1,546 results on '"Demand shock"'
Search Results
2. Financial uncertainty and interest rate movements: is Asian bond market volatility different?
- Author
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Kim, Jungsuk, Kumar, Abhishek, Mallick, Sushanta, and Park, Donghyun
- Subjects
- *
FINANCIAL markets , *BOND market , *MARKET volatility , *GOVERNMENT securities , *ECONOMIC shock , *BUDGET deficits , *INTEREST rates ,ECONOMIC conditions in Asia - Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to a spike in financial market volatility. In this paper, we attempt to assess the effects of financial & news-driven uncertainty shocks in growing Asian economies, using country-specific bond volatility shocks as a measure of local interest rate uncertainty. Also, we contrast the effects of local uncertainty with global stock market uncertainty. Using bond market data from nine Asian markets, we uncover a transmission mechanism of uncertainty shocks via the bond market. The mechanism works as a crowding-out effect due to government-led excessive market borrowing with supply-side consequences for the private sector, as opposed to economic policy or global stock market uncertainty which works more like a demand shock as in the literature. We conclude that countries with growing fiscal deficits that entail a larger government bond market or higher current account deficits, tend to experience an increase in the cost of borrowing due to this bond market volatility or interest rate uncertainty shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. The The Economic Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Market Vendors in Kampala City in Uganda
- Author
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James Kizza, Regis Zombeire Kamaduuka, Julius Arineitwe, David Amwonya, and Nathan Kigosa
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covid-19 pandemic ,market vendors ,blinder-oaxaca ,demand shock ,supply shock ,Social Sciences - Abstract
Ever since the COVID-19 pandemic struck Uganda, much emphasis by the policy makers and researchers were on the health effects of the pandemic at the expense of the economic effects hence creating a research gap. The cardinal aim of this study was to examine the economic effects of the pandemic on the wellbeing of the market vendors in Kampala city. The specific objectives of this study were; examining how the COVID-19 pandemic economically affected the market vendors in Kampala city, and determining if the pandemic was a demand or supply side shock. The study employed the Blinder-Oaxaca (B-O) decomposition technique, which was originally used in labor economics to decompose earnings gaps and to estimate the level of discrimination. This decomposition method analyses changes in a given variable over time. Descriptive statistics such as means, frequencies, and percentages were generated to gain insights into the data. Consumption and Sales were used as proxies for demand whereas the proxy for supply was production. The decomposition results from the Oaxaca estimates show that consumption, sales, and production reduced after the introduction of the COVID-19 restriction. The pandemic affected the market vendors economically through reduced consumption, sales, and disruption of the supply chain. It is recommended that the government provide appropriate support in form of income support, access to low credit and building the digital capacity of market vendors. This study contributes to the understanding of the economic effects of the pandemic on vulnerable groups-the market vendors.
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- 2023
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4. Impact of COVID-19's supply and demand shocks on the household economy of tilapia smallholder farmer.
- Author
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Irawan, Andi, Anjela, Tri Nia, Melli Suryanty, S.N., and Yuristia, Rahmi
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FARMERS ,PEER review of students ,SUPPLY & demand ,TILAPIA ,SMALL farms ,CONSUMPTION (Economics) ,INCOME - Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to verify the impact of the supply shock (fall in harvested output) and demand shock (fall in household income) due to the pandemic on the consumption of necessities and household savings of tilapia's smallholder farmer. Design/methodology/approach: The researchers randomly chose 144 households as research samples using the proportional random sampling technique in Padang Jaya District, North Bengkulu Regency. Researchers collected data on household income, farm losses, household consumption for basic needs, labor demand, use of production inputs, the amount of output sold and saving both during and before the pandemic. The data were collected from the sample using a questionnaire prepared by the researchers. This study used a simultaneous equations system for arranging tilapia's smallholder farmer household economic model. Findings: This study verified that the demand shock phenomenon makes households more severe than the supply shock phenomenon. The demand shock phenomenon made worse-off tilapia smallholder farmers because it caused their household savings to drop during the pandemic. The fall in savings will disrupt the stability of consumption of household necessities (health, food, education and clothing) in the future. Originality/value: The main contribution of this study was providing empirical evidence about the impact of the demand and supply shock of COVID-19 on the most vulnerable entities in the Indonesian freshwater aquaculture industry, namely, smallholder farmer households of freshwater aquaculture fish. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-08-2022-0554. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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5. Consequences of COVID-19 Shocks and Government Initiatives on Business Performance of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Saudi Arabia.
- Author
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Oladapo, Ibrahim Abiodun, Alkethery, Nora Mohammed, and AlSaqer, Noora Sami
- Subjects
SMALL business ,ORGANIZATIONAL performance ,COVID-19 pandemic ,COVID-19 ,SUPPLY & demand ,ECONOMIC shock - Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to determine how COVID-19 shocks and government policies affected MSMEs' financial and non-financial performance during the economic turmoil. The paper used both quantitative and qualitative methods. An online questionnaire survey was used to collect quantitative data from 380 Saudi MSMEs. The direct effects of the exogenous variables on the endogenous variable were determined using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Furthermore, multigroup analysis was used to examine the moderating effect of policy response on other variables. Interviews were conducted from a qualitative standpoint, and the information was converted into texts and qualitatively analyzed. Demand Shocks, Management/Operational Shocks, and Supply Shocks all have a significant impact on financial performance. The only significant predictor of non-financial performance was demand side shocks. Management/operational side shocks, on the other hand, have no effect on the non-financial performance of MSMEs. Furthermore, policy response was found to be a powerful predictor of both financial and non-financial performance. During the COVID-19 outbreak, MSMEs' policies and assistance programs had no discernible impact on demand and supply side shocks, as well as financial and non-financial performance. Overall, the findings of this study will help the Saudi government and other policymakers determine the best way to deal with current and future COVID-19 pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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6. Impact of Consumer Awareness and Behavior on Business Exits in the Hospitality, Tourism, Entertainment, and Culture Industries under the COVID-19 Pandemic.
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Okamuro, Hiroyuki, Hara, Yasushi, and Iwaki, Yunosuke
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,CULTURAL industries ,HOSPITALITY industry ,CONSUMER behavior ,TOURISM ,SERVICE industries ,CUSTOMER services ,HOSPITALITY industry customer services - Abstract
Empirical studies on small business survival and exits focus on endogenous firms and top manager characteristics, whereas few studies consider exogenous demand shocks and local consumer awareness and behavior, which are especially important for local hospitality industries. Therefore, this study addresses this research gap by targeting the COVID-19 pandemic and anti-contagion policies as a local demand shock for service industries. We empirically investigate the causal effects of changing local consumer awareness and behavior under COVID-19 on business exits at the prefecture-industry level. Based on a panel fixed-effect estimation using a longitudinal dataset of 32 service industries in 47 prefectures over 10 months in Japan, we demonstrate that an increase in consumers' risk aversion and sympathy for self-restraint from going out, and a decrease in going out with family members, significantly increase the exit ratio in specific service industries in the same prefecture. Moreover, we find that these effects vary by consumer type depending on factors such as gender, age, income level, and household structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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7. Estimating the Impacts of COVID-19 on Iran Economy: Modelling Seven Scenarios
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Seyed Reza Mirnezami and Sajad Rajabi
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covid-19 ,supply shock ,demand shock ,added value ,gdp ,Technology (General) ,T1-995 ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 - Abstract
The emergence of pandemics is generally seen as a shock to the economic system because its mode of entry into economic interactions and relationships is exogenous. Therefore it is essential to classify the channels of this phenomenon, and this section offers a brief description of those channels. Naturally, with mobility restrictions, the closure of many educational and non-educational institutions, the reduction of business hours, the supply of goods and services are reduced. Besides, the economy's final demand, including household, government, nonprofit organizations, demand for investment, and demand for corporate warehouses, is mostly that. The third axis of economic power is a marked reduction in imports due to limitations on its foreign operations. Exports will be affected by the disease, as will imports. The demand-driven Leontief model is often used to integrate shocks from imports and exports. The internal symmetric Input-Output table is used instead of the traditional Input-Output table, to integrate export and import into the design. The generalized partial hypothetical extraction model is often used to calculate supply and demand shocks by changing the final demand vector.
- Published
- 2020
8. Impact of Consumer Awareness and Behavior on Business Exits in the Hospitality, Tourism, Entertainment, and Culture Industries under the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Author
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Hiroyuki Okamuro, Yasushi Hara, and Yunosuke Iwaki
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business exit ,demand shock ,COVID-19 ,consumer awareness ,service industry ,Political institutions and public administration (General) ,JF20-2112 - Abstract
Empirical studies on small business survival and exits focus on endogenous firms and top manager characteristics, whereas few studies consider exogenous demand shocks and local consumer awareness and behavior, which are especially important for local hospitality industries. Therefore, this study addresses this research gap by targeting the COVID-19 pandemic and anti-contagion policies as a local demand shock for service industries. We empirically investigate the causal effects of changing local consumer awareness and behavior under COVID-19 on business exits at the prefecture-industry level. Based on a panel fixed-effect estimation using a longitudinal dataset of 32 service industries in 47 prefectures over 10 months in Japan, we demonstrate that an increase in consumers’ risk aversion and sympathy for self-restraint from going out, and a decrease in going out with family members, significantly increase the exit ratio in specific service industries in the same prefecture. Moreover, we find that these effects vary by consumer type depending on factors such as gender, age, income level, and household structure.
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- 2022
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9. Network Simulation on the Evaluation of Urbanization in Turkey against the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Author
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Murat NIŞANCI and Semanur SOYYIĞIT
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COVID-19 ,inter-provincial trade ,supply shock ,demand shock ,complex network analysis ,Urbanization. City and country ,HT361-384 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, which began as an international health crisis, has quickly become an economic crisis on both national and global scale. As economies are linked through global value chains, this crisis has significantly affected the global economy. The strict measures to prevent the rapid spread of the virus negatively affected the supply and demand relations. In this study, the authors examine the inter-provincial supply–demand relations in Turkey via a complex network analysis. The analysis has the following two stages: examination of topological properties and simulation estimates. The topological analysis reveals the complexity and core–periphery structure of the inter-provincial trade network. Istanbul comes to the forefront as the strongest node in the network in terms of both supply and demand. Simulation results reveal that such economic dependence on Istanbul alone makes the inter-provincial trade system more vulnerable against supply or demand shock.
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- 2021
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10. Network Simulation on the Evaluation of Urbanization in Turkey against the COVID-19 Pandemic.
- Author
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NIŞANCI, Murat and SOYYIĞIT, Semanur
- Subjects
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URBANIZATION , *VALUE chains , *NETWORK analysis (Communication) , *SUPPLY & demand - Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, which began as an international health crisis, has quickly become an economic crisis on both national and global scale. As economies are linked through global value chains, this crisis has significantly affected the global economy. The strict measures to prevent the rapid spread of the virus negatively affected the supply and demand relations. In this study, the authors examine the inter-provincial supply–demand relations in Turkey via a complex network analysis. The analysis has the following two stages: examination of topological properties and simulation estimates. The topological analysis reveals the complexity and core–periphery structure of the inter-provincial trade network. Istanbul comes to the forefront as the strongest node in the network in terms of both supply and demand. Simulation results reveal that such economic dependence on Istanbul alone makes the inter-provincial trade system more vulnerable against supply or demand shock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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11. Disruption and Rerouting in Supply Chain Networks
- Author
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Agostino Capponi, John R. Birge, and Peng-Chu Chen
- Subjects
History ,ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION ,Polymers and Plastics ,Purchase order ,Supply chain ,Equity (finance) ,Management Science and Operations Research ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Computer Science Applications ,Strategic sourcing ,Demand shock ,Systemic risk ,Default ,Business ,Supply chain network ,Business and International Management ,Industrial organization - Abstract
We study systemic risk in a supply chain network where firms are connected through purchase orders. Firms can be hit by cost or demand shocks, possibly leading to defaults. These shocks propagate through the supply chain network via input-output linkages between buyers and suppliers. Firms endogenously take contingency plans to mitigate the impact generated from disruptions. They reroute undelivered orders to alternative buyers and switch excess demand to different suppliers. We show that, as long as firms have large initial equity buffers, network fragility is low if both buyer and supplier diversification is low. We argue that horizontal mergers may lead to a more fragile network if firms have small initial equity buffers. We find that a single sourcing strategy is beneficial for a firm only if the default probability of the firm's supplier is low. Otherwise, a multiple sourcing strategy is ex-post more cost effective for a firm.
- Published
- 2023
12. Dynamic Effect of Structural Oil Price Shocks on New Energy Stock Markets
- Author
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Ling Zhou and Jiang-Bo Geng
- Subjects
demand shock ,supply shock ,risk shock ,new energy market ,DY connectedness index ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
This paper decomposes daily crude oil shocks into demand shock, supply shock and risk shock. Then, it employs Diebold and Yilmaz connectedness index approach to explore the differences for the time-varying effect of different types of structural shocks on new energy stock markets in China, Europe and the United States during the period 10 June 2009–30 October 2018. The new findings show that: 1) There are time-varying features of structural shocks to all new energy markets. 2) The crude oil demand shock and risk shock have a large explanatory ability on the returns of all new energy stock markets, while the crude oil supply shock has a small impact. 3) The influences of crude oil demand shocks on the market returns of new energy in China, Europe and the United States are 1.31%, 8.64%, and 4.47%, respectively; however, the affection of crude oil risk shocks to the market returns of new energy in the same markets are 3.17%, 7.91%, and 21.51%, respectively. 4) The crude oil demand shock and supply shock have little impact on any new energy market volatilities, but the effects of crude oil risk shocks to China and the United States’ new energy market volatilities are 2.44% and 3.14%, respectively.
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- 2021
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13. ESSAYS ON ISSUES IN PUBLIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
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This dissertation is composed of three applied economics essays about important topicsin public and environmental economics. The first is an analysis of the distributional effects of demand shocks or demand-shifting policies in the context of energy markets and climate policy. The second focuses on the use of remote monitoring technology and its effects on the provision of the local public good of public safety. The third analyzes the effect of imperfect real-world carbon pricing policies on carbon emissions. Chapter 1 studies the impact of declining coal demand on local labor markets in coal mining regions of the US. I separate the effect of a recent contraction in the coal industry from other factors driving economic trends in coal country by constructing an instrument for coal demand from producing counties. The instrument combines a regional model of coal plant dispatch with variation in the exposure of producing counties to demand shocks from the electricity sector. My estimates demonstrate that demand-driven declines in the value of coal produced eliminate jobs primarily in coal mining and adjacent industries, with the largest effects occurring in Appalachia and the West. I also estimate decreases in in-migration, home values, and expenditures on public education, and increases in poverty. Applied in a stylized spatial equilibrium model of location choice, my estimates imply an aggregate decline of $0.5-1 billion in the economic welfare of coal country residents resulting from a net decline of $3.7 billion in thermal coal production value from 2007- 2017. In Chapter 2, using a novel data set on CCTV cameras in Chandigarh, India, we test whether police officers’ effort changes in response to the presence of traffic cameras. Although the cameras are useful in sanctioning drivers, they can also capture the passive (shirking) or active (rent-seeking) corruption of officers. Accounting for the spatial and temporal variations in the operation of the cameras, we find
- Published
- 2023
14. Growth, unemployment, and business cycle integration : empirical evidence from China
- Author
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Huang, Shuo and Fidrmuc, J.
- Subjects
337 ,Panel data ,Okun's law ,Demand shock ,Supply shock - Abstract
This thesis aims to study the macroeconomic performance of China. China has been experiencing rapid economic growth and it has been changing gradually from a planned to a market economy since it initiated the well known “open door policy” combined with a “coastal development strategy” in 1978. However, rapid growth has occurred on the background of increasing regional disparity. Meanwhile, unemployment has increased significantly during last two decades, and has become one of the most pressing problems of the Chinese economy today. Moreover, another major challenge facing the Chinese economy is how to deal with various shocks, and to ensure the sustainability and balance of economic growth in the face of the increasing economic uncertainties associated with its deep reform and integration into the world trade and financial system. Based on the above concerns and literature review, this study, firstly, uses an augmented Solow-Swan model of Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992) to assess the role FDI plays in underlying regional differences in economic growth across Chinese provinces over the reform period 1978-2008. My analysis indicates that the augmented Solow growth model appears to provide a good description of regional growth patterns in China over the period 1978-2008 and the data display conditional convergence. After controlling for FDI and other determinants of growth, provinces that were initially poor tend to grow faster and the evidence in favour of conditional convergence becomes even stronger after splitting the data into subsamples. I then focus on the study of the relationship between unemployment and growth at both national level and regional level in order to find out how unemployment affects China’s economic growth and economic reform progress overall. I find that Okun’s relationship does not hold in China universally and, furthermore, the nature of the observed relationship has changed during the transition progress. I argue that there are hump shaped relationships both between growth and unemployment and between the speed of transition and unemployment in China. The results are consistent with several theoretical and empirical studies in the literature. Finally, structural VAR methodology pioneered by Bayoumi and Eichengreen (1993) is used to identify and decompose supply and demand shocks to two variables, (the log of) output (annual real GDP) and (the log of) prices (annual GDP deflator). I then compute and discuss the correlation of such shocks across provinces and show how it has evolved over the four main sub-periods of China’s history. Moreover, I investigate which factors contribute to economic integration or divergence in the Chinese economy.
- Published
- 2011
15. Dynamics and asymmetric rent adjustments in the office market in Warsaw
- Author
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Krzysztof Nowak, Michal Gluszak, and Stanislaw Belniak
- Subjects
office market ,rents ,asymmetric adjustments ,demand shock ,supply shock ,poland ,Management. Industrial management ,HD28-70 ,Finance ,HG1-9999 - Abstract
Dynamics of rent, vacancy, supply and demand on the office market of emerging commercial real estate markets have long been under-researched. The paper fills the gap in economic literature by investigating the growing office market in Warsaw. In particular, we evaluate whether the influence of demand and supply shocks differ depending on the current market conditions. Using Error Correction Model approach, we investigated the rent adjustments on the office market in Warsaw, which is the major property market in Central and Eastern Europe. We replaced variables of the basic model with asymmetric variables to check for asymmetric adjustments in the office market. The study period covers data from 2005:1Q to 2016:1Q. The empirical results suggest that demand shock had a stronger impact on rent when the market vacancy rate was below the average for the period considered. Additionally, the demand shock had a stronger impact on rent when the rent was above the equilibrium level.
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- 2020
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16. DYNAMICS AND ASYMMETRIC RENT ADJUSTMENTS IN THE OFFICE MARKET IN WARSAW.
- Author
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NOWAK, Krzysztof, GLUSZAK, Michal, and BELNIAK, Stanislaw
- Subjects
REAL estate management ,RENT ,MARKETING research ,FOREIGN investments - Abstract
Dynamics of rent, vacancy, supply and demand on the office market of emerging commercial real estate markets have long been under-researched. The paper fills the gap in economic literature by investigating the growing office market in Warsaw. In particular, we evaluate whether the influence of demand and supply shocks differ depending on the current market conditions. Using Error Correction Model approach, we investigated the rent adjustments on the office market in Warsaw, which is the major property market in Central and Eastern Europe. We replaced variables of the basic model with asymmetric variables to check for asymmetric adjustments in the office market. The study period covers data from 2005:1Q to 2016:1Q. The empirical results suggest that demand shock had a stronger impact on rent when the market vacancy rate was below the average for the period considered. Additionally, the demand shock had a stronger impact on rent when the rent was above the equilibrium level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Open innovation during the 2008 financial crisis
- Author
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Trantopoulos, Konstantinos, Woerter, Martin, and von Krogh, Georg
- Subjects
External search ,Open innovation ,Strategy ,Financial crisis ,Demand shock - Abstract
We examine how firms adjusted their open innovation strategy in response to the 2008 global financial crisis. While previous research has analysed the advantages, drawbacks, and methods of open innovation, less is known about how firms adjust their open innovation strategy in response to major economic shocks. Guided by theories of organisational learning and behavioural theory of the firm, we examine the impact of demand shock on firm openness to external knowledge. To test our hypotheses, we analyse a unique dataset on innovation in Swiss firms during the financial crisis. Our findings show that firms persisted with open innovation during the crisis, but the nature of the shock had a differential effect on how firms searched for external knowledge. This research contributes to a better understanding of the role of open innovation in times of crisis and provides insights into how firms adjust their innovation strategies in response to economic shocks., Industry and Innovation, ISSN:1469-8390, ISSN:1366-2716
- Published
- 2023
18. Internal Migration and Crime in Brazil
- Author
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Eva-Maria Egger
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Longitudinal data ,Internal migration ,education ,Development ,Destinations ,Manufacturing sector ,Demand shock ,Homicide ,Economics ,Demographic economics ,Empirical evidence ,health care economics and organizations ,Social effects - Abstract
Empirical evidence suggests that the social effects of internal migration may be substantially different from those associated with the arrival of international migrants. In this paper, I provide the first evidence of the effect of internal migration on crime with longitudinal data from Brazilian microregioes . Using local labour demand shocks in the manufacturing sector as an instrument for migratory flows, I find that a 10 per cent increase in the in-migration rate translates into a 6 per cent increase in the homicide rate in destinations.
- Published
- 2022
19. Market adjustments to import sanctions: lessons from Chinese restrictions on Australian trade, 2020–21
- Author
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Scott Waldron, Darren J. Lim, and Victor Ferguson
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History ,Economics and Econometrics ,Polymers and Plastics ,Supply shock ,Sociology and Political Science ,Single market ,International economics ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Product (business) ,Market structure ,Economic sanctions ,Demand shock ,Political Science and International Relations ,Sanctions ,Business ,Business and International Management ,Economic power - Abstract
Under what conditions do high levels of export concentration in a single market create vulnerability to coercive economic power? This paper examines that question through a detailed examination of the experiences of Australian export industries that lost access to the Chinese market during a recent and ongoing sanctions episode that began in May 2020. We characterize sanctions as government interventions that distort free economic exchange, and ask how markets autonomously adjust to these shocks. Despite China being a large and highly valuable export market for many affected industries, the economic – and accordingly political – impacts of sanctions have been more modest than anticipated. The reason for this lies in market adjustments. Theoretically, we extend insights from extant research on how market dynamics condition the impact of sanctions that generate ‘supply shocks’ (such as oil embargoes) to the new domain of ‘demand shocks’, modeling the process of responding to unilateral import sanctions from the perspective of export industries in a target state. We argue that losses can be diminished by three mechanisms that are understudied in the sanctions literature: trade reallocation (where buyers and sellers shift but do not lose trade partners); trade deflection (circumventing sanctions via intermediaries); and product transformation (the transformation of production processes to produce and sell entirely different products or similar products not covered by sanctions). Empirically, we describe variation in the adjustment processes undertaken in nine Australian industries affected by the loss of the Chinese market, and explore the conditions under which these adjustments are more or less viable, depending upon differences in market structures and dynamics across products.
- Published
- 2022
20. Bank liquidity provision across the firm size distribution
- Author
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Gabriel Chodorow-Reich, Matthew Plosser, Olivier Darmouni, and Stephan Luck
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Economics and Econometrics ,business.industry ,Collateral ,Strategy and Management ,media_common.quotation_subject ,education ,Distribution (economics) ,Monetary economics ,Discretion ,Maturity (finance) ,Recession ,Market liquidity ,Paycheck ,Term loan ,Demand shock ,Loan ,Accounting ,business ,health care economics and organizations ,Finance ,media_common - Abstract
Using loan-level data covering two-thirds of all corporate loans from U.S. banks, we document that SMEs (i) obtain much shorter maturity credit lines than large firms; (ii) have less active maturity management and therefore frequently have expiring credit; (iii) post more collateral on both credit lines and term loans; (iv) have higher utilization rates in normal times; and (v) pay higher spreads, even conditional on other firm characteristics. We present a theory of loan terms that rationalizes these facts as the equilibrium outcome of a trade-off between commitment and discretion. We test the model's prediction that small firms may be unable to access liquidity when large shocks arrive using data on drawdowns in the COVID recession. Consistent with the theory, the increase in bank credit in 2020Q1 and 2020Q2 came almost entirely from drawdowns by large firms on pre-committed lines of credit. Differences in demand for liquidity cannot fully explain the differences in drawdown rates by firm size, as we show that large firms also exhibited much higher sensitivity of drawdowns to industry-level measures of exposure to the COVID recession. Finally, we match the bank data to a list of participants in the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) and show that SME recipients of PPP loans reduced their non-PPP bank borrowing in 2020Q2 by between 53 and 125 percent of the amount of their PPP funds, suggesting that government-sponsored liquidity can overcome private credit constraints.
- Published
- 2022
21. The impact of sectoral shocks on an efficiency wage equilibrium
- Author
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Jon R. Neill
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,050208 finance ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Monetary economics ,Relative price ,Supply and demand ,Demand shock ,Efficiency wage ,0502 economics and business ,Unemployment ,Economics ,Production (economics) ,050207 economics ,Finance ,media_common - Abstract
This paper analyzes a two-good economy wherein an efficiency wage is paid. Our objective is to determine how outputs, employment, and unemployment will change in response to both exogenous demand and supply shocks. Our principal conclusion is that demand shocks cannot explain decreases in production in both sectors of such an economy. The driver of this and our other conclusions is the role of relative prices in determining supply, and the labor market linkages between sectors.
- Published
- 2022
22. Is R&D Really That Special? A <scp>Fixed‐Cost</scp> Explanation for the Empirical Patterns of R&D Firms †
- Author
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Robert J. Resutek
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Earnings ,Demand shock ,Accounting ,Economics ,Equity (finance) ,Profitability index ,Monetary economics ,Operating leverage ,Fixed cost ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,Finance ,Stock (geology) - Abstract
I propose an explanation for the positive relation between R&D, future earnings, and future stock returns based on the fixed-cost qualities of R&D. If R&D is relatively fixed over short horizons, demand shocks realized by some R&D firms will push these firms into R&D intensity levels that are suboptimal as common scale proxies—market equity, assets, and sales—respond more quickly to demand shocks than R&D. In response, R&D firms realizing negative demand shocks reduce future expenses and capital expenditures, producing higher future profitability on lower sales growth. Consistent with the fixed-cost hypothesis, I find the higher future profits of high R&D firms are explained by cost cutting, not revenue growth. Collectively, the restructuring of cost and capital structures of the subset of high R&D firms realizing demand shocks explains the future profit and investment patterns of R&D firms, while the fixed-cost qualities of R&D seem to explain patterns in future stock returns. My results have implications for literatures that examine how decisions on R&D investment levels affect future firm performance, growth, and stock returns.
- Published
- 2022
23. Demand Conditions and Worker Safety: Evidence from Price Shocks in Mining
- Author
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Kerwin Kofi Charles, Melvin Stephens, Do Q Lee, and Matthew S. Johnson
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Economics and Econometrics ,Labour economics ,Demand shock ,0502 economics and business ,05 social sciences ,Industrial relations ,Economics ,Monetary economics ,050207 economics ,Price shock - Abstract
We investigate how demand conditions affect employers’ provision of safety—something about which theory is ambivalent. Positive demand shocks relax financial constraints that limit safety investmen...
- Published
- 2022
24. Vulnerability and resilience of the road transport industry in Poland to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis
- Author
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Magdalena Osińska and Zalewski Wojciech
- Subjects
Bankruptcy ,Microdata ,Logit model ,Demand shock ,Profitability ,Transportation ,Development ,Creative destruction ,Article ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
The research aims to examine the vulnerability and resilience of road transport enterprises in Poland to a crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In theory, we refer to the Schumpeterian perspective of creative destruction. In the empirical analysis, survey data on 500 transport companies randomly selected from the database were used. We estimated partial proportional odds models to show the factors responsible for the enterprises' vulnerability and resilience to unforeseen shock. The perspective refers to the total sample size and the division into two subgroups: micro and small and medium enterprises. To justify the results, we calculated a set of statistical indicators and tests. These models enable separating enterprises according to the vulnerability level. Transport enterprises occurred significantly vulnerable to the COVID-19 crisis, particularly the demand shock. The only factor that influenced resilience was the decrease in fuel prices, which allowed a cost reduction. The crisis showed that government aid was helpful in the short run, particularly for micro and small enterprises. The medium-sized enterprises were more resilient than micro and small ones. We formulated several recommendations to help transport enterprises to adjust in the medium term.
- Published
- 2021
25. Demand, Supply And Markup Fluctuations
- Author
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Carlos Daniel Santos, Paulo Brito, and Luís F. Costa
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,050208 finance ,Markup language ,05 social sciences ,Monetary economics ,Supply and demand ,Policy effectiveness ,Demand shock ,8. Economic growth ,0502 economics and business ,Economics ,Business cycle ,Manufacturing firms ,Wage share ,050207 economics ,Total factor productivity ,050205 econometrics - Abstract
The cyclical behavior of markups is at the center of macroeconomic debate on the origins of business-cycle fluctuations and policy effectiveness. In theory, markups may fluctuate endogenously with the business cycle due to sluggish price adjustment or to deeper motives affecting the price-elasticity of demand faced by individual producers. In this article we make use of a large firm- and product-level panel of Portuguese manufacturing firms in the 2004-2010 period. The biggest empirical challenge is to separate supply (TFP) from demand shocks. Our dataset allows to do so, by containing information on product-level prices at a yearly frequency. Furthermore, markups are mismeasured when calculated with the labor share. We use the share of intermediate inputs instead. Our main results suggest that markups are pro-cyclical with TFP shocks and generally counter-cyclical with demand shocks. We also show how markups become procyclical if the markup is obtained using the labour share instead of intermediate inputs. Adjustment costs create a wedge between the labour share and the actual markup which explain the observed correlations. JEL codes: C23, E32, L16, L22
- Published
- 2021
26. Public responses to COVID‐19 case disclosure and their spatial implications
- Author
-
Kwan Ok Lee and Hyojung Lee
- Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject ,Environmental Science (miscellaneous) ,Development ,COVID‐19 ,Phone ,precautionary behavior ,Natural disaster ,Research Articles ,media_common ,neighborhood spillover ,Consumption (economics) ,Land use ,spatial heterogeneity ,location disclosure ,Percentage point ,Spatial heterogeneity ,Shock (economics) ,Credit card ,Geography ,Demand shock ,Demographic economics ,Business ,Psychological resilience ,Transaction data ,Research Article ,Diversity (business) - Abstract
We study how the public changes their mobility and retail spending patterns as precautionary responses to the disclosed location of COVID-19 cases. To look into the underlying mechanisms, we investigate how such change varies spatially and whether there is any spatial spillover or substitution. We use the daily data of cell phone?based mobility and credit card transactions between February 10 and May 31 in both 2019 and 2020 in Seoul, South Korea, and employ the empirical approach analyzing the year-over-year percent change for the mobility and consumption outcomes. Results report that one additional COVID-19 case within the last 14 days decreased non-resident inflow and retail spending by 0.40 and 0.65 percentage points, respectively. Then, we also find evidence of spatial heterogeneity: the mobility and retail performances of neighborhoods with higher residential population density were more resilient to COVID-19 case information while neighborhoods with higher levels of land use diversity and retail agglomeration experienced a greater localized demand shock. This heterogeneity is not negligible. For example, one additional COVID-19 case in neighborhoods in the bottom 20% for population density led to a decline of 1.2 percentage points in retail spending, while other neighborhoods experienced a less negative impact. Finally, we find a significant spatial spillover effect of disclosed COVID-19 information instead of spatial substitution. One additional COVID-19 case in geographically adjacent areas within the last 14 days reduced non-resident inflow and retail spending in the subject neighborhood by 0.06 and 0.09 percentage points, respectively. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2021
27. Out of balance? Revisiting the nexus of income inequality, household debt and current account imbalances after the Great Recession
- Author
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Matthias Schnetzer, Fabio Ascione, Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne (CES), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien [Austria] (WU), and Austrian Federal Chamber of Labour (BAK)
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,education ,Distribution (economics) ,Monetary economics ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,Current account balance ,Personal income ,Economic inequality ,Debt ,0502 economics and business ,Economics ,050207 economics ,JEL: F - International Economics/F.F3 - International Finance/F.F3.F32 - Current Account Adjustment • Short-Term Capital Movements ,health care economics and organizations ,media_common ,050208 finance ,[QFIN]Quantitative Finance [q-fin] ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,1. No poverty ,Current account ,household debt ,Demand shock ,OECD ,JEL: D - Microeconomics/D.D6 - Welfare Economics/D.D6.D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement ,8. Economic growth ,Great Recession ,business ,Nexus (standard) ,Household debt ,income inequality - Abstract
Rising current account imbalances around the globe preceded the Great Recession in the late 2000s. These imbalances narrowed significantly during the crisis mainly due to a negative demand shock and plummeting imports in deficit countries. While income inequality and household debt played a pivotal role in current account imbalances prior to the crisis, it is unclear whether these relations still hold when including the post-crisis era. We estimate current account determinants using a panel of 31 OECD countries over 45 years and include measures for functional and personal income distribution as well as household debt. We find a sustained relation between income inequality and current accounts when including the post-crisis period, while the link to household debt diminishes, indicating a change in the debt regime in a number of countries.
- Published
- 2021
28. Repercussions of COVID-19 Pandemic and its Impact on Economies of the Arab Countries
- Subjects
Economy ,Supply shock ,Demand shock ,Creditor ,Developing country ,International community ,Consumer price index ,Business ,Emerging markets ,Investment (macroeconomics) - Abstract
The study aimed at determines the impact of COVID 19 on the Arab countries using the Bayesian Vector Auto-regressions model PVAR, and determines the economic policies and mechanisms that can be taken to limit the repercussions of Corona on the Arab countries. The findings revealed the breakups of the Arab economies; COVID 19 was a supply shock in its first-time impact, but quickly trans-passes to demand shock. the pandemic effect decreases employment, exports and government expenditure, but investment and imports decline up then show a slight increase, and results a massive rise in consumer price index then a slight decrease. The study also relies on the SWOT Analysis method to analyze the repercussions of Coronavirus on economies of the Arab countries through analyzing the internal environment, by monitoring strengths and weaknesses, and analyzing the external environment by monitoring opportunities and threats. There is a necessity for a help of bilateral creditors and the international financial institutions for the Arab countries. The international community needs to intensify financial aid to many emerging market and developing economies.
- Published
- 2021
29. The redistributive effects of pandemics: Evidence on the Spanish flu
- Author
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Joan R. Rosés, Jordi Domenech, and Sergi Basco
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Sociology and Political Science ,Inequality ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Wage ,Developing country ,Factors of production ,Real estate ,Development ,Pandemic ,Distribució (Teoria econòmica) ,Epidèmies ,Economics ,Epidèmia de grip, 1918-1919 ,Distribution (Economic theory) ,Epidemics ,Real wages ,media_common ,Influenza Epidemic, 1918-1919 ,Wages ,Capital ,Building and Construction ,Salaris ,Demand shock ,Demographic economics - Abstract
Which are the effects of pandemics on the returns to factors of production? Are these effects persistent over time? These questions have received renewed interest after the out-burst of deaths caused by Covid-19. The Spanish Flu is the closest pandemic to Covid-19. In this paper, we analyze the impact of the Spanish Flu on the returns to labor and capital in Spain. Spain is an ideal country to perform this exercise. First, the “excess death rate” was one of the largest in Western Europe and it varied substantially across regions. Second, Spain was transitioning towards industrialization, with regions in different stages of development. Third, Spain was developed enough to have reliable data. We identify the effect of the Spanish Flu by exploiting within-country variation in “excess death rate”. Our main result is that the effect of the Spanish Flu on daily real wages was large, negative, and broadly short-lived. The effects are heterogeneous across occupations and regions. The negative effects are exacerbated in (i) occupations producing non-essential goods like shoemakers and (ii) more urbanized provinces. Quantitatively, relative to pre-1918, the decline for the average region ranges from null to around 30 percent. In addition, we fail to find significant negative effects of the flu on returns to capital. Whereas the results for dividends are imprecisely estimated (we cannot reject a null effect), the effect on real estate prices (houses and land), driven by the post-1918 recovery, is positive. Experts on inequality have argued that pandemics have equalizing effects especially in a Malthusian setting, due to real wage increases. Our findings suggest that, at least, for a developing economy like Spain in the early 20th century, this result does not apply. Indeed, we document that the flu pandemic was conducive to a (short-run) reduction in real wages. In addition, we interpret our heterogeneous results as suggestive evidence that pandemics represent a demand shock.
- Published
- 2022
30. Impulse Purchases, Gun Ownership, and Homicides: Evidence from a Firearm Demand Shock
- Author
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David Schindler, Christoph Koenig, Tilburg Law and Economic Center (TILEC), Research Group: Economics, and Department of Economics
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Gun control ,Poison control ,Legislation ,Suicide prevention ,Gun ownership ,Homicide ,Demand shock ,Injury prevention ,Impulse (psychology) ,Domestic violence ,Demographic economics ,Business ,homicides ,gun control ,guns ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,media_common - Abstract
Do firearm purchase delay laws reduce aggregate homicide levels? Using variation from a 6-month countrywide gun demand shock in 2012/2013, we show that U.S. states with legislation preventing immediate handgun purchases experienced smaller increases in handgun sales. Our findings indicate that this is likely driven by comparatively lower purchases among impulsive consumers. We then demonstrate that states with purchase delays also witnessed comparatively 2% lower homicide rates during the same period. Further evidence shows that lower handgun sales coincided primarily with fewer impulsive assaults and points towards reduced acts of domestic violence.
- Published
- 2021
31. Oil price shocks and stock market anomalies
- Author
-
Jun Tu, Zhaobo Zhu, Qiang Ji, and Licheng Sun
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Demand shock ,Accounting ,Oil supply ,Market analysis ,Economics ,Stock market ,Monetary economics ,Oil price ,Nexus (standard) ,Finance ,Aggregate demand ,Stock (geology) - Abstract
This paper provides a novel perspective to the nexus of oil prices and stock markets by examining the impact of oil price shocks on stock market anomalies. After decomposing oil price shocks into three types (Kilian, 2009), we find that aggregate demand shocks have the strongest influence on stock market anomalies. In contrast, oil supply shocks and oil specific demand shocks have little impact. Similar results are also found in the industry analysis. Interestingly, the link between aggregate demand shocks and anomalies are the strongest among firms with either small size or high idiosyncratic risks. The documented effects are robust after controlling for investor sentiment as well as several well-known macroeconomic or market factors. Our findings are consistent with but also extend the results of Stambaugh, Yu, and Yuan (2012) in that we show that uncertainty also plays a role in explaining stock market anomalies.
- Published
- 2021
32. Estimating Hysteresis Effects
- Author
-
Pal-bergset Ulvedal, Ørjan Robstad, Juan F Rubio-Ramirez, Francesco Furlanetto, and Antoine Lepetit
- Subjects
Hysteresis (economics) ,Demand shock ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Unemployment ,Economics ,Demographic economics ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,Recession ,Productivity ,media_common ,Great recession - Abstract
In this paper we identify demand shocks that can have a permanent effect on output through hysteresis effects. We call these shocks permanent demand shocks. They are found to be quantitatively important in the United States, in particular when the Great Recession is included in the sample. Recessions driven by perma- nent demand shocks lead to a permanent decline in employment and investment (including R&D investment), while output per worker is largely unaffected. We find strong evidence that hysteresis transmits through a rise in long-term unemployment and a decline in labor force participation and disproportionately affects the least productive workers.
- Published
- 2021
33. Payment schemes and treatment responses after a demand shock in mental health care
- Author
-
Rudy Douven, Minke Remmerswaal, Tobias Vervliet, and Health Systems and Insurance (HSI)
- Subjects
Budgets ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Overtreatment ,business.industry ,Health Personnel ,Health Policy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Rationing ,Payment system ,Fee-for-Service Plans ,Payment ,Mental Health ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Income loss ,Demand shock ,Humans ,Medicine ,Mental health care ,Duration (project management) ,business ,Psychiatry ,Budget constraint ,media_common - Abstract
We study whether two groups of mental health care providers—each paid according to a different payment scheme—adjusted the duration of their patients' treatments after they faced an exogenous 20% drop in the number of patients. For the first group of providers, self-employed providers, we find that they did not increase treatment duration to recoup their income loss. Treatment duration thresholds in the stepwise fee-for-service payment function seem to have prevented these providers to treat patients longer. For the second group of providers, large mental health care institutions who were subject to a budget constraint, we find an average increase in treatment duration of 8%. Prior rationing combined with professional uncertainty can explain this increase. We find suggestive evidence for overtreatment of patients as the longer treatments did not result in better patient outcomes, i.e. better General Assessment of Functioning scores.
- Published
- 2021
34. Demand or supply shock during the COVID-19 crisis: empirical evidence from public firms in Indonesia
- Author
-
Timothy Maholi Sinamo and Dewi Hanggraeni
- Subjects
Capital expenditure ,Shock (economics) ,Supply shock ,Demand shock ,Strategy and Management ,Capital (economics) ,Economics ,Consumer confidence index ,Monetary economics ,Business and International Management ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,Panel data - Abstract
Purpose In examining an economic fluctuation, researchers often refer to the theories of impaired access to capital which mostly explain, from the perspective of bank lending supplies, a shock in firm’s access to investment would decrease its capital expenditures and net debt issuance during crisis period. However, some studies show that this is not always the case. A demand shock theory can explain the decrease in firm’s capital expenditures and net debt issuance during crisis period, but there should be no causal link between the two. This is because firms naturally do not invest during crisis period because of a decrease in investment wealth during crisis period. This paper aims to examine these theories with respect to the Covid-19 crisis in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach The change in firms’ capital expenditure and net debt issuance is analyzed using a non-parametric difference-in-difference and matching estimator across four firm-dimensions to see whether the implications of the supply shock theory apply to the current crisis or if that firms naturally do not invest during the crisis. In addition, this paper provides the result of panel regression to confirm the causal link between firms’ investment funds and capital expenditure, with an addition of consumer confidence index to accommodate the implications of the demand shock theory. Findings The results of this paper show that the implications of the supply shock theory cannot explain the economic fluctuation during the Covid-19 crisis. Rather, the results suggest that firms naturally do not want to invest during the crisis and that the demand shock can better explain the economic fluctuation during the Covid-19 crisis. This is confirmed by the result of panel regression which shows that only consumer confidence index has a significant positive relationship with firms’ capital expenditure. Originality/value This is the first study to examine the theory of impaired access to capital with respect to the Covid-19 crisis in Indonesia.
- Published
- 2021
35. Examining the balance between efficiency and resilience in closed-loop supply chains
- Author
-
Borja Ponte, Raúl Pino, and María de Arquer
- Subjects
Supply chain dynamics ,Bullwhip effect ,Circular economy ,Computer science ,Supply chain ,Context (language use) ,Proportional order-up-to policy ,Management Science and Operations Research ,Environmental economics ,Article ,Hybrid manufacturing/remanufacturing system ,Demand shock ,Supply chain resilience ,Production (economics) ,Economic model ,Resilience (network) ,Remanufacturing - Abstract
We study a hybrid system where the demand of customers can be satisfied by both manufacturing new products and remanufacturing used products. To manage the serviceable inventory, we implement a proportional order-up-to (POUT) replenishment policy. In this context, we first analyse the system efficiency by assessing its capacity to meet customer demand in a cost-effective manner. To this end, we consider both inventory performance (i.e., the balance between inventory holding and stock-out costs) and production smoothness (by measuring the Bullwhip effect in the supply chain). Second, we investigate the system resilience to demand volatility. In particular, we explore the impact of demand shocks on the inventory and production of the closed-loop system. Interestingly, we find that tuning the POUT controller to optimise efficiency may be problematic in terms of resilience to demand shocks. In this sense, a key trade-off exists that needs to be carefully considered by supply chain managers. Linking efficiency to resilience in such supply chains thus becomes essential to strengthen the transition towards more circular economic models. All in all, our analysis, via control-theoretic and simulation techniques, provides professionals with valuable insights into how to identify the appropriate ‘formula’ for building both efficient and resilient closed-loop supply chains.
- Published
- 2021
36. Models of Organisation of Combined (Mixed-Mode) Passenger Transportation
- Subjects
Consumption (economics) ,Flexibility (engineering) ,050210 logistics & transportation ,education.field_of_study ,Business process ,Quality of service ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Population ,ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS ,Business model ,01 natural sciences ,Demand shock ,0502 economics and business ,0103 physical sciences ,Quality (business) ,Business ,010306 general physics ,education ,Industrial organization ,media_common - Abstract
The article examines business models for mixedmode (combined) passenger transportation and development of combined passenger transportation as a factor in the growth of capacity of the railway passenger transportation market. The crisis in the transport services market, caused by non-economic factors (COVID‑19 pandemic), is characterized by a classic combination of supply shocks and demand shocks for passenger transportation, which increases relevance of the problem of searching ways to rise the volume of passenger traffic, in particular, by rail, demand for services provided to the public using railway assets.The current approach to increasing the demand for railway passenger transportation by developing the railway route network, improving the equipment of railway stations and the quality of service, expanding the range of services offered, promoting everything that encourages the consumption of services by a larger number of customers, will remain important. Nevertheless, this approach should be critically considered and supplemented in the light of new economic trends motivated by digital technology. That is especially important today, when, in conditions of resource constraints, a strategic organisational solution is needed aimed at scaling a business, achieving an optimal «balance» of costs, quality, competencies, flexibility and customer focus.The organisation of combined passenger transportation involves active «horizontal» interaction of various transport organisations, both among themselves and with different cohorts of passengers with their own consumer preferences and income restrictions. Therefore, the transition from linear business processes built «vertically» to horizontal business processes that offer specialised packages of services through a «single window» system according to uniform standards based on digital technologies is relevant.The article proposes models for organising network interaction of participants in the passenger transportation market based on digital technologies to ensure «seamless» mobility of the population with the consolidating role of railway transport. Specific models for organising combined railway transportation should be based on a specific business model, the choice of which is determined by a strategic decision of the company.
- Published
- 2021
37. Assessment of Socio-Economic Sustainability and Resilience after COVID-19.
- Author
-
D'Adamo, Idiano and D'Adamo, Idiano
- Subjects
Technology: general issues ,America Latina ,Asia Pacific ,CO2 emission ,COVID-19 ,COVID-19 pandemic ,China ,Covid-19 outbreak ,DEA ,EU ,Europe ,Food-Energy-Water nexus ,IT disruptions ,Latent Moderate Structural Equations ,TFP ,Twitter ,Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology ,adoption willingness of IoT traceability technology ,agrivoltaic system ,agronomic management ,air pollution ,air quality ,best-worst method ,bioenergy ,biogas ,biomethane ,business ,case studies ,change ,circular economy ,circular network ,climate change ,competences ,consumers' awareness ,crisis ,crop production ,customer-supplier relationship ,cyber-security ,cybersecurity ,data science ,demand shock ,digital transformation ,digitalization ,digitization ,distance learning ,dominant design ,e-commerce ,econometric modeling ,economic burden ,economic sustainability ,efficiency measurement ,electric vehicle ,emerging cities ,emission level ,environmental sustainability ,external capital ,financialization ,food system ,fuzzy best-worst method ,gas supply decarbonization ,grey DEMATEL ,gross domestic product ,health effects ,higher education ,hypothetical extraction method ,incentives ,infectious disease ,infrastructure ,innovation ,innovation ecosystem ,innovation strategy ,input-output model ,levelized cost ,local community ,methodology ,mobility choice ,multi-criteria decision making ,multi-domain resilience ,n/a ,natural gas grid ,pandemic ,perception analysis ,pig farmers ,reflexive governance ,renewable energy ,resilience ,resilience decisions ,resilience of city ,resilient supply chains ,sectoral linkage ,small and medium-sized enterprises ,small- and medium-sized enterprises ,social sustainability ,socio-economic sustainability ,solar photovoltaics ,strategic agility ,strategic resilience ,supply chain collaboration ,supply chain resilience ,sustainability ,sustainability strategy ,sustainable development goals ,sustainable electricity production ,sustainable integration ,sustainable operations ,the Asian region ,urban planning ,urban resilience ,warehouse logistics ,women's leadership - Abstract
Summary: The pandemic period has caused severe socio-economic damage, but it is accompanied by environmental deterioration that can also affect economic opportunities and social equity. In the face of this double risk, future generations are ready to be resilient and make their contribution not only on the consumption side, but also through their inclusion in all companies by bringing green and circular principles with them. Policy makers can also favor this choice.
38. A Comparison of Approaches to Modelling Non-Tariff Measures
- Author
-
Terrie Walmsley and Anna Strutt
- Subjects
Computable general equilibrium ,Willingness to pay ,Real gross domestic product ,Demand shock ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Economic rent ,Economics ,Econometrics ,Tariff ,Production (economics) ,Productivity ,media_common - Abstract
Non-tariff measures (NTMs) are a prominent feature of many recent free trade agreement (FTA) negotiations. The implementation of NTMs within computable general equilibrium (CGE) models has been relatively simple to date, with modelers generally incorporating NTMs as tariff equivalents via export or import taxes or as import-augmenting technological (iceberg) change. Our study compares and contrasts two new methods with the traditional mechanisms used. The first new method is the willingness to pay method developed by Walmsley and Minor (2020); and the second, introduced here, provides a new mechanism for adjusting the exporters’ production costs directly, referred to as the export cost method. We find that the choice of mechanism can have important consequences for the estimated impact of changes in NTMs, with mechanisms that raise productivity leading to larger changes in real GDP than those that treat NTMs as associated with economic rents or demand shocks. We emphasize the importance of careful consideration being given to the nature of the NTMs being investigated, the econometric estimates of the associated trade costs, and the CGE model mechanisms being used to assess the impacts of changes in NTMs.
- Published
- 2021
39. Lockdown, employment adjustment, and financial frictions
- Author
-
Lastauskas, Povilas
- Subjects
Employment ,Sectoral heterogeneity ,Economics and Econometrics ,Labour economics ,Entrepreneurship ,Matched data ,L26 ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Real estate ,Article ,C30 ,Lockdown ,Financial frictions ,Tertiary sector of the economy ,Firm size ,C55 ,media_common ,M51 ,business.industry ,Instrumental variable ,Payment ,General Business, Management and Accounting ,Market liquidity ,Demand shock ,Service (economics) ,business ,D22 - Abstract
We examine firms’ employment adjustments immediately after the imposition of stringent lockdown in March 2020. In doing so, we use monthly administrative data, and take value-added tax payment changes as a proxy for the demand shock. We merge data with COVID-19 tests, classified by economic activity, and employ a fixed effects instrumental variable regression. We find that all sized firms in the manufacturing sector reduced employment more if they had uncovered tax liabilities before the lockdown. Among small firms, real estate and service sector firms downsized more rapidly. While employment changes are rather modest, this very early evidence points to the need to address liquidity needs and firm pre-conditions among capital-intensive and services firms and, in particular, small businesses, to avoid employment losses. Plain English Summary The administrative data from the first COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 point to the need to address liquidity requirements among manufacturers, capital-intensive and service firms, and, in particular, small businesses to avoid subsequent employment losses. While there is a vast literature on firms’ adaptation and adjustments in the face of adverse shocks, firms’ reactions and the macroeconomic implications of stringent, government-imposed lockdowns are much less understood due to their novelty. We analyze businesses’ responses to the first and very stringent lockdown in March 2020 by making use of monthly administrative data and taking value-added tax payment changes as a proxy for the demand shock. We exploit variation in the sectoral differences across small, medium, and large firms. A simple average employment adjustment was non-negative in agriculture, construction, information and communication, and public administration sectors in our sample. By merging data with COVID-19 tests, classified by economic activity, and employing a fixed-effects instrumental variable regression, we find that all sized firms in the manufacturing sector reduced employment more if they had uncovered tax liabilities before the lockdown. Among small firms, real estate and service sector firms downsized more rapidly. While employment changes are rather modest, this very early evidence about businesses’ reactions to COVID-19-induced uncertainty and activity restrictions points to the need to address business liquidity needs early on. Another policy message concerns the importance of firm pre-conditions among capital-intensive and services firms and, in particular, small businesses to avoid subsequent employment losses.
- Published
- 2021
40. Oil price volatility in the context of Covid-19
- Author
-
Fredj Jawadi, Philippe Rozin, and David Bourghelle
- Subjects
Supply shock ,020209 energy ,West Texas Intermediate ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,Monetary economics ,Recession ,Article ,0502 economics and business ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Economics ,050207 economics ,Emerging markets ,VAR modelling ,Impulse-response functions ,media_common ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Uncertainty ,Oil price volatility ,General Business, Management and Accounting ,Coronavirus ,Petroleum industry ,Demand shock ,Volatility (finance) ,business ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance - Abstract
The recent coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has negatively impacted the whole economy, especially the oil industry, in at least two ways. First, it created a demand shock as COVID-19 reduced global demand for crude oil, increased uncertainty, and triggered a serious economic recession in most developed and emerging countries. Second, it led to a supply shock as the pandemic resulted in an oil trade war between the major oil-producing nations (Saudi Arabia and Russia). Both shocks led to very high levels of oil price volatility. Our paper explores the dynamics of this volatility and explains the effects of these two shocks (induced by an adjustment of oil demand and supply) on West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil price volatility. Accordingly, we show that oil price volatility reacted substantially to the pandemic-induced oil shocks. In particular, we document the impact of uncertainty caused by these shocks and investor anxiety on oil price volatility. We show that greater uncertainty leads to more oil price volatility. Our findings remained unchanged even after controlling for modeling robustness.
- Published
- 2021
41. An investigation of demand and exchange rate shocks in the tourism sector
- Author
-
Zeliha Can Ergün, Kurtuluş Bozkurt, and Hatice Armutçuoğlu Tekin
- Subjects
Cointegration ,Homogeneity (statistics) ,05 social sciences ,Causality ,Exchange rate ,Standard error ,Demand shock ,0502 economics and business ,Econometrics ,Economics ,050207 economics ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,050212 sport, leisure & tourism ,Tourism ,Panel data - Abstract
PurposeThis study aims to measure the relationship between demand and exchange rate shocks in the tourism industry.Design/methodology/approachA panel data set is constructed covering the period between 1995 and 2017, and the data set includes the top 26 countries that host 10 million tourists and above in the world as of 2017. The standard errors of the series are used as an indicator of shocks. First, the cross-sectional dependency, stationarity and the homogeneity of the series are examined; second, a panel cointegration analysis is implemented; third, long-term panel cointegration coefficients are analyzed with Dynamic Common Correlated Effects (DCCE) approach; and, finally, Dumitrescu and Hurlin’s (2012) Granger non-causality test is used to detect the causality.FindingsThe preliminary analyses show that the variables are cross-sectional dependent and heterogeneous and are stationary in their first difference; hence, the effects of the shocks are temporary. On the other hand, as a result of the panel cointegration analysis, it is found that both series are cointegrated over the long-term. However, the long-term coefficients estimated with the DCCE approach are found not to be statistically significant. Finally, as a result of the Dumitrescu and Hurlin’s (2012) Granger non-causality test, it is concluded that there is a causality running from exchange rate shocks to demand shocks.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, the cointegration between the tourism demand shocks and exchange rates shocks has not been investigated before, and therefore, this study is considered to be a pioneering study that will contribute to the literature.
- Published
- 2021
42. Firm-specific investor sentiment for the Chinese stock market
- Author
-
Weiping Li and Yan Li
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,050208 finance ,Demand shock ,Risk premium ,0502 economics and business ,05 social sciences ,Economics ,Stock market ,Monetary economics ,Asset (economics) ,050207 economics ,Stock (geology) ,Market liquidity - Abstract
Investor sentiment plays a significant role in asset prices, and sieves out safer and speculative stocks, and captures institutional and retail investors’ demand shocks. Previous studies focus on the effects of investor sentiment in the developed stock markets using various sentiment metrics. We propose overnight and over-weekend returns as firm-specific investor sentiment (FSIS) to reflect retail investors’ beliefs about the developing Chinese stock market, and show that FSIS has short-term persistence, a negative relation with intraday returns and price impact, a U-shaped relation with trading activity, an inverse U-shaped relation with long-run performance and a positive impact on cross-sectional returns. FSIS captures the characteristics of the Chinese stock market with short-selling constraints, and market-level information of FSIS explains risk premiums from sentiment-driven mispricing. Our results also reflect the stronger-self remediability after the 2015 crash of the Chinese stock market.
- Published
- 2021
43. Dynamic model of beer pricing and buyouts
- Author
-
Timothy J. Richards and Bradley J. Rickard
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Equilibrium pricing ,Static model ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Monetary economics ,EconLit ,Shock (economics) ,Demand shock ,Economics ,Strategic behavior ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Profitability index ,Beer industry ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Food Science - Abstract
The beer industry in the United States is in a period of dramatic transformation. Major breweries are acquiring much smaller craft breweries in an attempt to purchase growth, but it is not clear whether these acquisitions are economically viable. In this paper, we study the impact of craft brewery acquisitions on retail beer prices, and firm profitability in a dynamic, Markov‐perfect equilibrium pricing framework. We find that the estimated impact of mergers, or buyouts, is critically dependent upon estimates of the extent of state‐dependence in demand and is, in fact, negatively correlated with the initial shock to demand. That is, if the demand shock is positive, the effect of a buyout will be under‐estimated by not accounting for state‐dependence in demand, while it is over‐estimated if the demand shock is negative. This finding is intuitive as the static model will not properly account for the long‐term positive effects of a demand shock that is initially positive, or the long‐term negative effects that are initially negative. Ultimately, we show that not all the craft‐beer buyouts in 2015 made economic sense from the acquirer's perspective. [EconLit Citations: D43, L13, M31].
- Published
- 2021
44. On prices’ cyclical behaviour in oligopolistic markets
- Author
-
Luigi Marattin, Luca Lambertini, Lambertini L., and Marattin L.
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Data_MISCELLANEOUS ,Agency (philosophy) ,Monetary economics ,Cyclical pricing ,Microeconomics ,Oligopoly ,C73 ,0502 economics and business ,ddc:330 ,Economics ,050207 economics ,050205 econometrics ,L13 ,05 social sciences ,Cartel ,TheoryofComputation_GENERAL ,Tacit collusion ,SECS-P/01 Economia politica ,Shock (economics) ,E60 ,Quaderni - Working Paper DSE ,Demand shock ,Collusion ,demand shocks ,cyclical pricing ,implicit collusion - Abstract
We revisit the discussion about the relationship between price’s cyclical features, implicit collusion and the demand level in an oligopoly supergame where a positive shock may hit demand and disrupt collusion. The novel feature of our model consists in characterising the post-shock noncooperative price and comparing it against the cartel price played in the last period of the collusive path, to single out the conditions for procyclicality to arise both in the short and in the long-run. This poses an issue in terms of an antitrust agency’s ability to draw well defined conclusions on the firms’ behaviour after the occurrence of the shock, with particular reference for the litigation phase after a cartel breakdown.
- Published
- 2021
45. Surge Pricing and Its Spatial Supply Response
- Author
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Ilan Lobel, Francisco Castro, and Omar Besbes
- Subjects
Mathematical optimization ,Matching (statistics) ,Optimization problem ,021103 operations research ,Revenue management ,Geographic area ,Operations research ,Computer science ,Strategy and Management ,05 social sciences ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,Management Science and Operations Research ,Supply and demand ,Shock (economics) ,Demand shock ,Knapsack problem ,0502 economics and business ,Revenue ,050207 economics ,Surge - Abstract
We consider the pricing problem faced by a revenue-maximizing platform matching price-sensitive customers to flexible supply units within a geographic area. This can be interpreted as the problem faced in the short term by a ride-hailing platform. We propose a two-dimensional framework in which a platform selects prices for different locations and drivers respond by choosing where to relocate, in equilibrium, based on prices, travel costs, and driver congestion levels. The platform’s problem is an infinite-dimensional optimization problem with equilibrium constraints. We elucidate structural properties of supply equilibria and the corresponding utilities that emerge and establish a form of spatial decomposition, which allows us to localize the analysis to regions of movement. In turn, uncovering an appropriate knapsack structure to the platform’s problem, we establish a crisp local characterization of the optimal prices and the corresponding supply response. In the optimal solution, the platform applies different treatments to different locations. In some locations, prices are set so that supply and demand are perfectly matched; overcongestion is induced in other locations, and some less profitable locations are indirectly priced out. To obtain insights on the global structure of an optimal solution, we derive in quasi-closed form the optimal solution for a family of models characterized by a demand shock. The optimal solution, although better balancing supply and demand around the shock, quite interestingly also ends up inducing movement away from it. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, optimization.
- Published
- 2021
46. The impact of COVID-19 on the standard & poor 500 index sectors: a multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model
- Author
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Rasha Hammam and Maha Elhini
- Subjects
050208 finance ,Index (economics) ,Transparency (market) ,Economic sector ,05 social sciences ,U.S. Dollar Index ,Trade-weighted US dollar index ,Monetary economics ,Market liquidity ,Shock (economics) ,Demand shock ,0502 economics and business ,Economics ,050207 economics ,Business and International Management ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance - Abstract
Purpose This paper aims to examine the impact of the daily growth rate of COVID-19 cases in the USA (COVIDg), the Federal Fund Rate (FFR) and the trade-weighted US dollar index (USDX) on S&P500 index daily returns and its 11 constituent sectors’ indices for the time period between January 22, 2020, until June 30, 2020. Design/methodology/approach The study uses the multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (MGARCH) model to gauge the impacts over the whole period of study, as well as over two sub-periods; first, January 22, 2020, until March 30, 2020, reflecting uncertainty in the US markets and second, from April 1, 2020, until June 30, 2020, reflecting the lockdown. Findings Results of the MGARCH model reveal a negative and significant relation between COVIDg and S&P500 index daily returns over the first sub-period and the whole study period in the following sectors, namely, communications, consumer discretionary, consumer staples, health, technology and materials. Yet, COVIDg showed a positive and significant relation with S&P500 index daily returns during the second time period in the following sectors, namely, communication, consumer discretionary, financial, industrial, information technology (IT) and utilities. Besides, USDX showed a negative significant effect on S&P500 index daily returns and on the daily return on each of its 11 constituent sectors over the second sub-period and the whole period. Further, FFR showed a significant effect only in the second sub-period, specifically, a negative effect on the daily return of the financial sector and a positive effect on the daily return of the technology sector index. Nevertheless, FFR had a positive significant effect on the daily return of the utilities sector index for the whole period under study. Research limitations/implications The impact of the crisis on the S&P500 index can be assessed only with some limitations owing to available global data and the limited time frame of the lock-down. Practical implications The study proposes supporting a smooth, functioning and resilient financial system; increasing fiscal measures by the US Government to increase liquidity on constraints; measures by The Federal Reserve to alleviate US dollar funding shortages; support market integrity; ensure continuous transparency and sharing of information; support the health sector, as well as consumer-based sectors that faced demand shocks and facilitate investments in the technology sector. Originality/value The originality of this paper lies in the examination of the impact of the novel COVID-19 pandemic on each of the 11 sectors constituting the S&P500 index separately, reflecting how the main economic sectors formulating the US economy reacted to the shock during the peak time of the pandemic to observe a full picture of the economic consequences amid the pandemic.
- Published
- 2021
47. On the long-run solution to aggregate housing systems
- Author
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Alexander Mihailov, Geoffrey Meen, and Yehui Wang
- Subjects
Urban Studies ,Demand shock ,0502 economics and business ,05 social sciences ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Econometrics ,Economics ,021107 urban & regional planning ,02 engineering and technology ,050207 economics ,Environmental Science (miscellaneous) - Abstract
This paper explores the properties of dynamic aggregate housing models. In conventional models, in response to demand shocks the primary adjustment mechanism is through prices and changes in housing supply. However, the size of the supply response depends on the price elasticity of supply and in countries such as the UK where the elasticity is low, house prices can rise sharply, worsening affordability. But this ignores the roles of housing risk and credit markets which affect the user cost of capital and the paper demonstrates that models that explicitly introduce a housing risk premium have an additional price stabiliser. The importance is shown through stochastic simulations; these simulations also demonstrate that conventional models used for forecasting and policy analysis may overstate future house price growth.
- Published
- 2021
48. Socioeconomic Impact of COVID-19 in MENA region and the Role of Islamic Finance
- Author
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Yomna Abdulla, Mustafa Raza Rabbani, and M. Kabir Hassan
- Subjects
economic policy ,Layoff ,Middle East ,Supply shock ,financial crisis ,covid 19 ,fintech ,stimulus package ,Domestic market ,Market liquidity ,social policy ,HB1-3840 ,mena ,africa ,Demand shock ,Order (exchange) ,Development economics ,Financial crisis ,Economic theory. Demography ,Business ,gcc ,islamic finance - Abstract
This paper analyses the socio-economic impact of the noble Corona virus (COVID-19) on ‘Middle East and North Africa’ (MENA) region as well as the role and opportunities of Islamic finance post COVID-19. The findings show that pandemic has affected the MENA region massively like any other region in the world. Since around 69% of the word’s crude oil supply is from this region alone, this causes it to suffer from dual shocks of COVID-19 pandemic as well as the declining crude prices that is caused by shocks from both ends, negative supply shock and a negative demand shock. The 19 countries in MENA region include from some of the richest countries of the world such as, Qatar, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia, to some of the most vulnerable, poor and war ridden countries like Yemen, Syria, and Morocco. To mitigate the adverse effects of the pandemic, we suggest some immediate actions that can be taken such as a public fund to support health system, financial support to individuals and SME’s, financial support to corporations in order to prevent job loss and layoff and assurance of liquidity in domestic markets to prevent liquidity crunch. Finally, the paper analyses the role of Islamic finance in the region in recovery post COVID-19 and show that Islamic finance can be utilized as an alternative financial system in providing the relief to the COVID-19 affected people and entrepren
- Published
- 2021
49. Learning, confidence, and business cycles
- Author
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Cosmin Ilut and Hikaru Saijo
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Financial economics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Ambiguity ,Demand shock ,0502 economics and business ,Economics ,Econometrics ,Business cycle ,New Keynesian economics ,Production (economics) ,Profitability index ,Statistical dispersion ,050207 economics ,Finance ,050205 econometrics ,media_common ,Knightian uncertainty - Abstract
We argue that information accumulation provides a quantitatively successful propagation mechanism that challenges and empirically improves on the conventional New Keynesian models with many nominal and real rigidities. In particular, we build a tractable heterogeneous-firm business cycle model where firms face Knightian uncertainty about their profitability and learn it through production. The feedback between uncertainty and economic activity maps fundamental shocks into an as if procyclical equilibrium confidence process, generating co-movement driven by demand shocks, amplified and hump-shaped dynamics, countercyclical correlated wedges in the equilibrium conditions for labor, risk-free and risky assets, and countercyclical firm-level and aggregate dispersion of forecasts.
- Published
- 2021
50. Policy responses to shocks and monetary effectiveness under inflation targeting: The Philippine case
- Author
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Margarita Debuque-Gonzales
- Subjects
Estimation ,Index (economics) ,Supply shock ,Demand shock ,Inflation targeting ,Capital (economics) ,Monetary policy ,Economics ,Monetary economics ,Exchange-rate flexibility - Abstract
This article examines how monetary policy responses to economic shocks and monetary policy effectiveness have changed in the Philippines since inflation targeting was implemented in 2002. The study makes use of a structural vector autoregression to estimate financial and monetary policy shocks, among other shocks, based on an identification strategy similar to Gilchrist and Zakrajsek [2012] and Bassetto et al. [2016]. A Philippine financial conditions index (FCI) purged of monetary influences then decomposed according to instrument or market is used to aid estimation and analysis. Results of the recursive vector autoregressions (VAR) comparing pre-inflation-targeting and inflation-targeting periods reveal stronger and more systematic policy responses to non-financial demand shocks, partial and transitory accommodation of supply shocks, and greater exchange rate flexibility initially under the new monetary policy regime. There is, however, an observed weakening of monetary policy responses to financial disturbances and monetary policy transmission to growth likely related to episodes of strong capital inflows. JEL classification: C32, E31, E42, E44, E52, E58
- Published
- 2021
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