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La investigación analiza el impacto de la propaganda yihadista en una sociedad digitalizada, con énfasis en la influencia sobre jóvenes musulmanes y su reclutamiento por grupos como Dáesh. Tras los atentados del 11 de septiembre, el uso de Internet y las redes sociales por parte de estos grupos ha sido clave para difundir ideologías radicales, captar adeptos y desestabilizar sociedades. El estudio combina análisis bibliográfico y trabajo de campo realizado durante casi cuatro años, incluyendo entrevistas con combatientes, excombatientes y expertos en yihadismo. También se revisaron fuentes primarias en árabe para entender las bases ideológicas de estos grupos. Las conclusiones destacan cómo las herramientas digitales potencian el reclutamiento y radicalización, e identifican estrategias para combatir esta amenaza. Este trabajo ofrece un enfoque integral sobre terrorismo, salafismo y propaganda yihadista, señalando futuras líneas de investigación en un contexto global marcado por el terrorismo digital.

El presente artículo explora las transformaciones producidas en la narrativa de la Al-Qaeda en el Magreb Islámico y su adaptación a la aparición en la escena yihadista global de Estado Islámico y la declaración del restablecimiento del Califato. A través de la compilación, la codificación sistematizada y la explotación de un corpus monolingüe especializado, representativo, equilibrado y diacrónico de todas las publicaciones propagandísticas relevantes de AQMI entre 2004 y 2017, esta investigación pone de manifiesto los cambios producidos en la narrativa de la organización magrebí y la adaptación de su discurso a la aparición de competencia en la contienda actual abierta por el liderazgo de la yihad global.

Copyright of Ius et Praxis (07172877) is the property of Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper will focus on analysing the sources of funding used by DAESH1, mostly between 2014 and 2017. The objectives of the research are to document: (1) the funding sources that supported the development and maintenance of DAESH, (2) the factors that contributed to the strengthening of the funding lines and (3) the measures that can be applied to combat the financing of terrorist groups. The terrorist organization’s success in gathering and managing funds has had a significant contribution to its rapidly growing influence and image among the other extremist-terrorist entities which claim legitimacy within Islam. The current stage of knowledge will be presented and each relevant element will be analysed. In what concerns the research apparatus, analysis and quantitative methods will be utilized in order to highlight the causes that contributed to the development of DAESH’s funding capabilities. Relevant aspects from literature, as well as conclusions drawn by several authors with expertise on the topic, will be mentioned and compared. The newly resulted ideas will be synthesized through interpretation and development of current knowledge. The aim is to create a theoretical framework that provides solutions as potential measures that can be taken into consideration by national authorities in order to prevent such entities from gaining control over territories, becoming more attractive to activists, also developing funding networks comparable to those of some states.

Copyright of Revista UNISCI is the property of Unidad de Investigaciones Sobre Seguridad y Cooperacion International (UNISCI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El 15 de marzo de 2021 se cumplió el décimo aniversario del inicio de un conflicto armado en Siria que ha dejado, una década después, un país roto y devastado. Desde su comienzo en 2011, la guerra ha arrastrado consigo casi medio millón de muertos y doce millones de desplazados. Y en medio de esta vorágine de violencia y caos, su patrimonio cultural se ha convertido en un daño colateral que ha supuesto la pérdida de su memoria colectiva. Uno de los sitios históricos más damnificados ha sido la Ciudad de Palmira, espacio que ha reflejado la complejidad táctica de la guerra, y que ha demostrado, una vez más, el papel que el patrimonio cultural puede jugar en contextos bélicos, bien como símbolo de unidad y resiliencia, bien como arma política, religiosa e ideológica. Sobre esta base, se presenta una panorámica general de la huella que diez años de conflicto ha dejado en este sitio declarado Patrimonio Mundial por la UNESCO en 1980, evaluando su estado de conservación actual y estimando también su impacto desde el punto de vista político, económico y social.

Malaysia is no exception when it comes to the Daesh threat. Several vulnerable Muslim populations have been previously targeted by Daesh via specific modus operandi to fulfil the terrorism agenda. Based on a persistent concern about Daesh-related issues and their consequences, this article critically explores the role of the security agency, the Counter-Terrorism Division within the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP), in addressing Daesh radicalisation in Malaysia. It examines the process and effectiveness of the top down and 'soft' approaches undertaken by the RMP via the rehabilitation and deradicalisation of former Daesh detainees before they rejoin society. The research is qualitative, and is based on a focus group discussion and in-depth interviews with representatives from the Counter Terrorism Division, terrorism experts, government officials and former detainees. The findings show that the RMP's efforts to curb Daesh intimidation have been effective in terms of decreasing the number of new terrorism incidents, militant recruitment and the establishment of networks and cells. The introduction of 'Module 30′, which involves theological and psychological improvement, and civil order, along with vocational training and 'lifelong-monitoring', has significantly contributed to rehabilitating and deradicalising the majority of former Daesh convicts in Malaysia, such that they embrace peace and renounce violence and religious extremism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This bibliography contains journal articles, book chapters, books, edited volumes, theses, grey literature, bibliographies and other resources on the Islamic State (IS/ISIS/ISIL/Daesh) and its predecessor organisations. To keep up with rapidly changing events on the ground and in the jihadist online ecosystem, the most recent publications have been prioritised during the selection process. The literature has been retrieved by manually browsing more than 200 core and periphery sources in the field of Terrorism Studies. Additionally, full-text and reference retrieval systems have been employed to broaden the search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al hilo de la reciente imputación por la justicia francesa de la multinacional Lafarge y tres de sus directivos por, entre otros delitos, complicidad en crímenes de guerra y contra la humanidad al haber negociado con DAESH, se estudia la complicidad en crímenes internacionales a la luz del Estatuto de Roma. Aunque no se reconoce la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas ante la Corte Penal Internacional, mediante este análisis se pretende realizar una primera fundamentación de la complicidad de estas empresas al negociar, con el único objetivo de continuar su normal producción, con distintos grupos en cuyo seno se cometen estos crímenes internacionales ya que esta práctica resulta ser un lugar común en cualquier conflicto armado.

Thousands of European women moved to the so-called Caliphate in Syria and Iraq over the past decade. Today, they are in legal limbo, waiting for a response at the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) detention camps in various zones. They took part in Daesh's functioning, responding to the gender role the organisation gave to them. However, whether they have to be considered terrorists is unclear. Moreover, the counter-terrorist strategies put into practice by states and international organisations are gender-blind. Whether or not they have to be repatriated is controversial, and European countries are giving mixed responses. This article examines three arguments. First, whether the Caliphate women have to be considered terrorist foreign fighters. Second, if the EU is giving or not a gender perspective of counter-terrorist action concerning them. Finally, which would be the implications of the EU Comprehensive Approach for the WPS agenda and its member states? The article suggests that only a truly transformative feminist agenda would eliminate violent extremism in the world.

Contrary to its known name, many aspects of IS-Khorasan are shrouded in secrecy. The Taliban regime in Kabul claims that the subsidiary of ISIS-Core is an insignificant and irrelevant threat. On the other hand, international military and intelligence sources warn about its resurgence. Utilizing three types of sources of information (existing literature, the Taliban literature, and insights of local residents), this article offers a new perspective on IS-K. The dual organizational structure provides IS-K with flexibility and resilience for survival. Furthermore, its ideological convergence with the Taliban has assisted the core of the organization to remain protected. While its outer layer has been dismantled and dispersed in eastern Afghanistan, IS-K has more opportunities in the northern regions to transform into a regional and global threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este año 2021 se cumplen diez años del comienzo del conflicto armado en Siria que, desencadenado por unos grafitis en contra del gobierno guiado con mano autoritaria por la familia al-Assad, se ha convertido en una guerra con, al menos, 390.000 muertos, que ha acabado involucrando a numerosos Estados de Oriente Próximo, así como a grandes potencias, cada una portadora de intereses geopolíticos concretos. El presente artículo pretende dar cuenta de la situación actual de Siria y, en particular, de los objetivos particulares que mantienen en el país diversos actores. Después de que desaparecieran las dos razones principales esgrimidas para intervenir en el conflicto, quedó de manifiesto su auténtica naturaleza de guerra subsidiaria y sectaria, que se inserta en las más amplias contiendas entre rivales históricos como los Estados Unidos y Rusia, por una parte, y Arabia Saudí, Turquía e Irán, por otra, y que ninguno entre ellos parece tener interés en acabar sin recibir compensaciones.

Knowing how terrorist groups acquire, retain, apply, and distribute knowledge is an essential factor for the application of public security policies. This article will address the learning processes of terrorist and insurgent groups through the theoretical discussion of exponents of security studies, with the aim of being compared to provide a framework that can meet the strategic reality of several of these groups. Likewise, a comparative study of different theaters of operations is carried out to evidence the characteristics of the learning curves of terrorist groups from Daesh, ETA and the IRA. The academic effort consigned in this article can shed light on how to deny strategic advantages to terrorist and insurgent groups through the application of public policies that take into account the learning processes and the strategic spectrum of these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper will focus on analysing the sources of funding used by DAESH1, mostly between 2014 and 2017. The objectives of the research are to document: (1) the funding sources that supported the development and maintenance of DAESH, (2) the factors that contributed to the strengthening of the funding lines and (3) the measures that can be applied to combat the financing of terrorist groups. The terrorist organization's success in gathering and managing funds has had a significant contribution to its rapidly growing influence and image among the other extremistterrorist entities which claim legitimacy within Islam. The current stage of knowledge will be presented and each relevant element will be analysed. In what concerns the research apparatus, analysis and quantitative methods will be utilized in order to highlight the causes that contributed to the development of DAESH's funding capabilities. Relevant aspects from literature, as well as conclusions drawn by several authors with expertise on the topic, will be mentioned and compared. The newly resulted ideas will be synthesized through interpretation and development of current knowledge. The aim is to create a theoretical framework that provides solutions as potential measures that can be taken into consideration by national authorities in order to prevent such entities from gaining control over territories, becoming more attractive to activists, also developing funding networks comparable to those of some states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Islamist group Boko Haram (BH) was founded in the early 2000s and in less than two decades has transformed from a “Nigerian” movement into a regional one. Tactical, strategic and ideological differences between the leaders of BH have repeatedly led to its splits into separate factions; the most serious occurred in 2016, when the group split into the Islamic State in West Africa Province and Jamaatu Ahl-is-Sunna Lidda’Awati Wal-Jihad, the latter being still referred to as “Boko Haram” for convenience.The present paper examines the reasons for the splits in BH, the goals and military tactics of the two factions, and the prospects for the development of the security situation in the region of the Lake Chad basin (LCB), where armed conflict is fueled by large-scale poverty, socio-economic and political marginalization, and ineffectiveness of local authorities against the background of intertribal tensions and massive migration.The LCB has now become a huge human reservoir for jihadist recruitment. The situation in the region is further complicated by the fact that a significant portion of the population supports the Islamists, while the majority of locals are targeted by them and seek to leave their homes.The authors note that the division of BH into separate factions has made it more difficult for the LCB armed forces to conduct anti-terrorist operations, and for the LCB governments to negotiate cease fires or retrieve hostages, although, simultaneously, the split has led to a certain decline in the level of violence and to the weakening of the influence of the Islamists on the socio-economic development in the region.

The news has been a place for violent extremist groups to gain recognition internationally. The Syrian Civil war which had involved notorious and internationally recognised violent extremist groups is an example of this phenomenon. However, a limited number of studies had uncovered the thematic variation on how Malaysian online news frames violent extremist groups involved in the Syrian Civil War. Therefore, the present study explored whether the Malaysian news coverage of the violent conflicts that involved violent extremist groups active during the Syrian civil war may shed light on how mainstream news covers violent extremist groups. The present study employed a qualitative search and analysis of two popular online newspapers in Malaysia to identify the types of news frames on the news published during the peak of the Syrian civil war and when a notorious violent extremist group, Daesh (alternatively known as Islamic State (IS) or Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)), had shaken and threatened the world. A total of 272 news articles published between 2010 to 2020 were collected and analyzed. Analysis of the news frames revealed twelve different news frames. The frame with the highest occurrence was labelled as "Western destructive interventions". The frame detailed out Western nations' involvement in the war which caused damage to livelihood and civilizations in Syria and justified the violent extremist groups' activities. The present study concludes that the Malaysian news media framing on violent extremist groups and other parties involved in the Syrian Civil War could have two varied forms, positive (heroic or humanized) or negative (destructive or demonized). The main contribution of this study is that it provides an insight into how Malaysian news media cover a conflict involving Muslim extremist groups. Additionally, the study adds to previous research on how violent extremist groups is framed in digital news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conocer cómo los grupos terroristas adquieren, retienen, aplican y distribuyen conocimiento es un factor esencial para la aplicación de políticas públicas en seguridad. En el presente artículo se abordarán los procesos de aprendizaje de grupos terroristas e insurgentes a través de la discusión teórica de exponentes de los estudios de seguridad, a fin de ser comparados para ofrecer un marco que pueda satisfacer la realidad estratégica de varios de estos grupos. De igual forma, se realiza un estudio comparado de diferentes teatros de operaciones para evidenciar las características de las curvas de aprendizaje de grupos terroristas desde Daesh, hasta ETA y el IRA. El esfuerzo académico consignado en el presente artículo puede dar luces sobre cómo negar ventajas estratégicas a grupos terroristas e insurgentes mediante la aplicación de políticas públicas que tengan en cuenta tanto sus procesos de aprendizaje como su espectro estratégico.

This Research Note provides findings from a systematic monitoring effort of visually documented extrajudicial executions perpetrated by the Islamic State terrorist group. Based on a data set covering 2,414 individuals killed between January 2015 and December 2020 (1,224 incidents) -- which was compiled for 'Perspectives on Terrorism' in the monitoring project 'Counting Lives Lost' (CLL) -- it presents results from long-term measures of roughly 20 incident- and victim level variables, including citizenship, gender, geographic location, execution method, and IS' justifying arguments for the killings. Accompanied by a supplementary statistics file featuring tabular and graphical representations of the data and the full data set, it highlights temporal trends, changing dynamics, and characteristic qualitative and quantitative patterns, providing unprecedented insights into the execution activities and victimization behavior of the terrorist organization. In contrast to earlier long-term studies, it includes local victims and is not geographically limited. The findings reveal a marked downward trend in incident and casualty numbers over time yet also make clear that IS executions have not come to a halt but continue to remain a persistent phenomenon. The data suggests that the group's territorial breakdown impacted its publicized execution activities. Patterns for conflict-related hostage killings and governance-linked Sharia executions differed significantly. More than 95% of the victims were local citizens from conflict nations (most of them Muslims), while foreigner killings were rare. Less than 1% of the victims were females. The IS' heartlands of Iraq and Syria constituted the main execution theater. Over time, execution activities relocated on a micro-level from urban to more rural areas (especially, within Syria and Iraq) and, on a macro-level, increasingly shifted to different regions (particularly West Africa). The IS named purported 'charges' of the captives as the reason for its violence. The bulk of these charges were related to the conflict between the group and its enemies, while accusations that were closely tied to its implementation of territorial governance had a much lower share. While the IS is often associated with transgressive execution methods, the majority of victims were killed by shooting, yet the group accounted for an unprecedented number of beheadings. Particular types of charges and execution techniques appeared to be associated with each other. Public executions before a physical audience varied for different killing styles and charges, and significantly decreased over time. In 52 execution incidents, the IS instrumentalized minors as executioners. While over 90% of the foreign hostages garnered coverage in Western news media, less than 10% of the locals were reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is one of the descriptive field studies, which adopted the study on the method of social survey sample through a questionnaire distributed to (300) respondents and unregulated interviews, as well as some eyewitnesses in order to identify the reality of Iraqi women during the crisis of ISIS terrorist organization, And to diagnose the social effects of the war against ISIS on the situation of women, so I reached a set of results, the most prominent of which are:1-The terrorist organization Daesh considers women and children as a tool of war that helps him to legitimize his ideas and implement his policies, when he exploited the sex of women as a tool of psychological warfare, by terrorizing women and exploiting their passion, which Arab societies are keen to protect it.2-Deprive women of some personal practices, such as the imposition of wearing the veil, and prevent women out without a mahram, and keep them inside the home, and the application of special sanctions against those who violate those laws.3-A number of women have been involved in marrying a member of the organization, with fake marriage contracts not recognized by the Iraqi government, and now live in displacement camps, with their children, outcasts by their families and communities

RESUMEN El presente artículo analiza el discurso elaborado por DAESH, centrado en la antigüedad. Más allá de su carácter radical y destructivo, el discurso esconde una mayor complejidad de lo esperado, puesto que camufla sus verdaderos argumentos bajo una falsa apariencia de conflicto religioso, participa de debates actuales en torno a la narrativa histórica que se construye a partir de la arqueología, las piezas y los museos, se apropia de ideas del discurso occidental y colonialista, tergiversa y reinventa el pasado y oculta no solo la realidad de un tráfico de antigüedades, sino que también busca destruir la existencia de otras percepciones de las estatuas, apegadas a la memoria y las tradiciones de las comunidades locales, que hacen de las estatuas mucho más que meros ídolos de la Ŷāhiliyya, la época anterior a Muḥammad y el islam.

UN Security Council Resolution 2396 (2017) on Foreign Terrorist Fighters (Returnees and Relocators) urges nations to improve information and evidence sharing while developing tailored prosecution, rehabilitation and reintegration strategies; including programs addressing radicalization in children associated with “Foreign Terrorist Fighters.” The need for such programs has gained urgency since the collapse of Islamic State (IS)/Daesh, with the detainment of IS family members in overcrowded camps in Syria, and their uncertain fate following the Turkish military Operation PEACE SPRING, in October 2019. Approximately 2 million children underwent Daesh indoctrination June 2014 – 2019, and this process continues to be led by women in many detention camps. The heightened sense of vulnerability to terrorist attacks in Western nations has led many nations to refuse the return of children to their home country, or initial entry - fearing that their past radicalization will lead to future terrorism. Such decisions contravene, among other instruments, the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Convention on Refugees (1951), Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (1961), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC 1989), and the Optional Protocol to the CRC on Children in Armed Conflict (OPAC, 2000). This paper examines emotional traumas experienced by Daesh “camp followers,” particularly the children, and the psychological rehabilitation and social reintegration challenges they face as they grow to adulthood. This paper argues that the psychosocial support needed for rehabilitation and reintegration is better found in Western societies than in refugee camps, which are often incubators for future terrorists.

Malaysia is no exception when it comes to the Daesh threat. Several vulnerable Muslim populations have been previously targeted by Daesh via specific modus operandi to fulfil the terrorism agenda. Based on a persistent concern about Daesh-related issues and their consequences, this article critically explores the role of the security agency, the Counter-Terrorism Division within the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP), in addressing Daesh radicalisation in Malaysia. It examines the process and effectiveness of the top down and ‘soft’ approaches undertaken by the RMP via the rehabilitation and deradicalisation of former Daesh detainees before they rejoin society. The research is qualitative, and is based on a focus group discussion and in-depth interviews with representatives from the Counter Terrorism Division, terrorism experts, government officials and former detainees. The findings show that the RMP’s efforts to curb Daesh intimidation have been effective in terms of decreasing the number of new terrorism incidents, militant recruitment and the establishment of networks and cells. The introduction of ‘Module 30′, which involves theological and psychological improvement, and civil order, along with vocational training and ‘lifelong-monitoring’, has significantly contributed to rehabilitating and deradicalising the majority of former Daesh convicts in Malaysia, such that they embrace peace and renounce violence and religious extremism.

Copyright of Revista UNISCI is the property of Unidad de Investigaciones Sobre Seguridad y Cooperacion International (UNISCI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The aim of the study was to know noise induces hearing loss and the effect of the noise on peshmerga that participated in the Daesh war in Erbil city. One of the health problems or most common forms of sensorineural is the noise induced-hearing loss. depending on the exposure noise induce cause damaging of the cochlea. So, one of the causes of noise induced hearing loss is exposure to the excessive noise. Objective: To determine noise induce hearing loss among peshmerga participated in the Daesh war in Erbil city. Patients and Methods: In the present study, a total of (253) Peshmerga of four special brigades who exposed to noise in the Daesh war in Erbil city was performed, also pure tone audiogram was done for each peshmerga in the Auditory department at Hawler teaching hospital. Also, pure tone audiogram and firearm noise levels for the right and left ear for each degree of hearing loss for the range of the noise induced hearing loss (4000Hz) performed and hearing loss range in dB. Slight/Mild from 16-40dB, Moderate/Moderate severe from 41-70dB, and Severe/Severe profound from 71-120 dB. were evaluated for each peshmerga in the auditory department at Hawler teaching hospital to know the cause of inducing hearing loss. Subjects answered a questionnaire and underwent threshold tonal audiometry. Results: Two hundred and fifty-three peshmerga who participated in the Daesh war, was enrolled in this study that subdivided into four age groups (20-29), (30-39), (40-49), (50-59) years, pure tone audiogram was done for each peshmerga for right and left ear. Conclusion: Because of the nature of the profession military, the common disease in the military is induce hearing loss is caused by noise. Hearing is the vital origin during exposure to loud noise. So, prevention is needed and to be a learner with care to the use of hearing protection device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general meaning of "proxy war" is the pursuit of one's interests exploiting other actors. Measures to this end can be implemented in two ways: through hard and soft power. As far as countering the activities of terrorist organizations is concerned, it can be seen that self-interest is placed above efforts against terrorism. The civil war in Syria and the activities of terrorist organizations have become grounds for greater involvement of global powers in the struggle for gaining influence in the country. This paper aims to show the actions of global and regional powers and other state actors taken in an attempt to assert power and influence under the guise of the fight against terrorism. The paper is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part discusses aspects related to Josepha Nye's concept of "smart power" and the notions of "proxy war" and "proxy activities". The practical part discusses the activities of international actors pursuing their interests through official involvement in the fight against Daesh in the Syrian territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the onset of the war in Syria, and particularly since the emergence of the Islamic State (ISIS or Daesh), we have witnessed the expansion of IS ranks through a highly effective recruitment. Combatants from almost of countries, including China, have joined IS. The majority of Uyghur combatants have left China to join, the Turkestan Islamic Party (TIP) while others have joined IS since late 2014. Most of them were forced into exile in Turkey via Malaysia and Thailand following the intensification of Chinese repression against them, and the Chinese operations in Pakistan against the TIP fighters led to last to leave Pakistan for Syria. The most religious of these migrants are recruited by the Turkish networks, sympathizers of the TIP, while a minority is enlisted by Daesh. How are these two movements different? If the Uyghur Daeshists reject any nationalist ideology, the Uyghurs of the TIP defend a national cause and initially aim at the independence of the Uyghur region. However, in the facts, this population represents only part of this movement which includes more and more other Central Asian Turks. Indeed, the ideology of TIP has evolved over time, no longer targeting the only Uyghur cause, but the creation of a Turkic and Islamic Central Asian nation. In this context, Uyghur presence in Syria could be explained by their need to gain military experience to fight China. Only the analysis of the modes of communication and the forms of propaganda not only of the Chinese authorities but also from the different jihadist movements that we studied, as well as the analysis of the relations that each one has with the Uyghur organizations of the diaspora allows to understand in depth the current geopolitical stakes.

THIS ARTICLE IS AN UP-TO-DATE RADIOGRAPHY OF THE TERRORIST ORGANIZATION ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA, ALSO KNOWN AS ISIS, ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS TERRORIST GROUPS IN THE WORLD, KNOWN FOR ORCHESTRATING OVER TIME COUNTLESS VIOLENT TERRORIST ATTACKS, WHICH HAVE HAD A DEFINING IMPACT ON GLOBAL SECURITY. IT ADDRESSES ISSUES OF INTEREST RELATED TO THE ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE TERRORIST GROUP, ITS IDEOLOGY, OBJECTIVES AND OPERATION, AS WELL AS THE EVOLUTION OF THE GROUP SINCE 2014 (THE YEAR IN WHICH IT EXPERIENCED THE MOST IMPORTANT OPERATIONAL SUCCESSES) AND UNTIL NOW. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT, DESPITE THE FACT THAT THE TERRORIST ORGANIZATION HAS FACED, IN RECENT YEARS, A MAJOR DESTRUCTURING, IT CONTINUES ITS ACTIVITY TODAY, BEING FOCUSED PRIMARILY ON THE DIMENSION OF REORGANIZATION. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at re-transmit the spirit of the national democratic project of Iraq post of the chaos left by the Daesh terrorist group stage(The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, ISIS) , Which controlled large parts of Iraq, and had an adverse effect on the political scene in Iraq, inspired everyone that there are deficiencies in the political, economic, religious and ethnic structure of the Iraqi people in non-response to democratic thought.The researcher relied on the hypothesis that " the requirements of building a democratic project are based on the need to provide the requirements ranging from two interrelated aspects, like the institutional aspect and the aspect that related to the general and necessary requirements for the establishment of democracy in society, in which the principles of majority rule, the rule of law, authority concentration on the principles of the people's rule , and the rights of individuals guaranteed". This study utilized systematic analysis approach, historical approach,and the inductive approach undertaking the research. Government reports, statutes and laws were likewise hotspots for essential information in this review. Optional information was fundamentally from scholastic works, for example, books, diary articles, and theses. The results revealed that the model of building democratic Iraqi society post-ISIS needs primarily the government integrated system that includes principles, institutions and mechanisms that control the process of identifying options, making public decisions and the circulation of power periodically, In addition to balancing between rights and duties which can considered as the one of the main characteristic of democracy in order to achieve and developing security and stability in Iraq .

This bibliography contains journal articles, book chapters, books, edited volumes, theses, grey literature, bibliographies and other resources on the Islamic State (IS / ISIS / ISIL / Daesh) and its predecessor organizations. To keep up with the rapidly changing political events, the most recent publications have been prioritized during the selection process. The literature has been retrieved by manually browsing through more than 200 core and periphery sources in the field of Terrorism Studies. Additionally, full-text and reference retrieval systems have been employed to broaden the search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Historia is the property of Associacao Nacional dos Professores Universitarios de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to show that Turkey's experience in the operations of Syria in the hybrid environment is more than a lot of states', and increased its political influence in the region as well, and thus would have a say in the process of reconstruction of Syria after the civil war. The US, for the time being, wants to create an autonomous Kurdish region in northern Syria, and despite Turkey's all objections, it makes an alliance with PKK's Syrian branch PYD/YPG or so called as the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) for fighting DAESH. The US has provided all kinds of assistance to the PYD/YPG, including arms and money. Seeing this as a threat to its survival, Turkey first conducted the Euphrates Shield Operation with the Free Syrian Army (FSA) on August 24, 2016, and then the Operation of the Olive Branch on January 20, 2018, and finally the Peace Spring Operation on October 9, 2019. The main purpose of these three operations was to clear the area from the PYD/YPG and DAESH terrorists and to contribute to the reconstruction of stability in Syria by considering the territorial integrity of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2014, Daesh has been perpetrating mass atrocities against the population of Syria and Iraq, and beyond, and especially, crimes targeting religious minorities in Syria and Iraq. These included atrocities specifically targeting women and girls, including, rape, sexual abuse, and sexual slavery, and many more. Nonetheless, Daesh fighters are not being prosecuted for such crimes against women and girls and their (few) prosecutions are being conducted for terror-related offences only. The paper explores the use by Daesh of rape and sexual violence against minority women and girls. It considers some of the evidence of the use of rape and sexual violence in conflict, and most specifically, in the case study regarding the genocide committed by Daesh. It further examines the necessary changes that need to happen to address the issue. This includes an analysis of what legal measures have been taken to date to bring the Daesh perpetrators to justice, and specifically, for their atrocities perpetrated against women and girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to show that Turkey's experience in the operations of Syria in the hybrid environment is more than a lot of states', and increased its political influence in the region as well, and thus would have a say in the process of reconstruction of Syria after the civil war. The US, for the time being, wants to create an autonomous Kurdish region in northern Syria, and despite Turkey's all objections, it makes an alliance with PKK's Syrian branch PYD/YPG or so called as the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) for fighting DAESH. The US has provided all kinds of assistance to the PYD/YPG, including arms and money. Seeing this as a threat to its survival, Turkey first conducted the Euphrates Shield Operation with the Free Syrian Army (FSA) on August 24, 2016, and then the Operation of the Olive Branch on January 20, 2018, and finally the Peace Spring Operation on October 9, 2019. The main purpose of these three operations was to clear the area from the PYD/YPG and DAESH terrorists and to contribute to the reconstruction of stability in Syria by considering the territorial integrity of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at re-transmit the spirit of the national democratic project of Iraq post of the chaos left by the Daesh terrorist group stage(The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, ISIS) , Which controlled large parts of Iraq, and had an adverse effect on the political scene in Iraq, inspired everyone that there are deficiencies in the political, economic, religious and ethnic structure of the Iraqi people in non-response to democratic thought. The researcher relied on the hypothesis that " the requirements of building a democratic project are based on the need to provide the requirements ranging from two interrelated aspects, like the institutional aspect and the aspect that related to the general and necessary requirements for the establishment of democracy in society, in which the principles of majority rule, the rule of law, authority concentration on the principles of the people's rule , and the rights of individuals guaranteed". This study utilized systematic analysis approach, historical approach,and the inductive approach undertaking the research. Government reports, statutes and laws were likewise hotspots for essential information in this review. Optional information was fundamentally from scholastic works, for example, books, diary articles, and theses. The results revealed that the model of building democratic Iraqi society post-ISIS needs primarily the government integrated system that includes principles, institutions and mechanisms that control the process of identifying options, making public decisions and the circulation of power periodically, In addition to balancing between rights and duties which can considered as the one of the main characteristic of democracy in order to achieve and developing security and stability in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current regional conflict in the Middle East has been analyzed. In particular, the role of the confessional factor in the structure and in the process of development of the conflict has been studied. The fact has been stressed that the slogan of transition power from the Alawite minority to the Sunni majority in Syria converted into a trap of domination of terrorist groups, such as Nusra and Daesh, in the area. The situation turned to be a tragic reality, in which Sunnis, beside Christians, happened to fall in the ranks of the most depressed confessional groups. Syria is the very center of the regional conflict, but Iraq, Yemen, and, partly, Turkey and Saudi Arabia are also affected. The interference of regional and global powers, despite all contradictions, enabled a way to dismiss the role of the terrorist organizations in the area and to diminish them completely. However, many problems and dangers will still remain, even in the case of final defeat of Daesh and Nusra. Among them, direct confrontation between two regional states (Iran and Saudi Arabia) can occur.

The US has prolonged its stay in Afghanistan with the security situation remaining far from improving. The indefatigable demand for resources to maintain counter-insurgency operations was a major debate in 2016 US Presidential elections with a demand for an earlier withdrawal from America’s trillion dollars plus war effort. Russians having sensed the weakening of the US infl uence warmed upto the idea of new Afghan situation involving Taliban and their masters, the Pakistan army. Russia had experienced vulnerabilities of Islamisation in Central Asia and Caucasus, and the ISIS brand radicalisation added to the fear of political destabilisation of Central Asian states. The Islamic State showed up in Afghanistan and Pakistan as ISIS-Khorasan branch. Russia needed Pakistan as an ally to fi ght Daesh’s presence on its southern periphery. However, there remained many intertwined security challenges that complicate the South Asian geopolitics, especially, the Af-Pak region. Russia’s Taliban policy might be the hitherto unused leverage that it might be using in order to strike balance all along the shatter belt.

This bibliography contains journal articles, book chapters, books, edited volumes, theses, grey literature, bibliographies and other resources on the Islamic State (IS / ISIS / ISIL / Daesh) and its predecessor organizations. To keep up with the rapidly changing political events, the most recent publications have been prioritized during the selection process. The literature has been retrieved by manually browsing through more than 200 core and periphery sources in the field of Terrorism Studies. Additionally, full-text and reference retrieval systems have been employed to broaden the search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the transformation of Daesh in its post-state period. Having lost the territories in Iraq and Syria, the organization is now limited to a small enclave in the east of Syria and several other pockets in Iraq. However, various factors are helping the organization survive. Paradoxically, the loss of territory also led Daesh back to its terrorist essence. This article will show how in terms of ideology, operations, organization and manpower, Daesh at present is a small, Sunni Iraqi guerilla/terror organization. But unlike the prevailing assumption that Daesh might return to its former strength and that its existence is a sine qua non, this article concludes that the organization is neither invincible nor imperishable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerrannée is the property of Edisud and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with topic of Islamic State and chemical weapons. The issue is analysed in three dimensions: origin of used chemical weapons and possibility of independent production; known chemical attacks and tactical regularities in their execution; and traits of future chemical terrorist attacks. By providing a thorough examination of the problem, the article aims at predicting the future development of the group’s chemical program as well as describing any prospective chemical terrorist attacks in Europe

The study of warfare, throughout its history, as well as efforts to legally regulate the resort to war and the conduct of war, were concentrated exclusively on one form of warfare - interstate conflict. Only since the terrorist attacks on Washington and New York in 2001 and the following ‘Global War on Terrorism’ has a discussion on a potentially new kind of warfare - asymmetric warfare - moved into the spotlight. Despite all the scientific attention, the concept of asymmetric warfare remains undefined or ill-defined until today, resulting in a proliferation of its use and limiting its value. Hence, restraint in the use of the term is necessary, in order to reinforce its analytical value and applicability. Defining asymmetric warfare as a conflict among opponents who are so different in their basic features that comparison of their military power is rendered impossible, is such an attempt to limit the term to a substantially new form of warfare, witnessed in a conflict that is often commonly called the Global War on Terrorism. The past two years, since the upsurge of the so-called Islamic State to the forefront of the salafi jihadi movement, have witnessed a significant change in this war. Superficial analysis could lead to the conclusion that the proclamation of the Islamic Caliphate on the territories of Iraq and Syria (for now) seems to have recalibrated this conflict into traditional inter- state war again, making the concept of asymmetric warfare obsolete and diminishing it into just a short-term aberration in the history of warfare. Nothing could be further from the truth. The enemy in the Global War on Terrorism was and remains a global and territorially unrestricted ideological movement whose numbers cannot even be estimated, which fights its battles wherever it chooses to, and whose ultimate goal is the annihilation of the international system of sovereign states, not the creation of a new state within this system. The Islamic Caliphate in its current boundaries is nothing more than the “model Islamic state”, as envisioned by Osama bin Laden in his 1996 fatwa as part of Al Qaeda’s 200 year plan for the establishment of God’s Islamic World Order. This grand strategy is the guiding blueprint of the salafi jihad that is waged against the Westphalian state system in a war that is truly asymmetric. We have to adjust to this strategic asymmetry if we are to prevail in this struggle, fighting a long war against an indefinable enemy on battlefields that are still unknown.

The creation of the “Caliphate” is one of the greatest threats to international order. So, it is reasonable to attempt to determine the nature of this organisation. The various schools in the area of ​​international relations are helpful in this regard. For this purpose, the characteristics of Daesh are shown in the first part of the article. In subsequent sections of the conclusions to the first part, the most important research schools have been compared. According to the accepted assumption, the school of realism is the most appropriate for the study of Daesh. However, other schools can contribute to a better understanding of the organisation, showing the multidimensional and multifaceted threats for the international order coming from Daesh.

Abstract Purpose: Contemporary international law has faced many new challenges. The expansion of modern objects as State-terrorism and the growth of new subjects such as new actors could be considered as some recent aspects of this evolution. In this framework the event of non-state actors because of some problems has changed the allocation of rights and duties and the balance of power between different actors in international community. Although in this environment, the states are still the most significant component of international law and international relations, the modern phenomena could cause new conceptions. The most widely accepted source for definition of statehood is the Montevideo Convention of 1933, which includes the traditional preconditions. According to this convention there are four criteria for States such as a permanent population; a defined territory; government; and the capacity to enter into relations with other entities. The purpose of this article is to focus on the different elements of a State and to answer the question whether DAESH could be considered as a State in international law? And Whether DAESH could expand its legal personality in order to be considered as a State? Design: To answer the main challenges of this essay, it will break up into sections; first, after examining the elements of states in accordance to existing documents and recent practices of various actors, we will consider DAESH, the foundations and the structural basis of creation and its practice in international law. In this section, we will also examine the capabilities by which DAESH may obtain a modern position in international relations. Second, we will consider the characteristic features of DAESH including violation of some fundamental principles of international law such as human rights and humanitarian law. Third, we will scrutinize the role and the responsibility of others before DAESH. In this section, the situations by which international community could overcome the challenges of this new actor in the best manner may also be examined. Finally we will explain the resolutions and the documents issued by some competent organizations such as some human rights organs and also the United Nations and especially those of the Security Council in condemnation of international and domestic practices of this group. Finding: Many international rules and principles have been violated by DAESH in Syria and Iraq. Some reports and comments by human rights commissions and non-governmental organizations show that DAESH has committed many heinous acts such as murder, extermination, slavery, deportation or forcible transfer, torture, grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and other rules of international humanitarian law. Many of the crimes could be considered as those criminalized by International criminal court as the crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide. Taking a look at some recent resolutions of the Security Council and paying enough attention to the international and domestic practice of DAESH are some legal facts to prove the premise of this query.

The threat posed by the jihadist group, Daesh, is not just a military one, but more importantly an ideological one. Deciphering Dabiq-Daesh's programmatic manifesto, understanding the jihadist group ideological worldview and the alternative values it promotes, can help comprehend the attractiveness of the terrorist group and contribute to countering the violent Islamist radicalization phenomenon of young Europeans through the creation of an effective counter-narrative. This paper analyses the writings in Dabiq, presenting the terrorist group's main narratives: the religious and socio-psychological dimensions of the jihadist rhetoric. A great accent will be placed on exposing Daesh's tactics of deconstructing and redefining the cognitive frameworks of young vulnerable, disenchanted and frustrated individuals at times of personal crisis, when they are searching for an identity, for approval and validation, for meaning and purpose, or just for adventure and excitement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]