studies at global as well as regional scales. Calibration and validation of these PP models are not straightforward, however, and comparative studies show large differences between model estimates. The goal of this paper is to compare PP estimates obtained from 30 different models (21 SatPPMs and 9 BOGCMs) to a tropical Pacific PP database consisting of ~1000 14C measurements spanning more than a decade (1983–1996). Primary findings include: skill varied significantly between models, but performance was not a function of model complexity or type (i.e. SatPPM vs. BOGCM); nearly all models underestimated the observed variance of PP, specifically yielding too few lowPP (b0.2 g Cm-2 d-1)values; more than half of the total root-mean-squared model–data differences associated with the satellite-based PP models might be accounted for by uncertainties in the input variables and/or the PP data; and the tropical Pacific database captures a broad scale shift from low biomass-normalized productivity in the 1980s to higher biomass-normalized productivity in the 1990s,which was not successfully captured by any of the models. This latter result suggests that interdecadal and global changes will be a significant challenge for both SatPPMs and BOGCMs. Finally, average root-mean-squared differences between in situ PP data on the equator at 140°W and PP estimates from the satellite-based productivity models were 58% lower than analogous values computed in a previous PP model comparison 6 years ago. The success of these types of comparison exercises is illustrated by the continual modification and improvement of the participating models and the resulting increase in model skill.
- Published
- 2009
22. A comparison of global estimates of marine primary production from ocean color
- Author
-
Carr, M., Friedrichs, M., Schmeltz, M., Noguchi, A., Antoine, David, Arrigo, K., Asanuma, I., Aumont, O., Barber, R., Behrenfeld, M., Bidigare, R., Buitenhuis, E., Campbell, J., Ciotti, A., Dierssen, H., Dowell, M., Dunne, J., Esaias, W., Gentili, B., Gregg, W., groom, S., Hoepffner, N., Ishizaka, J., Kameda, T., Le Quere, C., Lohrenz, S., Marra, J., Melin, F., Moore, K., Morel, A., Reddy, T., Ryan, J., Scardi, M., Smyth, T., Turpie, K., Tilstone, G., Waters, K., Yamanaka, Y., Carr, M., Friedrichs, M., Schmeltz, M., Noguchi, A., Antoine, David, Arrigo, K., Asanuma, I., Aumont, O., Barber, R., Behrenfeld, M., Bidigare, R., Buitenhuis, E., Campbell, J., Ciotti, A., Dierssen, H., Dowell, M., Dunne, J., Esaias, W., Gentili, B., Gregg, W., groom, S., Hoepffner, N., Ishizaka, J., Kameda, T., Le Quere, C., Lohrenz, S., Marra, J., Melin, F., Moore, K., Morel, A., Reddy, T., Ryan, J., Scardi, M., Smyth, T., Turpie, K., Tilstone, G., Waters, K., and Yamanaka, Y.
- Published
- 2006
23. An evaluation of ocean color model estimates of marine primary productivity in coastal and pelagic regions across the globe
- Author
-
Saba, V. S., primary, Friedrichs, M. A. M., additional, Antoine, D., additional, Armstrong, R. A., additional, Asanuma, I., additional, Behrenfeld, M. J., additional, Ciotti, A. M., additional, Dowell, M., additional, Hoepffner, N., additional, Hyde, K. J. W., additional, Ishizaka, J., additional, Kameda, T., additional, Marra, J., additional, Mélin, F., additional, Morel, A., additional, O'Reilly, J., additional, Scardi, M., additional, Smith, W. O., additional, Smyth, T. J., additional, Tang, S., additional, Uitz, J., additional, Waters, K., additional, and Westberry, T. K., additional
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. MEK modulates force-fluctuation-induced relengthening of canine tracheal smooth muscle
- Author
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Dowell, M. L., primary, Lavoie, T. L., additional, Lakser, O. J., additional, Dulin, N. O., additional, Fredberg, J. J., additional, Gerthoffer, W. T., additional, Seow, C. Y., additional, Mitchell, R. W., additional, and Solway, J., additional
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Disrupting Actin-Myosin-Actin Connectivity in Airway Smooth Muscle as a Treatment for Asthma?
- Author
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Lavoie, T. L., primary, Dowell, M. L., additional, Lakser, O. J., additional, Gerthoffer, W. T., additional, Fredberg, J. J., additional, Seow, C. Y., additional, Mitchell, R. W., additional, and Solway, J., additional
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Steroids augment relengthening of contracted airway smooth muscle: potential additional mechanism of benefit in asthma
- Author
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Lakser, O. J., primary, Dowell, M. L., additional, Hoyte, F. L., additional, Chen, B., additional, Lavoie, T. L., additional, Ferreira, C., additional, Pinto, L. H., additional, Dulin, N. O., additional, Kogut, P., additional, Churchill, J., additional, Mitchell, R. W., additional, and Solway, J., additional
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Force Fluctuation induced Relengthening of Acetylcholine-contracted Airway Smooth Muscle
- Author
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Mitchell, R. W., primary, Dowell, M. L., additional, Solway, J., additional, and Lakser, O. J., additional
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Airway smooth muscle dynamics: a common pathway of airway obstruction in asthma
- Author
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An, S. S., primary, Bai, T. R., additional, Bates, J. H. T., additional, Black, J. L., additional, Brown, R. H., additional, Brusasco, V., additional, Chitano, P., additional, Deng, L., additional, Dowell, M., additional, Eidelman, D. H., additional, Fabry, B., additional, Fairbank, N. J., additional, Ford, L. E., additional, Fredberg, J. J., additional, Gerthoffer, W. T., additional, Gilbert, S. H., additional, Gosens, R., additional, Gunst, S. J., additional, Halayko, A. J., additional, Ingram, R. H., additional, Irvin, C. G., additional, James, A. L., additional, Janssen, L. J., additional, King, G. G., additional, Knight, D. A., additional, Lauzon, A. M., additional, Lakser, O. J., additional, Ludwig, M. S., additional, Lutchen, K. R., additional, Maksym, G. N., additional, Martin, J. G., additional, Mauad, T., additional, McParland, B. E., additional, Mijailovich, S. M., additional, Mitchell, H. W., additional, Mitchell, R. W., additional, Mitzner, W., additional, Murphy, T. M., additional, Pare, P. D., additional, Pellegrino, R., additional, Sanderson, M. J., additional, Schellenberg, R. R., additional, Seow, C. Y., additional, Silveira, P. S. P., additional, Smith, P. G., additional, Solway, J., additional, Stephens, N. L., additional, Sterk, P. J., additional, Stewart, A. G., additional, Tang, D. D., additional, Tepper, R. S., additional, Tran, T., additional, and Wang, L., additional
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Biophotonic tools in cell and tissue diagnostics
- Author
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Brownstein, Michael, primary, Hoffman, Robert A., additional, Levenson, Richard, additional, Milner, Thomas E., additional, Dowell, M. L., additional, Williams, P. A., additional, White, G. S., additional, Gaigalas, A. K., additional, and Hwang, J. C., additional
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Primary production in the Yellow Sea determined by ocean color remote sensing
- Author
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Son, SH, primary, Campbell, J, additional, Dowell, M, additional, Yoo, S, additional, and Noh, J, additional
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Latrunculin B increases force fluctuation-induced relengthening of ACh-contracted, isotonically shortened canine tracheal smooth muscle
- Author
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Dowell, M. L., primary, Lakser, O. J., additional, Gerthoffer, W. T., additional, Fredberg, J. J., additional, Stelmack, G. L., additional, Halayko, A. J., additional, Solway, J., additional, and Mitchell, R. W., additional
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Nonlinearity measurements of high-power laser detectors at NIST
- Author
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Li, X.Y., primary, Scott, T., additional, Yang, S., additional, Cromer, C., additional, and Dowell, M., additional
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Reply to B Teucher and SJ Fairweather-Tait
- Author
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Heaney, Robert P, primary, Dowell, M Susan, additional, Rafferty, Karen, additional, and Bierman, June, additional
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Calcium Absorptive Effects of Vitamin D and Its Major Metabolites1
- Author
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Heaney, Robert P., primary, Barger-Lux, M. Janet, additional, Dowell, M. Susan, additional, Chen, Tai C., additional, and Holick, Michael F., additional
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. RELIABILITY OF TWO DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF THE PHYSICAL SELF-PERCEPTION PROFILE IN YOUNG CHILDREN 820
- Author
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Welk, G. J., primary, Corbin, C. B., additional, and Dowell, M. Nann, additional
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Unusual Manifestations of Pneumococcal Infection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals: The Past Revisited
- Author
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Rodriguez Barradas, M. C., primary, Musher, D. M., additional, Hamill, R. J., additional, Dowell, M., additional, Bagwell, J. T., additional, and Sanders, C. V., additional
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. An evaluation of ocean color model estimates of marine primary productivity in coastal and pelagic regions across the globe.
- Author
-
Saba, V. S., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Antoine, D., Armstrong, R. A., Asanuma, I., Behrenfeld, M. J., Ciotti, A. M., Dowell, M., Hoepffner, N., Hyde, K. J. W., Ishizaka, J., Kameda, T., Marra, J., Mélin, F., Morel, A., O'Reilly, J., Scardi, M., Smith, W. O., Smyth, T. J., and Tang, S.
- Subjects
OCEAN color ,MATHEMATICAL models ,GLOBAL warming ,PHOTOSYNTHESIS ,OCEAN temperature ,COASTS ,PERFORMANCE evaluation ,CHLOROPHYLL - Abstract
Nearly half of the earth's photosynthetically fixed carbon derives from the oceans. To determine global and region specific rates, we rely on models that estimate marine net primary productivity (NPP) thus it is essential that these models are evaluated to determine their accuracy. Here we assessed the skill of 21 ocean color models by comparing their estimates of depth-integrated NPP to 1156 in situ
14 C measurements encompassing ten marine regions including the Sargasso Sea, pelagic North Atlantic, coastal Northeast Atlantic, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Arabian Sea, subtropical North Pacific, Ross Sea, West Antarctic Peninsula, and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone. Average model skill, as determined by root-mean square difference calculations, was lowest in the Black and Mediterranean Seas, highest in the pelagic North Atlantic and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone, and intermediate in the other six regions. The maximum fraction of model skill that may be attributable to uncertainties in both the input variables and in situ NPP measurements, was nearly 72%. Contrary to prior studies, ocean color models were not highly challenged in extreme conditions of surface chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature, nor in high nitrate low-chlorophyll waters. On average, the simplest depth/wavelength integrated models performed no worse than the more complex depth/wavelength resolved models. Water column depth (distance to coastlines) was the primary influence on ocean color model performance such that average skill was significantly higher at depths greater than 250 m, suggesting that ocean color models are more challenged in Case-2 waters (coastal) than in Case-1 (pelagic) waters. Given that in situ chlorophyll-a data was used as input data, algorithm improvement is required to eliminate the poor performance of ocean color models in Case-2 waters that are close to coastlines. Finally, ocean color chlorophyll-a algorithms are challenged by optically complex Case-2 waters, thus using satellitederived chlorophyll-a to estimate NPP in coastal areas would likely further reduce the skill of ocean color models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. The Effects of Viruses on Intraocular Tissues: I. Infections with the Virus of Fox Encephalitis (Canine Hepatitis)
- Author
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Evans, C. A., primary, Dowell, M., additional, and Greent, R. G., additional
- Published
- 1950
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Filamentation and biofilm formation are regulated by the phase-separation capacity of network transcription factors in Candida albicans.
- Author
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Ganser C, Staples MI, Dowell M, Frazer C, Dainis J, Sircaik S, and Bennett RJ
- Subjects
- Hyphae, Biofilms, Fungal Proteins genetics, Fungal Proteins metabolism, Candida albicans physiology, Transcription Factors genetics, Transcription Factors metabolism
- Abstract
The ability of the fungus Candida albicans to filament and form biofilms contributes to its burden as a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. Biofilm development involves an interconnected transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) consisting of nine transcription factors (TFs) that bind both to their own regulatory regions and to those of the other network TFs. Here, we show that seven of the nine TFs in the C. albicans biofilm network contain prion-like domains (PrLDs) that have been linked to the ability to form phase-separated condensates. Construction of PrLD mutants in four biofilm TFs reveals that these domains are essential for filamentation and biofilm formation in C. albicans. Moreover, biofilm PrLDs promote the formation of phase-separated condensates in the nuclei of live cells, and PrLD mutations that abolish phase separation (such as the removal of aromatic residues) also prevent biofilm formation. Biofilm TF condensates can selectively recruit other TFs through PrLD-PrLD interactions and can co-recruit RNA polymerase II, implicating condensate formation in the assembly of active transcriptional complexes. Finally, we show that PrLD mutations that block the phase separation of biofilm TFs also prevent filamentation in an in vivo model of gastrointestinal colonization. Together, these studies associate transcriptional condensates with the regulation of filamentation and biofilm formation in C. albicans, and highlight how targeting of PrLD-PrLD interactions could prevent pathogenesis by this species., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Ganser et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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40. The Burden of Pediatric Visual Impairment and Ocular Diagnoses in Barbados.
- Author
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Da Silva K, Dowell M, Savatovsky EJ, Grosvenor D, Callender D, Campbell MH, Hambleton I, Vanner EA, Grajewski AL, and Chang TC
- Subjects
- Humans, Child, Child, Preschool, Barbados epidemiology, Quality of Life, Ambulatory Care Facilities, Amblyopia, Vision, Low, Hypersensitivity
- Abstract
Visual impairment (VI) negatively affects a child's quality of life. The prevalence of VI in the Caribbean is nearly three times higher than in the United States, but the causes remain uncertain. This study leverages Barbados' unique eye care system to survey the eye diseases and VI prevalence in Barbadian children. Medical records of all patients aged <19 years who received ophthalmic care in Barbados' two public eye care centers between January and December 2019 were reviewed, capturing the entirety of public pediatric eye care within the study period. Age at the first visit to the clinic and at the final visit in 2019, sex, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), past medical history, and clinical diagnoses were extracted and analyzed. VI was defined as a BCVA of 6/12 or worse in the better-seeing eye. There were 3278 patient records with a mean age at the first visit of 7.8 ± 3.9 years. There were 80 (2.4%) children with VI, 62.5% of which were attributed to amblyopia. A total of 94% of VI was preventable or treatable. The most common diagnoses were refractive error (87.5%), strabismus (27.5%), and allergic eye disease (20.0%). Amblyopia is the major cause of pediatric VI in Barbados and is largely avoidable.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Toward a roadmap for space-based observations of the land sector for the UNFCCC global stocktake.
- Author
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Ochiai O, Poulter B, Seifert FM, Ward S, Jarvis I, Whitcraft A, Sahajpal R, Gilliams S, Herold M, Carter S, Duncanson LI, Kay H, Lucas R, Wilson SN, Melo J, Post J, Briggs S, Quegan S, Dowell M, Cescatti A, Crisp D, Saatchi S, Tadono T, Steventon M, and Rosenqvist A
- Abstract
Space-based remote sensing can make an important contribution toward monitoring greenhouse gas emissions and removals from the agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sector, and to understanding and addressing human-caused climate change through the UNFCCC Paris Agreement. Space agencies have begun to coordinate their efforts to identify needs, collect and harmonize available data and efforts, and plan and maintain a long-term roadmap for observations. International cooperation is crucial in developing and realizing the roadmap, and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) is a key coordinating driver of this effort. Here, we first identify the data and information that will be useful to support the global stocktake (GST) of the Paris Agreement. Then, the paper explains how existing and planned space-based capabilities and products can be used and combined, particularly in the land use sector, and provides a workflow for their harmonization and contribution to greenhouse gas inventories and assessments at the national and global level., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. An Ocean-Colour Time Series for Use in Climate Studies: The Experience of the Ocean-Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI).
- Author
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Sathyendranath S, Brewin RJW, Brockmann C, Brotas V, Calton B, Chuprin A, Cipollini P, Couto AB, Dingle J, Doerffer R, Donlon C, Dowell M, Farman A, Grant M, Groom S, Horseman A, Jackson T, Krasemann H, Lavender S, Martinez-Vicente V, Mazeran C, Mélin F, Moore TS, Müller D, Regner P, Roy S, Steele CJ, Steinmetz F, Swinton J, Taberner M, Thompson A, Valente A, Zühlke M, Brando VE, Feng H, Feldman G, Franz BA, Frouin R, Gould RW, Hooker SB, Kahru M, Kratzer S, Mitchell BG, Muller-Karger FE, Sosik HM, Voss KJ, Werdell J, and Platt T
- Abstract
Ocean colour is recognised as an Essential Climate Variable (ECV) by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS); and spectrally-resolved water-leaving radiances (or remote-sensing reflectances) in the visible domain, and chlorophyll-a concentration are identified as required ECV products. Time series of the products at the global scale and at high spatial resolution, derived from ocean-colour data, are key to studying the dynamics of phytoplankton at seasonal and inter-annual scales; their role in marine biogeochemistry; the global carbon cycle; the modulation of how phytoplankton distribute solar-induced heat in the upper layers of the ocean; and the response of the marine ecosystem to climate variability and change. However, generating a long time series of these products from ocean-colour data is not a trivial task: algorithms that are best suited for climate studies have to be selected from a number that are available for atmospheric correction of the satellite signal and for retrieval of chlorophyll-a concentration; since satellites have a finite life span, data from multiple sensors have to be merged to create a single time series, and any uncorrected inter-sensor biases could introduce artefacts in the series, e.g., different sensors monitor radiances at different wavebands such that producing a consistent time series of reflectances is not straightforward. Another requirement is that the products have to be validated against in situ observations. Furthermore, the uncertainties in the products have to be quantified, ideally on a pixel-by-pixel basis, to facilitate applications and interpretations that are consistent with the quality of the data. This paper outlines an approach that was adopted for generating an ocean-colour time series for climate studies, using data from the MERIS (MEdium spectral Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) sensor of the European Space Agency; the SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide-Field-of-view Sensor) and MODIS-Aqua (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-Aqua) sensors from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA); and VIIRS (Visible and Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USA). The time series now covers the period from late 1997 to end of 2018. To ensure that the products meet, as well as possible, the requirements of the user community, marine-ecosystem modellers, and remote-sensing scientists were consulted at the outset on their immediate and longer-term requirements as well as on their expectations of ocean-colour data for use in climate research. Taking the user requirements into account, a series of objective criteria were established, against which available algorithms for processing ocean-colour data were evaluated and ranked. The algorithms that performed best with respect to the climate user requirements were selected to process data from the satellite sensors. Remote-sensing reflectance data from MODIS-Aqua, MERIS, and VIIRS were band-shifted to match the wavebands of SeaWiFS. Overlapping data were used to correct for mean biases between sensors at every pixel. The remote-sensing reflectance data derived from the sensors were merged, and the selected in-water algorithm was applied to the merged data to generate maps of chlorophyll concentration, inherent optical properties at SeaWiFS wavelengths, and the diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm. The merged products were validated against in situ observations. The uncertainties established on the basis of comparisons with in situ data were combined with an optical classification of the remote-sensing reflectance data using a fuzzy-logic approach, and were used to generate uncertainties (root mean square difference and bias) for each product at each pixel.
- Published
- 2019
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43. Planar hyperblack absolute radiometer.
- Author
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Lehman J, Steiger A, Tomlin N, White M, Kehrt M, Ryger I, Stephens M, Monte C, Mueller I, Hollandt J, and Dowell M
- Abstract
The absolute responsivity of a planar cryogenic radiometer fabricated from micromachined silicon and having carbon nanotubes, as the absorber and thermistor were measured in the visible and far infrared (free-field terahertz) wavelength range by means of detector-based radiometry. The temperature coefficient of the thermistor near 4.8 K and noise equivalent power were evaluated along with independent characterization of the window transmittance and specular reflectance of the nanotube absorber. Measurements of absolute power by means of electrical substitution are compared to the German national standard and the uncertainty of the radiometer responsivity as a function of wavelength is summarized.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Tidal breathing pattern differentially antagonizes bronchoconstriction in C57BL/6J vs. A/J mice.
- Author
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Chen B, Liu G, Shardonofsky F, Dowell M, Lakser O, Mitchell RW, Fredberg JJ, Pinto LH, and Solway J
- Subjects
- Airway Obstruction genetics, Animals, Bronchoconstriction drug effects, Bronchoconstriction genetics, Bronchoconstrictor Agents pharmacology, Cholinergic Fibers physiology, Female, Hypersensitivity genetics, Hypersensitivity physiopathology, Male, Methacholine Chloride pharmacology, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL genetics, Mice, Inbred Strains genetics, Muscle Contraction drug effects, Muscle Contraction genetics, Muscle Contraction physiology, Muscle, Smooth physiopathology, Pulmonary Ventilation drug effects, Respiratory Mechanics drug effects, Respiratory Mechanics genetics, Respiratory System drug effects, Respiratory System innervation, Respiratory System physiopathology, Tidal Volume physiology, Airway Obstruction physiopathology, Bronchoconstriction physiology, Mice, Inbred C57BL physiology, Mice, Inbred Strains physiology, Pulmonary Ventilation physiology, Respiratory Mechanics physiology
- Abstract
There is abundant evidence that tidal breathing, and especially tidal breathing at elevated minute ventilation, antagonizes the development and persistence of airflow obstruction during bronchoconstrictor stimulation in normal animals and people. Here, we studied the antiobstructive effect of different tidal breathing patterns in C57Bl/6J and A/J mice during bronchoconstriction induced by continuous or bolus infusion of methacholine. Anesthetized, paralyzed mice were mechanically ventilated at 1,500 ml.kg(-1).min(-1), using each of three breathing patterns: 5 ml/kg, 300 breath/min; 10 ml/kg, 150 breath/min; or 20 ml/kg, 75 breath/min. Changing from 10 ml/kg, 150 breath/min to 20 ml/kg, 75 breath/min, breathing functionally antagonized bronchoconstriction, reducing the level of airflow obstruction induced by methacholine infusion or boluses equivalently in both strains. In marked contrast, changing from 10 ml/kg, 150 breath/min to 5 ml/kg, 300 breath/min, breathing substantially exacerbated methacholine-induced airflow obstruction in A/J mice, whereas it had no significant effect in C57Bl/6J mice. Our results therefore demonstrate that 1) even at moderate, fixed minute ventilation, the precise breathing pattern can influence the degree of airflow obstruction substantially, and 2) the influence of breathing pattern on bronchoconstriction differs considerably between genetically diverse inbred mouse strains. These findings imply that differences in antiobstructive effects of breathing can contribute to differences in apparent airway constrictor responsiveness. Much attention has been placed on dysregulation of contractile function of airway smooth muscle in human disease. We suggest that important pathophysiology might also be found in impairment of the functional antagonist effect of tidal breathing on airflow obstruction.
- Published
- 2006
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45. On the terminology for describing the length-force relationship and its changes in airway smooth muscle.
- Author
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Bai TR, Bates JH, Brusasco V, Camoretti-Mercado B, Chitano P, Deng LH, Dowell M, Fabry B, Ford LE, Fredberg JJ, Gerthoffer WT, Gilbert SH, Gunst SJ, Hai CM, Halayko AJ, Hirst SJ, James AL, Janssen LJ, Jones KA, King GG, Lakser OJ, Lambert RK, Lauzon AM, Lutchen KR, Maksym GN, Meiss RA, Mijailovich SM, Mitchell HW, Mitchell RW, Mitzner W, Murphy TM, Paré PD, Schellenberg RR, Seow CY, Sieck GC, Smith PG, Smolensky AV, Solway J, Stephens NL, Stewart AG, Tang DD, and Wang L
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Muscle Contraction physiology, Muscle, Smooth physiology, Terminology as Topic, Trachea physiology
- Abstract
The observation that the length-force relationship in airway smooth muscle can be shifted along the length axis by accommodating the muscle at different lengths has stimulated great interest. In light of the recent understanding of the dynamic nature of length-force relationship, many of our concepts regarding smooth muscle mechanical properties, including the notion that the muscle possesses a unique optimal length that correlates to maximal force generation, are likely to be incorrect. To facilitate accurate and efficient communication among scientists interested in the function of airway smooth muscle, a revised and collectively accepted nomenclature describing the adaptive and dynamic nature of the length-force relationship will be invaluable. Setting aside the issue of underlying mechanism, the purpose of this article is to define terminology that will aid investigators in describing observed phenomena. In particular, we recommend that the term "optimal length" (or any other term implying a unique length that correlates with maximal force generation) for airway smooth muscle be avoided. Instead, the in situ length or an arbitrary but clearly defined reference length should be used. We propose the usage of "length adaptation" to describe the phenomenon whereby the length-force curve of a muscle shifts along the length axis due to accommodation of the muscle at different lengths. We also discuss frequently used terms that do not have commonly accepted definitions that should be used cautiously.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Do inflammatory mediators influence the contribution of airway smooth muscle contraction to airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma?
- Author
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Fernandes DJ, Mitchell RW, Lakser O, Dowell M, Stewart AG, and Solway J
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Asthma physiopathology, Bronchial Hyperreactivity etiology, Inflammation Mediators metabolism, Muscle Contraction, Muscle, Smooth physiopathology, Respiratory System physiopathology
- Abstract
It is now accepted that a host of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and other inflammatory mediators contributes to the development of nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Yet, relatively little is known about how inflammatory mediators might promote airway structural remodeling or about the molecular mechanisms by which they might exaggerate smooth muscle shortening as observed in asthmatic airways. Taking a deep inspiration, which provides relief of bronchodilation in normal subjects, is less effective in asthmatic subjects, and some have speculated that this deficiency stems directly from an abnormality of airway smooth muscle and results in airway hyperresponsiveness to constrictor agonists. Here, we consider some of the mechanisms by which inflammatory mediators might acutely or chronically induce changes in the contractile apparatus that in turn might contribute to hyperresponsive airways in asthma.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. The RhoA/Rho kinase pathway regulates nuclear localization of serum response factor.
- Author
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Liu HW, Halayko AJ, Fernandes DJ, Harmon GS, McCauley JA, Kocieniewski P, McConville J, Fu Y, Forsythe SM, Kogut P, Bellam S, Dowell M, Churchill J, Lesso H, Kassiri K, Mitchell RW, Hershenson MB, Camoretti-Mercado B, and Solway J
- Subjects
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus physiology, Amides pharmacology, Animals, Bacterial Toxins genetics, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic pharmacology, Cell Nucleus drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Dogs, Enzyme Inhibitors pharmacology, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Muscle Cells cytology, Muscle Cells metabolism, Muscle, Smooth physiology, Myosin Heavy Chains genetics, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases antagonists & inhibitors, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases genetics, Pyridines pharmacology, Serum Response Factor drug effects, Serum Response Factor genetics, Signal Transduction, Thiazoles pharmacology, Thiazolidines, Trachea cytology, Transcription, Genetic, rho-Associated Kinases, rhoA GTP-Binding Protein genetics, Cell Nucleus metabolism, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases metabolism, Serum Response Factor metabolism, rhoA GTP-Binding Protein metabolism
- Abstract
RhoA and its downstream target Rho kinase regulate serum response factor (SRF)-dependent skeletal and smooth muscle gene expression. We previously reported that long-term serum deprivation reduces transcription of smooth muscle contractile apparatus encoding genes, by redistributing SRF out of the nucleus. Because serum components stimulate RhoA activity, these observations suggest the hypothesis that the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway regulates SRF-dependent smooth muscle gene transcription in part by controlling SRF subcellular localization. Our present results support this hypothesis: cotransfection of cultured airway myocytes with a plasmid expressing constitutively active RhoAV14 selectively enhanced transcription from the SM22 and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain promoters and from a purely SRF-dependent promoter, but had no effect on transcription from the MSV-LTR promoter or from an AP2-dependent promoter. Conversely, inhibition of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway by cotransfection with a plasmid expressing dominant negative RhoAN19, by cotransfection with a plasmid expressing Clostridial C3 toxin, or by incubation with the Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, all selectively reduced SRF-dependent smooth muscle promoter activity. Furthermore, treatment with Y-27632 selectively reduced binding of SRF from nuclear extracts to its consensus DNA target, selectively reduced nuclear SRF protein content, and partially redistributed SRF from nucleus to cytoplasm, as revealed by quantitative immunocytochemistry. Treatment of cultured airway myocytes with latrunculin B, which reduces actin polymerization, also caused partial redistribution of SRF into the cytoplasm. Together, these results demonstrate for the first time that the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway controls smooth muscle gene transcription in differentiated smooth muscle cells, in part by regulating the subcellular localization of SRF. It is conceivable that the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway influences SRF localization through its effect on actin polymerization dynamics.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Developing mechanisms for reporting compliance violations.
- Author
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Dowell MA, Russell AG, and Gordon JH
- Subjects
- Confidentiality, Duty to Warn, Hotlines, Humans, Organizational Policy, Personnel, Hospital, United States, Financial Management, Hospital standards, Fraud prevention & control, Guideline Adherence, Risk Management methods, Truth Disclosure
- Abstract
Both the Federal Sentencing Guidelines and the Office of Inspector General's (OIG) Compliance Program Guidance for Hospitals can assist healthcare organizations in establishing a reporting system that encourages employees to report wrongdoing. One mechanism that is commonly used is the telephone hot line. Other mechanisms that can be used in conjunction with a hot line include a drop box or post office box, written or oral reports to supervisors, an open-door policy on the part of compliance personnel, and employee exit interviews. However the reporting system is set up, it should ensure confidentiality and a policy of nonretaliation to encourage the participation of all employees. Having a sound reporting system in place will enable healthcare organizations to investigate any alleged instances of noncompliance and take corrective action before the Federal government becomes involved.
- Published
- 2001
49. The effects of viruses on intraocular tissues; infections with the virus of fox encephalitis (canine hepatitis).
- Author
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EVANS CA, DOWELL M, and GREEN RG
- Subjects
- Animals, Dogs, Humans, Encephalitis, Encephalitis, Arbovirus, Epidemics, Eye, Hepatitis, Viruses
- Published
- 1950
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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