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This study was aimed exploring the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of the leaves D. thwaites is an endemic plant to Sri Lanka. The plant is known for its nutritional and medicinal applications where especially the leaf decoctions are being used to wash skin wounds in indigenous medicine. The brine shrimp lethality assays was performed to evaluate normal toxicity and it gave LC50 value greater than 1000 μg/ mL showing that the plant extracts are non-toxic to the normal cells. The agar-well diffusion assay was performed to assess the antimicrobial activity, and strains of bacteria; E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and fungus; Candida albicans were used as test organisms. The results indicated that all the extracts are active against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram Positive) with maximum inhibition shown for methanolic and aqueous extracts. When it was tested against MRSA both aqueous and methanolic extracts gave similar inhibitions. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined as 6.25 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL respectively with S. aureus whereas no inhibition observed by any of the extract against Gram negative bacteria and Candida albicans. Thus, this study revealed the leaves of D. thwaites possesses strong anti-bacterial activity against S. aureus and MRSA. The results confirmed the efficacy of using D. thwaites as the natural antimicrobial agent and suggested to develop the leaves into value added products to be used in topical applications as antiseptic solutions or ointments. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2020, 6(2): 316-320

Medicinal plants are re-emerging health aids which have gained huge attention in recent times...

The study aims to investigate the effect of aqueous fruit pulp of Dialium guineense on hemeoxygenase, and insulin release, inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and possible hypoglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Twenty four male Wistar rats were grouped into control, diabetic (Dm), diabetic + 300 mg/kg body weight Dialium guineese (Dm+ DG) and diabetic + 100 mg/kg metformin (Dm +MET). Apart from the control, other rats were made diabetic by a single dose of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin injected intraperitoneally. Dialium and metformin were administered orally three days after induction of diabetes. Result showed significant (p

The alarming rate of diabetes mellitus (DM) globally is bothersome and has drawn the search light of researchers on naturally endowed phytonutrients being an alternative in managing the menace. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate some antioxidant parameters embedded in the extract of Dialium indium (DI) fruit pulp and also, to elucidate its antidiabetic potentials through the inhibition of two key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes such as α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase. Hydro-ethanolic extract of DI fruit pulp was used for the antioxidants and enzyme inhibitory bioassays through various convectional antioxidant assay methods in vitro. In the results, total phenolic content of the extract had; 6.74 ±3.38 mg GAE.g-1, total flavonoid contents; 0.02 ±0.01 mg QE.g-1 and FRAP; 0.84 ±0.47 mg AAE.g-1 dried sample. Also, there was a marked significant (p50. The inhibition demonstrated against these two carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes possibly could be through the embedded antioxidant potentials of the fruit pulp and this if properly harnessed, it could be helpful in the management of type 2 diabetes.

Plant phytonutrients have been harnessed for their various curative properties both in vitro and in vivo. In this study African black velvet tamarind (ABVT) fruit pulp was evaluated for it antioxidant potentials using chloroform and hexane fractions through different antioxidant parameters. In the results; total phenolic contents quantified in mg GAE/dried sample in chloroform and hexane extracts were; 14.57 ±5.85 and 9.78 ±4.61, total flavonoid contents in chloroform and hexane extracts as; 48.58 ±0.00 and 27.35 ±0.00 while the FRAP (µg AAE.g-1 dried sample) was lower in chloroform (298.10 ±0.00) than hexane extracts (1029.81 ±0.00). More also, ability of varied concentrations of the extracts (with their IC50) to cause inhibition against Fe2+-induced MDA that was determined by TBARS in rat's brain and liver tissue homogenates, Fe2+-chelating ability and other antioxidant assays, showed an appreciable significant (p 2+-induced oxidative stress.&nbsp

En el presente trabajo se pretende evaluar la eficiencia de las sierras de cinta o de banda con las características de los dientes más comunes que se utilizan en la industria Costarricense, así también con tratamientos recomendados para maderas duras (dientes calzados con estelita) como en el caso de la especie de Dialium guianense (Aubl) Sandwith ya que no es utilizada en Costa Rica a pesar de su gran abundancia por considerarse madera extremadamente dura y abrasiva. De igual forma se determinó el contenido de sílice en la especie en dos condiciones, trozas en estado húmedo, cerca de su contenido de humedad máximo, y trozas con 6 meses de haber sido cortadas. Los valores de las propiedades físicas y mecánicas también fueron determinados, con el fin de difundir una solución a la problemática en el procesamiento de la especie con los equipos instalados en Costa Rica.

As the potential of using natural wood derivatives in the fabrication of composites is explored, it is important to gain further understanding of the structure and properties of wood cells. Past research has focused on estimating and measuring mechanical properties of wood cell walls such as hardness and modulus of elasticity by means of nano-indentation tests. However, to date, the mechanical properties of wood cell walls have not been fully understood or documented in the literature. The research described in this paper focuses, for the first time, on investigating the strength and fracture behavior of wood cell walls through an innovative approach, the uniaxial micro-compression test. Specimens of Keranji (Dialium ssp.), a dense Asian hardwood, and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), an American softwood, were chosen as hardwood and softwood representatives for the micro-compression test. After the initial preparation by microtoming, the samples were further prepared following a novel approach, in which 37 cylindrical-shaped micro-pillars were fabricated using a Focused Ion Beam (FIB) with a voltage of 30 kV, while each micropillar was milled inside a single wood cell wall. After the dimensions of each micropillar were measured by analysis of the SEM images using ImageJ software, a micro-compression test was conducted on the micropillar at a loading rate of 20 nm per second using a Nano II Indenter system. The load–displacement curves were plotted, and the yield stress and compressive strength obtained for the Keranji cell wall were 136.5 MPa and 160 MPa, respectively; the yield stress and compressive strength of the loblolly pine cell wall were 111.3 MPa and 125 MPa, respectively. The fracture behavior of the wood micro-pillars confirmed the brittleness of the wood cell walls.

In this study influence of outdoor exposure on surface quality of five Malaysian species, Merbau ( Intsia palembanica ), dark red meranti ( Shorea spp.), balau ( Shorea spp.) keranji ( Dialium spp.), and keruing ( Dipterocarpus spp.) were evaluated. Surface roughness of the samples exposed to outdoor environment ranging from 1 week to 4 weeks were determined using a stylus type equipment. Three roughness parameters average roughness ( R a ), mean peak-to-valley height ( R z ), and maximum roughness ( R max ) calculated from the surface profiles of the samples employing a profilometer were used for the analyses. Control samples of keranji had the smoothest surface with an average R a value of 3.90 μm while keruing had the roughest surface with 8.20 μm among five species. None of the samples from five different species resulted in significant differences in roughness values within 1-week interval during the outdoor exposure at 95% confidence level. Roughness measurements taken from the surface of control samples and samples exposed for 4-week outdoor from belau, keruing, and dark red meranti showed significant difference at 95% confidence level. These differences were not significant in the case of merbau and keranji. Based on the findings from this study it appears that stylus method can be used to evaluate surface quality of various tropical species as function of outdoor exposure.

Floral ontogeny of taxa of two subtribes (Labicheinae, Dialiinae) of caesalpinioid tribe Cassieae, characterized by reduced number of floral organs, was compared. All three taxa studied are distichous; Petalostylis labicheoides flowers are solitary in leaf axils, Labichea lanceolata has few-flowered racemes, and Dialium guineense has numerous-flowered cymes. The first sepal primordium in each is initiated abaxially and nonmedianly. Order of organogenesis in Petalostylis is: five sepals bidirectionally, five petals and carpel simultaneously, then five stamens bidirectionally, starting abaxially. The order in Labichea is: five sepals helically (one lagging in time), five petals unidirectionally starting abaxially, the carpel and petals concurrently, then two stamens successively, starting laterally. Order in Dialium is: five sepals bidirectionally, the single petal adaxially, and lastly the carpel and two stamens concurrently. Specializations include (1) reduction of the five sepals to four by fusion in Petalostylis and Labichea; (2) reduction of petal number to one in Dialium; (3) reduction of stamen number to two in Labichea and Dialium, and reduction of functional stamens to three in Petalostylis; and (4) an elaborate, late-developing style in Petalostylis. Floral asymmetry, another specialization, characterizes Labichea, expressed by dissimilar stamens, while the other genera have zygomorphic flowers. Floral ontogenies are compared with other taxa of Cassieae. The stimulus for the present work was the conclusion, in a cladistic analysis of caesalpinioid taxa based on floral developmental and morphological characters (Tucker and Douglas, 1994), that caesalpinioid tribe Cassieae does not appear to be monophyletic. Two distinct components include: a monophyletic subtribe Cassiinae (Cassia sensu stricto, Chamaecrista, and Senna; studied in Tucker, 1996a), and Ceratonia and Dialium, forming a grade near the base of the legumes. Consequently, I wanted to explore and compare other taxa of Cassieae in more detail, to determine trends of specialization in the tribe and to identify divergent pathways of floral development. Floral development in Ceratonia (Tucker, 1992), the only genus of subtribe Ceratoniinae, and in representative taxa of the Cassiinae (Tucker, 1996a) had been studied. In a recent symposium volume (Tucker, 1996b), the poricidal stamens common in Cassieae were described. In the present paper, floral development of the Australian genera Petalostylis and Labichea, comprising subtribe Labicheinae of caesalpinioid tribe Cassieae, and of African and South American species of Dialium in subtribe Dialiinae, are compared. This work permits struc

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Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar los cambios espaciales de la vegetación en la Sierra Madrigal; estado de Tabasco, en un área de 3 642 ha, en el período 1973-2003. Con base en la fotointerpretación de fotografías aéreas y verificación de campo, se elaboró la cartografía de vegetación y usos del suelo de los años 1973, 1984 y 2003 a escala 1:20 000. Se caracterizó la vegetación y los usos del suelo, se obtuvieron los índices de cambio de uso del suelo, y se compararon algunas propiedades del suelo con base en los tipos de la vegetación. La selva alta perennifolia de ramón (Brosimum alicastrum) y huapaque (Dialium guianense) tuvo una pérdida del 80% de su superficie en 30 años; las principales causas de esta pérdida fueron los incendios forestales que condujeron a la formación de vegetación secundaria (56%) y la ampliación de los pastizales (10%) para la ganadería de bovinos. La eliminación de la selva provocó, asimismo, disminución de los contenidos de materia orgánica y nitrógeno, lo que indica degradación de suelos en la capa de 0 a 30 cm de profundidad.

Dialium indum Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 12, 2: 56; Mantissa Plantarum: 24. 1767. "Habitat in India." RCN: 60. Lectotype (Rojo in Jarvis & al., Regnum Veg. 127: 42. 1993): Herb. Linn. No. 23.1 (LINN). Generitype of Dialium Linnaeus. Current name: Dialium indum L. var. indum (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part D), pp. 474-489 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 478, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Tesis (Mag. Sc.)--CATIE, Turrialba (Costa Rica) 1999 Ilustraciones. Tablas Referencias de las páginas 60-64 En este trabajo se caracterizaron e identificaron los tipos de bosques primarios que se desarrollan en la zona norte de Costa Rica. Se utilizaron datos de campo detallados (de inventarios forestales y parcelas permanentes de muestreo, colectados por diferentes instituciones de la región) y datos de sensores remotos (imágenes Landsat TM). Los resultados de este estudio indican que es posible diferenciar tipos de bosques con base en la composición florística sólo si se cuenta con datos detallados a nivel de campo. Así mismo se muestra que estos bosques pueden ser identificados si se utilizan datos auxiliares de elevación en la clasificación. Este trabajo pone en evidencia que es posible integrar la investigación realizada al nivel de campo con aquella de sensores remotos, a manera de obtener resultados que puedan ser aplicados al manejo de bosques tropicales a escala regional. In this work, the types of primary forests that develop in the northern zone of Costa Rica were characterized and identified. Detailed field data (from forest inventories and permanent sampling plots, collected by different institutions in the region) and remote sensing data (Landsat TM images) were used. The results of this study indicate that it is possible to differentiate forest types based on floristic composition only if detailed field-level data are available. Likewise, it is shown that these forests can be identified if auxiliary elevation data are used in the classification. This work shows that it is possible to integrate the research carried out at the field level with that of remote sensing, in order to obtain results that can be applied to the management of tropical forests at a regional scale.

Three samples of Equato-Guinean rain forest have recently been studied under the project of CUREF (Conservacion y Utilizacion Racional de los Ecosistemas Forestales de Guinea Ecuatorial). The rain forest of the Altos de Nsork region, in the eastern part of Equatorial Guinea, has been studied by the present author by 1 km long transects. The two other studies have been carried out by others at the rio Muni's estuary (southwestern part of the country) and in the Ndote reserve (central-western part). A total of 9970 trees with DBH ≥ 30 cm, belonging to 341 species determined at least to genus, were found on 93.5 ha. To take the vegetation variability of each site into account, a phytosociological table was established using TWINSPAN with twenty surveys of 160 × 10 m for DBH ≥ 10 cm trees, chosen in homogeneous parts of transect. The following species were found to be prominent in the zone near the coast: Desbordesia glaucescens, Calpocalyx heitzii, Alstonia congensis, Sacoglottis gabonensis, Anthostema aubryanum, Erythrophleum ivorense, Caloncoba glauca, Lophira alata, Croton oligandrus, etc. The species found to have a continental distribution included: Millettia laurentii, Sindoropsis letestui, Entandrophragma congoense, Celtis tessmannii, Dialium pachyphyllum, Dialium spp., Allanblackia floribunda, etc. Because of the abundance of these species, Nsork represents the most continental part of the lowerguinean atlantic region. The forests of the rio Muni' s estuary show a huge biodiversity because of their intermediate position and their rich habitat diversity.

The Caesalpinioideae are widely variable in their floral ontogeny, and among caesalpinioids, members of the polyphyletic tribe Cassieae are particularly diverse. Within the Cassieae, the monophyletic Dialiinae clade is also marked by a high degree of organ loss, particularly in the largest genus, Dialium . The purpose of this work is to explore the ontogeny of several previously undocumented species of the diverse Dialiinae clade, with the goal of building a more complete picture of floral development and evolution in this group and especially within Dialium . We have documented the floral ontogeny of six species of the Dialiinae; four from Dialium , as well as Poeppigia procera and Mendoravia dumaziana . Mode and timing of organ initiation were mostly consistent across the Dialium species studied. With the exception of Dialium dinklagei , which undergoes helical calyx initiation, all flowers initiated sepals bidirectionally. In the instances of both gains and losses of floral organs in Dialium , one trend is apparent — an absence of abaxial organs. Gains in both sepals and stamens occur in the adaxial median position, while stamens and petals which are lost are always the ventral-most organs. Organ initiation in Poeppigia and Mendoravia is unlike that seen in Dialium . Poeppigia shows a ventral to dorsal unidirectional sepal initiation, while both Poeppigia and Mendoravia display near-synchronous initiation of the corolla and staminal whorls. The taxa examined here exemplify the apparent lack of developmental canalisation seen in caesalpinioid legumes. This ontogenetic plasticity is reflective of the morphological diversity shown by flowers across the subfamily, representing what has been described as an “experimental” phase in legume floral evolution.

Alchemilla sibthorpioides (Hook. f.), comb. et stat. nov. A. indica Gardn. var. sibthorpioides Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 361. 1878; Tirvengadum in Dassanayake and Fosberg, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3: 371. 1981. Holotype: Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Gardner s.n. [273] (K, Photo-CAL). Specimen studied: INDIA. TAMIL NADU: Nilgiris, Parson's valley-Ooty, 2125 m, 10 Jul. 1970, J. L. Ellis 34596 (MH). Distribution: India (Tamil Nadu) and Sri Lanka.

Summary. Two new genera, Chiarinia and Sennia, and three new species, Chiarinia jubae-fluvii, Sennia sciap-sciaple and Filicium somalense, were described by Chiovenda in his Flora Somala. In the present paper it is shown that Chiarinia is a synonym of Lecaniodiscus Planch. ex Benth. (Sapindaceae), as C.jubae-fluvii is conspecific with L.fraxinifolius Baker, that Sennia is a synonym of Dialium L. (Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae), as S. sciap-sciaple is conspecific with D. orientale Bak. f., and that Filicium somalense is conspecific with Haplocoelum inopleum Radlk. (Sapindaceae). All three species are members of the coastal forests of East Africa. No nomenclatural changes are necessary because of these identifications. A number of Sapindaceous trees described by Chiovenda from the southernmost part of Somalia have until now only been known from the type collections. The trees were found in riverine or coastal forest. It seemed likely that these species would also occur in Kenya, in which country there are more considerable areas of these forests than in Somalia. A study of the type specimens at the University Herbarium of Florence (FI), combined with studies of East African material at Kew, has shown that this assumption was correct, and two monotypic genera and one species are here identified with East African taxa.