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Ewing’s sarcomas are rare, aggressive tumors with a tendency toward recurrence following resection, and early metastasis. Although patients of younger or older age account for almost 30% of instances, peak incidences occur between the ages of 10 and 20. We, hereby, report the case of a 10-year-old girl who presented with a 3-month history of pain in her right hip that was unable to be relieved by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicine and physical therapy. On examination, bone marrow aspiration revealed that the infiltration of malignant small round blue cells was managed by anticancer therapy successfully.

Background Given the importance of flexible use of different COVID-19 vaccines within the same schedule to facilitate rapid deployment, we studied mixed priming schedules incorporating an adenoviral-vectored vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 [ChAd], AstraZeneca), two mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 [BNT], Pfizer–BioNTech, and mRNA-1273 [m1273], Moderna) and a nanoparticle vaccine containing SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and Matrix-M adjuvant (NVX-CoV2373 [NVX], Novavax). Methods Com-COV2 is a single-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial in which adults aged 50 years and older, previously immunised with a single dose of ChAd or BNT in the community, were randomly assigned (in random blocks of three and six) within these cohorts in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive a second dose intramuscularly (8–12 weeks after the first dose) with the homologous vaccine, m1273, or NVX. The primary endpoint was the geometric mean ratio (GMR) of serum SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG concentrations measured by ELISA in heterologous versus homologous schedules at 28 days after the second dose, with a non-inferiority criterion of the GMR above 0·63 for the one-sided 98·75% CI. The primary analysis was on the per-protocol population, who were seronegative at baseline. Safety analyses were done for all participants who received a dose of study vaccine. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, number 27841311. Findings Between April 19 and May 14, 2021, 1072 participants were enrolled at a median of 9·4 weeks after receipt of a single dose of ChAd (n=540, 47% female) or BNT (n=532, 40% female). In ChAd-primed participants, geometric mean concentration (GMC) 28 days after a boost of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG in recipients of ChAd/m1273 (20 114 ELISA laboratory units [ELU]/mL [95% CI 18 160 to 22 279]) and ChAd/NVX (5597 ELU/mL [4756 to 6586]) was non-inferior to that of ChAd/ChAd recipients (1971 ELU/mL [1718 to 2262]) with a GMR of 10·2 (one-sided 98·75% CI 8·4 to ∞) for ChAd/m1273 and 2·8 (2·2 to ∞) for ChAd/NVX, compared with ChAd/ChAd. In BNT-primed participants, non-inferiority was shown for BNT/m1273 (GMC 22 978 ELU/mL [95% CI 20 597 to 25 636]) but not for BNT/NVX (8874 ELU/mL [7391 to 10 654]), compared with BNT/BNT (16 929 ELU/mL [15 025 to 19 075]) with a GMR of 1·3 (one-sided 98·75% CI 1·1 to ∞) for BNT/m1273 and 0·5 (0·4 to ∞) for BNT/NVX, compared with BNT/BNT; however, NVX still induced an 18-fold rise in GMC 28 days after vaccination. There were 15 serious adverse events, none considered related to immunisation. Interpretation Heterologous second dosing with m1273, but not NVX, increased transient systemic reactogenicity compared with homologous schedules. Multiple vaccines are appropriate to complete primary immunisation following priming with BNT or ChAd, facilitating rapid vaccine deployment globally and supporting recognition of such schedules for vaccine certification. Funding UK Vaccine Task Force, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), and National Institute for Health Research. NVX vaccine was supplied for use in the trial by Novavax.

Obesity and diabetes prevalence are often referred to as the "twin epidemics" and are becoming a more widespread issue, particularly in developed countries. Advanced therapeutic strategies are therefore required. Tirzepatide, known as "twincretin", is a "firstclass" drug and the only agonist of glucagon-like peptide1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent peptide (GIP) receptors, which can significantly reduce blood sugar. levels and improved insulin sensitivity, as well as more than 20% reduction in body weight and improved lipid metabolism. This new antidiabetic drug is a synthetic peptide analog of human GIP hormone with a linkage to C20 fatty acid moiety that, through acylation process, can bind to albumin to deliver a single dose, by a single subcutaneous injection, once a week, consistent with its half-life of approximately five days. The "twincretin" heralded in an era of tremendously important and alluring dual therapy choices for diabetes and obesity, as well as advanced management of closely associated cardiometabolic settings, which are the primary global cause of illness, disability, and mortality. Here, we outline the salient features of tirzepatide's synthesis, structure, and action while also considering its benefits and drawbacks. Additionally, we briefly examine the progression of clinical research and the evolution of this type of medicinal medication

The current project aims to model and compare the performance of fake news detectors using machine learning algorithms to recognize fake news connected to political topics with high accuracy. The Decision Tree algorithm and the Random Forest algorithm are two algorithms. The methods were developed and evaluated on a dataset including 44,000 samples. Implemented each algorithm through programs and performed ten iterations with different scales of false feeds and factual feeds classification were identified. The G-power test is around 80% accurate. For detecting false political news, the Decision Tree algorithm had a mean accuracy of 99.6990, and the Random Forest approach had a mean accuracy of 98.6380, according to the trial results. The significance of accuracy is p=0.001, indicating the efficacy of the classifier. This research aims to use a novel strategy for contemporary Machine Learning Classifiers to predict fake political news. The comparison results reveal that the Decision Tree method outperforms the Random Forest technique.

Background: Priming COVID-19 vaccine schedules have been deployed at variable intervals globally, which may influence immune persistence and the relative importance of third-dose ‘booster’ programmes. Here, we report on the impact of 4- versus 12-week priming intervals on reactogenicity and the persistence of immune response up to 6 months following homologous and heterologous priming schedules using BNT162b2 (BNT, tozinameran, Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (ChAd, Vaxzevria, AstraZeneca). Methods: Com-COV is a participant-blinded, randomised immunogenicity trial. Results are reported here for the ‘General’ cohort, in which adults aged over 50 years were randomised to four homologous and heterologous schedules using BNT and ChAd with 4- or 12-week priming intervals. Immunogenicity analyses were on the intention-to-treat population (ITT), without evidence of COVID-19 infection at baseline or for the trial duration, with the purpose of describing the effect of priming interval on humoral and cellular immune response at peak and later timepoints, in addition to the effects on reactogenicity and safety Findings: Between 11th–26th Feb 2021, 730 participants were randomised in the general cohort, with 77-89 per arm in the ITT analysis. At 28-days and 6-months post-second dose, the geometric mean concentration (GMC) of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG was significantly higher in 12- versus 4-week interval arms for homologous schedules. In heterologous arms, there was only a significant difference between intervals for the BNT/ChAd arm at 28-days. Pseudotyped virus neutralisation titres were significantly higher in all 12-week versus 4-week schedules, 28-days post-second dose, with geometric mean ratios 1.4 (95%CI: 1.1-1.8, BNT/BNT), 1.5 (95%CI: 1.2-1.9, ChAd/BNT), 1.6 (95%CI 1.3-2.1, BNT/ChAd) and2.4 (95%CI: 1.7-3.2, ChAd/ChAd). At 6 months post-second dose, anti-spike IgG GMCs fell to 0.17-0.24 of the 28-day post-second dose value across all eight study arms, with only BNT/BNT displaying a slightly slower decay for the 12-week versus 4-week schedule in the adjusted analysis. The rank order of schedules by humoral response was unaffected by interval with BNT/BNT remaining the most immunogenic by antibody response. T-cell responses were reduced in all 12-week priming intervals versus their 4-week counterparts. 12-week schedules for BNT/BNT and ChAd/BNT schedules were up to 80% less reactogenic than 4-week schedules. Interpretation: These data support flexibility in priming interval in all studied COVID-19 vaccine schedules. Longer priming intervals may result in lower reactogenicity in schedules with BNT as a second-dose and higher humoral immunogenicity in homologous schedules, but overall lower T-cell responses across all schedules. Future vaccines employing these novel platforms may benefit from prolonged-interval schedules. ISRCTN:69254139, EudraCT:2020-005085-33.

AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19), a replication-deficient simian adenovirus-vectored vaccine, has demonstrated safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in clinical trials and real-world studies. We characterized CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses induced by AZD1222 vaccination in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 296 unique vaccine recipients aged 18 to 85 years who enrolled in the phase 2/3 COV002 trial. Total spike protein-specific CD4+ T cell helper type 1 (Th1) and CD8+ T cell responses were increased in AZD1222-vaccinated adults of all ages following two doses of AZD1222. CD4+ Th2 responses following AZD1222 vaccination were not detected. Furthermore, AZD1222-specific Th1 and CD8+ T cells both displayed a high degree of polyfunctionality in all adult age groups. T cell receptor (TCR) β sequences from vaccinated participants mapped against TCR sequences known to react to SARS-CoV-2 revealed substantial breadth and depth across the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for both AZD1222-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Overall, AZD1222 vaccination induced a polyfunctional Th1-dominated T cell response, with broad CD4+ and CD8+ T cell coverage across the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

E-health is a field which as seen tremendous growth in the recent times especially after the covid-19 outbreak. E-health offers the potential to provide patients with high-quality care at a reasonable cost in the ease of their own homes. E-health has a wide range of application that includes rehabilitation, cognitive disorder, behavioural therapy, defence application and many more. E-health as a technology is changing tremendously and always been evolving to meet the demands of the current practices. But still, it has certain challenges in implementing such as ethical issues, patient contest etc. Artificial intelligence framework capable of using non-consultancy, reinforcement learning, and all three. Controlling the processes within the m-Health application, choosing the best processes that can be used to alter the user's existing conditions, or selecting the best diagnosis-solution from an array of choices are all supported by intelligent optimization algorithms that can offer faster feedback.

The global supply of COVID-19 vaccines remains limited. An understanding of the immune response that is predictive of protection could facilitate rapid licensure of new vaccines. Data from a randomized efficacy trial of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine in the United Kingdom was analyzed to determine the antibody levels associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2. Binding and neutralizing antibodies at 28 days after the second dose were measured in infected and noninfected vaccine recipients. Higher levels of all immune markers were correlated with a reduced risk of symptomatic infection. A vaccine efficacy of 80% against symptomatic infection with majority Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant of SARS-CoV-2 was achieved with 264 (95% CI: 108, 806) binding antibody units (BAU)/ml: and 506 (95% CI: 135, not computed (beyond data range) (NC)) BAU/ml for anti-spike and anti-RBD antibodies, and 26 (95% CI: NC, NC) international unit (IU)/ml and 247 (95% CI: 101, NC) normalized neutralization titers (NF50) for pseudovirus and live-virus neutralization, respectively. Immune markers were not correlated with asymptomatic infections at the 5% significance level. These data can be used to bridge to new populations using validated assays, and allow extrapolation of efficacy estimates to new COVID-19 vaccines., Defined levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies elicited by the COVID-19 vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 are identified as correlates of protection against symptomatic infection.

Introduction: The Vision 2015 of Medical Council of India states that the Indian medical graduate (IMG) should have the necessary competencies (Knowledge, Skills and Attitude) to assume his or her role as a health care provider to the people of India and the World. Early Clinical Exposure (ECE) is one of the measures taken by MCI to enact its vision. Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ECE in learning clinical examination skills among preclinical students and to explore the perspectives of ECE among the students and faculty. Materials and Methods: Present study was conducted in the department of Physiology, Govt. Thiruvarur Medical College, Thiruvarur on 99 medical students. After obtaining informed, written consent pretest questionnaire was given to the study participants. After obtaining informed, written consent pre-test questionnaire was given to the study participants. After that students were allocated into Group 1 (n=49) and Group 2 (n=50) by simple random technique by lottery method. Group 1 students were trained on clinical examination of anemia in medicine ward (Early Clinical Exposure) and Group 2 students were trained on clinical examination of anemia in clinical physiology laboratory (Control). At the end of the session both groups were assessed by Post-test questionnaire and Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Crossing over of the batches was done in the next session for training of clinical examination of jaundice. Feedback was obtained from the students (n=99) and faculty members involved in this (n=7). Results: There was a statistically significant difference present between the post test scores of Group 1 and Group 2 in anemia and jaundice (p Conclusion: Results of the present study justify the need of Early Clinical Exposure to teach clinical examination skills to first year medical students when compared to the traditional teaching method. Keywords: Early clinical exposure, First year medical stu

An Artificial Neural Network ANN is a structured data processing pattern that is stimulated by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, progress information. The key element of this pattern is the new structure of the information processing system. It is a collection of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements neurones working in union to solve exact problems. This paper basically focuses on the artificial neural network applications. It also considers the incorporation of neural networks with other computing systems Such as vague logic to enhance the construal ability of data. Artificial Neural Networks is considered as major soft computing technology and have been widely studied and applied during the last two epochs. The places where neural networks are most widely used, problem solving that are in pattern recognition, data analysis, control and clustering. Joselin. J | Dinesh. T | Ashiq. M "A Review on Neural Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18461.pdf

A trophic dynamic study of marine finfishes was undertaken based on stomach content analysis of twenty four species (N = 1742) collected from the nearshore coastal waters off Goa, west coast of India (15°29′07.6″ N to 15°34′44.3″ N, and 73°38′10.5″ E to 73°46′03.1″ E) during November 2010 to May 2013. This study aimed to thoroughly understand the feeding attributes of finfishes, and comprehend the possible effects of bycatch-related loss of biomass on trophic ecology. The study assessed diet preferences of the finfishes, their feeding guilds, significance of prawns as prey items, and the influence of mouth parts in prey selection. Altogether 84 prey taxa were identified from the stomach contents. Percentage Index of Relative Importance (IRI) values revealed that zooplankton (34.74), prawns (21.71), phytoplankton (19.80), and teleosts (18.62) were the major prey categories, and, among prawns, Metapenaeus dobsoni (%IRI = 19.34) was the single-most important prey item. Cluster analysis revealed three major trophic guilds namely ‘teleost feeders’ (mean Trophic Level (TrL) = 4.06 ± 0.42; mean B = 0.46 ± 0.24), ‘zooplankton feeders’ (mean TrL = 3.43 ± 0.29; mean B = 0.23 ± 0.13), and ‘prawn feeders' (mean TrL = 3.86 ± 0.25; mean B = 0.48 ± 0.32), with low diet overlap among them. Principal Component Analysis of prey categories and mouth parts of finfishes suggested that zooplanktivory is associated with gill raker density as well as number of gill arches bearing rakers, whereas gape height determined the size of large-sized prey (fish and invertebrates). The study identified M. dobsoni, mysis and teleosts as highly influential prey for predatory finfishes. The present results could be useful to resolve broader issues in fisheries management.

Background: Turnaround time (TAT) is one of the key indicators of performance of a laboratory. Laboratories define it as the time from the receipt of sample/ specimen to the reporting. A fast TAT helps clinicians in making early diagnosis. Aim: To determine the turnaround time (TAT) of the biochemistry laboratory with evaluation of the contribution of pre-analytical and analytical phase to the total TAT. Results: A total of 399 samples were analysed from three outpatient departments. Average pre-analytical turnaround time contribution was found to be higher as compared to the analytical time. Excess workload and delay in pneumatic shoot were the main causes of delay in pre-analytical phase. Conclusion: Improved turnaround time is the key to clinicians’ and patients’ better satisfaction with the laboratory. It can be attained by minimising the bottlenecks within the process.

Students entering medical college generally show vast diversity in their school education. It becomes the responsibility of teachers to motivate students and meet the needs of all diversities. One such measure is teaching students in their own preferred learning style. The present study was aimed to incorporate a learning style-based teaching-learning program for medical students and to reveal its significance and utility. Learning styles of students were assessed online using the visual-auditory-kinesthetic (VAK) learning style self-assessment questionnaire. When respiratory physiology was taught, students were divided into three groups, namely, visual ( n = 34), auditory ( n = 44), and kinesthetic ( n = 28), based on their learning style. A fourth group (the traditional group; n = 40) was formed by choosing students randomly from the above three groups. Visual, auditory, and kinesthetic groups were taught following the appropriate teaching-learning strategies. The traditional group was taught via the routine didactic lecture method. The effectiveness of this intervention was evaluated by a pretest and two posttests, posttest 1 immediately after the intervention and posttest 2 after a month. In posttest 1, one-way ANOVA showed a significant statistical difference ( P=0.005). Post hoc analysis showed significance between the kinesthetic group and traditional group ( P=0.002). One-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in posttest 2 scores ( P < 0.0001). Post hoc analysis showed significance between the three learning style-based groups compared with the traditional group [visual vs. traditional groups (p=0.002), auditory vs. traditional groups (p=0.03), and Kinesthetic vs. traditional groups (p=0.001)]. This study emphasizes that teaching methods tailored to students' style of learning definitely improve their understanding, performance, and retrieval of the subject.

Almost all organs systems in the body are under the influence of autonomic nervous system (ANS) for maintaining homeostatic regulatory functions. Many of the present lifestyle related disorders like hypertension and obesity have their primary pathology in the homeostatic derangements. Childhood overweight and high blood pressure increase the risk of subsequent obesity and hypertension in adulthood. To the best of our knowledge there is no sufficient qualitative and quantitative data in childhood which restricts the use of this tool in scientific medical practice and in understanding the occurrence of these systemic diseases in near future. The plan of our study is to assess the classical cardiovascular autonomic functions tests in school children and to generate normative data to validate the subtle variations present in childhood for an earlier intervention.

The present hypothesis on reproductive migration pattern between two species of sciaenids is based on the data collected with the help of the single-day commercial trawl with a fishing effort of 181 h along the fishing grounds of Goa, west coast of India. The observations on abundance revealed that between the two species ( Johnius borneensis and Otolithes ruber ) that formed bulk of the catch, a significant inverse trend in catch was observed. The pattern of migration based on the examination of female gonadal status suggested J. borneensis to be a continuous spawner and was evidenced by continuous occurrence of gravid and spent females and their juveniles. On the other hand, the rare occurrences of gravid females of O. ruber from the study area suggest that the species spawns away from the coast or might migrate to some potential spawning grounds. Further, an assessment of fecundity and the ova distribution pattern propounded higher fecundity in O. ruber compared to J. borneensis with multiple spawning in both the species.

Background: Regular practice of slow breathing technique shows improvement in the cardiorespiratory functions. The previous studies have reported that it is well known to decrease the effect of stress which, in turn, improves the physical and mental health of an individual. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to assess the effect of 12 weeks of slow breathing exercise practice on anthropometric parameters in healthy volunteers. Materials and Methods: A total of 59 young, healthy volunteers of both genders participated in this study. The subjects were allocated to the study group (n = 29) and control group (n = 30) based on simple random technique. Slow breathing exercise training was given to the study group for 20 minutes daily in two sessions for 12 weeks. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist/hip ratio were recorded at the start of the study and after 12 weeks in both the groups. Longitudinal changes in both the groups were compared by Student’s paired t-test. Comparison between the study group and control group was done by Student’s unpaired t-test. The statistical analysis was carried out at 5% level of significance and P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The average age of the study group and control group participants was 19.9 ± 1.8 years and 19.2 ± 1.9 years, respectively. BMI was significantly decreased in the study group from 21.75 ± 4.14 to 19.51 ± 3.95 (P 0.05) which was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Results of our study indicate that 12 weeks of slow breathing exercise training improve the anthropometric parameters in the study group. This indicates that regular, long-term slow breathing exercise training helps in weight reduction among the obese population.

Context: Pranayamas are breathing techniques that exert profound physiological effects on pulmonary, cardiovascular, and mental functions. Previous studies demonstrate that different types of pranayamas produce divergent effects. Aim: The aim was to compare the effect of 12 weeks of slow and fast pranayama training on pulmonary function in young, healthy volunteers. Settings and Design: This study was carried out in Departments of Physiology and ACYTER, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry in 2011. Subjects and Methods: Ninety one healthy volunteers were randomized into slow pranayama group (SPG), n =29, fast pranayama group (FPG), n = 32 and control groups (CG) (n = 30). Supervised pranayama training (SPG: Nadisodhana, Pranav pranayama and Savitri pranayama; FPG: Kapalabhati, Bhastrika and Kukkriya pranayama) was given for 30 min/day, thrice/week for 12 weeks by certified yoga instructors. Pulmonary function parameters (PFT) such as forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV 1 ), ratio between FEV 1 and FVC (FEV 1 /FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), and forced expiratory flow 25-75 (FEF 25-75 ), were recorded at baseline and after 12 weeks of pranayama training using the computerized spirometer (Micro laboratory V1.32, England). Results: In SPG, PEFR, and FEF 25-75 improved significantly (P < 0.05) while other parameters (FVC, FEV 1 , FEV 1 /FVC, and MVV) showed only marginal improvements. In FPG, FEV 1 /FVC, PEFR, and FEF 25-75 parameters improved significantly (P < 0.05), while FVC, FEV 1 , and MVV did not show significant (P > 0.05) change. No significant change was observed in CG. Conclusion: Twelve weeks of pranayama training in young subjects showed improvement in the commonly measured PFT. This indicates that pranayama training improved pulmonary function and that this was more pronounced in the FPG.

Objective: To determine the utility of zebra fish as an animal model for Parkinson's disease (PD) in comparison with rat model. Materials and Methods: MTT assay was performed on rat and zebrafish brain synaptosomal fractions using rotenone as a neurotoxic agent. Quercetin and resveratrol were used as standards to compare anti-apoptotic activity in both organisms. Catalepsy was induced in zebrafish by exposing them to haloperidol (9 μM) solution. Drug-treated groups were exposed to bromocriptine and pramipexole, 30 min prior to haloperidol exposure at the dose of 2, 5, and 10 μg/mL. Swimming speed, time spent in the bottom of the tank, and complete cataleptic time were evaluated to assess behavioral changes. In rats, catalepsy was induced using haloperidol (1.25 mg/kg i.p.). Drug-treated groups received bromocriptine (2.5 mg/kg.) and pramipexole (1 mg/kg) orally. Bar test, block test, and locomotor activity were carried out to assess behavioral changes. Results: Resveratrol and quercetin showed comparable inhibition of apoptosis in rats and zebrafish. In anti-cataleptic study, bromocriptine and pramipexole-treated groups showed significant difference (P < 0.05) in behavioral parameters as compared to haloperidol control group in both the experimental organisms. Results obtained from fish model were in correlation with rat model. Conclusion: Findings of the present study revealed that zebrafish model is highly sensitive and can be used for basic screening of drugs against PD.

The use of microwave energy for the synthesis is considered as one of the alternate strategies. The present work includes the synthesis of some newer 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole analogues using both conventional and alternate rapid methods.The conventional method involves the synthesis of the target molecules by using cyclodehydrating agent like POCl3, while the other method consists of using some catalytic reagents like PbO2. Also, the short reaction time provided by microwave synthesis makes it ideal for the reaction. Hence, this project describes an efficient and operationally simple method for the microwave-assisted synthesis of some bioactive heterocycles based on NSAIDs.

The concept of graph structure was introduced by E. Sampathkumar in 'Generalised Graph Structures', Bull. Kerala Math. Assoc., Vol 3, No.2, Dec 2006, 65-123. Based on the works of Brouwer, Doob and Stewart, R.H. Jeurissen has ('The Incidence Matrix and Labelings of a Graph', J. Combin. Theory, Ser. B30 (1981), 290-301) proved that the collection of all admissible index vectors and the collection of all labellings for 0 form free F-modules (F is a commutative ring). We have obtained similar results on graph structures in a previous paper. In the present paper, we introduce labelling matrices and index matrices of graph structures and prove that the collection of all admissible index matrices and the collection of all labelling matrices for 0 form free F-modules. We also find their ranks in various cases of bipartition and char F (equal to 2 and not equal to 2).

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs have been widely used for the management of inflammation, pain and nociception. Gastric intolerance caused by most of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs used today restricts their use. Several approaches have been proposed to modify the parent nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs molecule in order to reduce their gastric toxicity. Oral prodrug approach is one of such approaches. In the present work three nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs viz. ibuprofen, diclofenac, and flurbiprofen were conjugated with sulfonamides like sulphamethoxazole and sulphanilamide via amide bond using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide coupling reaction. The synthesized prodrugs were screened for their analgesic and antiinflammatory activity using Eddy's hot plate, acetic acid-induced writhing and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method, respectively. These prodrugs were also evaluated for their ulcerogenic potential. All synthesized prodrugs were found to be less ulcerogenic than their parent nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and showed better activity profile in terms of analgesic and antiinflammatory activity as compared to their respective parent drugs.

Background: Ficus carica Linn. is reported to possess variety of activities, but its potential in CNS disorders is still to be explored. Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the CNS depressant activity of aqueous acetonic extract of Ficus carica Linn on different models in mice. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of the plant Ficus carica L. were extracted with aqueous acetone and the solvent was removed by rotary vacuum evaporator under reduced pressure. A crude extract was given orally and its effects were tested on ketamine-induced sleeping time, muscle-coordination, anxiety (elevated-plus maze and Staircase test), convulsions [maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures], and nociception. In addition, we determined the levels of neurotransmitters, norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Results: Results from the experimental models tested showed: (1) a delay on onset and prolongation of sleep of ketamine-induced sleeping time; (2) significant muscle relaxant activity; (3) a significant attenuation in the anxiety-response (4) a delay in the onset of seizures and reduction in duration of seizures and mortality induced by MES and PTZ; (5) a reduction in the licking time in nociception test and (6) increased levels of NE and 5-HT. Conclusion: This suggests that Ficus carica L. exerts its CNS depressive effect by modulating the neurotransmitters NE and 5-HT in the brain.