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The article addresses the main problem of accounting and taxation of intermediate and annual dividends in commercial companies in the Republic of Moldova. In particular, the aspects aimed at determining the basis for calculating dividends, perfecting documents, reflecting in the accounting accounts the distribution and payment of dividends, and presenting related information in the financial statements are being investigated. Furthermore, issues of accounting for dividends paid in excess, the calculation of incentive payments assimilated to dividends, the settlement of debts related to dividends with an expired statute of limitations, and the fiscal aspects of dividend operations are examined. Scientific research methods are used in the study, such as the analysis of legal, accounting, and fiscal aspects related to intermediate and annual dividends in commercial companies from the Republic of Moldova and the accounting treatment of operations with dividends depending on the period of calculation and payment, synthesis of related information, comparison to identify the correct way of accounting and financial reporting, inductive method to identify solutions. The results of the research present suggestions regarding improving the accounting and taxation of dividends that will ensure a higher level of truthfulness, transparency, and comparability of information related to dividends, as well as the correctness of the calculation of tax obligations.

Abstract Non-financial companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange face considerable difficulties due to expensive funding and the need to make complex decisions about their capital structure. These problems impact their judgments about dividend policy, resulting in ambiguity and possible inefficiency. This study draws on the bird-in-hand theory to investigate the influence of the cost of capital on dividend policy decisions among non-financial firms listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, focusing on 227 companies from 2005 to 2022. The data for this study were sourced from Thomson Reuters Datastream. Employing the common shock autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) and two-step generalized method of moments (GMM) estimations, findings reveal that the cost of debt consistently negatively impacts dividend payouts and coverage ratios. In contrast, the cost of equity has an insignificant effect. Conversely, the weighted average cost of capital positively influences dividend payouts and coverage ratios but negatively influences dividend yield. All the findings supported the bird-in-hand theory except for the negative impact of WACC on dividend yield. These insights highlight the importance of considering the cost of capital and market share dynamics in dividend policy formulation. Firms should prioritize efficient debt management to sustain dividend distributions, and aligning dividend policies with overall capital structure management is crucial in this regard, providing a sense of reassurance and confidence to the firms and their stakeholders. This study provides valuable guidance for financial decision-makers navigating dividend-related strategies within corporate environments.

Non-financial companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange face considerable difficulties due to expensive funding and the need to make complex decisions about their capital structure. These problems impact their judgments about dividend policy, resulting in ambiguity and possible inefficiency. This study draws on the bird-in-hand theory to investigate the influence of the cost of capital on dividend policy decisions among non-financial firms listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, focusing on 227 companies from 2005 to 2022. The data for this study were sourced from Thomson Reuters Datastream. Employing the common shock autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) and two-step generalized method of moments (GMM) estimations, findings reveal that the cost of debt consistently negatively impacts dividend payouts and coverage ratios. In contrast, the cost of equity has an insignificant effect. Conversely, the weighted average cost of capital positively influences dividend payouts and coverage ratios but negatively influences dividend yield. All the findings supported the bird-in-hand theory except for the negative impact of WACC on dividend yield. These insights highlight the importance of considering the cost of capital and market share dynamics in dividend policy formulation. Firms should prioritize efficient debt management to sustain dividend distributions, and aligning dividend policies with overall capital structure management is crucial in this regard, providing a sense of reassurance and confidence to the firms and their stakeholders. This study provides valuable guidance for financial decision-makers navigating dividend-related strategies within corporate environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the main problem of accounting and taxation of intermediate and annual dividends in commercial companies in the Republic of Moldova. In particular, the aspects aimed at determining the basis for calculating dividends, perfecting documents, reflecting in the accounting accounts the distribution and payment of dividends, and presenting related information in the financial statements are being investigated. Furthermore, issues of accounting for dividends paid in excess, the calculation of incentive payments assimilated to dividends, the settlement of debts related to dividends with an expired statute of limitations, and the fiscal aspects of dividend operations are examined. Scientific research methods are used in the study, such as the analysis of legal, accounting, and fiscal aspects related to intermediate and annual dividends in commercial companies from the Republic of Moldova and the accounting treatment of operations with dividends depending on the period of calculation and payment, synthesis of related information, comparison to identify the correct way of accounting and financial reporting, inductive method to identify solutions. The results of the research present suggestions regarding improving the accounting and taxation of dividends that will ensure a higher level of truthfulness, transparency, and comparability of information related to dividends, as well as the correctness of the calculation of tax obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valuation of banks is inherently complicated because of the uncertainties arising from their information opaqueness and inherent risks. Unlike non-banking firms, banks require specialised equity-side valuation approaches. This study addresses a gap in the literature by examining valuation methods used by bank equity researchers. The study used a total of 201 reports on South African banks (2018–2023), 56 reports on Nigerian banks (2018–2023), and 27 reports on Kenyan banks (2018–2023) to investigate the bank equity valuation methods utilised by analysts in the employ of Investec Ltd. and Standard Bank Group Ltd. The study's findings show that Investec's South African analysts predominantly used the warranted equity method, based on book value (BV), and return on equity (ROE), for valuing shares throughout the South African, Nigerian, and Kenyan banks surveyed. Furthermore, Standard Bank Group's analysts employed this method, incorporating tangible net asset value (tNAV) and return on tangible equity (ROTE), for South African and Nigerian banks, but in Kenya their analysts used the residual income model to value the equities of the five Kenyan banks they covered. These findings suggest that the warranted equity method and the residual income model are the mostly used bank equity valuation methods in South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya. The study concludes with relevant recommendations, offering significant insights for banks, regulators, and investors to make knowledgeable decisions concerning equity valuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aims to find out the impact of the financial ratio of liquidity, profitability, solvency and capital structure on the value of the company with the policy of dividend as an intervening variable on the healthcare subsector companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange period 2017-2019. This is a causality study that seeks cause-effect relationships between three variables: an exogenous (free or independent) variable that affects, an endogenic variable (binding or dependent) that is affected, and an intervening variable which affects the relationship between the two indirectly and not directly observable. Design/methodology/approach: This researcher uses inferential quantitative methods. The research used financial reports on healthcare subsector companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 by accessing the website www.idx.co.id, the corporate site on the research object, and sites that support the enrichment of research material. Sampling techniques used purposive sampling and produced a sample of 36 healthcare subsector companies. The source of data used in this study is annual secondary data. Data analysis using SmartPLS 3.2.9. Finding: The results of the analysis showed that liquidity had a positive and significant influence on the value of the company. Results of analysis indicated that profitability had a negative and no significant impact on the company's value. The result of analysis revealed that the profitability has a negative influence and did not have a significant effect on the corporate value. There is no direct and nonsignificant influence between profitability on the company's value and the policy of dividends as the intervening variable is not proved to be mediated. The analysis results there is a positive and significant direct influence on the value of the company with the dividend policy as the intervenient variable was proven to be Mediated. There is a direct and significant positive influence among the capital structure on the corporate value with the dividend policy of the intervened variable as the mediated variable. Paper type: Research paper

Abstract Purpose This paper aims to examine the moderating effects of board size on the relationship between dividends and firm value in Malaysian settings. The theoretical foundations of this research were the integration between agency and resources dependency theories. Design/methodology/approach Panel data are extracted from DataStream and the annual report for the period of 2012 to 2021, and pooled OLS, random effects, and fixed effects analyses were employed to examine the relationship. Breusch–Pagan Lagrange multiplier (LM) test and the Hausman test used to determine the most appropriate between these three analyses (OLS, random effects, and fixed effects). The results are valid even after calculating the robust standard error to mitigate the potential heteroskedasticity and serial correlation. Findings The empirical results show that board size positively moderates the relationship between dividends and firm value in all the models tested. The results indicate that a larger board of size can minimize the agency problem (agency theory) because a larger board size can more effectively monitor and control management's opportunistic behavior due to more set of skilled and talented individuals included in the boardroom (resources dependency theory). Additionally, effective monitoring can also lead to the increase in dividend payout to maintain a good reputation among investors and simultaneously increase firm value. Practical implication This study contributes to helping the regulators and industry players in Malaysia to improve existing guidelines for determining dividend and board size to increase firm value. The findings may also provide inputs to the policymakers in recommending the optimum dividend and board size that resulting an increase in valuation. Originality/value By incorporating agency and resources dependency theory, authors investigate the moderating effect of board size on dividend and firm value relationships in Malaysian markets.

This study examines the major factors influencing UK companies listed on the Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) 100 stock market's dividend policy (as determined by the dividend payout ratio) over 32 years, from 1990 to 2022. The dividend premium and free cash flow components make up the catering dividend. The outcomes of a wide range of panel data analysis regressions, such as Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regressions, clearly show that the catering dividend significantly impacts UK firms' dividend policy. On the other hand, the dividend policy benefits from the dividend premium, which increases it by 12% to 17% on average. Free cash flow, on the other hand, has a negligible negative impact on the dividend policy by just 5%. It is crucial to mention that this outcome varies depending on the models and regression techniques used. Furthermore, this study emphasizes how important it is for a firm's size and profitability to play a key role in determining how it will implement its dividend policy. Financial leverage also becomes important since a company's dividend payment ratio decreases when it relies more heavily on debt in its capital structure. By using GMM and 2SLS regressions, this study carefully tackles the endogeneity issue, and the results hold up even when the endogeneity effect is reduced. Ultimately, this study emphasizes how important dividend catering components are in guiding UK companies' dividend policies, arguing that CEOs and legislators should pay more attention to this.

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the moderating effects of board size on the relationship between dividends and firm value in Malaysian settings. The theoretical foundations of this research were the integration between agency and resources dependency theories. Design/methodology/approach: Panel data are extracted from DataStream and the annual report for the period of 2012 to 2021, and pooled OLS, random effects, and fixed effects analyses were employed to examine the relationship. Breusch–Pagan Lagrange multiplier (LM) test and the Hausman test used to determine the most appropriate between these three analyses (OLS, random effects, and fixed effects). The results are valid even after calculating the robust standard error to mitigate the potential heteroskedasticity and serial correlation. Findings: The empirical results show that board size positively moderates the relationship between dividends and firm value in all the models tested. The results indicate that a larger board of size can minimize the agency problem (agency theory) because a larger board size can more effectively monitor and control management's opportunistic behavior due to more set of skilled and talented individuals included in the boardroom (resources dependency theory). Additionally, effective monitoring can also lead to the increase in dividend payout to maintain a good reputation among investors and simultaneously increase firm value. Practical implication: This study contributes to helping the regulators and industry players in Malaysia to improve existing guidelines for determining dividend and board size to increase firm value. The findings may also provide inputs to the policymakers in recommending the optimum dividend and board size that resulting an increase in valuation. Originality/value: By incorporating agency and resources dependency theory, authors investigate the moderating effect of board size on dividend and firm value relationships in Malaysian markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Finance & Financial Law / Finanse i Prawo Finansowe is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Exploiting the 2015 central parity reform in China, we examine whether and how currency flotation affects corporate payout policies. The reform shifted China's currency regime from a crawling peg to the US dollar to partial flotation, significantly increasing its currency risk. We find that firms with high foreign currency exposures reduced their cash dividends postreform relative to firms with low foreign currency exposures. The dividend reduction is more pronounced for firms with less financial hedging or less financial flexibility before the reform. Firms display asymmetrical responses to foreign exchange gains versus losses. Specifically, while firms cut cash dividends when experiencing foreign exchange losses, they do not increase cash dividends when obtaining foreign exchange gains. A falsification test shows no changes in firms' stock dividends that do not involve cash flows. Overall, our study shows that currency flotation, through increasing currency risks, dampens firms' cash dividends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The substitution hypothesis postulates that various corpo- rate governance forms and dividend disbursements serve as alternatives. Given that transparent information disclosure mitigates agency issues by lessening information asymmetry and fortifying corporate governance, this study aims to explore the influence of Material Information Dis- closure which includes Groups A, B and Other Cases—characterized by their promptitude and significance—on dividends. Examining the period from 2018 to 2021 and encompassing a sample of 173 listed firms from the Tehran Stock Exchange, the findings affirm the substitution hypothesis. Moreover, Board independence is identified as a moderator in the rela- tionship between Material Information Disclosures and dividend. Fur- thermore, the findings indicate that during the Covid-19 period, Group A and Other Cases were more potent factors for dividend reduction than Group B disclosure.

Do the persistence-predictability of earnings and reputation, affects dividend policy? This study provides new elements to enrich the debate around the question. To this end, a data panel of companies listed in Latin America is structured with financial information obtained in the Datastream database and a corporate reputation ranking known as MERCO during the period between 2008 and 2016. Subsequently, the hypotheses are tested with an econometric study. Our econometric study is based on the model which Lipe (1990) estimates the return of a stock through the properties of the time series of profits, the interest rate used to discount expected future earnings, and the relative ability of earnings compared to alternative information to predict future earnings. Among the main findings we find that the measure of persistence increases the ratio of dividends on assets, but when you are in MERCO the result is negative. It is as if companies take advantage of appearing in the ranking to pay less dividends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we show a nonlinear relation between promoter ownership and dividends in the Indian context, that is, promoters pay more dividends at lower level of their ownership while they pay lesser dividends when their ownership increases beyond a threshold. In particular, we find that the adverse impact of promoter ownership on dividends is greater only at higher level of ownership, where promoters become entrenched with their effective control, and outsiders face the greatest risk of expropriation. We contend that agency and information asymmetry problems are the factors driving our results. We establish this by showing that the nonlinear relation between promoter ownership and dividend payment is more pronounced for standalone firms than group affiliated firms, for firms with more free cash flows and for firms with smaller board and less number of independent directors in the board. Our results are robust to endogeneity concerns and testing the dividend payment decision (to pay or not to pay) using the binary choice logit model.

Kurumsal yönetim kalitesi, ticari faaliyetlerin etkinliğini ve üretkenliğini, raporlamanın güvenilirliğini ve menfaat sahiplerinin hak ve menfaatlerinin korunmasını amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada kurumsal yönetim kalitesinin işletmelerin temettü politikaları üzerinde herhangi bir etkisi olup olmadığı araştırılmaktadır. Bu amaçla, Borsa İstanbul’da faaliyet gösteren ve kurumsal yönetim derecelendirme notuna ulaşılan 70 işletme örneklem olarak seçilmiştir. İşletmelerin kurumsal yönetim derecelendirme notu ile temettü politikaları arasındaki ilişkiyi tespit etmek için panel veri analiz yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Ampirik sonuçlarda, kurumsal yönetim derecelendirme notunun işletmelerin temettü politikaları üzerinde istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı ve pozitif bir etkiye sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Buna göre daha iyi yönetim kalitesine sahip işletmelerin daha güçlü bir temettü ödeme eğiliminde olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Kurumsal yönetimin alt bileşenleri üzerinden yapılan analiz sonucunda sadece yönetim kurulu skorunun temettü politikası üzerinde pozitif bir etkiye neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen diğer ampirik bulgulara göre, büyüklük ve kârlılık değişkenlerinin işletmelerin temettü politikası üzerinde istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı ve pozitif bir etkiye sahip oldukları gözlemlenirken, varlık büyümesi ve kaldıraç değişkenlerinin işletmelerin temettü politikası üzerinde istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı ve negatif bir etkiye neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda COVID-19 döneminde işletmelerin temettü dağıtımlarını azaltma eğiliminde olduğu elde edilen diğer ampirik bulgular arasındadır.

This research aims to determine and analyze the influence of managerial ownership, institutional ownership, and leverage variables on dividend policy. The population is food and beverage companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2017-2021 period. The sample of this research was determined by sampling method based on the criteria of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and the publication of complete reports and data including data from variables that have been studied during the 2017-2021 research period. This research uses quantitative data with multiple linear regression techniques. The research sample was determined using a purposive sampling technique and resulted in a sample of 20 companies. Quantitative analysis includes classical assumption tests (normality test, multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test, autocorrelation test), multiple linear regression test, model feasibility test via t-test, F test, and coefficient of determination. Based on the research results, show that managerial ownership does not affect dividend policy, institutional ownership has a positive effect on dividend policy, and leverage has a positive effect on dividend policy. Based on the research results that have been explained, it can be concluded that managerial ownership has no effect on dividend policy, and institutional ownership and leverage have a positive effect on the dividend policy of food and beverage companies listed on the IDX for the 2017-2021 period.

Dividend policy is one of the most important topics in financial literature. CEOs with a high level of authority are motivated to use dividends payout as a strategy to build a reputation in capital markets, aiming to obtain external financing on favorable terms. However, the expected net value of such a reputation depends on the likelihood of external financing, which is associated with low profitability and high volatility of cash flows. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of CEO authority on the dividends payout probability in the conditions of low profitability and high volatility of cash flow. In doing so, 128 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange were examined from 2014 to 2021. The results show that the CEO authority has a negative and significant effect on the payment and increase of dividends. Furthermore, low profitability and high volatility of cash flow increase the negative effect of the CEO's authority on the increase of dividends. However, this factor does not have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between CEO authority and dividends payout. Additionally, financial limitations do not have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between CEO authority and payment and increase of dividends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstrak - Bagaimana Penghindaran Pajak dan Profitabilitas Mempengaruhi Nilai Intrinsik Perusahaan? Tujuan Utama – Penelitian bertujuan menelaah bagaimana penghindaran pajak dan profitabilitas mempengaruhi nilai intrinsik perusahaan. Metode – Penelitian ini menggunakan metode regresi linear berganda. Sampel penelitian ini adalah perusahaan manufaktur selama periode 2016-2020. Temuan Utama – Profitabilitas perusahaan yang menunjukkan peningkatan laba umumnya dipandang prinsipal mampu memperluas ekspansi investasi sehingga meningkatkan nilai instrinsik. Selain itu, dividen bukan menjadi pilihan utama dalam berinvestasi karena investor lebih memilih bertransaksi untuk jangka pendek. Bagi perusahaan yang mengalami masalah, penurunan tarif pajak menjadi lebih penting. Implikasi Teori dan Kebijakan – Penelitian ini menunjukkan relevansi teori agensi dalam penentuan nilai intrinsik perusahaan. Pada aspek praktik, nilai intrinsik perusahaan harus dikelola manajemen karena merupakan faktor yang diperhatikan investor sehingga perusahaan perlu mengelola sumber daya, aset, atau modal yang dimiliki untuk menghasilkan keuntungan. Kebaruan Penelitian - Penelitian ini menambahkan penghindaran pajak untuk mencari penjelasan upaya melakukan perencanaan pajak dan dampaknya. Abstract - How Do Tax Avoidance and Profitability Influence a Firm's Intrinsic Value? Main Purpose – The research examines how tax avoidance and profitability affect the firm's intrinsic value. Method – This study uses multiple linear regression methods. The sample is manufacturing companies during the 2016-2020 period. Main Findings - The profitability of companies that show an increase in profits is generally viewed by principals as being able to expand investment expansion, thereby increasing intrinsic value. In addition, dividends are not the primary choice in investing because investors prefer short-term transactions. For companies experiencing problems, lowering the tax rate is even more critical. Theory and Practical Implications – This research demonstrates the relevance of agency theory in determining a company's intrinsic value. On the practical aspect, the firms' intrinsic value must be managed by management because it is a factor that investors pay attention to, so companies need to manage their resources, assets, or capital to generate profits. Novelty - This research adds tax avoidance to seek explanations for tax planning efforts and their impact.

This study investigates the market valuation effect of ownership concentration, financial policy, and profitability in a sample of 109 non-family from 2012 to 2019. We used balance panel data to investigate the market values and possible effects of the variables identified using the General Method of Moment (GMM) estimator. The market value is dynamic, which means that last year's market value significantly affects the current market value. Even though the majority shareholder is not a family member, the ownership concentration still has a significant negative effect on the market value. The financial decision shows that leverage has a positive and significant effect. At the same time, investment and dividend policy seems to have a negative effect on market value, although the investment is insignificant. Lastly, profitability has positive and significant effects on market value. This study contributes to non-family firm literature and provides new empirical findings and policy implications for regulators to enhance the market value. JEL: G11, G30, G32.

Research aims: This study investigates the role of firm characteristics explained by the investment opportunity (IO) on the ability of dividends to predict future earnings. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study performed an empirical study on firms listed in the consumer goods sub-sector on the Indonesian Stock Exchange, divided into companies with strong and weak IO categories to clearly see the role of IO by comparing the variable dividend coefficients of the two sample categories. Through purposive sampling, the researcher determined the research sample, totaling 42 firm samples for the weak IO category and 48 firm samples for the strong IO category. Then, the multiple regression analysis utilizing IBM SPSS Statistic Version 23 was employed to analyze the relationship between variables. Research findings: Surprisingly, companies with weak IO showed a more remarkable ability to predict future earnings than companies with strong IO because the dividend coefficient of companies with weak IO was higher than that of strong IO, denoting that the number could explain the strength of ability. Theoretical contribution/Originality: The result provides alternative explanations to the previous inconsistent results from the dividend's ability to predict future earnings. The result also supports the argument that the companies with weak IO may use dividends to convey information signals and compensate the investor for unsatisfied performance, which is called counter-signal when strong IO refrain from doing so and rely on additional information. Practitioner/Policy implication: Investors should notice companies' characteristics, such as investment opportunities, while considering dividends as a signal for future performance to make an investment decision. Research limitation/Implication: The research did not fully capture all companies in Indonesian Stock Exchange, but specifically for the companies’ sub-sector that aggressively paid the dividend. Thus, future research is hoped to provide empirical studies for other sector companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange to enrich alternative explanations.

The valuation of banks is inherently complicated because of the uncertainties arising from their information opaqueness and inherent risks. Unlike non-banking firms, banks require specialised equity-side valuation approaches. This study addresses a gap in the literature by examining valuation methods used by bank equity researchers. The study used a total of 201 reports on South African banks (2018–2023), 56 reports on Nigerian banks (2018–2023), and 27 reports on Kenyan banks (2018–2023) to investigate the bank equity valuation methods utilised by analysts in the employ of Investec Ltd. and Standard Bank Group Ltd. The study’s findings show that Investec’s South African analysts predominantly used the warranted equity method, based on book value (BV), and return on equity (ROE), for valuing shares throughout the South African, Nigerian, and Kenyan banks surveyed. Furthermore, Standard Bank Group’s analysts employed this method, incorporating tangible net asset value (tNAV) and return on tangible equity (ROTE), for South African and Nigerian banks, but in Kenya their analysts used the residual income model to value the equities of the five Kenyan banks they covered. These findings suggest that the warranted equity method and the residual income model are the mostly used bank equity valuation methods in South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya. The study concludes with relevant recommendations, offering significant insights for banks, regulators, and investors to make knowledgeable decisions concerning equity valuation.

Dividend policy is one of the most important topics in financial literature. One of the motivations of powerful CEOs to pay dividends is to build a reputation in the capital markets in order to obtain foreign financing on favorable terms. However, the net expected value of such a reputation depends on the likelihood of external financing, which is associated with low profitability and high volatility of cash flows. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effect of the power of the CEO on the probability of paying dividends in the conditions of low profitability and high volatility of cash flow. In this regard, 128 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange were examined between 2014 and 2021. The results show that the power of the CEO has a negative and significant effect on the payment and increase of dividends. Also, low profitability and high volatility of cash flow increase the negative effect of the CEO's power on the increase of dividends. But it does not have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between the power of the CEO and the payment of dividends. Financial constraints also do not have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between the power of the CEO and the payment and increase of dividends

Investors are always chasing excess returns. To examine the three driving factors affecting China A-share excess returns, namely systematic risk, idiosyncratic risk and market sentiment, this study divided A-shares into non-dividend and dividend-paying groups based on the Dividend Paid for Common Shares in the notes of the financial report. In addition, this study used the Capital Asset Pricing model, Single-Index model, Arbitrage Pricing theory and Fama-French three-and five-factor model to analyse the three main driving factors. The Gibbons-Ross-Shanken test was used to test the model validity, and the optimal model for each group was extracted. Our findings show that after analysing the optimal models within each group, it becomes evident that systematic risk indeed exerts an influence on both dividend-paying and non-dividend companies. Nevertheless, when considering four specific systematic risks (inflation, exchange rates, crude oil and interest rates), this study's findings establish that these risks do not significantly impact the stock returns of any company group across all time periods. As for idiosyncratic risks, firm size and book-to-market factors emerge as substantial influencers across all firms. Additionally, market sentiment significantly affects the stock performance of small-sized dividend-paying companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to find out about the pattern in which operating cash flows are allocated between dividends and investment. We analyzed 419 companies from the Warsaw Stock Exchange and covered the period of 2007-2020 with 4,760 firm-year observations. We prepared regression models for the dividend and investment ratio depending on the company specificity. We found a positive relation between dividends and investment. Additionally, we found that with the increase of operating cash flow, both dividends and investment increase. We think that the best explanation of our findings lies in the free cash flow hypothesis and signaling theory of dividends. Dividends and investment might be a tool to mitigate managerial decisions and at the same time a tool to send a positive signal to the investor about the present and future good financial situation. The results contribute to the literature on firms’ investment- and dividend-cash flow sensitivity and the order of decisions: in a residual dividend policy, investment decisions are made first and the remaining profit is paid out as dividends while another theoretical approach implies that firms decide first on their dividend level, and then make investment decisions as they are reluctant to cut dividends.

Dividend payments are the primary concern of short-term investors, while free cash flow is for long-term investors. In accordance with, the first aim of the study is to the measures of long term and short-term investments and secondly, we have checked whether the dividend payout of the small fifty and big fifty firms are indifferent or not regarding free cash flow. For this research, the sample size we took was all the non-financial listed companies in the KSE 100 Index of Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX), between the time period starting from 2009 to 2018. We developed four regression models in total to examine our hypothesis and developed our models into two different series. In the end our results came out as expected and we have been able to concur with our defined objectives. We can conclude that, first, there is a strong relationship between long-term and short-term investments and when it comes to payment of dividends, the firms are different depending upon their size. It implies that investors are likely to consider both factors when making investment decisions. This could mean that investors will prioritize companies that demonstrate both strong long-term growth potential and short-term financial stability.

Keywords: Board Gender Diversity, Dividend Payments, Agency Theory. This research aims to analyze the impact of board gender diversity on dividend payments in Indonesia. Indonesia is one of the emerging economies. Some of the institutional specificities of emerging economies are the lack of protection of minority shareholders' rights, and market uncertainty may increase agency problems that raise doubts about future cash flows such as dividend payments. This research uses the data of listed firms from Indonesia Stock Exchange over the period 2013-2016. The data collection method uses purposive sampling. Indonesia implements a two-tier system that has directors and commissioners. We find evidence indicating that women directors are negatively related to the dividend payment, while women commissioners have positively related to the dividend payment. Moreover, we find that women independent directors, women executive directors, and women executive commissioners are positively associated with dividend payments, while women independent commissioners do not have an effect on dividend payments. The sample in this study is limited because the payment of dividends is not a necessity. This study provides the view that board gender diversity can create systems that make better decisions and encourage women to have a chance to participate in top management.

The recent outbreak of coronavirus has caused the worst global economic crisis in the last few decades. A substantial number of companies have experienced severe economic difficulties and were tempted to adjust their financial figures in order to reach certain business thresholds. Maintaining an existing level of dividend payments is a powerful incentive to engage in such activities. The aim of this article was to estimate the effect of the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the relationship between the estimated level of earnings management and dividend payments made by companies. Research models were estimated using panel analysis. The Modified Jones model was utilized to assess the level of earnings management. A total of 56 companies listed on the Zagreb Stock Exchange in the Republic of Croatia with their financial data from 2015 to 2020 were included in the research sample. Unlike in the case of absolute and income-decreasing discretionary accruals, results indicated that the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic positively affected the relationship between earnings management and dividend payments in the case of income-increasing accruals regarding companies that made regular dividend payments. In conclusion, the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic was an additional incentive for certain companies to perform income-increasing earnings management to reach the desired level of dividend payments.

This study examines the effect of sustainability reporting (SR) on financial-performance of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria from 2010 to 2020. Ex-post facto research design was employed and 24 firms form 8 sectors were sampled. Data were sourced from their annual report and analysed using Panel-regression technique. The study found positive significant connection linking DP, ERS and R&D and financial performance while CRS has negative insignificant effect on financial-performance. Base on the findings, the study concluded that SR has positive influence on financial-performance of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study recommended that relevant authorities should encourage firms to report SR on real-time and make reporting compulsory and not voluntary. There should be strict enforcement on firms to increase investment in R&D as this will increase profitability and help climate change.

The present study primarily examines the impact of financial distress (FD) on the dividend policy of 33 banks working in the Indian economy from 2010 to 2019. In addition, we further explore the association between financial distress and dividend policy under the influence of shareholder activism (SHA). Using the static panel data regression technique, it is revealed that financial distress is non-linearly associated with the dividend policy of banks in an inverted U-shape. In the initial phase of a distressing situation, banks tend to have a liberal dividend policy. However, after reaching the pressure point, the banks start to squeeze dividend distribution to the stakeholders. Furthermore, the significant impact of shareholder activism has been found in the association between financial distress and the dividend payout policy of banks. From the policy perspective, the study will provide the policymakers with a clear all-round perspective of distressing situations, as the current research involves exploring the impact of distress on the dividend policy that will help the experts in basically understanding the adverse effect of financial distress and the repercussions, respectively, on the earning of the shareholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aims to examine the effect of dividend policy on firm value with capital structure as a moderating variable. The research was conducted on manufacturing companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2016-2019. The purposive sampling technique took the research data. Data analysis used a moderated regression analysis. The findings of this study indicate that the dividend policy increases firm value. However, this analysis demonstrates that the capital structure has a moderating influence on the effect of dividends on firm value. Investors in Indonesia’s capital market have reacted positively to manufacturing businesses’ dividend payout policies. However, if the company’s capital structure is highly leveraged, this reaction will be diminished.

Suppose that insurer can control dividend, refinancing and reinsurance strategies dynamically. Different from the past, there are multiple reinsurers rather than sole reinsurer in the market. The insurer aim at finding the optimal strategies for maximizing the company's value. It illustrates that refinancing can be considered iff the company has strong profitability; It should reduce reinsurance purchase when the surplus increases. The amount of risk ceded to the reinsurer depends on its risk attitude. The optimal dividend policy is of barrier type when the dividend rate is unbounded and is of threshold type when the dividend rate is bounded. • Study the optimal dividend, reinsurance and refinancing control problem. • Assume that there are multiple reinsurers with different risk attitudes. • Take into account the transaction costs and the terminal value at bankruptcy. • Demonstrate how solutions can be found and provide the explicit solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The legal standing of ones who can file for bankruptcy in Indonesia’s Bankruptcy Law is still unclear, thus it is important to conduct a research focusing on whether shareholders who do not get their share of dividend are eligible to file for bankruptcy. Dividend is shareholders’ right protected by law in exchange for their investment in the company, also to minimize the practice of abuse of power by the company. This research aims to analyze whether the shareholders who do not receive their share of dividend are still eligible to file for bankruptcy in Indonesia. This research uses normative research methods with statue and conceptual approach. The results show that shareholders who do not receive dividends can file for bankruptcy if dividend distribution has been mentioned in the General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS) followed by it being stated clearly on the summary of the annual General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS). Before filling for bankruptcy, the shareholders must abide the provisions stipulated in Article 2 paragraph (1) of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 37 of 2004 on Bankruptcy and Suspension of Obligation for Payment of Debt. Abstrak Persoalan legal standing pemohon pailit dalam peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai kepailitan di Indonesia masih mengalami hambatan-hambatan dalam penafsirannya, penting halnya mengkaji apakah pemegang saham yang tidak mendapatkan dividen dapat mengajukan permohonan pernyataan pailit karena pada dasarnya dividen adalah hak yang dilindungi oleh hukum dari pemegang saham dari sebuah perseroan agar tidak terjadi tindakan sewenang-wenang oleh perseroan yang pada akhirnya dapat menimbulkan kerugian para pemegang saham selaku pemodal atau investor dalam sebuah perseroan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis secara mendalam mengenai legal standing pemegang saham yang tidak memperoleh dividen untuk mengajukan permohonan pernyataan pailit di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian normatif dengan pendekatan penelitian perundang-undangan (statue approach) dan konseptual (conceptual approach). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemegang saham yang tidak memperoleh dividen dapat mengajukan permohonan pernyataan pailit jika pembagian dividen telah dijanjikan di dalam RUPS yang kemudian dilanjutkan di dalam risalah RUPS. Pengajuan permohonan pernyataan pailit juga harus memperhatikan ketentuan yang telah diatur di dalam Pasal 2 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang.

The recent outbreak of coronavirus has caused the worst global economic crisis in the last few decades. A substantial number of companies have experienced severe economic difficulties and were tempted to adjust their financial figures in order to reach certain business thresholds. Maintaining an existing level of dividend payments is a powerful incentive to engage in such activities. The aim of this article was to estimate the effect of the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the relationship between the estimated level of earnings management and dividend payments made by companies. Research models were estimated using panel analysis. The Modified Jones model was utilized to assess the level of earnings management. A total of 56 companies listed on the Zagreb Stock Exchange in the Republic of Croatia with their financial data from 2015 to 2020 were included in the research sample. Unlike in the case of absolute and income-decreasing discretionary accruals, results indicated that the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic positively affected the relationship between earnings management and dividend payments in the case of income-increasing accruals regarding companies that made regular dividend payments. In conclusion, the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic was an additional incentive for certain companies to perform income-increasing earnings management to reach the desired level of dividend payments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a sample of 332 dividend announcements from January 2019 to December 2020, using the event study methodology with the market model, we provide evidence that the dividend announcements failed to influence the stock prices under the pandemic stress. Although the pre-pandemic period announcements significantly impacted the stock returns, the pandemic period dividend announcements failed to generate significant abnormal returns even for an increase in dividend over the previous year. The pre-pandemic period results are consistent with previous literature with significant returns for constant, increase, and decrease in dividends. During the pre-pandemic period, we also find the possibility of information leakage in the Indian stock market as the pre-announcement period is marked with positive significant abnormal returns while the post-announcement period seems to be profit booking. The industry-wise analysis reveals the presence of positive returns in the Information Technology, Media and Telecommunication sector. However, the rest of the results are in line with the previous analysis. The findings suggest that before making such announcements, the companies should wait for the market to recover; else, the positively impacting dividend announcement will fail to influence the stock prices when the market is already under pandemic stress. We conduct the first-ever study to examine the impacts of dividend announcements during a pandemic stress period with also comparing the impacts during the pre-pandemic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the influence of dividend pay-out ratio on share prices of quoted companies on the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE) between 2014 and 2020 across fifteen (15) companies. panel least square estimation, through the use of Hausman's test, was used to analyze the data. In the econometric model, dependent variable (proxy by the market share price) was regressed on the following explanatory variables of earning per share, dividend yield, return on investment, dividend payout ratio, and retention rate. This research discovered a joint significant relationship between earning per share, dividend yield, return on investment, dividend payout ratio, retention rate and market share prices. This research therefore recommends that; Furtherance to the findings of this research, firms may be well aware that dividend payment may not necessarily be a factor that affect market share price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the strategic decisions in the company is related to dividend decisions. It becomes the basis for investors to invest in shares. Investors value income from dividends distributed by companies for more than income from capital gains. Investors prefer to receive payment now than future ones because they are faced with uncertainty. Regular dividend distribution indicates the company has bright prospects in the future. Accordingly, Dividends have a significant influence on the increase in share prices. Data were collected using the documentation method of 34 samples of the most liquid Islamic stocks listed on the IDX. This research uses the SPSS analysis technique and uses a partial test (t-test). The tests to determine the significance of each independent variable in influencing the dependent variable with a one-way test and using moderation regression to test and analyze the effect of dividends per share on stock prices, whether to strengthen/weaken the dependent variable. The study results found that profitability and solvency , as well as dividends, have a relationship with stock prices. The relationship between ROA and share prices as moderated by dividends is negative for stock prices. The relationship between ROE and share price, which is moderated by dividends, is positive but not significant. Dividends can significantly strengthen the DER relationship to the share price. In addition, dividends were able to strengthen DAR's relationship with share prices significantly. JEL: G11, G12, G41

This study aims to analyze investment decisions, funding decisions, and dividend policies on firm value. The method used is multiple linear regression using 35 samples of the food and beverage industry. This study finds that investment decisions and funding decisions was able to increase firm value, but dividend policy showed the opposite result. Investment decisions as well as funding decisions can become the basis for determining strategies to increase value to the company by keeping its value increasing. Abstrak Penelitian ini berupaya menganalisis keputusan investasi, keputusan pendanaan, dan kebijakan deviden terhadap nilai perusahaan. Metode yang digunakan adalah regresi linear berganda dengan menggunakan 35 sampel industri food and beverage. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keputusan investasi dan keputusan pendanaan mampu meningkatkan nilai perusahaan, namun kebijakan deviden menunjukkan hasil yang sebaliknya. Keputusan investasi serta keputusan pendanaan mampu menjadi landasan menetapkan strategi untuk meningkatkan nilai pada perusahaan dengan cara menjaga nilainya agar tetap meningkat.

Purpose: This research is based on a phenomenon that occurs from the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic which causes an increase in the consumption of medicines in all levels of society due to efforts to increase immunity to prevent corona virus infection and to see the company's ability to predict future opportunities and strategies is the main key in the success of a company. Companies are also required to innovate products, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic and pharmaceutical companies are intensively innovating products because people are aware of the importance of maintaining health. This study aims to determine the effect of Return On Asset, Return On Equity, Net Profit Margin, and Debt To Equity Ratio on Dividend Payout Ratio. Design/methodology/approach: The independent variables in this study are ROA (X1), ROE (X2), NPM (X3) and DER (X4) and the dependent variable in this study is DPR (Y). The type of research used in this study is a type of quantitative research. This study took all time series data with a period of 5 years 2017 to 2021. The number of research samples with purposive sampling techniques was obtained by as many as 5 companies. Findings: From the results of this study, it can be concluded that ROA, ROE, NPM, and DER have a significant effect on DPR. Originality/value: This paper is original Paper type: Research paper

The aim of the article is to find out about the pattern in which operating cash flows are allocated between dividends and investment. We analyzed 419 companies from the Warsaw Stock Exchange and covered the period of 2007-2020 with 4,760 firm-year observations. We prepared regression models for the dividend and investment ratio depending on the company specificity. We found a positive relation between dividends and investment. Additionally, we found that with the increase of operating cash flow, both dividends and investment increase. We think that the best explanation of our findings lies in the free cash flow hypothesis and signaling theory of dividends. Dividends and investment might be a tool to mitigate managerial decisions and at the same time a tool to send a positive signal to the investor about the present and future good financial situation. The results contribute to the literature on firms' investment- and dividend-cash flow sensitivity and the order of decisions: in a residual dividend policy, investment decisions are made first and the remaining profit is paid out as dividends while another theoretical approach implies that firms decide first on their dividend level, and then make investment decisions as they are reluctant to cut dividends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The equity premium influences investors' investing decisions, as well as their savings, spending habits, and portfolio allocation between risk-free and risky assets. Researchers have used different economic variables as potential predictors of the equity premium. However, research on determinants of equity risk premiums in emerging markets is less studied. This study aims at investigating the influence of fundamental (debt/equity ratio, dividend pay-out ratio), stock market (beta, stocks price volatility, liquidity), and macroeconomics factors (inflation and exchange rate) on the equity premium in Indonesia. Methodology: Data was collected from a 213 sample of stocks listed in the Indonesia Stock Market for January 2007 to December 2014. Data panel regression was performed to evaluate the impact of fundamental and stock market factors, measured in 16 semesters. Time-series regression was conducted to assess the impact of macroeconomic factors, measured monthly. Findings: We find that debt ratio, dividend ratio, beta, stock prices volatility, and exchange rate are positively related to the equity premium while inflation had a negative relationship. Stocks liquidity did not play a significant role in explaining the equity premium. Originality/Value: This study offers insights for investors to determine reasonable returns based on information about the significant determinants in the Indonesia Stock Market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine how the introduction of credit default swap (CDS) trading on the debt of individual firms affects corporate payout policy. We find that firms increase payouts to shareholders after the introduction of CDS trading on their debt. This suggests that CDS‐referenced firms are more likely to be affected by decreased creditor monitoring than by tougher CDS‐insured creditors when determining total payout amount. Moreover, the increase in payouts after CDS introduction is more pronounced in firms with smaller institutional ownership and greater bank debt dependency. Finally, we show that CDS‐referenced firms tend to prefer stock repurchases that have a financial flexibility advantage over dividends to protect against the potential threat of tougher CDS‐insured creditors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]