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Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-sgo-10.1177_21582440231168792 for Student-Centered Education: A Meta-Analysis of Its Effects on Non-Academic Achievements by Yin-Die Li and Guo-Hua Ding in SAGE Open

Vocalization plays an important role in the communication of anurans. In this study, the advertisement calls of male Fejervarya multistriata obtained in Lishui, Zhejiang, China during the breeding season were recorded. Their note number (NN), note duration (ND), note interval (NI), call duration (CD), pitch (PIT), call intensity (CIT) and dominant frequency (DF) were analyzed. The calls of F. multistriata are composed of one to 38 notes, and calls composed of fewer than ten notes have the highest frequency. Male frogs produced calls ranging from 1201 Hz to 3357 Hz with two DFs (1412.49 Hz and 2953.89 Hz). By comparing the differences among individual calls, it was found that the within-individual coefficients of variation (CVW) and among-individual coefficients of variation (CVA) for NN, NI, CD, PIT and DF were more than 10%, whereas that of CIT was less than 5%. The CVA/CVW ratios showed that ND is important for sexual selection, whereas NN, NI CD, PIT, CIT, and DF are important for individual recognition. Phylogenetic generalized least squares analysis showed that phylogenetic signals affect DF vs. snout–vent length (SVL) and CD of anurans in China, and accounting for phylogenetic signals, DF was negatively correlated with SVL. DF was found to be higher in anurans that breed in flowing water than in those that breed in stagnant water, after eliminating the effects of phylogeny and SVL. Therefore, we concluded that phylogenetic effects, SVL, and the water type of breeding habitats have a combined impact on the advertisement calls in anurans.

The advertisement calls of five males were recorded in the field at Suichang, Zhejiang, China (28��22���14��� N, 118��53���25��� E) in April 2017. Calls were recorded using a Sony IC ICD-SX1000 recorder with an internal microphone placed at a distance of approximately 0.5 m from focal males, with a sampling frequency resolution of 44.1 kHz and 16- bit resolution. A total of 245 calls were recorded and the number of calls ranged from 22 to 81 among individuals. The air temperature at the time of recording varied between 14.7���20.2�� C. Calls were analyzed using Praat 6.0.36. Stream background noise was reduced in Cool Edit Pro 2.1. Description and terminology of call parameters followed (Xu et al. 2005): call duration (CD, in s), note number in a single call (NN), call intensity (CTI, in dB), dominant frequency (DF, in Hz), fundamental frequency (F0, in Hz), the frequency of first to third formants (F1, F2 and F3, in Hz). We used withinmale coefficients of variation (CV W) of each parameter in order to classify them as dynamic (CV W > 10%), static (CV W 1.0 are usually indicative that the parameter could be used for individual recognition (e.g., Gambale et al. 2014). Values are presented as mean �� standard deviation and range. The advertisement call of L. liui (Fig. 1) consists of multiple pulsed notes, and is highly amplitude-modulated, with amplitude peaking towards the start of each call. Calls of the five males consisted of 3.11 �� 0.35 notes (range 2���4 notes), with one pulse per note, CD of 0.063 �� 0.008 s (range 0.026 ��� 0.078 s), CTI of 72.04 ��1.96 dB (range 67.63���79.09 dB). The DF ranged from 4814.5 to 5489.6 Hz (average 5234.4 �� 143.4 Hz), whereas the F0 ranged from 811.8 to 1179.5 Hz (average 968.0 �� 73.7 Hz). The F1, F2 and F3 were emitted from 1693.4 to 2419.9 Hz (average 2050.9 �� 150.5 Hz), 2632.0 to 4049.7 Hz (average 3215.8 �� 391.4 Hz) and 4161.9 to 5258.3 Hz (average 4635.3 �� 267.6 Hz), respectively. The CV W of CD, NN, CTI, DF, F0, F1, F2 and F3 were 9.6 �� 4.1 % (range 4.0���15.5 %), 6.2 �� 6.7 % (range 0���16.1 %), 1.9 �� 0.5 % (range 1.2���2.3 %), 1.8 �� 0.9 % (range 0.9���3.2 %), 7.1 �� 1.9 % (range 4.3���9.7 %), 5.7 �� 2.3 % (range 3.1���9.3 %), 6.3 �� 3.5 % (range 3.0���9.3 %) and 2.7 �� 1.0 % (range 1.4���3.7 %), respectively. The ratios of CV A /CV W in CD, NN, CTI, DF, F0, F1, F2 and F3 were 1.3, 1.8, 1.5, 1.4, 1.1, 1.2, 1.9 and 2.2, respectively. The advertisement call of L. alpinus contains approximately nine notes, with average CD of 0.270 �� 0.069 s, average DF, F0 and F1 all of 6700 Hz (Xu et al. 2005). The advertisement call of L. oshanensis consists of three notes, with average CD of 0.046 �� 0.013 s (range 0.029 ���0.067 s) and DF ranging between 4402���4633 Hz (average 4521.9 �� 79.6 Hz) (Jiang et al. 2002). These reported call parameters are different among the three Chinese endemic Leptobrachella species, and could be helpful in species identification in the field. CTI, DF and F3 are classified as static traits in L. lilui, whereas other parameters are intermediate due to their average CV W between 5 % and 10 %. The ratios of CV A /CV W in all parameters were more than 1.0, suggesting that advertisement calls of L. liui could play a role in individual recognition., Published as part of Ding, Guo-Hua, Chen, Zhi-Qiang, Tang, Yun & Lin, Zhi-Hua, 2019, The advertisement call of Leptobrachella liui Fei and Ye, 1990 (Anura: Megophryidae), pp. 588-590 in Zootaxa 4576 (3) on pages 588-589, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4576.3.11, http://zenodo.org/record/3993508, {"references":["Xu, J. X., Xie, F., Jiang, J. P., Mo, Y. M. & Zheng, Z. H. (2005) The acoustic features of the mating call of 12 anuran species. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 40, 12 - 19.","Gambale, P. G., Signorelli, L. & Bastos, R. P. (2014) Individual variation in the advertisement calls of a Neotropical treefrog (Scinax constrictus). Amphibia-Reptilia, 35, 271 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685381 - 00002949","Jiang, J. P., Xie, F., Fei, L., Ye, C. Y. & Zheng, M. Q. (2002) Mating calls of six forms of pelobatid in Wawu Mountain National Forest Park, Sichuan, China (Anura: Pelobatidae). Zoological Research, 23, 89 - 94."]}

We used Hoplobatrachus chinensis tadpoles as a model species to evaluate if the locomotor costs of tail loss could be compensated by tail regeneration. Different proportion (0%, 20%, 40% and 60%) of tail segment were removed in four experimental groups and the tadpoles were reared for 7 days. Swimming speed was measured three times for each experimental tadpole: before tail removal, after tail removal, and 7 days from tail removal. Gosner’s stage, body length, tail length and survival rate were measured for each experimental tadpole before tail removal and at 7 days from tail removal. We daily measured the length of the regenerative tail and of the remaining tail in 20% to 60% tail removal treatments. Overall, our results suggest that (1) tail removal affects final tail length and swimming speed, but not body length, developmental stage and survival rate in captive H. chinensis tadpoles; (2) tadpoles with more serious tail injuries have faster tail regeneration rate; (3) swimming speed can be compensated with tail regeneration after tail removal., Acta Herpetologica, Vol 9 No 2 (2014)

We studied acute and joint toxicity of three different agrochemicals (chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide-abamectin and penoxsulam) to Chinese tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus chinensis) tadpoles with the method of stability water tests. Results showed that the three agrochemicals increased tadpole mortality. For acute toxicity, the LC50 values after 24, 48 and 72 h of chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide-abamectin and penoxsulam exposure were 5.37, 4.90 and 4.68 mg/L; 0.035, 0.025 and 0.021 mg/L; 1.74, 1.45 and 1.29 mg/L, respectively. The safety concentrations (SC) of chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide-abamectin and penoxsulam to the tadpoles were 1.23, 0.30 and 0.003 mg/L, respectively. Based on these findings, chlorantraniliprole and penoxsulam were moderately toxic, while flubendiamide-abamectin was highly toxic. All pairwise joint toxicity tests showed moderate toxicity. The LC50 values after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure were 7.08, 6.61 and 6.03 mg/L for chlorantraniliprole+penoxsulam, with corresponding values of 2.455, 2.328 and 2.183 mg/L for chlorantraniliprole+flubendiamide-abamectin, and 1.132, 1.084 and 1.050 mg/L for penoxsulam+flubendiamide-abamectin, with safe concentrations of 1.73, 0.63 and 0.30 mg/L, respectively. For toxic evaluations of pairwise combinations of the three agrochemicals, only the joint toxicity of chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide-abamectin after 24 h was found to be synergistic, whereas all other tests were antagonistic. Our findings provide valuable information on the toxic effects of agrochemicals on amphibians and how various types of agrochemicals can be reasonably used in agricultural areas.

Though light conditions are known to affect the development and anti-predation strategies of several aquatic species, relatively little is known about how different species react to light, or how light can affect these species during different points in their life-cycle. In this study, we used four sympatric anuran tadpoles (Bufo gargarizans, B. melanostictus, Pelophylax nigromaculatus and Microhyla fissipes) as animal system to examine species-specific activities of the underdoing different light intensity treatments, so as to better understand how they respond to light. We exposed four different species of tadpoles to 1660 and 14 lux light intensity treatments and then measured several parameters including development stage, body length and tail length, and as well as their basic activities. The results of this observation and analysis showed that the activities of tadpoles were significantly greater in B. gargarizans and B. melanostictus than in P. nigromaculatus and M. fissipes; and were also significantly greater during times of high light intensity as compared to during low light intensity. Moreover, the observed relationship between species and light intensity was significant. The activities of B. gargarizans and B. melanostictus tadpoles were greater in high light, while the activity of P. nigromaculatus tadpoles was greater in low light intensity, while M. fissipes tadpoles showed no differences in either low or high intensity light. Furthermore, the activities of B. gargarizans, B. melanostictus and M. fissipes tadpoles in terms of developmental stage, body size or tail length did not seem to differ with light intensity, but during early larval developmental period of P. nigromaculatus, the activity of tadpoles was negatively correlated with development stage, but irrelevant to either body size or tail length in different light intensities. These results lead us to conclude the observed activities of the four sympatric anuran tadpoles are closely correlated with their specific anti-predation strategies.

The source of IgA and the mechanism for deposition of IgA in the mesangium remain unknown for primary IgA nephropathy. Because CD19(+)CD5(+) B cells are important producers of IgA and contribute to several autoimmune diseases, they may play an important role in IgA nephropathy. In this study, flow cytometry, quantitative PCR, and confocal microscopy were used to assess the frequency, distribution, Ig production, CD phenotypes, cytokine production, and sensitivity to apoptosis of CD19(+)CD5(+) B cells in the peripheral blood, peritoneal fluid, and kidney biopsies of 36 patients with primary IgA nephropathy. All patients with IgA nephropathy were significantly more likely to have CD19(+)CD5(+) B cells in the peripheral blood, peritoneal fluid, and kidney biopsies than were five control subjects and 10 patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. The 33 patients who had IgA nephropathy and responded to treatment demonstrated a significant decrease in CD19(+)CD5(+) B cells in the peripheral blood, peritoneal fluid, and kidney (all P < 0.01). In the three patients who had IgA nephropathy and did not respond to treatment, the frequency of CD19(+)CD5(+) B cells did not change. CD19(+)CD5(+) B cells isolated from patients with untreated IgA nephropathy expressed higher levels of IgA, produced more IFN-gamma, and were more resistant to CD95L-induced apoptosis than cells isolated from control subjects and patients with lupus; these properties reversed with effective treatment of IgA nephropathy. In conclusion, these results strongly suggest that CD19(+)CD5(+) B cells play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of primary IgA nephropathy.

Based on the results of the X-ray diffraction experiment, we implement the fractal concept to study the liquid structure of In-80wt% Sn at 300℃. Partially-overlapping multirange fractals in the melt In-80wt%Sn are observed. According to the characteristic of the partially-overlapping multirange fractals, a model of multirange fractals in liquid structure is proposed and the simulated results agree with the experimental data, where the relative error is less than 1.5%. From the fractal analysis, the whole structure of liquid is clearly revealed, and the range of the transition region between the fractals is speculated to be related closely with the properties of the liquid alloys，and the changes of the transition region may disclose the changes of the liquid alloy characteristics.