146 results on '"Darlu, Pierre"'
Search Results
2. The Family Name as Socio-Cultural Feature and Genetic Metaphor: From Concepts to Methods
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Darlu, Pierre, Bloothooft, Gerrit, Boattini, Alessio, Brouwer, Leendert, Brouwer, Matthijs, Brunet, Guy, Chareille, Pascal, Cheshire, James, Coates, Richard, Dräger, Kathrin, Desjardins, Bertrand, Hanks, Patrick, Longley, Paul, Mandemakers, Kees, Mateos, Pablo, Pettener, Davide, Useli, Antonella, and Manni, Franz
- Published
- 2012
3. Biological Systematics: Principles and Applications (review)
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Darlu, Pierre
- Published
- 2010
4. Humans and Chimpanzees Display Opposite Patterns of Diversity in Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Genes.
- Author
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Vangenot, Christelle, Gagneux, Pascal, de Groot, Natasja G, Baumeyer, Adrian, Mouterde, Médéric, Crouau-Roy, Brigitte, Darlu, Pierre, Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia, Sabbagh, Audrey, and Poloni, Estella S
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Animals ,Hominidae ,Humans ,Pan troglodytes ,Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase ,Genomics ,Species Specificity ,Haplotypes ,Polymorphism ,Genetic ,Alleles ,Multigene Family ,Genome ,Genetic Variation ,Arylamine N-acetyltransferases ,drug metabolism ,great apes ,multigenic family ,natural selection ,Polymorphism ,Genetic ,Genetics - Abstract
Among the many genes involved in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs, human arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) genes have been extensively studied, due to their medical importance both in pharmacogenetics and disease epidemiology. One member of this small gene family, NAT2, is established as the locus of the classic human acetylation polymorphism in drug metabolism. Current hypotheses hold that selective processes favoring haplotypes conferring lower NAT2 activity have been operating in modern humans' recent history as an adaptation to local chemical and dietary environments. To shed new light on such hypotheses, we investigated the genetic diversity of the three members of the NAT gene family in seven hominid species, including modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans. Little polymorphism sharing was found among hominids, yet all species displayed high NAT diversity, but distributed in an opposite fashion in chimpanzees and bonobos (Pan genus) compared to modern humans, with higher diversity in Pan species at NAT1 and lower at NAT2, while the reverse is observed in humans. This pattern was also reflected in the results returned by selective neutrality tests, which suggest, in agreement with the predicted functional impact of mutations detected in non-human primates, stronger directional selection, presumably purifying selection, at NAT1 in modern humans, and at NAT2 in chimpanzees. Overall, the results point to the evolution of divergent functions of these highly homologous genes in the different primate species, possibly related to their specific chemical/dietary environment (exposome) and we hypothesize that this is likely linked to the emergence of controlled fire use in the human lineage.
- Published
- 2019
5. Evolution of Armenian Surname Distribution in France between 1891 and 1990
- Author
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Darlu, Pierre, primary and Chareille, Pascal, additional
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Quelques statistiques sur la distribution des patronymes en France
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Darlu, Pierre, Degioanni, Anna, and Ruffié, Jacques
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- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Patronymes italiens et migration italienne en France entre 1891 et 1940
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Degioanni, Anna, Lisa, Antonella, Zei, Gianna, and Darlu, Pierre
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Analyse de la structure génétique et patronymique de la France métropolitaine (XIXe-XXe siècles)
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Darlu, Pierre and Chareille, Pascal
- Subjects
Cultural Studies ,Archeology ,patronymes ,human populations ,diversité génétique ,Anthropology ,FRANCE ,France ,genetic diversity ,POPULATION_GENETICS ,populations humaines ,distance ,surname - Abstract
Cet article propose de comparer les diversités génétique et patronymique de la France métropolitaine. Pour cela sont discutées les quelques enquêtes de génétique des populations, menées du XXe siècle à nos jours, dont l’ambition était de décrire la diversité génétique de la France métropolitaine dans son entièreté. La critique porte sur leurs limites actuelles résultant soit d’une faible couverture géographique, soit d’un nombre réduit de systèmes génétiques et/ou de l’emploi de méthodes de représentation insatisfaisantes. Pour pallier ces divers inconvénients, il est proposé d’utiliser les patronymes comme substitut des gènes. Les avantages tiennent à leur mode de transmission, à leur nombre, à leur fréquence connue jusqu’au niveau géographique de la commune, sur l’ensemble du territoire français et sur plusieurs générations. Les résultats montrent l’existence de fortes disparités patronymiques entre le nord et le sud de la France, entre le centre et ses périphéries. Les différentes structures mises en évidence sont étroitement liées à des proximités géographiques, mais aussi à des variations génétiques, linguistiques ou dialectales, ainsi qu’aux relations historiques entretenues avec les pays voisins. This article seeks to compare genetic and patronymic diversity in mainland France. To do so, we discuss the small number of population genetics surveys that were carried out from the 20th century to the present day with the aim of describing the genetic diversity of mainland France as a whole. We highlight their present-day limitations, which result from their insufficient geographical coverage, the limited number of genetic systems included and/or the use of unsatisfactory methods of representation. To overcome these various drawbacks, our proposal is to use surnames as a substitute for genes, the advantages of this approach being their pattern of transmission, their huge number and their known frequency, down to the smallest administrative level across the whole of French territory and over several generations. The statistical results show the existence of strong patronymic disparities between the north and the south of France, and between the central and peripheral areas. The different patterns highlighted are closely linked to geographical proximity, but also to genetic, linguistic or dialectal variations, as well as to historical relationships with neighbouring countries.
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- 2022
9. Analyse de la structure génétique et patronymique de la France métropolitaine (XIXe-XXe siècles)
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Darlu, Pierre, primary and Chareille, Pascal, additional
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Journey of a committed paleodemographer
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Berger, Jean-François, Blagojević, Tamara, Caussinus, Henri, Courgeau, Daniel, Darlu, Pierre, Degioanni, Anna, Demoule, Jean-Paul, de Becdelièvre, Camille, Dubouloz, Jérôme, Dutour, Olivier, Formoso, Bernard, Frankenberg, Susan R., Herrscher, Estelle, Hofmanová, Zuzana, Jovanović, Jelena, Konigsberg, Lyle W., Moussa, Richard, Naji, Stephan, Papageorgopoulou, Christina, Porčić, Marko, Pumain, Denise, Séguy, Isabelle, Stefanović, Sofia, Xanthopoulou, Panagiota, Zafeiris, Konstantinos, Zisis, Anastasios, Degioanni, Anna, Herrscher, Estelle, and Naji, Stephan
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estimateurs démographiques ,Demographic estimators ,anthropologie biologique ,Paleodemography ,paléodémographie ,biological anthropology ,histoire des sciences ,Neolithic Demographic Transition ,SOC006000 ,Science history ,Archaeology ,JHBD ,transition démographique néolithique ,Demography - Abstract
Cet ouvrage est dédié à Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel, anthropologue biologiste, l’un des pères fondateurs de la paléodémographie en France, disparu en 2018. Mondialement connu et reconnu, il a contribué au développement de nouvelles techniques d’estimation de l’âge au décès d’assemblages de squelettes et promu la mise en place des estimateurs en paléodémographie. Il a également participé à l’émergence de la démographie spatiale et de la modélisation de type-multi-agent en particulier des agriculteurs néolithiques. Nous lui devons une avancée considérable dans la compréhension des processus démographiques liés aux grandes transitions qu’ont vécu les hommes en différents points du globe avec la découverte de la signature de la transition démographique impliquée dans le passage des sociétés d’une économie de collecte à une économie agricole. Cet ouvrage offre un voyage au cœur de sa vie de chercheur, reprenant tour à tour, dans une démarche diachronique et pluridisciplinaire, la démographie anthropologique de la Préhistoire jusqu’à la période contemporaine. Il brosse également un portrait généreux de cet homme engagé qui n’a eu de cesse d’œuvrer pour sa discipline, que ce soit à travers une approche réflexive sur l’histoire des sciences et l’épistémologie ou la transmission de ses savoirs auprès de jeunes générations. Cet ouvrage convie ainsi le lecteur à une expérience originale et innovante aux confins d’une discipline rare, la paléodémographie. This book is dedicated to Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel, anthropologist and biologist, one of the founding fathers of palaeodemography in France, who died in 2018. Known and recognised worldwide, he contributed to the development of new techniques for estimating the age at death of skeletal assemblages and promoted the introduction of estimators in palaeodemography. He also participated in the emergence of spatial demography and multi- agent modelling, particularly of Neolithic farmers. We owe him a considerable advance in the understanding of demographic processes linked to the great transitions that humans have experienced in different parts of the world with the discovery of the signature of the demographic transition implied in the passage of societies from a collection economy to an agricultural economy. This book offers a journey to the heart of his life as a researcher, taking in turn, in a diachronic and multidisciplinary approach, anthropological demography from prehistory to the contemporary period. It also paints a generous portrait of this committed man who has never ceased to work for his discipline, whether through a reflective approach to the history of science and epistemology or the transmission of his knowledge to younger generations. This book invites you to an original and innovative experience on the borders of a rare discipline, paleodemography.
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- 2022
11. Le patronyme
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Amor, Hakima, Baali, Abdellatif, Barthelemy, Tiphaine, Beck, Patrice, Bideau, Alain, Biondi, Gianfranco, Boëtsch, Gilles, Boldsen, Jesper L., Bourin, Monique, Brunet, Guy, Cavalli-Sforza, Luca, Charbonneau, Hubert, Chareille, Pascal, Collomp, Alain, Darlu, Pierre, Degioanni, Anna, Degras, Priska, Desjardins, Bertrand, Duchesne, Louis, Fiorani, Ornella, Foulon, Michel, Gagnon, Alain, Gueresi, Paola, Guglielmino, C. Rosalba, Jakobi, Lucienne, Jomphe, Michèle, Lapierre, Nicole, Légaré, Jacques, Lisa, Antonella, Lucchetti, Enzo, Martuzzi Veronesi, Fosca, Murru Corriga, Giannetta, Pettener, Davide, Pizzetti, Paola, Plakans, Andrejs, Poulain, Michel, Prost, Michel, Siri, Enzo, Soliani, Lamberto, Tremblay, Marc, Vernay, Michel, Vézina, Hélène, Vienna, Alessandro, Wetherell, Charles, Zei, Gianna, Zia, Gianna, Zei, Gianna, Darlu, Pierre, and Brunet, Guy
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Europe ,SOC006000 ,History ,démographie historique ,population ,migration ,nom de famille ,JHBD ,généalogie ,Demography - Abstract
Les études actuelles sur les « noms de famille », loin de se borner au seul terrain de la généalogie, font désormais pleinement partie du domaine de la recherche. Elles permettent de ce fait un décryptage original des conditions tant historiques qu’anthropologiques qui ont déclenché, en divers points de l’Europe, à différents moments, le processus d’identification des personnes : mouvement progressif dans l’Europe au Moyen Âge ; processus qui peut être coercitif, comme lors de l’attribution de patronymes aux esclaves affranchis, et devenu largement réglementaire après la promulgation de lois sur la transmission des noms. Étudiant tour à tour les origines et l’histoire des patronymes, leur distribution géographique et les liens entre marqueurs génétiques et patronymiques, les auteurs réunis dans cet ouvrage – anthropologues, historiens de la famille, démographes, spécialistes de la génétique des populations, sociologues – montrent combien une approche pluridisciplinaire est nécessaire à l’explication du phénomène du patronyme. En effet, l’informatisation récente de divers registres de noms de famille a permis le développement de nouvelles méthodes d’analyse, dérivées de la démographie historique et de la génétique des populations. Elles permettent non seulement de décrire l’évolution, au fil des générations, des cercles de mariage, des règles d’alliance et de la consanguinité, mais aussi de quantifier la direction et l’ampleur des migrations entre populations. Fondé sur des exemples concrets, des provinces baltes à la Sardaigne ou l’Atlas marocain, des Flamands de France aux Français du Québec, cet ouvrage offre un état sans équivalent de la question des origines et de l’évolution du patronyme.
- Published
- 2020
12. L'immigration dans les départements français étudiée par la méthode des patronymes
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Darlu, Pierre and Ruffié, Jacques
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- 1992
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13. Estimation des probabilités d'attribution d'un enfant à ses ascendants
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Darlu, Pierre
- Published
- 1986
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14. Evaluation of the Bayesian method to derive migration patterns from changes in surname distributions over time
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Bloothooft, Gerrit and Darlu, Pierre
- Subjects
Bayesian statistical decision theory -- Research ,Names, Personal -- Research ,Immigrants -- Names ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Known migration in The Netherlands between the periods 19501969 and 2007, for 4.5 million individuals, was used to estimate the origin of migration by means of a Bayesian method on the basis of surname distributions in these two periods. Results of the method depend on the geographic specificity of the surnames and tend to be positioned between population density and actual probability of migration origin. An optimum in the correlation between estimated and actual percentages of origin of migration, and their differentiation as expressed by the correlation between the estimated and actual entropy across 40 distinguished areas, was found after a few iterations. The optimal correlation was 0.806 (Spearman), which shows that the Bayesian method provides a reasonable proxy of the rank order of a migrant's origin. KEY WORDS: EVALUATION, BAYES, METHODOLOGY, MIGRATION, SURNAMES, NETHERLANDS., A Bayesian method can be used to infer the geographical origin of migrants, based on comparison of changes in surname distribution observed in successive periods of time. Initially published in [...]
- Published
- 2013
15. Introduction générale
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Brunet, Guy, Darlu, Pierre, Zei, Gianna, and Bideau, Alain
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Europe ,SOC006000 ,History ,démographie historique ,population ,migration ,nom de famille ,JHBD ,généalogie ,Demography - Abstract
Le nom se prête particulièrement à une approche pluridisciplinaire. Il s’agit en effet d’un élément universel – tout individu est porteur d’un nom qui le désigne au sein de sa communauté –, mais aussi d’un reflet de pratiques culturelles – le nom ne sera pas le même, ne sera pas transmis selon le même mode, selon les différents groupes humains. Le passage du nom individuel au nom de famille ne s’est pas réalisé suivant le même calendrier et suivant les mêmes modalités dans toutes les sociétés...
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- 2020
16. Chapitre 2. Les cloisonnements dans les Pyrénées occidentales
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Darlu, Pierre, Degioanni, Anna, and Jakobi, Lucienne
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Europe ,SOC006000 ,History ,démographie historique ,population ,migration ,nom de famille ,JHBD ,généalogie ,Demography - Abstract
Les pyrénées se distinguent par un important cloisonnement géographique (vallées parallèles orientées sud/nord), auquel l’histoire a surimposé une diversification linguistique et culturelle (basque versus occitan ; béarn versus bigorre). Si la réalité de cette complexité n’est pas contestable, en revanche, il est difficile d’en mesurer l’importance et d’en apprécier la stabilité ou les modifications que les mouvements de populations survenus au tournant de ce siècle auraient pu provoquer. L’é...
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- 2020
17. Espace, temps, migration
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Darlu, Pierre
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Europe ,SOC006000 ,History ,démographie historique ,population ,migration ,nom de famille ,JHBD ,généalogie ,Demography - Abstract
Les différents textes proposés dans la partie précédente ont largement insisté sur les conditions d’acquisition du patronyme en tant qu’identifiant d’une lignée familiale, conditions éminemment fluctuantes selon les pays et les situations. Sans doute faut-il insister sur l’une des conséquences remarquables d’une telle acquisition, que résume fort bien Zonabend dans son étude sur les noms de personne dans le village de Minot en Châtillonnais (1977) : « Le patronyme est à la fois le signe d’ide...
- Published
- 2020
18. Chapitre 3. Immigration flamande en France au xixe siècle et au début du xxe siècle
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Degioanni, Anna, Darlu, Pierre, Poulain, Michel, and Foulon, Michel
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Europe ,SOC006000 ,History ,démographie historique ,population ,migration ,nom de famille ,JHBD ,généalogie ,Demography - Abstract
La France et la Belgique ont longtemps partagé la même histoire, leur séparation définitive ne datant que de 1830, lors de la création du royaume de Belgique. Cette séparation récente n’a toutefois pas mis fin aux échanges migratoires entre les deux pays. Ils ne furent pas favorisés seulement par la proximité géographique mais aussi par les conditions et les évolutions démographiques et économiques contrastées prévalant dans les différentes régions de ces deux pays. Ainsi, les Flandres du déb...
- Published
- 2020
19. The First World War and the disappearance of surnames in France: A trial estimation based on the Galton–Watson model
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Darlu, Pierre and Chareille, Pascal
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HISTORICAL_ANALYSIS ,WORLD_WAR_I ,FRANCE ,SURNAME - Abstract
The possible reduction of the stock of surnames attributable to the World War I (1914-1918) in France has not yet be explored. The aim of this work is to propose an estimate of this phenomenon taking into account the number of surnames disappearing according to the random extinction model described by Galton and Watson, the distribution of the number of children per households, and the proportion of surnames carried by a given number of bearers. Estimates have been based on the Ministry of Defense's electronic file which includes French soldiers killed during the First World War and on the Surname file produced by the Insee. While the human losses attributable to the World War I are unevenly distributed throughout the territory, showing a higher number north of a La Rochelle-Mulhouse line, the surname losses show a different geographical pattern with the numerous extinctions in Pyrenees, Corsica and Brittany. The extinction of surnames actually represents only a small proportion of all the surnames of the Dead for France (1,4%). By department, this observation is at odds with the Galton-Watson model which predicts a larger proportion of extinction due to the constitution of the two files, and the formulated demographic hypotheses.
- Published
- 2020
20. The treeness of the tree of historical trees of life
- Author
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Vangenot, Christelle, Gagneux, Pascal, de Groot, Natasja, Baumeyer, Adrian, Mouterde, Médéric, Crouau-Roy, Brigitte, DARLU, Pierre, Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia, Sabbagh, Audrey, Poloni, Estella, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie (EAE), and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
[SDV.GEN.GH]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Human genetics ,[SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology - Abstract
International audience; Abstract Among the many genes involved in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs, human arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) genes have been extensively studied, due to their medical importance both in pharmacogenetics and disease epidemiology. One member of this small gene family, NAT2, is established as the locus of the classic human acetylation polymorphism in drug metabolism. Current hypotheses hold that selective processes favoring haplotypes conferring lower NAT2 activity have been operating in modern humans’ recent history as an adaptation to local chemical and dietary environments. To shed new light on such hypotheses, we investigated the genetic diversity of the three members of the NAT gene family in seven hominid species, including modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans. Little polymorphism sharing was found among hominids, yet all species displayed high NAT diversity, but distributed in an opposite fashion in chimpanzees and bonobos (Pan genus) compared to modern humans, with higher diversity in Pan species at NAT1 and lower at NAT2, while the reverse is observed in humans. This pattern was also reflected in the results returned by selective neutrality tests, which suggest, in agreement with the predicted functional impact of mutations detected in non-human primates, stronger directional selection, presumably purifying selection, at NAT1 in modern humans, and at NAT2 in chimpanzees. Overall, the results point to the evolution of divergent functions of these highly homologous genes in the different primate species, possibly related to their specific chemical/dietary environment (exposome) and we hypothesize that this is likely linked to the emergence of controlled fire use in the human lineage.
- Published
- 2020
21. The treeness of the tree of historical trees of life
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Fisler, Marie, primary, Crémière, Cédric, additional, Darlu, Pierre, additional, and Lecointre, Guillaume, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Evolutionary implications of the frequent horizontal transfer of mismatch repair genes
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Denamur, Erick, Lecointre, Guillaume, Darlu, Pierre, Tenaillon, Oliver, Acquaviva, Cecile, Sayada, Chalom, Sunjevaric, Ivana, Rothstein, Rodney, Elion, Jacques, Taddei, Francois, Radman, Miroslav, and Matic, Ivan
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Evolution -- Genetic aspects ,Gene mutations -- Genetic aspects ,Genetic recombination -- Analysis ,Gene frequency -- Analysis ,Germplasm resources -- Genetic aspects ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial mismatch repair (MMR) genes from Escherichia coli reveal high sequence mosaicism reflecting their origin in diverse phylogenetic lineages suggesting a horizontal gene transfer. Data indicate that MMRs facilitate evolutionary adaptation by modulating the mutational and recombination processes.
- Published
- 2000
23. On the use of marker selection methods for the design of efficient genotyping tests in pharmacogenetics
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Sabbagh, Audrey and Darlu, Pierre
- Published
- 2005
24. Selection-driven transcriptome polymorphism in Escherichia coli/shigella species
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Gall, Tony Le, Denamur, Erick, Picard, Bertrand, Escobar-Paramo, Patrica, and Darlu, Pierre
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Genetic transcription -- Research ,Shigella -- Genetic aspects ,Escherichia coli -- Genetic aspects ,Genetic research ,Health - Abstract
The parameter for Escherichia coli/shigella bacterial species, which composed of phylogenetic groups that exhibit characteristic life styles ranging from commensalisms to intracellular photogenicity, was evaluated. The purpose of the evaluation was to explore the role of transcriptome in adaptation of organisms to their environment.
- Published
- 2005
25. Humans and Chimpanzees Display Opposite Patterns of Diversity in Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Genes
- Author
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Vangenot, Christelle, primary, Gagneux, Pascal, additional, de Groot, Natasja G, additional, Baumeyer, Adrian, additional, Mouterde, Médéric, additional, Crouau-Roy, Brigitte, additional, Darlu, Pierre, additional, Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia, additional, Sabbagh, Audrey, additional, and Poloni, Estella S, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Evaluating NAT2PRED for inferring the individual acetylation status from unphased genotype data
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Sabbagh Audrey, Darlu Pierre, and Vidaud Michel
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Internal medicine ,RC31-1245 ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract Background Genetically determined differences in N-acetylation capacity have proved to be important determinants of both the effectiveness of therapeutic response and the development of adverse drug reactions and toxicity during drug treatment. NAT2PRED is a web-server that allows a fast determination of NAT2 acetylation phenotype from genotype data without taking the extra step of reconstructing haplotypes for each individual (publicly available at http://nat2pred.rit.albany.edu). However, the classification accuracy of NAT2PRED needs to be assessed before its application can be advocated at a large scale. Methods The ability of NAT2PRED to classify individuals according to their acetylation status (slow, intermediate and rapid acetylators) was evaluated in a worldwide dataset composed of 56 population samples (8,489 individuals) from four continental regions. Results NAT2PRED correctly identified slow acetylators with a sensitivity above 99% for all populations outside sub-Saharan Africa. Nevertheless, NAT2PRED showed a poor ability to distinguish between intermediate and rapid acetylators, with a classification error rate reaching up to 10% in the non-African samples. Conclusion NAT2PRED is an excellent tool to infer the individual acetylation status from NAT2 genotype data when the main interest is to distinguish slow acetylators from the others. This should facilitate the determination of the individual acetylation status in routine clinical practice and lead to better monitoring of risks associated with cancer and adverse drug reactions.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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27. aes, the gene encoding the esterase B in Escherichia coli, is a powerful phylogenetic marker of the species
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Tuffery Pierre, Darlu Pierre, Garry Louis, Clermont Olivier, Hoede Claire, Lescat Mathilde, Denamur Erick, and Picard Bertrand
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Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
Abstract Background Previous studies have established a correlation between electrophoretic polymorphism of esterase B, and virulence and phylogeny of Escherichia coli. Strains belonging to the phylogenetic group B2 are more frequently implicated in extraintestinal infections and include esterase B2 variants, whereas phylogenetic groups A, B1 and D contain less virulent strains and include esterase B1 variants. We investigated esterase B as a marker of phylogeny and/or virulence, in a thorough analysis of the esterase B-encoding gene. Results We identified the gene encoding esterase B as the acetyl-esterase gene (aes) using gene disruption. The analysis of aes nucleotide sequences in a panel of 78 reference strains, including the E. coli reference (ECOR) strains, demonstrated that the gene is under purifying selection. The phylogenetic tree reconstructed from aes sequences showed a strong correlation with the species phylogenetic history, based on multi-locus sequence typing using six housekeeping genes. The unambiguous distinction between variants B1 and B2 by electrophoresis was consistent with Aes amino-acid sequence analysis and protein modelling, which showed that substituted amino acids in the two esterase B variants occurred mostly at different sites on the protein surface. Studies in an experimental mouse model of septicaemia using mutant strains did not reveal a direct link between aes and extraintestinal virulence. Moreover, we did not find any genes in the chromosomal region of aes to be associated with virulence. Conclusion Our findings suggest that aes does not play a direct role in the virulence of E. coli extraintestinal infection. However, this gene acts as a powerful marker of phylogeny, illustrating the extensive divergence of B2 phylogenetic group strains from the rest of the species.
- Published
- 2009
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28. Worldwide distribution of NAT2 diversity: Implications for NAT2 evolutionary history
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Gérard Nathalie, Darlu Pierre, Langaney André, Sabbagh Audrey, Krishnamoorthy Rajagopal, and Poloni Estella S
- Subjects
Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract Background The N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene plays a crucial role in the metabolism of many drugs and xenobiotics. As it represents a likely target of population-specific selection pressures, we fully sequenced the NAT2 coding region in 97 Mandenka individuals from Senegal, and compared these sequences to extant data on other African populations. The Mandenka data were further included in a worldwide dataset composed of 41 published population samples (6,727 individuals) from four continental regions that were adequately genotyped for all common NAT2 variants so as to provide further insights into the worldwide haplotype diversity and population structure at NAT2. Results The sequencing analysis of the NAT2 gene in the Mandenka sample revealed twelve polymorphic sites in the coding exon (two of which are newly identified mutations, C345T and C638T), defining 16 haplotypes. High diversity and no molecular signal of departure from neutrality were observed in this West African sample. On the basis of the worldwide genotyping survey dataset, we found a strong genetic structure differentiating East Asians from both Europeans and sub-Saharan Africans. This pattern could result from region- or population-specific selective pressures acting at this locus, as further suggested in the HapMap data by extremely high values of FST for a few SNPs positions in the NAT2 coding exon (T341C, C481T and A803G) in comparison to the empirical distribution of FST values accross the whole 400-kb region of the NAT gene family. Conclusion Patterns of sequence variation at NAT2 are consistent with selective neutrality in all sub-Saharan African populations investigated, whereas the high level of population differentiation between Europeans and East Asians inferred from SNPs could suggest population-specific selective pressures acting at this locus, probably caused by differences in diet or exposure to other environmental signals.
- Published
- 2008
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29. Inferring haplotypes at the NAT2 locus: the computational approach
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Sabbagh Audrey and Darlu Pierre
- Subjects
Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract Background Numerous studies have attempted to relate genetic polymorphisms within the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene (NAT2) to interindividual differences in response to drugs or in disease susceptibility. However, genotyping of individuals single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) alone may not always provide enough information to reach these goals. It is important to link SNPs in terms of haplotypes which carry more information about the genotype-phenotype relationship. Special analytical techniques have been designed to unequivocally determine the allocation of mutations to either DNA strand. However, molecular haplotyping methods are labour-intensive and expensive and do not appear to be good candidates for routine clinical applications. A cheap and relatively straightforward alternative is the use of computational algorithms. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of the computational approach in NAT2 haplotype reconstruction from phase-unknown genotype data, for population samples of various ethnic origin. Results We empirically evaluated the effectiveness of four haplotyping algorithms in predicting haplotype phases at NAT2, by comparing the results with those directly obtained through molecular haplotyping. All computational methods provided remarkably accurate and reliable estimates for NAT2 haplotype frequencies and individual haplotype phases. The Bayesian algorithm implemented in the PHASE program performed the best. Conclusion This investigation provides a solid basis for the confident and rational use of computational methods which appear to be a good alternative to infer haplotype phases in the particular case of the NAT2 gene, where there is near complete linkage disequilibrium between polymorphic markers.
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- 2005
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30. On the use of haplotype phylogeny to detect disease susceptibility loci
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Darlu Pierre, Hugot Jean-Pierre, Danjean Vincent, Bardel Claire, and Génin Emmanuelle
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Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract Background The cladistic approach proposed by Templeton has been presented as promising for the study of the genetic factors involved in common diseases. This approach allows the joint study of multiple markers within a gene by considering haplotypes and grouping them in nested clades. The idea is to search for clades with an excess of cases as compared to the whole sample and to identify the mutations defining these clades as potential candidate disease susceptibility sites. However, the performance of this approach for the study of the genetic factors involved in complex diseases has never been studied. Results In this paper, we propose a new method to perform such a cladistic analysis and we estimate its power through simulations. We show that under models where the susceptibility to the disease is caused by a single genetic variant, the cladistic test is neither really more powerful to detect an association nor really more efficient to localize the susceptibility site than an individual SNP testing. However, when two interacting sites are responsible for the disease, the cladistic analysis greatly improves the probability to find the two susceptibility sites. The impact of the linkage disequilibrium and of the tree characteristics on the efficiency of the cladistic analysis are also discussed. An application on a real data set concerning the CARD15 gene and Crohn disease shows that the method can successfully identify the three variant sites that are involved in the disease susceptibility. Conclusion The use of phylogenies to group haplotypes is especially interesting to pinpoint the sites that are likely to be involved in disease susceptibility among the different markers identified within a gene.
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- 2005
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31. Biological Systematics: Principles and Applications, 2nd ed. Randall T. Schuh Andrew V. Z. Brower
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DARLU, PIERRE
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- 2010
32. Hélène Pagézy (1945-2013)
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Froment, Alain, Darlu, Pierre, Pasquet, Patrick, Dounias, Edmond, Bahuchet, Serge, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
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[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,[SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies ,[SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,[SHS.ANTHRO-SE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology ,[SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society - Abstract
International audience; En février dernier, Hélène Pagézy, directrice de recherche au CNRS toute jeune retraitée, mettait la dernière main à un important article résumant ses travaux de terrain, dans la région du Lac Tumba en République Démocratique du Congo. Quelques jours plus tard, le 3 mars 2013, elle disparaissait brutalement, emportée par un accident vasculaire. En synthétisant sa thèse restée inédite, entreprise en 1970 et complétée par un nouveau séjour effectué trente ans après, elle revenait sur les débuts d'une carrière consacrée toute entière à une approche véritablement bioculturelle de l'anthropologie. Nantie de son DEA obtenu en 1969 au laboratoire d'anthropologie de l'université Paris-6, où elle avait été l'élève du regretté Professeur Jean Hiernaux, elle était partie dans ce qui était à l'époque le Zaïre, où Hiernaux avait luimême passé une partie de sa vie jusqu'à devenir recteur de l'université de Lubumbashi. Accueillie par notre collègue Joseph Ghesquière, alors directeur de la station de recherche de l'IRSAC (Institut de Recherche Scientifique en Afrique Centrale), elle avait impressionné par son enthousiasme et sa vaillance, s'engageant dans un séjour de 60 mois d'affilée sur le terrain, dans une zone lacustre enclavée où cohabitent des Pygmées et des agriculteurs. Elle en avait rapportée d'innombrables données sur l'alimentation, la santé et la croissance des enfants, la physiologie des adultes, la démographie, l'ethno-botanique et la biodiversité. Biologiste autant qu'ethnologue, elle savait allier la démarche quantitative la plus précise à l'observation sociologique la plus subtile. Son long séjour lui avait offert l'occasion d'étudier finement la saisonnalité des disponibilités alimentaires, mettant notamment en évidence le phénomène de faim de viande. Elle avait aussi apporté des éléments nouveaux sur la grossesse et la petite enfance, en décrivant les soins particuliers dont les femmes primipares font l'objet, réalisant à ce propos un film devenu classique. Elle fut la première à faire des études fines de perception gustative, en utilisant des solutions de concentration croissante en sel, sucre, substances acides et amères. Le suivi longitudinal de la croissance des enfants lui avait permis de mesurer précisément l'impact des maladies infectieuses. Après le Zaïre elle avait étudié au Cameroun une communauté de pêcheurs de la forêt littorale, les Mabi, un travail qu'elle put poursuivre ensuive en Guyane, décrivant en par
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- 2013
33. Haplotype tagging efficiency and tagSNP sets portability in worldwide populations in NAT2 gene
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Sabbagh, Audrey, Darlu, Pierre, Langaney, André, and Poloni, Estella S.
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association studies ,génétique des populations ,population genetics ,haplotype tagging ,déséquilibre de liaison ,études d’association ,NAT2 ,linkage disequilibrium ,ddc:599.9 ,marquage haplotypique - Abstract
Genetic polymorphism in the NAT2 gene is responsible for pronounced interindividual differences in the acetylation activity of the N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) enzyme, which plays a crucial role in the metabolism of many clinically useful drugs and exogenous chemicals. Up to now, most association studies that have attempted to relate the acetylation phenotype in NAT2 to a variety of complex human disorders have led to contradictory results in different populations. Some of these inconsistencies may result from a poor knowledge of linkage patterns at NAT2 and their geographic variation. Using data from an extensive survey of the literature, we investigated the worldwide haplotype diversity and linkage disequilibrium structure of NAT2. For 28 population samples (including 3,994 individuals) from four continental regions (Africa, Europe, Asia, America), we evaluated haplotype tagging efficiency at NAT2 and defined population-specific sets of haplotype tagging SNPs (htSNPs) to be used for future association studies. Tagging common haplotypes yielded 2- to 3-fold savings in European and East Asian samples, while no gains from tagging were observed in samples of African ancestry, which displayed high haplotype diversity at NAT2. htSNPs sets appeared to be portable among populations from a same continent, provided that the continent-specific htSNPs sets were selected with a stringent criterion. A “cosmopolitan” htSNPs set suitable for all human populations could not be identified for the NAT2 gene, but a single four-htSNP set proved to perform successfully in all the non-African populations investigated. Le polymorphisme génétique du gène NAT2 est responsable de fortes différences interindividuelles de l’activité d’acétylation de l’enzyme N-acetyltransférase 2 (NAT2). Cette enzyme joue un rôle fondamental dans le métabolisme de nombreux xénobiotiques et médicaments utilisés en clinique. Jusqu’à présent, la plupart des études d’association qui ont tenté de relier les phénotypes d’acétylation du gène NAT2 à plusieurs maladies complexes chez l’homme ont conduit à des résultats contradictoires, essentiellement en raison des faibles connaissances sur la variation géographique des profils de déséquilibre de liaison au locus NAT2. C’est pourquoi nous avons entrepris une étude exhaustive de la littérature relatant la diversité mondiale haplotypique du gène NAT2 et décrivant les déséquilibres de liaison entre différents SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) de ce gène. Notre échantillon comprend 28 populations (incluant 3994 individus) réparties sur quatre continents (Afrique, Europe, Asie, Amérique). Pour chacune d’elles, nous avons estimé l’efficacité du marquage haplotypique (tagging) et défini le sous-ensemble de SNP (htSNP) qui s’avère juste nécessaire pour réaliser efficacement des études d’association. Ce marquage haplotypique permet de réduire d’un facteur 2 à 3 fois le nombre de SNP à étudier, du moins pour les populations d’Europe et d’Asie de l’Est. En revanche, la diversité haplotypique en Afrique est telle qu’aucune réduction n’est possible pour ce continent. Les marqueurs htSNP sélectionnés dans une population restent performants pour le continent dans lequel elle se situe, à la condition que les htSNP aient été sélectionnés avec un critère suffisamment « stringent ». Pour ce gène NAT2, il n’est pas possible d’identifier un unique ensemble de htSNP qui serait « universel » et efficace pour toutes les populations ; mais un ensemble réduit à seulement quatre htSNP reste parfaitement efficace dans le cas des populations non africaines.
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- 2011
34. Race and IQ Expanded Edition Ashley Montagu
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Darlu, Pierre
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- 2003
35. The rpoS Gene Is Predominantly Inactivated during Laboratory Storage and Undergoes Source-Sink Evolution in Escherichia coli Species
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Bleibtreu, Alexandre, primary, Clermont, Olivier, additional, Darlu, Pierre, additional, Glodt, Jérémy, additional, Branger, Catherine, additional, Picard, Bertrand, additional, and Denamur, Erick, additional
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- 2014
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36. Ashley Montagu, ed., Race and IQ Expanded Edition
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Darlu, Pierre
- Abstract
La réimpression d’un livre collectif sur un sujet aussi débattu que « race et intelligence » et qui développe un argumentaire datant de plus d’un quart de siècle mérite-t-elle d’être signalée ? Diverses raisons liées à l’actualité non exclusivement scientifique poussent à répondre par l’affirmative. Tout d’abord, cette réédition constitue un hommage rendu à l’anthropologue et biologiste Ashley Montagu. Sa récente disparition, survenue en 1999, prive les sciences sociales et biologiques d’un a...
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- 2008
37. Migration patterns and surnames – Study of four zones from Southwestern France: The Basque Country, Bearn, Bigorre and Chalosse
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Degioanni, Anna, primary, Darlu, Pierre, additional, Bauduer, Frédéric, additional, Salaberria, José, additional, and Oyharçabal, Beñat, additional
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- 2014
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38. Analysis of the french national registry of unrelated bone marrow donors, using surnames as a tool for improving geographical localisaiton of HLA haploytpes
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Degioanni, Anna, Darlu, Pierre, Colette, Raffoux, Geoffroy, Gisèle, UMR 6578 : Anthropologie Bio-Culturelle (UAABC), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique épidémiologique et structures des populations humaines (Inserm U535), Epidémiologie, sciences sociales, santé publique (IFR 69), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Service de greffe de moelle osseuse [Saint-Louis], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), UMR 6578 : Adaptabilité Biologique et Culturelle (UAABC), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP), and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)
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[SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology ,"bone marrow donor registry" ,surname ,bone marrow donor registry ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,"surname" ,"HLA haplotype frequency" ,HLA haplotype frequency ,[SHS.ANTHRO-BIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology - Abstract
International audience
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- 2003
39. Obituary
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Darlu, Pierre, primary and Pasquet, Patrick, additional
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- 2013
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40. Rapid birth-and-death evolution of the xenobiotic metabolizing NAT gene family in vertebrates with evidence of adaptive selection
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Sabbagh, Audrey, primary, Marin, Julie, additional, Veyssière, Charlotte, additional, Lecompte, Emilie, additional, Boukouvala, Sotiria, additional, Poloni, Estella S, additional, Darlu, Pierre, additional, and Crouau-Roy, Brigitte, additional
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- 2013
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41. Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) Genetic Diversity and Traditional Subsistence: A Worldwide Population Survey
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Sabbagh, Audrey, primary, Darlu, Pierre, additional, Crouau-Roy, Brigitte, additional, and Poloni, Estella S., additional
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- 2011
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42. Biological Systematics: Principles and ApplicationsBiological Systematics: Principles and Applications, 2nd ed., by Randall T. Schuh and Andrew V. Z. Brower . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009. 311 pp. $59.95 (hardback).
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Darlu, Pierre, primary
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- 2010
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43. aes, the gene encoding the esterase B in Escherichia coli, is a powerful phylogenetic marker of the species
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Lescat, Mathilde, primary, Hoede, Claire, additional, Clermont, Olivier, additional, Garry, Louis, additional, Darlu, Pierre, additional, Tuffery, Pierre, additional, Denamur, Erick, additional, and Picard, Bertrand, additional
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- 2009
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44. Role of Intraspecies Recombination in the Spread of Pathogenicity Islands within the Escherichia coli Species
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Schubert, Sören, primary, Darlu, Pierre, additional, Clermont, Olivier, additional, Wieser, Andreas, additional, Magistro, Giuseppe, additional, Hoffmann, Christiane, additional, Weinert, Kirsten, additional, Tenaillon, Olivier, additional, Matic, Ivan, additional, and Denamur, Erick, additional
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- 2009
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45. La paléogénétique en paléontologie, archéologie et paléoanthropologie : apports et limites
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Vigne, Jean-Denis, primary and Darlu, Pierre, additional
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- 2008
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46. Flemish immigration in Wallonia and in France: : Patronyms as Data
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UCL - SSH/IACS - Institute of Analysis of Change in Contemporary and Historical Societies, Poulain, Michel, Foulon, Michel, Degioanni, Anna, Darlu, Pierre, UCL - SSH/IACS - Institute of Analysis of Change in Contemporary and Historical Societies, Poulain, Michel, Foulon, Michel, Degioanni, Anna, and Darlu, Pierre
- Abstract
Flemish emigration during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is too complex to be dealt with definitively in a single article. Our main objective is to provide an overview of the migration towards France and Wallonia by looking at its chronology, and the spatial distribution of emigrants and their descendants. In this effort, patronym distribution is very helpful. As markers of migratory movements, patronyms from a collection of nominative lists give us a handle on migration flows as no other evidence can. Comparing France and Wallonia, the two destination areas, it is possible to see similarities between types of migrants: workers in heavy industry, workers in the agricultural sector, and workers engaged in domestic services. In addition, three phases may be identified in the arrival of a Flemish population in France and Wallonia: an emigration phase, an integration phase, and a redistribution phase. The last phase is also part of the urbanization process and is linked with upward social mobility.
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- 2000
47. Revisiting Neandertal diversity with a 100,000 year old mtDNA sequence
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Orlando, Ludovic, primary, Darlu, Pierre, additional, Toussaint, Michel, additional, Bonjean, Dominique, additional, Otte, Marcel, additional, and Hänni, Catherine, additional
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- 2006
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48. SNP selection at the NAT2 locus for an accurate prediction of the acetylation phenotype
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Sabbagh, Audrey, primary and Darlu, Pierre, additional
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- 2006
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49. Very virulent infectious bursal disease virus: reduced pathogenicity in a rare natural segment-B-reassorted isolate
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Nouën, Cyril Le, primary, Rivallan, Gaëlle, additional, Toquin, Didier, additional, Darlu, Pierre, additional, Morin, Yannick, additional, Beven, Véronique, additional, de Boisseson, Claire, additional, Cazaban, Christophe, additional, Comte, Sylvain, additional, Gardin, Yannick, additional, and Eterradossi, Nicolas, additional
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- 2006
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50. Clustering of haplotypes based on phylogeny: how good a strategy for association testing?
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Bardel, Claire, primary, Darlu, Pierre, additional, and Génin, Emmanuelle, additional
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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