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The Workshop on Cumulative Effects Assessment Approaches in Management (WKCEAM), convened by Vanessa Stelzenmüller, Roland Cormier, and Gerjan Piet, at ICES headquarters, Copenhagen, Denmark, 26–27 February 2019. There were 17 participants from Belgium, Canada, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom, including par-ticipants from ICES Secretariat. Cumulative effects assessment (CEA) approaches are considered as key to sound policymaking and planning in governance and management. Their actual implementation in marine planning and management processes is yet to be seen. Cumulative effects are the result of multiple activ-ities that exert pressures on ecosystem components and their functions. The meeting focused discussions of the differences between CEA approaches in governance, marine planning and regulatory processes with particular attention to the scientific information needed of such pro-cesses. Presentation and breakout group discussions were used to examine the differences in these processes to understand ways to improve the usability and uptake of CEA and to identify science needs. The report is structured along the terms of reference that shaped the agenda. The first day was dedicated to the relevance of CEAs in environmental policies, marine planning and regulatory processes while the second day outlined the scientific and data challenges to operationalize CEAs in such processes. Based on the findings, WKCEAM recommends the creation of a Working Group on Cumulative Effects Assessment in Management.

Marine planning and coastal zone management require an understanding of the policy context (Cormier et al., 2015) that addresses ecosystem, cultural, social, economic, and legal aspects (Barnard and Elliott, 2015). Policy includes a suite of agreements, legislation, and interpretations that are enabled by policy- making processes and public feed-back (Ehler and Douvere, 2009) , while being informed by scientific and technical knowledge. However, a plan requires the implementation of management measures to carry into effect the objectives set in the said plan (Elliott et al., 2017). It is through leg- islation, regulations, standards, and guidelines that such measures are implemented within an operational context designed to meet expected outcomes to achieve the objectives of the plan and ultimately reach the goals of the policy (Cormier et al., 2017). Without a comprehensive suite of management measures to reduce the pressures that result from human activities, cumulative effects cannot be adequately prevented, leaving protection and conservation measures as the only option to mitigate the effects (Stelzenmüller et al. , 2018). Outside the changes resulting from continuously evolving natural processes, the premise, here, is that cumulative effects reflect the effectiveness management measures implemented across the r elevant sectors of operation and jurisdictions. When cumulative effects and impacts are observed, it implies that the system of management measures and practices across the relevant sectors are not adequately managing the pressures generated by their respective activities (Elliott et al., 2017). Given that cumulative-effects assessments are typically focused on the effects and their impacts, an assessment of the effectiveness of these measures and practices would also be required to get a better understanding of the root causes of such effects and impacts and to improve existing management strategies (de Jonge et al., 2006). Such assessment must also include legislation, regulations, standards, and guidelines that are used to implement measures and guide the practices as these set the scope of the management approaches and objectives for each sector. The scope and objective of current measures and practices may not have considered broader ecosystem considerations at the time they were developed, resulting in cumulative effects and impacts.In contrast to traditional ecosystem and risk - assessment approaches, risk-management processes (ISO, 2009a, 2009b) require that the effectiveness of the controls be assessed to better understand how the management system is addressing actual or potential impacts and consequences. In such a process, the effectiveness of the controls are as- sessed to determine if these are adequate to achieve objectives. As part of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) suite of risk-management standards under ISO 31000 (ISO, 2009a, 2009b), the Bowtie analysis is one of the more than 31 risk - assessment techniques of IEC/ISO 31010 (IEC/ISO, 2009) and is designed to analyse the controls used to manage risks. The Bowtie analysis provides a structure to evaluate procedures, measures, and controls used to prevent and mitigate risk (Mostia, 2009; Markowski and Kotynia, 2011; Badreddine and Ben Amor, 2013). Recently, the Bowtie analysis has been adapted to the analysis of environmental legislation and policies (Cormier et al., 2016; Creed et al., 2016; Elliott et al., 2017). This technique is also a valu- able tool to help stakeholders characterize the risks with which they are concerned and understand how risks are being or could be managed (Chevreau et al., 2006; Gerkens- meier and Ratter, 2016). A series of ICES workshops regarding the qualitative and quantitative use of the Bow-tie analysis in cumulative effects assessment s (ICES, 2014b, 2015, 2016) recommended to elaborate a more detailed Bowtie of existing legislation and policies of a regional European sea integrating the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and 2| ICES Cooperative Research ReportNo. 342 good environmental status criteria (EU, 2008). This report is a case study to demon- strate how the Bowtie analysis can be adapted to the analysis of legislation within a multijurisdictional context from a cumulative- effects assessment perspective. The analysis uses the programme of measures of the MSFD (Annex VI of MSFD ) as the controls to be assessed to achieve and maintain good environmental status for each of the qual- itative descriptors (Annex I of MSFD). Cited instruments under the MSFD are used, as an example, to demonstrate the relevant legislation and regulations involved in the management of the pressures for each relevant descriptor of good environmental sta- tus through the programme of measures. This report is organized to provide guidance for managers and administrators in- volved in the analysis of legislation and policies. The report also provides valuable insight for the scientific community regarding the linkage between cumulative effects and management strategies to prevent effects and mitigate impacts. Readers of this report must understand that this is an example of a policy-analysis exercise. It is an analysis of the hierarchy of management strategies across the qualitative descriptors of good environmental status. It is not an ecosystem model of components, functions, and feedback mechanisms as is typically used to map ecosystem processes. Refereed 14.A 14.2 14.5 Manual Guide

Trabajo presentado en el International Symposium on Integrated Coastal Zone Management, celebrado en Antalya, Turquía, del 14 al 17 de octubre de 2017

Trabajo presentado en el International Symposium on Integrated Coastal Zone Management, celebrado en Antalya, Turquía, del 14 al 17 de octubre de 2017

Trabajo presentado en ICES ASC 2010 (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Annual Science Conferente), celebrada en Nantes (Francia), del 20 al 24 de septiembre de 2010

Management of any environmental issue requires the application of management measures designed to eliminate, control, mitigate, or compensate for pressures related to the drivers of human activities to avoid potential environmental effects. Management strategies are typically implemented in the form of regulations, policies, programmes, best management practices, standard operating procedures, management targets, and even stewardship and education, to name a few. In practice, environmental management measures target driver-specific pressures to reduce the risk of environmental effects and subsequent impacts on vulnerable ecosystems and environmental services. Particularly in the marine environment, the coastal zone is influenced by many drivers occurring within a very dynamic ecosystem, integrating land-based and marine influences. Already managed by a complex jurisdictional framework, each of these pressures can cause environmental effects individually or in combination with pressures from other drivers. From a simple management perspective, the challenge lies in identifying environmental management priorities that consider the most significant pressures and ecosystem vulnerabilities. Risk analysis and management are widely used in various management constructs from civil and mechanical engineering to food safety and human health. The World Trade Organization (WTO) has embedded risk analysis in the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, which considers the protection of human, animal, and plant health in products traded internationally. Among the types of risk analysis and management approaches studied, some are based on probabilistic models and others are more qualitative in nature. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) also published a standard on risk management and risk assessment techniques. In this standard, the management of risks is based on identifying clearly the sources of these risks, analysing their consequences, and evaluating management options. Under the lead of a competent authority, the process includes communication and consultation with affected stakeholders as well as review and monitoring. In environmental management, the application of such risk management approaches provides assurance that management measures adequately protect the sustainability of the most vulnerable ecosystems and environmental services. Such a process not only assesses ecosystem risks, but aims to implement management measures and deploy resources to priorities of the highest ecosystem, social, cultural, economic, and policy risks. A key benefit of risk management frameworks and processes is also the identification and implementation of the most effective and efficient management measures based on existing scientific knowledge, legislation, and technologies. In this handbook, the ISO 31000 standard for risk management and risk assessment techniques is used as the basis for an ecosystem-based, risk management approach. Considered as “events”, environmental effects are at the centre of this process, where the consequences can alter, disrupt, or even degrade ecosystems. This document bridges the ISO 31000 risk management framework with the ecosystem-based management approach used in environmental assessment, integrated coastal and oceans management, and marine spatial planning. Given the generic content of this framework, the intent of this document is to provide basic project planning blocks for any ecosystem-based management project. Published Authors:Amy Diedrich • Grete E. Dinesen • Julia Ekstrom • Clare Greathead Lorne Greig • Matthew Hardy • Erik Lizee • Raymond MacIssac Mary Metz • Erlend Moksness • Beatriz Morales-Nin Marc Ouellette •Rafael Sardá • David Scheltinga • Elizabeth R. Smith Vanessa Stelzenmüller • Josianne Støttrup Refereed Current 14 Manual (incl. handbook, guide, cookbook etc)