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The classification of breast cancer (BC) by immunohistochemical phenotypes is widely used in routine clinical practice. However, the genetic profile of the tumor does not always correspond to the pathomorphological one, which can significantly affect the prognosis and predict the effectiveness of therapy in BC. This literature review examines the effectiveness of endocrine therapy depending on the internal subtype of BC, and also presents data on the effectiveness of CDK4/6 inhibitors in these subgroups. It has been shown that during metastasis, the tumor acquires a more aggressive subtype (for example, it switches from luminal to HER2-E or basal-like), which can be stopped when using CDK4/6 inhibitors: the change of the internal subtype passes into a more favorable group.

Background. Modern breast cancer chemotherapy regimens (BC) consider individual patient parameters and ranges of cardiotoxic doses. However, clinicians often record clinical and laboratory-instrumental signs of cardio- and vasculotoxicity in patients, which emphasizes the high importance of searching for markers of early toxic response. Aim. To study the characteristics of the response of arterial stiffness on the background of anthracycline-containing chemotherapy to determine potential markers of vasculotoxicity in BC patients. Materials and methods. 20 women with a BC were included. The patients received 4 cycles of chemotherapy in the doxorubicin + cyclophosphane (AC) regimen with an interval of 23 weeks, then they were injected with paclitaxel weekly for 12 injections, or docetaxel once every 3 weeks. All patients underwent TTE, arterial stiffness determination by the "gold standard" method and using volumetric sphygmography before the start of treatment, after the completion of the anthracycline component and after the end of taxanes. Results. The average age of the patients was 45.55.31 years. After completing the course of anthracyclines, there was a significant increase in heart rate (from 65.69.3 to 73.310.1 beats/min.), a decrease in SBP (from 122.69.9 to 116.512.3 mmHg) and DBP (from 78.98.5 to 76.28.6 mmHg), a decrease in carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) (from 9.321.41 to 7.851.57 m/s), CAVI index on the left (from 6.780.81 to 6.50.88), the velocity of the cardio-ankle pulse wave on the right and left (from 6.70.6 to 6.50.7 m/s; from 7.00.6 to 6.30.8 m/sc, respectively). After the completion of the taxane, there was a tendency to increase these indicators, however, they remained significantly lower compared to the values before the start of treatment. Conclusion. A comparative analysis of arterial stiffness indicators at different stages of chemotherapy showed a more pronounced reaction of cfPWV, CAVI, cardio-ankle pulse wave to the administration of anthracyclines, which presumably may be associated with concomitant hemodynamic restructuring.

Metastatic luminal B HER2-negative breast cancer (HR+/HER2- mBC) occupies a leading place in the global structure of morbidity and mortality among women. The current gold standard of first-line treatment is the combination of CDK4/6 inhibitors with aromatase inhibitors, among which ribociclib with letrozole is distinguished. According to the MONALEESA-2 study, the addition of ribociclib to letrozole significantly increased the median overall survival to 63.9 months, reducing the risk of death by 24%. The safety profile of the combination is manageable, and the development of adverse events led to the interruption of therapy only in 7.5% of cases. A study of the actual clinical practice of CompLEEment-1 also confirmed the safety and effectiveness of the combination. Maintaining and improving the quality of life is one of the main tasks in the treatment of patients with HR+/HER2- mBC. According to the MONALEESA-2 study, the addition of ribociclib significantly affects the maintenance of quality of life and leads to a decrease in the intensity of pain syndrome. The published data allowed us to assign a combination of ribociclib and letrozole 4 points on the ESMO-MCBS scale. The safety of long-term use of the combination in the first line of treatment illustrated by clinical observation. The patient's progression-free survival during therapy was 40 months, which significantly exceeds the data of the MONALEESA-2 and CompLEEment-1 studies. The maximum effect (partial response according to RECIST 1.1 -40%) achieved after 24 weeks and persisted for 24 months. Clinically, the patient noted a decrease in the severity of the pain syndrome after 8 weeks of therapy. Against the background of therapy, it was possible to maintain the quality of life without sacrificing antitumor efficacy.

The consensus on the prevention and correction of rash in patients with HR+ HER2- metastatic breast cancer treated with alpelisib was developed by the experts of the Russian Society of Clinical Oncology and dermatovenerologists. PIK3CA mutation is a poor prognostic factor for HR+ HER2- metastatic breast cancer. Alpelisib demonstrates efficacy in patients with PIK3CA mutation, but treatment might be associated with adverse events that include rash. All-grade rash was reported in 35.6% patients in SOLAR-1 trial (n=284). According to the published real-world data, for Russian population (n=19) all-grade rash was reported for 37% patients. The consensus contains practical recommendation on management of patients with rash of different grade.

We have three drugs for treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): imatinib, sunitinib and regorafenib. Avapritinib (Ayvakit, BLU-285) is one more drug that was approved in January 2020. Avapritinib is a new selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor of PDGFRA and KIT mutations. Based on NAVIGATOR trial avapritinib was approved by FDA for treatment of PDGFRA exon 18 mutant GIST including D842V. Avapritinib was included in NCCN guidelines in the first line therapy PDGFRA D842V mutant GIST. There are only several cases describe imatinib and regorafenib efficacy in D842V mutation in the literature. Avapritinib is the first drug with high efficacy in D842V mutant GIST. Avapritinib has high efficacy against second mutations that explain its activity in 4 lines of treatment. This article summarizes the results of NAVIGATOR trial and describes a clinical case of the patient with advanced GIST who received avapritinib in 6th line of treatment. Partial response was achieved that lasted 9 months. The earliest side effects were periorbital edema and increased lacrimation. Three months later the dose of аvapritinib was reduced because of hematological toxicity.

Succinate dehydrogenase deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumors (dSDH GIST) is a unique group of GISTs with an energy metabolism defect as the key oncogenic mechanism without mutations in the proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor a (PDGFRA). SDH-deficiency is a result of mutations in SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD. There are three variants of dSDH GIST: sporadic dSDH GIST, Carney triad or Carney-Stratakis syndrome. dSDH GISTs are characterized by young age, female prevalence, gastric location, multiple tumors, lymph node metastases, indolent behavior and poorly response to imatinib. Despite the literature data, we report the response to imatinib in patient with dSDH GIST. 21 year old female patient presented with incomplete Carney triad (multiply gastric GIST with liver and peritoneal metastases, left lung chondroma). The patient received imatinib with clinical response in a month and radiological response in three months-cystic transformation of primary gastric tumor and liver metastases. The duration of response was 8 months.