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b-Amylases (BAMs) are key enzymes of transitory starch degradation in chloroplasts, a process that buffers the availability of photosynthetically fixed carbon over the diel cycle to maintain energy levels and plant growth at night. However, during vascular plant evolution, the BAM gene family diversified, giving rise to isoforms with different compartmentation and bio logical activities. Here, we characterized BETA-AMYLASE 9 (BAM9) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Among the BAMs, BAM9 is most closely related to BAM4 but is more widely conserved in plants. BAM9 and BAM4 share features in cluding their plastidial localization and lack of measurable a-1,4-glucan hydrolyzing capacity. BAM4 is a regulator of starch degradation, and bam4 mutants display a starch-excess phenotype. Although bam9 single mutants resemble the wild-type (WT), genetic experiments reveal that the loss of BAM9 markedly enhances the starch-excess phenotypes of mutants al ready impaired in starch degradation. Thus, BAM9 also regulates starch breakdown, but in a different way. Interestingly, BAM9 gene expression is responsive to several environmental changes, while that of BAM4 is not. Furthermore, overexpres sion of BAM9 in the WT reduced leaf starch content, but overexpression in bam4 failed to complement fully that mutant’s starch-excess phenotype, suggesting that BAM9 and BAM4 are not redundant. We propose that BAM9 activates starch degradation, helping to manage carbohydrate availability in response to fluctuations in environmental conditions. As such, BAM9 represents an interesting gene target to explore in crop species., Plant Physiology, 188 (1), ISSN:0032-0889, ISSN:1532-2548

We expressed a bacterial glucan synthase (Agrobacterium GlgA) in the cytosol of developing endosperm cells in wheat grains, to discover whether it could generate a glucan from cytosolic ADP-glucose. Transgenic lines had high glucan synthase activity during grain filling, but did not accumulate glucan. Instead, grains accumulated very high concentrations of maltose. They had large volumes during development due to high water content, and very shrivelled grains at maturity. Starch synthesis was severely reduced. We propose that cytosolic glucan synthesized by the glucan synthase was immediately hydrolysed to maltose by cytosolic β-amylase(s). Maltose accumulation resulted in a high osmotic potential in developing grain, drawing in excess water that stretched the seed coat and pericarp. Loss of water during grain maturation then led to shrinkage when the grains matured. Maltose accumulation is likely to account for the reduced starch synthesis in transgenic grains, through signalling and toxic effects. Using bioinformatics, we identify an isoform of β-amylase likely to be responsible for maltose accumulation. Removal of this isoform through identification of TILLING mutants or genome editing, combined with co-expression of heterologous glucan synthase and a glucan branching enzyme, may in future enable elevated yields of carbohydrate through simultaneous accumulation of starch and cytosolic glucan., The Plant Journal, 106 (5), ISSN:0960-7412, ISSN:1365-313X

The cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a mother cell, leading to its division into two daughter cells. The protein Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) is mandatory for its coordinated progression. In this PhD projet, we wondered on the one hand whether Chk1 could be involved in the platelets production process, because these componants of blood that enables coagulation are produced due to a particular cell cycle dedicated to this end. On the other hand, we studied the role of Chk1 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (LAM) physiopathology. LAM is a cancer of blood cells, in which patients are treated with drugs that create DNA damages, causing the death of tumoral cells. The role of Chk1 in the drug response in LAM is not well studied, but, as it enables DNA repair, it may render theses medicines less efficient, leading to relapses to therapies. So the goal of this project is to check wether Chk1 favors the resistance of some LAM cells to chemotherapeutic treatments., Le cycle cellulaire est l'ensemble des étapes qui conduisent une cellule mère à se diviser en deux cellules filles. La protéine Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) est importante pour sa progression. Nous avons d'une part cherché à savoir si Chk1 intervenait lors des mécanismes de production des plaquettes, car ces cellules permettant la coagulation du sang sont issues d'un cycle cellulaire particulier. Par ailleurs, nous avons étudié le rôle de Chk1 dans la Leucémie Aiguë Myéloïde (LAM), cancer des cellules sanguines. Les patients atteints de LAM sont traités par une chimiothérapie visant à endommager l'ADN afin d'entrainer la mort des cellules cancéreuses. Chk1 est garante du contrôle de la réparation des dommages de l'ADN, ce qui contrecarre l'effet de la chimiothérapie. Elle pourrait donc favoriser l'apparition de résistance. Son rôle dans les LAM étant peu connu, l'objectif de ce projet est donc de vérifier si Chk1 favorise la résistance des cellules leucémiques aux chimiothérapies.

La trachéobronchite infectieuse canine l’infection pulmonaire la plus fréquente chez le chien. Plusieurs agents sont impliqués. L’objectif de cette enquête est de déterminer la prévalence de l’agent principal responsable des signes cliniques de la maladie, Bordetella bronchiseptica, au sein de la population de chiens de Midi-Pyrénées, par une étude sérologique. Notre base de données regroupe les échantillons de 160 chiens, sur lesquels nous avons recherché la présence des antigènes hémagglutinine filamenteuse et pertactine, par le biais d’un test ELISA que nous avons mis au point pour les besoins de l’étude. La prévalence de l'infection par B.bronchiseptica a été estimée entre 18,1% et 21,25%. Elle est croissante avec l'âge de l'animal, même si les animaux qui présentent les signes cliniques sont en majorité des jeunes chiens. Le contact direct entre chien est un facteur de risque majeur dans la transmission de l’infection. Enfin, la vaccination contre B. bronchiseptica protège des signes cliniques de la maladie après un délai d’un mois. En conclusion, cette étude pourra permettre de mieux adapter les protocoles de vaccination afin de lutter efficacement contre cette infection.

International audience; No abstract available