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Background and Aim: Pelung chicken Gallus gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a chicken endemic to Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the effects of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and synthetic testosterone supplementations for 56 days on testosterone hormone levels and breast muscle performance in Pelung chickens. Materials and Methods: This study used 12 Pelung chickens with three treatment groups (G) and four replications, namely, control (G0), ZnSO4 0.9 mg/kg (G1), and synthetic testosterone 3 mg/day (G2). Chickens were acclimatized for 7 days and then supplemented for 56 days. Drinking water and commercial standard feed were provided ad libitum. Blood was collected through the brachial vein for the analysis of testosterone levels using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The samples were collected every 14 days; on days 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56. Breast muscles were collected for texture analysis, and breast muscle preparations were made with hematoxylin-eosin staining to measure the fascicle area (FA), number of myofibers in one fascicle (NMOF), and myofiber area (MA). The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance at a 95% confidence level with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v.29.0. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed with the help of Minitab v. 19. Results: Statistical analysis results on 56 days of testosterone level parameters showed that G2 was significantly different from all treatments (p < 0.05). The results of statistical analysis on Pelung chicken breast muscle performance, especially hardness, chewiness, FA, NMOF, and MA, were significantly different (p < 0.05) compared with the other treatments. The results of PCA showed that the testosterone level parameters were positively correlated with FA, NMOF, MA, hardness, and chewiness, whereas the fracture parameters were negatively correlated with all parameters except the springiness index and were significantly different between the G2 group and the other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that supplementing synthetic testosterone 3 mg/day body weight for 56 days can improve testosterone levels and breast muscle performance, especially hardness, chewiness, FA, NMOF, and MA in Pelung chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drinking water quality has declined due to the increased pollution from industries, agricultural runoff, sewage, and domestic activities. This study evaluated the potability and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of drinking water in rural areas of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Water samples were collected from the drinking water sources of the dwellers, namely developed spring, shallow well, and deep well in January 2022. The collected water samples were analyzed for physicochemical and biological qualities and trace and heavy metal contents. Chronic daily intake (CDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) indices were calculated to assess human health risks associated with heavy metal exposure. The groundwater pollution index (GPI) showed that 100% of the water samples were very highly polluted (GPI > 2.5). The HQ values for both children and adults were less than 1. All samples’ total coliform and fecal coliform counts surpassed the recommended limit of 0 cfu/100 mL. The water sources of the study sites were not deemed suitable for drinking as most of the water quality parameters did not meet the national and international drinking water quality standards. There should be immediate treatment of the contaminated water using chlorination, UV treatment, or filtration to save people from waterborne diseases and avoid environmental risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in Ekpoma, a town dependent on rainwater and river water from nearby areas because of a lack of groundwater sources, and the physicochemical and bacteriological (heterotrophic plate count [HPC], total coliform count [TCC], and fecal coliform count [FCC]) properties of 123 stored river water samples grouped into five collection districts (EK1 to EK5). The results were compared with regulatory standards and previous regional studies to identify water quality trends. While most physicochemical properties met drinking water standards, 74% of samples had pH values > 8.5. Twenty-seven samples were fit for drinking, with EK4 having the highest number of bacterio-logically unsuitable samples. Ten bacterial species were identified, with Gram-negative short-rod species such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhimurium being predominant. HPC values varied from 367 × 10⁴ to 1320 × 10⁴ CFU/mL, with EK2 (2505 × 10⁴ CFU/mL) and EK5 (1320 × 10⁴ CFU/mL) showing particularly high counts. The TCC values ranged from 1049 × 10⁴ to 4400 × 10⁴ CFU/mL, and the FCC values from 130 × 10⁴ to 800 × 10⁴ CFU/mL, all exceeding WHO limits (1.0 × 102 CFU/mL). Historical data show no improvement in water quality, emphasizing the need for individuals to treat water properly before consumption. The findings provide baseline data for local water authorities and serve as a wake-up call for adequate water treatment, storage interventions, and community education on water security. Additionally, this study offers a practical process for improving the quality of water stored in similar regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of increasingly serious global environmental pollution, ensuring the safety of drinking water has become one of the focuses of global attention. In this study, Meihu Reservoir, a drinking water source, was selected as the research object, and the main pollution problems and their sources were revealed through conventional water quality analysis, suitability evaluation of the drinking water source and eutrophication evaluation of the reservoir. Using modern water quality monitoring technology and methods, the paper monitors and analyzes various water quality parameters of the Meihu Reservoir. The results showed that the water quality indexes, except total nitrogen, met the class II–III standard of drinking water, and the comprehensive nutrient state index method (TLI) evaluated the reservoir, and its index met 30 ≤ TLI (∑) ≤ 50 , indicating that the reservoir belongs to the medium nutrition category. Therefore, the water quality of the reservoir has been affected by different degrees of agricultural, domestic and livestock pollution, mainly reflected in the serious excess of the total nitrogen index (the peak has reached 2.99 mg/L). The results of the on-site investigation showed that the main sources of nitrogen in the reservoir included agricultural non-point-source pollution, domestic sewage pollution, domestic garbage pollution and livestock and poultry pollution, accounting for 50.09%, 23.99%, 14.13% and 11.80% of the total load, respectively. On this basis, this paper puts forward some countermeasures for pollution control in order to provide a scientific basis and practical path for water quality protection and improvement of the Meihu Reservoir and other similar reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluoride (iF) is an inorganic element commonly present in groundwater in central Mexico and is considered a health risk when it exceeds the Mexican drinking water standard of 1.5 mg/L. Prolonged exposure to iF can cause various adverse health effects, such as dental fluorosis and neurological effects, particularly in children. A rapid and cost-effective strategy to identify possible areas where the resident population may be at risk of exposure to this contaminant is the health risk estimation methodology of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). The aim of this study was to estimate the environmental risk of iF exposure in residents of Jerez, Zacatecas, Mexico, and subsequently construct risk maps to identify areas of the city where there is a higher risk of exposure. Fifty-five tap water samples were collected from households to determine iF concentrations using the ion-selective electrode method. Based on these environmental values, the hazard quotient (HQ) was estimated following the health risk estimation methodology. Subsequently, risk maps were generated from these values to visualize the spatial distribution of high-risk areas within the city. The iF concentrations in tap water ranged from 1.3 to 7.3 mg/L (ppm), with only one sample below the standard of 1.5 mg/L. We estimated HQ values ranging from 0.63 to 3.73. Exposure to iF in tap water is a health problem that must be addressed, necessitating risk communication actions that enable the population to safeguard its health through simple measures, thereby avoiding future health costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study area covers the Banaz (Usak) basin located in the Aegean Region in the western part of Turkey. Metamorphic, sedimentary, ultramafic, and volcanic rocks are dominant in the basin. The groundwaters in the study area are used for domestic, irrigational, and industrial purposes. Hence, the groundwater chemistry and major geochemical processes in the region were determined. The dominance of major elements was of the order of Ca2+. Mg2+ Na+. K+ and HCO3-. CO3-. Cl-. SO42-. Piper, Durov, Chadha, and Radial plots identified generally Ca2+Mg2+-HCO-3 type waters as the dominant types of water in this area. In terms of physical parameters in the basin, the waters are suitable for drinking. However, arsenic content in Yesilyurt and Corum settlements exceeds the limit values of drinking water standards. In addition, the ammonium value is high in the water sample in the Corum region. Isotope contents in water samples from 2008 to 2023 were evaluated in the study area. The waters in the basin are of meteoric origin according to their stable isotope content. Tritium content in the plain waters indicates recent recharge. Additionally, for children, As and U elements were identified as risky with oral intake and As with dermal contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purification of emerging heavy metal antimony contaminated water based on advanced ingenious strategies. An activated modified coconut shell charcoal (CSC) was synthesized and evaluated as a substrate-supported loaded organic photovoltaic material, PM6:PYIT:PM6-b-PYIT, to prepare a surprisingly highly efficient, stable, environmentally friendly, and recyclable organic photocatalyst (CSC–N–P.P.P), which showed excellent effects on the simultaneous removal of Sb(III) and Sb(V). The removal efficiency of CSC-N-P.P.P on Sb(III) and Sb(V) reached an amazing 99.9% in quite a short duration of 15 min. At the same time, under ppb level and indoor visible light (~1 W m-2 ), it can be treated to meet the drinking water standards set by the European Union and the U.S. National Environmental Protection Agency in 5 min, and even after 25 cycles of recycling, the efficiency is still maintained at about 80%, in addition to the removal of As (III), Cd (II), Cr (VI), and Pb (II) can also be realized. The catalyst not only solves the problems of low reuse rate, difficult structure adjustment and high energy consumption of traditional photocatalysts but also has strong applicability and practical significance. The pioneering approach provides a much-needed solution strategy for removing highly toxic heavy metal antimony pollution from the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life cannot exist without water. Water scarcity is caused by massive groundwater decline. Water contamination is the most common problem spreading worldwide quicker than ever, alongwith anthropogenicwater scarcity. Since tainted water can harm health, water contamination is also contributing to water scarcity. Heavy metals in drinking water have plagued most Asian, African, and European nations for decades. Studies reveal that heavy metals have caused damage in Pakistan, India, and China. This study detects heavy metals in groundwater and treats them with phytoremediation along the river Kabul in district Charsadda. It also measures pH, EC, TDS, turbidity, fluoride, phosphates, nitrites, and nitrates. All indicatorsmeet the WHO and national environmental quality criteria for drinking water, except for turbidity, which exceeds the limit of =5 NTU in four examined regions, reaching a maximum of 9.99 NTU. Chemical parameters were within the standard limits, except for high concentrations of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in samples from S2 (15.20 µg/L) and S1 (20.50 µg/L) compared to WHO's 10 and 5 µg/L standards. However, the limit is within EPA Pakistan's 50 and 100 µg/L standards for drinking water, which Pakistan still follows. Heavymetals can harmhealth, even at lowlevels. Since themajority of the study area's population relies on groundwater for drinking and other needs, heavy metal pollution of the groundwater can cause many ailments. Thus, phytoremediation is increasingly vital to reduce these heavy metals to WHO limits to protect human health and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to assess the quality of shallow groundwater in the Drean plain, with a focus on the concentration of heavy metals. The indices employed included the water quality index (WQI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), and metal index (MI). Spatial distribution maps of heavy metals, as well as pollution indices, were developed based on twenty samples. The physicochemical parameters, including T, pH, EC, DO, and TDS, were measured using standard techniques. Heavy metals, including iron (Fe), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), and cadmium (Cd), were analysed through spectrophotometry. The average concentrations of Mn, Cr, Cd, and Pb exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards, with respective values of 0.16 mg/L, 0.06 mg/L, 0.28 mg/L, and 0.38 mg/L. According to the water quality index (WQI), which ranges from 21 to 800, approximately 50% of the water samples was classi- fied as highly polluted and therefore not recommended for consumption. According to the metal index (MI), the average value is 6.77, with 80% classified as highly polluted. The average value of the heavy metal pollution index (HPI) was 2201, indicating that the water in the plain is severely polluted for consumption, with 100% of the samples classified as unfit for consumption. The study underlines the urgency of reducing the health risks to the urban population and recommends continuous monitoring of the area to assess the evolution of the pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to evaluate the water of the Tigris River and its suitability for drinking. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters of the Tigris River water in the Qayyarah district were studied. The studied samples were collected for a period of six months from October 2023 to March 2024. The water was divided according to some physical, chemical, and biological factors such as temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total alkalinity, chloride (Cl-), phosphate (PO4), nitrite (NO2), silica (SiO2), heavy metals, and total plate count (TPC). The results of the study showed that numerous samples conformed to Iraqi and international standards for drinking water, except for the total plate count (TPC), which was high and appeared in all samples throughout the study period between 360 and 1500 cell/ ml. The water temperature ranged between 9 & 24 degrees Celsius, and the electrical conductivity ranged between 293- 395µS/ cm, and the dissolved oxygen rate recorded 9.26mg/ L. Chemical oxygen demand rate was 1.23mg/ L. Nitrite concentrations were low, ranging between 0.14-0.35μg/ L. Total alkalinity ranged between 96-128mg/ L as CaCO3, phosphate ranged between 0.002-0.067μg/ L, silica ranged between 1.4-2.15μg/ L, and varying values of heavy metals were recorded: 0.095-0.887mg/ L for lead, 0.044-0.059mg/ L for cadmium, and 0.053-0.177mg/ L for zinc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to safe drinking water is a critical public health challenge, especially in developing nations like India. Pathogenic microorganisms contaminating potable water pose serious health risks. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive microbiological and physiochemical examination of various drinking water sources in the Bikaner district of Rajasthan. Water samples were collected from urban households, rural households, public taps, borewells, canals, rivers, ponds, and other sources across Bikaner. Standard microbiological and analytical chemistry techniques were employed to isolate, identify and characterize microorganisms present, as well as analyze key physiochemical parameters. The microbiological analysis revealed high levels of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter and Aeromonas across all water samples. Surface water sources like rivers and ponds showed the highest microbial contamination, exceeding WHO limits by over 1000-fold. Groundwater from borewells had comparatively lower but still unacceptable microbiological quality. Tap water also contained coliforms indicating inadequate treatment and post-supply contamination. In-depth comparative studies were conducted on the isolated bacterial strains to characterize their physiological, biochemical, genetic and pathogenic properties. Antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, biofilm formation and environmental persistence of these waterborne pathogens were investigated. Molecular microbiology techniques like PCR genotyping were used to identify species and strain types. The physiochemical analysis examined parameters like pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, chlorine residuals, toxic metals and other chemicals. Most sources violated drinking water standards for multiple parameters. Surface waters showed high turbidity, low dissolved oxygen and presence of heavy metals. Even groundwater sources had physicochemical quality issues due to geogenic and anthropogenic contamination. This multi- dimensional study provides comprehensive baseline data on the microbiological and chemical quality of drinking water available to communities in Bikaner region. The findings confirm widespread contamination by fecal bacteria, other pathogens and unsafe physiochemical traits across all sources tested. This information will guide efforts to mitigate public health risks through proper treatment interventions, water safety plans, and other preventive measures for ensuring access to potable water in this water-stressed area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrochemical analysis is crucial for understanding soil and water composition dynamics in coastal aquifers. This study presents a novel framework for the comprehensive assessment of groundwater quality, integrating multivariate analysis and hydrochemical techniques. It comprises seven stages aimed at characterizing physicochemical properties, identifying water constituents, elucidating dominant mechanisms in water composition, evaluating ion exchange processes, analyzing spatial distribution of components, identifying impacting processes, and assessing drinking water quality. The framework was applied to the coastal unconfined Arroyo Grande aquifer in Cartagena, Colombia. Fifteen points were sampled, assessing physicochemical parameters such as total hardness, alkalinity, pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, anions, cations, among others. Findings reveal the presence of dominant anions including bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate, with relevant variations observed between the dry and wet season, with manganese and iron surpassing WHO drinking water standards. The prevalence of these constituents has been attributed to mineral dissolution, ion exchange, salinization due to seawater intrusion, and anthropogenic contamination. Over 50% of samples in both seasons fail to meet freshwater drinking standards due to elevated dissolved mineral concentrations in groundwater. These findings provide insights for sustainable management and mitigation strategies, and the systematic approach enables researchers to identify key factors influencing water composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanding anthropogenic activities, globally and in Egypt, have increased concentrations of heavy metals in surface and ground waters. Contamination of drinking water may threaten public health. In the present study, the concentrations of 10 heavy metals were analyzed from natural springs (6) and drilled wells (10) in the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer of the El-Farafra Oasis and the White Desert National Park, Egypt. The average concentrations of heavy metals were in most cases below critical values of the WHO drinking water standard, except for Fe and Mn (average values were 495 and 107 µg·L−1, respectively). There is a surface circulation that develops within limestone (Post-Nubian Aquifer System—PNAS) and feeds the springs, while the water present in the wells (at least for the deeper ones) comes from the ferruginous sandstone (Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System—NSAS). This double circulation could account for the differences in the EC and TDS values (typical of a circulation in limestone-type aquifers for springs) and the Fe and Mn enrichment coming from the ferruginous sandstone of the NSAS. The average chronic daily intake (CDI) values for heavy metals in the study area are listed in decreasing order in the following: Fe > Mn > Zn > Co > Ni > Cr > As > Pb > Co > Cd. The total hazard quotient (HQtotal = HQoral + HQdermal) and Hazard Index (HI) values calculated for different heavy metals were well below the acceptable limit, indicating no significant non-carcinogenic health risks to the residents of both areas via oral and dermal absorption of drinking water. Furthermore, the results obtained for the total risk to human health showed that oral ingestion is the major pathway. Carcinogenic risk analysis indicated that the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) values for Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr were well below the acceptable limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study reveals the concentration of heavy metals in sediment, water, and three fish species of the Korotoa River in Bangladesh. Two diverse seasons, namely wet (August–September 2021) and dry (January–February 2022) were chosen to compare the seasonal differences of five concerning heavy metals (Cr, Co, Pb, As, and Cd) adjacent to coal mining area using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Different physicochemical parameters of water quality along with the concentration of heavy metals varied significantly with the seasons. However, the average concentrations of the examined heavy metals followed the downward order of Cr > Pb > As > Co > Cd for both wet and dry seasons. The mean concentration of heavy metals in fish was found higher in Mastacembelus armatus compared with Labeo bata and Amblypharyngodon mola. The values of the researched heavy metals' enrichment factors were reported in the following order: As > Co > Cr > Cd. The pollution load index (PLI) specified that the sediment of the river under study was not seriously contaminated (PLI <1). However, the content of heavy metals in the water was discovered to be much greater than the standards for safe drinking water limits and the preservation of freshwater aquatic life, demonstrating that the river water from this area is unsafe for use as drinking water or for cooking. However, the study suggests relevant authorities should take necessary action to stop further pollution in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tailings pond is considered as the main source of heavy metal pollution in gold mining areas. These heavy metals are directly released into fresh water without proper treatment. Phytoremediation process with the selected terrestrial plants may be an alternative solution for the mine wastewater treatment. In the current study, an experimental investigation found that Rumex nepalensis Spreng. has found a good accumulator of multi-metals in 15 days of experimental period. The results revealed that the removal efficiencies for Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb were 100%, 92%, 87%, and 67%, respectively. These indicate the plant showed its maximum accumulation of multi-metals. However, Pb reached saturation at the end of the 10th day, which makes its removal efficiency only in the first 10 days of the experimental period. The experiment revealed Pb and Ni which were above WHO standard for drinking water in the mine wastewater were made to permissible limit for these metals after the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing groundwater quality is critical to regional water resource conservation and human health safety, especially in areas with co-existence of toxic constituents fluoride (F−) and arsenic (As). In this study, fourteen groundwater samples were collected in Feng County, Northwestern Jiangsu Province to identify dominant contaminants and their spatial distribution and health risk. The composition and variation characteristics of major ions (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−, and NO3−) and trace elements (F−, As, and Mn) were analyzed. The hydrochemical results revealed that high F− groundwater was mainly distributed in the northern areas whereas As-riched groundwater was primarily distributed in southern areas. Notably, over 85.7% and 21.4% of the shallow groundwater samples exceeded the drinking water quality standard of 1.5 mg/L for F− and 10 µg/L for As, respectively. Based on the water quality index (WQI) appraisal result, 71.4% of the groundwater in the study area is classified as "poor", and thus unsuitable for drinking directly. We assessed the human non-carcinogenic health risk of F− (HQFluoride) and As (HQArsenic) and the carcinogenic health risk of As (CRArsenic). The calculated hazard quotient (HQ) for F− indicated nearly all groundwater samples have an unacceptable risk (HQ > 1) for each age group. However, HQArsenic values revealed that 28.6%, 21.4%, 21.4%, and 21.4% of groundwater samples posed potential non-carcinogenic health risks for infants, children, females, and males, respectively. The calculated results of CRArsenic showed that 0%, 21.4%, 28.6%, and 28.6% of groundwater samples posed unacceptable health risks (CR > 1.0 × 10−4) to infants, children, females, and males, respectively. The groundwater irrigation suitability assessment results showed that 21.4% of samples were doubtful to unsuitable for irrigation, and 85.7% owed magnesium hazards. The findings of this study will assist policymakers in formulating proper remedial policies and mitigation strategies to ensure the safety of drinking and irrigation water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The given text explores the role of Farm Science Centres, or KVKs, in rural communities in India. These centers have expanded their focus beyond knowledge repositories and now promote agricultural expertise, environmental stewardship, social justice, and cultural heritage. KVKs have introduced innovative technologies to farmers and have empowered marginalized groups, but they face challenges due to limited resources and infrastructure. The text also touches on the importance of safe drinking water and the need for effective management and quality control. It discusses the role of the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) in accrediting laboratories for drinking water testing and provides a list of recommended tests for water quality. The text emphasizes the importance of collaboration and the use of a centralized resource, the Stress Combinations and their Interactions in Plants Database, to understand the impact of combined stresses on plant growth and develop resilient varieties. [Extracted from the article]

Groundwater resource plays a central role in every sector of life globally. Unfortunately, the roles of groundwater are often unappreciated in many parts of the world, especially in developing nations. The paper applied a combined geo-electrical method and hydrochemical analysis alongside physical surveys to investigate aquifer promising zones, the quality and the source of water supply in the selected regions. The geo-electric resistivity data were used to select the most aquifer-promising zone for groundwater development with a key interest in groundwater potential and aquifer overburden protective capacity overlying the water-bearing unit. Seventeen (17) vertical electrical sounding (VES) acquired in four regions reveals that the regional weathered/fractured unit which constitutes the aquifer unity extends from 13.4 m to 41.3 m in depth with the subsurface resistivity value varying between 53 Ωm–1013 Ωm in terms of resistivity values. The overburdened thickness (protective soil layers) stretches from 2.5 m to 13 m with a resistive layer of resistivity values ranging from 111 Ωm to 2877 Ωm, which could provide high aquifer protective cover for the regional groundwater systems. The computed aquifer transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity range from 0.54 m 2 / h –15.85 m 2 / h , and 0.95 m/day–9.19 m/day, respectively. The estimated average longitudinal conductance (0.2 moh) reveals that the regional groundwater systems are moderately protective against surface contaminants. In addition, the physicochemical water analysis was examined, which exposes the level of heavy metals (HMs) compositions in the regional groundwater systems and the possible public health risks compared to WHO permissible drinking water limits. The sample water from the Rivers had the highest concentration of HMs (0.089 mg/I–2.012 mg/l), followed by the hand-dug wells (HWDs) (0.033 mg/l–1.555 mg/l) and the lowest in the borehole (0.011 mg/l–0.511 mg/l). In contrast, the borehole water sample shows a moderation where the HMs presence falls within the WHO standard for drinking water. The outcomes of the study show that 63% of the investigated region consumed water with a high concentration of HMs above the WHO permissible standard allowance for drinking water, while only 37% took water that falls within the WHO permissible standard. In conclusion, the study showed significant impacts of anthropogenic activities on the regional water quality, which provides vital information about the regional groundwater systems and the quality of water supply for adequate groundwater development and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The over-extraction of groundwater has resulted in seawater intrusion and the southward migration of the saltwater interface, gradually deteriorating the groundwater quality in the Weibei Plain. In this research, groundwater samples were gathered from 46 monitoring wells for shallow groundwater during the years 2006, 2011, 2016, and 2021. The hydrochemical features of regional groundwater and the factors influencing the issue were subjected to statistical analysis. Additionally, the assessment of spatiotemporal variations in groundwater quality was conducted using the customized entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) method. The relationship between groundwater over-extraction and the southward intrusion of the saltwater interface was compared and analyzed. The results of this paper revealed that the Weibei Plain has been in a state of long-term over-extraction of groundwater from 2000 to 2021, with an average annual over-extraction of 118.49 million m3. The groundwater depression cone areas in the northern part of the study area increased from 3,247.37 to 4,581.34 km2 from 2006 to 2021, with the center of the cone experiencing a drop in groundwater level from -22 to -85 m. The saltwater interface shifted southward by 711.71 km2 from 2006 to 2021. In groundwater, the high concentrations of TH, TDS, and Cl- were primarily related to the seawater intrusion, while higher concentrations of NO3- were mainly determined by frequent agricultural production, industrial wastewater, and domestic sewage discharges. The groundwater hydrochemical types in the study area transitioned from predominantly HCO3 Ca-Mg type in 2006 to HCO3-Na type and SO4 Cl-Ca Mg type in 2021 due to seawater intrusion. The results of PCA and HCA show the effects of seawater intrusion, human activities, and rock weathering on groundwater hydrochemistry. The evaluation results based on the EWQI revealed that the average value of the samples in 2021 was 101.36, which belonged to Class IV water quality standards, representing the poorest water quality among the 4 years. The southward migration of the saltwater interface led to the deterioration of groundwater quality in the groundwater depression cone areas, which gradually worsened from 2006 to 2021. The maximum increase in EWQI value was 174.68 during the period, shifting from Class III water quality to Class V water quality. Groundwater quality remained relatively better in the western and southern regions which were less affected or unaffected by seawater intrusion. The results of the study can provide a certain reference value for the sustainable management of groundwater resources and the management of groundwater pollution and seawater intrusion in the Weifang City area in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeated broiler litter application on agricultural lands can cause nutrient enrichment of subsurface effluent, especially with the existence of preferential flow through soil macropores. Previous studies quantifying soil macropores have not attempted to establish a connection of soil macropore characteristics with the subsurface nutrient (nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P]) losses, across different topographical locations in the field. This study investigated the effect of broiler litter application and preferential flow on subsurface nutrient transport (N and P) at different topographical positions (upslope, midslope, and downslope) in a no‐till pasture field located in Alabama, USA. Twelve intact soil columns (150 mm id and 500 mm length) were used, and the nutrient leaching measurements from laboratory experiments were linked to soil macropore characteristics quantified using X‐ray computed tomography image analysis and solute transport modeling. Treatments included surface broadcast broiler litter (5 Mg ha−1, on dry basis) and unamended control. Leachates were analyzed for dissolved reactive P (DRP), total P (TP), and nitrate + nitrite‐N (NO3− + NO2−–N). The bromide breakthrough curves provided evidence of preferential flow in all columns. Litter application significantly increased leachate P concentrations, and average TP and DRP concentrations were significantly higher in the leachate from upslope columns compared to those at downslope location. The NO3−–N concentrations in leachate exceeded the US EPA drinking water standard of 10 mg L−1 in all the treatment columns. The highest flow‐weighted mean concentrations of TP and DRP, at 2.7 and 2.5 mg L−1, respectively, were recorded in the upslope columns. Soil physicochemical properties and nutrient leaching losses varied substantially across topographical positions, indicating a need for variable litter application rates to reduce P build‐up and subsequent leaching in vulnerable locations within the field. The relevance of the effect of topographic position on nutrient leaching found in this study should be further tested by investigating a wider range of slopes and soil types in pastures. Core Ideas: Phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in the leachate varied as a function of slope position.Breakthrough curves and X‐ray computed tomography (CT) analysis provided evidence of preferential flow.Solute transport was well‐fitted by the two‐region physical nonequilibrium model.Broiler litter application significantly increased phosphorus leaching under saturated conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River Chanchaga has experienced significant agricultural practices around its catchment, which involved the indiscriminate use of pesticides. However, residents of the study area are not well aware of the negative impact of pesticides on water quality and macroinvertebrates. In this study, the first report on the influence of organophosphate pesticide contamination on the abundance of the macroinvertebrate community was provided. Sampling for the determination of organophosphate pesticide residues was carried out during the peak of the two seasons, while macroinvertebrates and physicochemical variables were observed for 6 months. We examined 11 organophosphate pesticide residues using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, 12 water quality variables, and 625 macroinvertebrate individuals. The concentration of recorded organophosphate pesticide residues ranged from 0.01 to 0.52 μg/L. From the Canonical Correspondence Analysis plot, malathion, chlorine, and paraffin show a positive correlation with Unima sp., Hydrocanthus sp., Chironomus sp., and Potadoma sp. At station 3, depth shows a positive correlation with Biomphalaria sp. and Zyxomma sp., indicating poor water quality as most of these macroinvertebrates are indicators of water pollution. Diuron and carbofuran show a negative correlation with Lestes sp. and Pseudocloeon sp., and these are pollution-sensitive macroinvertebrates. The total mean concentration of organophosphate pesticide residues was above international drinking water standards set by the World Health Organization except for paraffin, chlorpyrifos, and diuron. In conclusion, the observations recorded from this research are useful in managing pesticide applications around the river catchment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is the primary source of water in Ondo state, Nigeria, the study area for the research. However, there has been a rising concern in recent times with regard to the contamination of this important water source as a result of urbanization. This study quantified 13 physicochemical parameters (Turbidity, Conductivity, pH, Mg2+ Hardness, Ca2+ Hardness, Total hardness, Alkalinity, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Phosphate, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS)) in ten groundwater samples collected from dug wells in urban and rural study areas and compared them with the WHO drinking water standards. The comparison reveals that 30.8% of the parameters had levels above the World Health Organisation (WHO) standard limits in the study areas, while 69.2% were within the recommended limits. Water Quality Index (WQI) computations were also carried out which revealed that 60% of samples from the urban study area were of good quality and 40% were poor, while in the rural, 80% of the samples were good and the remaining 20% were poor. Based on the statistical and WQI results, groundwater in the urban study area is generally of lower quality than that of the rural. Possible factors influencing this include surface sealing, seepage of domestic and industrial effluents into aquifers and over-exploitation of groundwater, which characterize urbanized areas. The study thus recommends regular monitoring of groundwater quality, integration of effective systems for safe sewage disposal and strategic city planning of urbanized zones to maximize runoffs for groundwater recharge to improve groundwater quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality is inherently linked with human health, poverty reduction, gender equality, food security, livelihoods and the preservation of ecosystems, as well as economic growth and social development of our societies. Hence, this research work focuses on Spatial Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Panteka Market Tudun Nupawa, Kaduna, Nigeria. Ten (10) hand dug wells were sample from the study area. The microbial and physico-chemical parameters were analyzed in the laboratory and the data analysis was conducted using SPSS. The results of physiochemical revealed that; Total hardness (TD) ranged between 175-348, Total dissolved Solids (TDS) ranged between 225-645mg/L, Electrical Conductivity (EC) ranged between 451-1,292, Salinity ranged between 29-409. For heavy metals, Lead was higher than the limits given by WHO and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) in 8 sampled wells, and the remaining 2 wells were found 'not detected'. The physicochemical parameters of the samples examined when compared with the WHO standard indicate that some of the parameters are slightly below the WHO standard while others were within the permissible limits of WHO standard for drinking water. The study concluded that water in all the sampled hand-dug wells are not fit for consumption without treatment, because of the deteriorating state of the groundwater in respect to microbiological conditions found. It also recommend that Government should encourage and finance groundwater research by water chemist and scientists to detect areas that can easily pollute groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a comprehensive overview of water and wastewater management in agriculture and aquaculture. It emphasizes the need for sustainable solutions to mitigate the negative impacts of modern agricultural practices on the environment. The document explores various topics, including the use of nature-based solutions, such as constructed wetlands, and the "Farm to Fork" strategy of the European Green Deal. It also delves into specific topics like wastewater treatment, optimal soil moisture levels, and the presence of heavy metals and radionuclides in mineral waters. Overall, the document offers valuable insights into water management and conservation in agriculture and aquaculture. [Extracted from the article]

The risk of nitrate contamination became a reality for Fairmont in Minnesota, when water rich in NO3-N exceeded the drinking water standard of 10 mg/L. This was unexpected because this city draws its municipal water from a chain of lakes that are fed primarily by shallow groundwater under row-crop land use. Spring soil thaw drives cold water into a subsurface pipe where almost no NO3-N reduction occurs. This paper focuses on NO3-N reduction before the water enters the lakes and no other nitrogen management practices in the watershed. A novel denitrifying bioreactor was constructed behind a sediment forebay, which then flowed into a chamber covered by a greenhouse before entering a woodchip bioreactor. In 2022 and 2023, water depth, dissolved oxygen, and temperature were measured at several locations in the bioreactor, and continuous NO3-N was measured at the entry and exit of the bioreactor. The results showed better performance at a low water depth with lower dissolved oxygen and higher water temperature. The greenhouse raised the inlet temperature in 2022 but did not in 2023. The forebay and the greenhouse may have impeded the denitrification process due to the high dissolved oxygen concentrations in the influent and the stratification of dissolved oxygen caused by algae in the bioreactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Due to climate change, heat waves occur more often, and the annual average temperature increases, which may contribute to the negative effects of heat stress in pigs. This study explored ways to help growing–finishing pigs cope with heat stress during hot weather. Two groups of pigs were given different diets—one standard and one enriched with specific feed additives. The pigs' respiration rates, rectal and skin temperatures, performances, and meat qualities were monitored. During a heat wave, the group with the enriched diet did not need as much drinking water compared to the standard diet group. Both groups, without distinguishing between dietary treatments, showed increased respiration rates and skin temperatures during higher heat loads. The findings suggest that the enriched diet may help reduce the need to increase daily water intake during hot periods. Furthermore, this study highlighted the sensitivity of the parameter of respiration rate in pigs suffering from (mild) heat stress. Heat stress in pigs negatively affects welfare, health, and performance. Osmoprotectants and antioxidants may alleviate oxidative damage during hot periods. We investigated whether an additive-enriched feed can reduce negative effects in pigs during summer conditions. Sixty growing–finishing pigs were allocated into two groups: the control (CF) and summer feed (SF) group. The CF group contained 0.4 mg/kg inorganic selenium and 100 ppm vitamin E, while the SF group contained 0.3 mg/kg inorganic selenium, 0.1 mg/kg selenomethionine, 200 ppm vitamins E and C, and 0.2% betaine. Feed was offered ad libitum. Respiration rate, rectal and skin temperature, behaviour, and weight gain were assessed weekly. Daily measurements of these parameters were performed during a 3-day heat wave (temperature humidity index (THI) ≥ 75) and during an artificial heating period. Individual average daily water intake (ADWI) and feed intake were measured using RFID systems. The ADWI of the SF group did not change during heat load while it increased for the CF group. Independent of dietary treatment, increases in ∆THI or the THI were accompanied by significant increases in both respiration rate and skin temperature. In conclusion, the SF may induce a reduced need to increase ADWI during hot periods. In addition, mainly skin temperatures and especially respiration rates revealed the sensitivity of pigs to heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity and water pollution have become increasingly severe, and therefore, the purification of water resources has recently garnered increasing attention. Given its position as a major water resource, the efficient purification of drinking water is of crucial importance. In this study, we adopted a phase transition method to prepare ZrO2/BCM (bamboo cellulose membranes), after which we developed IP-ZrO2/BC-NFM (bamboo cellulose nanofiltration membranes) through interfacial polymerization using piperazine (PIP) and tricarbonyl chloride (TMC). Subsequently, we integrated these two membranes to create a combined "ultrafiltration + nanofiltration" membrane process for the treatment of drinking water. The membrane combination process was conducted at 25 °C, with ultrafiltration at 0.1 MPa and nanofiltration at 0.5 MPa. This membrane combination, featuring "ultrafiltration + nanofiltration," had a significant impact on reducing turbidity, consistently maintaining the post-filtration turbidity of drinking water at or below 0.1 NTU. Furthermore, the removal rates for CODMN and ammonia nitrogen reached 75% and 88.6%, respectively, aligning with the standards for high-quality drinking water. In a continuous 3 h experiment, the nanofiltration unit exhibited consistent retention rates for Na2SO4 and bovine serum protein (BSA), with variations of less than 5%, indicating exceptional separation performance. After 9 h of operation, the water flux of the nanofiltration unit began to stabilize, with a decrease rate of approximately 25%, demonstrating that the "ultrafiltration + nanofiltration" membrane combination can maintain consistent performance during extended use. In conclusion, the "ultrafiltration + nanofiltration" membrane combination exhibited remarkable performance in the treatment of drinking water, offering a viable solution to address issues related to water scarcity and water pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lightly micro-polluted raw water of Yangtze River (YRW) in autumn was treated via enhanced coagulation by composite coagulants composed of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PDMDAAC), named PAC/PDMDAAC. Coagulation mechanism and removal efficiency were investigated by assessing the water quality parameters of the resulting supernatant, i.e. turbidity, CODMn, and NH3-N, at the same dosage and supernatant turbidity (SDST) point as using PAC only, with controlled residual turbidity of 1.0-1.50 NTU to mimic drinking water production plant supernatant condition when using lightly micro-polluted water as raw water source. In addition, the zeta potential, floc morphology, and size analysis under the condition of SDST using PAC and composite coagulants PAC/PDMDAAC for getting insight about removal mechanism were done. The results showed that, firstly, most of the composite coagulants PAC/PDMDAAC with intrinsic viscosity [η] = 0.65, 1.60, and 2.6 dL/g; and mass ratio PAC:PDMDAAC of 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1 (m:m)) could meet the requirements of controlled supernatant turbidity between 1.0 and 1.5 NTU to mimic drinking water production plant condition using YRW (Nanjing section) that comply with the new national drinking water standards. Secondly, the seven kinds of composite coagulants PAC/PDMDAAC can maintained the advantage of enhanced coagulation removal efficiency within the SDST point as using PAC only. The CODMn and ammonia nitrogen removal rates using composite coagulants at SDST points were 0-6.19 %; 0-15.62%, respectively higher than using PAC only. Finally, this study deepened and expanded the existing research knowledge about composite coagulant PAC/PDMDAAC and offered the maximum limitations in removing the water quality parameters via enhanced coagulation treatment of lightly micropolluted surface raw water in order to meet new national drinking water standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River water is a vital source of agricultural activities and ecology in the Akarçay basin. This study aims to determine the water quality of the Akarçay River. According to this purpose, 12 water samples that were thought to be affected by different polluting sources were taken through the flow path of the river and physicochemical analyses were performed. The water quality index (WQI) was used for drinking purposes, and the analysis results were compared with World Health Organization and Turkish drinking water standards. Irrigation quality parameters like sodium absorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, and magnesium hazard were also calculated, showing that most samples are unsuitable for irrigation. The river water is of the Ca-Mg-HCO3, Na-Cl and Na-HCO3 types. It has been determined that the river water is unsuitable for irrigation and drinking water due to its high EC, Na+, Cl-, SO42-, As, B, F-, Fe, and Mn content. According to the WQI results, river water has different classifications from excellent to unsuitable. Geothermal water mixture and industrial, domestic and agricultural activities are the primary pollution sources. At the same time, the evaporation that the river is exposed to indicates the solute concentration and changes the usage characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to safe drinking water for the public is of utmost concern in developing nations to achieve sustainable development. The usage of groundwater for drinking purposes is well known on account of its less susceptibility to contamination; it is thus considered essential to examine the quality of water that is intended for public supply. This research assesses the groundwater quality of Dehradun Valley of outer Himalayas, Uttarakhand, India, for drinking purpose using geographical information system and multivariate statistical tools. The results from the research revealed groundwater of the study area dominated by calcium–magnesium–bicarbonate hydro-chemical facies, which show the occurrence of limestone/dolomite, magnesite, talc rock types in the geology of the region, controlling the hydrogeochemistry of the groundwater. Few water samples falling under the 'mixed type' zone of the plotted Piper diagram reflect influence of anthropogenic sources of pollution. The groundwater quality was also evaluated using the water quality index, that grouped 96% of tested water sources for having 'excellent' to 'good' water quality, whereas 4% fall under 'fair' category, which were not fit for consumption purposes. The physico-chemical investigations showed turbidity and iron concentration at few sources, exceeding the limits of Bureau of Indian Standards drinking water specifications. The multivariate statistical techniques (Pearson Correlation Analysis, Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical cluster analysis) suggest the rock–water interactions and corrosion of underground pipelines and metal surfaces influence the groundwater quality in the study area. The study suggests to undertake regular maintenance and repair works of damaged underground water supply machinery, to consistently monitor and understand the groundwater characteristics of the region and identify the associated factors which can impact its quality, so as to ensure safe public water supply and to manage the groundwater sources sustainably in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt intrusion presents a significant environmental challenge in numerous estuaries around the world, including the Modaomen Estuary in China. This phenomenon typically occurs during the winter season due to reduced freshwater flow. However, an unusual salt intrusion event was observed during the autumn of 2022, coinciding with a typhoon. In this study, we assess the response of the Modaomen to Typhoon Nesat in 2022 and examine the influence of the typhoon on salt intrusion using the Semi-implicit Cross-scale Hydroscience Integrated System Model (SCHISM). The model results reveal that salt intrusion during a typhoon event is primarily driven by the storm surge and landward Ekman transport. Northeasterly winds enhance stratification between saltwater and freshwater in the Modaomen. Moreover, with the typhoon's passage, the Denglongshan Station recorded a peak salinity of 17 psu, with salt intrusion stretching 29 km further. This escalation led to salinity levels surpassing the local drinking water standard of 0.5 psu across all freshwater intake points in Zhuhai City. Numerical experiments indicate that if Typhoon Nesat had occurred during spring tides, the salt intrusion would have been less severe. Furthermore, the study revealed that regulating the upstream runoff could potentially alleviate the effects of typhoon-induced salt intrusion on ensuring a safe water supply. With a runoff increase to 4000 m3/s, the impact of typhoons on Modaomen's drinking water supply can be managed, and at 6000 m3/s, the influence of typhoons on water supply becomes negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, Co, Cr, and Mn and their seasonal variations in water samples from the Wupa River, Abuja, Nigeria, were studied through the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method to determine the suitability of the water for domestic usage and identify potential sources of contamination. Sixty samples were collected during both dry and wet seasons. The respective metal concentrations (in mg/dm3) in the dry and wet seasons were as follows: Cu (0.023 ± 0.022, 0.023 ± 0.026), Zn (0.104 ± 0.039, 0.158 ± 0.085), Fe (0.350 ± 0.097, 0.3630.103), Cd (not detectable), Co (not detectable), Cr (0.003 ± 0.003, 0.004 ± 0.004), and Mn (0.120 ± 0.132, 0.110 ± 0.099). Among these metals, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Mn occurred in concentrations below the tolerable limits recommended by Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water Quality and WHO, whereas Fe exceeded these limits, and Cd and Co were not detectable. The calculated heavy metal pollution index values (68.22 in the dry season and 63.78 in the wet season) were lower than the critical value (100), indicating low pollution levels in both seasons. The metal index values for both seasons (1.50 for the dry season and 1.55 for the wet season) suggest that the water from the Wupa River was slightly affected by heavy metals. Moreover, no significant differences in metal concentrations existed between the dry and wet seasons. A strong positive correlation occurred between Zn and Fe only during the wet season. Water from the river was polluted with Fe and unsuitable for domestic use. Potential sources of contamination include agricultural areas, industrial effluents, and domestic waste in the wet season, and industrial and domestic sewage in the dry season. To make the river water safe for use, it should be treated and regularly monitored for metal contents, and sources of contamination should be managed appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) porous graphene-based materials have displayed attractive electrochemical catalysis and sensing performances, benefiting from their high porosity, large surface area, and excellent electrical conductivity. In this work, a novel electrochemical sensor based on 3D porous reduced graphene (3DPrGO) and ion-imprinted polymer (IIP) was developed for trace cadmium ion (Cd(II)) detection in water. The 3DPrGO was synthesized in situ at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface using a polystyrene (PS) colloidal crystal template and the electrodeposition method. Then, IIP film was further modified on the 3DPrGO by electropolymerization to make it suitable for detecting Cd(II). Attributable to the abundant nanopores and good electron transport of the 3DPrGO, as well as the specific recognition for Cd(II) of IIP, a sensitive determination of trace Cd(II) at PoPD-IIP/3DPrGO/GCE was achieved. The proposed sensor exhibited comprehensive linear Cd(II) responses ranging from 1 to 100 μg/L (R2 = 99.7%). The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.11 μg/L, about 30 times lower than the drinking water standard set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Moreover, PoPD-IIP/3DPrGO/GCE was applied for the detection of Cd(II) in actual water samples. The satisfying recoveries (97–99.6%) and relative standard deviations (RSD, 3.5–5.7%) make the proposed sensor a promising candidate for rapid and on-site water monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safe water and food are essential for good human health. The contamination of water with infected fecal bacteria is common in areas with poor standards of hygiene and sanitation. This study investigated total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and E.coli in drinking water and food stalls using water from a rural community, where the rural living conditions increase the risk of water-related diseases. In total, 40 samples of bottled drinking water, 50 water samples from vending machines, 30 samples of household drinking water, 30 food samples were collected from household food, and 60 food samples were collected from food stalls, and coliform bacteria contamination was determined using the most probable number (MPN) technique. The results revealed that all the water and food samples contained coliform bacteria contamination, while all the water samples and 50% of the food samples contained fecal coliform bacteria. The numbers of household food samples contaminated with coliform bacteria and E.coli were 29 (97%) and 12 (40%), respectively. Entrepreneurs should be regularly maintaining clean drinking water vending machines. The government sector should be urgently solving the problem of drinking water standards to ensure suitable consumer safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being a famous hometown of vegetables in China, Shouguang City has a long history of vegetable cultivation and is a comprehensive national commodity base for vegetables and fruits. In recent decades, with the expansion of agricultural production, the use of pesticides is increasing. Although organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been banned, there are still some residues in soil, groundwater and other media. The study on the migration of the OCPs in soil and groundwater is of great importance for the maintenance of food security. Using methods of hydrogeological survey, laboratory testing and numerical simulation, the spatial distribution characteristics, sources and pollution degree of OCPs in soil and groundwater were analyzed, and the migration and transformation of OCPs in soil–groundwater was dynamically simulated and predicted. The study showed that there were many kinds of OCPs residual in the soil environment. The hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) in the topsoil of the study area were mainly due to the use of lindane, and the main source of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) in soil was the use of DDTs in history. The contents of HCHs, DDTs and hexachlorobenzene in the topsoil of the study area were at a low level, while the content of endosulfan metabolite endosulfan sulfate was comparatively higher. In recent years, the content of organochlorine pesticides in soil has generally decreased. The indexes of OCPs in groundwater can meet the Standards for Drinking Water quality of China. It was predicted that the HCH pollutants would mainly be distributed in Gucheng Street, Shangkou Town, and its south area where the concentration exceeds 3 ng/L exceeds that of 240 km2. DDT pollutants would mainly be distributed in the east and north of Shouguang City, where the concentration beyond 0.6 ng/L exceeds that of 200 km2. Endosulfan sulfate pollutants would mainly be distributed in the Gucheng Street Office, Shangkou Town, and its south area where the concentration exceeds 1.5 ng/L will exceed that of 150 km2. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) pollutants would mainly be distributed in Fengcheng in the west of Shouguang City and Nancha River in the northeast, where the concentration exceeds 0.2 ng/L will exceed that of 200 km2. The study enriched the monitoring data of OCPs in agricultural planting areas and provided reference for source analysis, migration prediction, and pollution prevention of OCPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Irkutsk Reservoir, belonging to the largest unified freshwater Baikal–Angara system, is an important source of drinking water in the region. Therefore, studies of its hydrochemical characteristics are of prime importance in deciding on the role of anthropogenic activity in water quality. The water samples were collected across the reservoir in 2007, 2012, and 2021 and then were analyzed for major ions and trace elements. The data revealed that the distribution of HCO3−, SO42−, Cl−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ is stable across the reservoir. Trace element concentrations varied from 1.13 to 15.39 µg L−1 for Al, from

−1 for Cr, from 0.39 to 23.12 µg L−1 for Mn, from 1.25 to 53.22 µg L−1 for Fe, from 0.005 to 0.100 µg L−1 for Co, from 0.20 to 1.98 µg L−1 for Cu, from

−1 for Zn, from 0.25 to 0.48 µg L−1 for As, from 0.004 to 0.127 µg L−1 for Cd, from

−1 for Sn, from

−1 for Cs, from

−1 for Pb, from

−1 for Th, and from 0.27 to 0.75 µg L−1 for U. The concentrations of all major ions and trace elements in water were below the drinking water standards. CF values showed considerable and high contamination of samples with Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Cd, Sn, Pb, and Th. PLI values classified the majority of water samples as water with baseline levels of pollutants, and part of the samples was classified as either polluted or highly polluted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High concentrations of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) were reported during winter in the Paldang reservoir and North Han River, South Korea. The causes of the unusual taste and odor problems in the regulated river-reservoir system were not understood; however, a short-term solution is to flush out 2-MIB-rich water to secure water sources for over 20 million people. Approximately 150 million tons of water was released from upstream dams for 12 days (late November to early December 2018) to reduce the elevated levels of 2-MIB. Simultaneously, the spatio-temporal variations of the measured concentration of sample 2-MIB from five sites were simulated using a multi-dimensional hydrodynamics-based solute transport model to monitor the flushing effect. A modified environmental fluid dynamics code (EFDC) was adopted as the primary model framework. Five scenarios on the kinetic constants related to the characteristics of 2-MIB transport and behavior, such as conservative, net decay, and net production, were applied, and the results were compared. We found that the simulation errors on the elapsed times to satisfy the Korean drinking water monitoring standard (≤20 ngL−1) were smallest with the conservative dye transport option, indicating that the physical and biochemical characteristics of 2-MIB may not play an essential role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of cities in northwest China, there has been an increasing focus on groundwater pollution in plateau cities, specifically the common occurrence of nitrate pollution. The special climatic, geological, and geomorphological characteristics of plateau and river valley cities contribute to distinct groundwater chemical characteristics. Therefore, the formation and evolution process of groundwater nitrate contamination differs from that of plain cities. To explore these issues, we conducted an analysis of eight major ions in various groups of water samples obtained from rivers, springs, and groundwater in Haidong. By utilizing factor analysis and correlation analysis, we were able to identify the characteristics and formation of groundwater chemistry and nitrate pollution in Haidong. Our findings reveal that the chemical characteristics of groundwater in Haidong are primarily controlled by rock weathering, mineral dissolution, and evaporation, leading to the formation of highly mineralized groundwater. Additionally, the excessive nitrate content in certain areas is a result of domestic sewage discharge and agricultural fertilizer use, exceeding Chinese drinking water health standards. Furthermore, for cities located in valleys, the geological structure significantly impacts the nitrate content of groundwater in different regions. Areas with obstructed groundwater flow tend to have higher nitrate levels, whereas regions with unobstructed groundwater experience lower nitrate concentrations. Notably, shallow groundwater is more vulnerable to nitrate pollution compared to deep groundwater. This study holds great significance in understanding the chemical characteristics of groundwater and the formation and evolution of nitrate pollution in highland river valley cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This correction notice addresses errors in a previously published article titled "Evaluation of the Radon Levels in the Groundwater Wells of Qatar: Radiological Risk Assessment." The mistakes were found in Figure 3b and Table 2, which contained incorrect pH, EC, and TDS values for three groundwater wells. The corrected values for these wells are now presented in Table 2. Additionally, there have been modifications to the statistical analysis and the results and discussion section to reflect the changes in the physical parameters. The authors state that these corrections do not affect the scientific conclusions of the study. [Extracted from the article]

This study assessed the physicochemical and microbiological quality of sachet drinking water samples in Kumasi, a major city in Ghana. Samples were collected from various sources within the city. Physicochemical properties, including pH, total dissolved solids, and concentrations of calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium ions, were analyzed following established protocols. Additionally, fluoride concentration was determined. The assessment criteria for water quality were based on the World Health Organization's and the Ghana Standards Authority's recommended standards for drinking water. The samples were also subjected to microbial analysis to detect the presence of E. coli and coliforms, and to evaluate microbial quality. The findings indicated that most physicochemical properties of the samples met the World Health Organization's standards for safe drinking water, except for the slightly acidic pH. Total dissolved solids and the concentrations of calcium, sodium, potassium, fluoride and magnesium ions were within acceptable ranges. Strong positive correlations were observed among various physicochemical parameters of sachet water. However, microbial analysis revealed that 67% of the samples were contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, including E. coli and coliforms, indicating poor microbiological quality. While sachet water samples generally meet physicochemical safety standards, addressing microbial quality is essential to ensure the safety of drinking water in Kumasi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has published criteria for determining the quality of drinking water since 1958. Since 1984, these criteria were termed "guidelines" to emphasize that they are not national standards, but rather guidelines for nations to develop their own national standards, which may take into account local environmental, social, economic, and cultural conditions. When calculating guideline values (GVs), the WHO reviews the toxicological literature, calculates a health-based value (HBV), and determines whether the HBV should be adopted as a GV. The WHO also considers aesthetic aspects of drinking water quality, such as taste and the staining of plumbing fixtures, and additionally supplies aesthetic values (AVs) for certain drinking water contaminants. There is no central registry for national drinking water standards, so the degree of variation of national drinking water standards is not known. Methods: We examined standards, guidelines, and background documents for all inorganic contaminants published by the WHO from 1958–2022. We also searched for national drinking water standards for all independent countries. Results: We found the WHO currently has 16 GVs, six HBVs without GVs, and six AVs without HBVs or GVs for inorganic drinking water contaminants, excluding disinfection agents and their byproducts. More than half of the point of departure studies used to support these values were published in 2005 or earlier. Ninety-eight percent of the world's population lives in jurisdictions with drinking water standards, and 14 countries directly link their national standards to the current WHO's drinking water guidelines. Lack of transparency (standards available only through purchase) and typographical errors are common problems, especially for resource-limited countries. Conclusions: The WHO drinking water guidelines are crucially important for drinking water safety; they are used for guidance or as official standards throughout the world. It is crucial that they be based on the best available science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geographic areas with high prevalence of chronic kidney disease (of unknown etiology (CKDu) are well correlated with the areas of high concentrations of both fluoride and hardness in drinking water. The present study employed environmental water samples to evaluate the effect of water fluoride and hardness on nephrotoxicity. A total of 28 Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly divided into four groups, each with seven rats (n=7). The control group (C), received deionized water, while the Test P, Test G, and Test A rat groups received drinking well water collected from areas of Padaviya, Galnewa, and Agunukolapelessa divisional secretariats of Sri Lanka, respectively. Daily water consumption and body weight were recorded. Simultaneously, serum and urine creatinine and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were also measured. Histopathological examinations were done using kidney tissues. Water quality measurements revealed that the fluoride and hardness concentrations in water collected from Padaviya (1.910 mg/L and 280 mg/L, respectively) and fluoride concentration in water collected from Galnewa (1.530 mg/L) exceeded the Sri Lankan Standard Institution (SLSI) drinking water standards (1.0 mg/L and 250 mg/L, respectively) while the concentrations in the water collected from Agunukolapelessa (0.281 mg/L and 92 mg/L, respectively) were found to be within the SLSI standards.The other water quality parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, N-NO3, N-NO2, N-NH3, and total phosphorous) remained within the SLSI standards. The daily water consumption and changes in body weight between tests and controls were not significantly different (p>0.05). Serum creatinine levels were significantly higher in test groups G and P than in the control group, and urine creatinine concentrations were significantly low in test groups P and G (p<0.05). In test group P, KIM-1 was expressed. Histology revealed lesions in kidney tubules in test groups P and G. Changes in biochemistry and histopathology in test groups P and G suggest that there may be a nephrotoxic effect of fluoride and hardness triggered to CKDu in Sri Lanka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrate contamination of ground water is a serious problem due to the intensive agricultural activities needed to feed the world's growing population. While effective, drinking water treatment using commercial ion exchange polymers is often too expensive to be employed. At the same time, lignocellulosic waste from crop production—an abundant source of the renewable polymer cellulose—is often burned to clear fields. This results in not only adverse health outcomes, but also wastes a valuable resource. In this study, wheat straw was pretreated to extract cellulose, then selectively oxidized with periodate, crosslinked with an alkyl diamine (1,7-diaminoheptane or 1,10-diaminodecane), and functionalized with a quaternary ammonium compound ((2-aminoethyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride) to generate a cellulose-based anion exchange polymer. This polymer lowered aqueous nitrate concentrations to health-based drinking water standards. Unlike commercial ion exchange polymers, its synthesis did not require the use of toxic epichlorohydrin or flammable solvents. The pretreatment conditions did not significantly affect nitrate uptake, but the crosslinker chain length did, with polymers crosslinked with 1,10-diaminodecane showing no nitrate uptake. Agricultural-waste-based anion exchange polymers could accelerate progress toward the sustainable development goals by providing low-cost materials for nitrate removal from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The reduction of fresh water deficit and water-related morbidity is the most important problem of the state's national security. The effective treatment of natural water in industrialized areas from natural and anthropogenic pollutants is the main ecological task. Coagulation is one of the effective methods used to treat water chemically to purify it. Aluminum polyoxychlorides have gained popularity because of their advantages over coagulants--aluminum and iron sulfates. No production of aluminum polyoxychloride occurs in Kazakhstan despite the need for coagulants (the minimum need is assessed at about 11 thousand tons). The work is aimed at theoretical justification and experimental proof of a principally new approach to the development of aluminum polyoxychloride production technology based on activated aluminum alloys containing metal activators, such as gallium, indium, and tin from 0.5 to 5 percent weight. In addition, the goal is solving environmental issues associated with improving the drinking water quality and related to environmental pollution with wastewater. METHODS: The microstructures, phase components, and elemental compositions of alloys and reaction products were studied by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The thermal effects of alloys were investigated usin thermogravimetry methods. Oil content in wastewater was determined by spectrophotometry. Oil particle dimensions and wastewater zero potentials were determined using electrophoretic light scattering method and residual turbidity by turbidimetry. Water quality assessment was included in the purified water analysis and comparison with the sanitary and epidemiological standards established for drinking water supply and wastewater intended for water discharge. FINDINGS: The structures and compositions of activated aluminum alloy containing metal activators - gallium, indium, and tin - from 0.5 to 5 weight percent and aluminum polyoxychlorides based on it were studied using modern instrumental methods. The efficiency of the treatment of natural and oilcontaminated wastewater with aluminum polyoxychloride was assessed. The treated water parameters were within the norms established for drinking water supply and wastewater disposal by Sanitary Rules and Norms 2.1.4.559-96. The efficiency of potable water treatment reached 90-99 percent. CONCLUSION: An effective and technologically simple method is developed for producing aluminum polyoxychloride. It involves dissolving an activated alloy in 1-5 percent hydrochloric acid, with an aluminum content of 98.5-85 percent. Alloy processing is carried out at temperatures ranging from 60 to 65 degree celsius. The temperature rises from 20 to 25 degree celsius to the specified optimum without heat supply from the outside due to the interaction among reagents. The process is completed in 2-3 hours. The results confirm that aluminum polyoxychloride is an effective coagulant for drinking and wastewater treatment. The treated water is within the established limits in terms of hydrogen potential, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity. The water treatment method can be easily implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is a natural resource used for drinking, agriculture, and industry, apart from surface water. Its quality should be assessed regularly, and the condition of water resources should be maintained accordingly. The most common analytical method for describing and assessing the general water quality is the Water Quality Index (WQI). This study aims to assess the South Gujarat Region's groundwater quality using the WQI. Various physicochemical parameters like pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, fluorides, and total alkalinity are considered for the present study. The data period from 2018 to 2022 is considered for the same. The Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Technique is used to evaluate these data. For checking the potability of the parameters within the acceptable limit, the Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification code (IS: 10050-2012) is adopted. According to the study mentioned above, a few wells' groundwater quality has been found to be higher than the WQI value. It is also observed that four wells were found unsuitable for drinking purposes in 2018. It is noted that if the WQI value of groundwater is above 51, it is considered harmful to human health; therefore, it requires some kind of processing before use. This study will be beneficial to the policymakers for identifying and providing details about groundwater quality in the form of a specific value, i.e., WQI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The phylum Apicomplexa comprises a large group of intracellular protozoan parasites. These microorganisms are known to infect a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, leading to significant medical and veterinary conditions such as toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, theileriosis, and eimeriosis. Despite their importance, comprehensive data on their diversity and distribution, especially in riverine environments, remain scant. To bridge this knowledge gap, we utilized next-generation high-throughput 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing powered by PacBio technology to explore the diversity and composition of the Apicomplexa taxa. Principal component analysis (PCA) and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) indicated the habitat heterogeneity for the physicochemical parameters and the Apicomplexa community. These results were supported by PERMANOVA (P < 0.001), ANOSIM (P < 0.001), Cluster analysis, and Venn diagram. Dominant genera of Apicomplexa in inlet samples included Gregarina (38.54%), Cryptosporidium (32.29%), and Leidyana (11.90%). In contrast, outlet samples were dominated by Babesia, Cryptosporidium, and Theileria. While surface water samples revealed 16% and 8.33% relative abundance of Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidium, respectively. To our knowledge, the next-generation high throughput sequencing covered a wide range of parasites in Egypt for the first time, which could be useful for legislation of the standards for drinking water and wastewater reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]