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A PENCIL-AND-PAPER TEST WAS CONSTRUCTED TO STUDY DEAF CHILDREN'S LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE (ABILITY TO PRODUCE AND COMPREHEND THE GRAMMATICAL SENTENCES COMPRISING A LANGUAGE). THE TEST WAS TO REFLECT LINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF A CHILD'S BEHAVIOR, BUT NOT EXTRALINGUISTIC ASPECTS SUCH AS READING AND WRITING. IT CONSISTED OF FIVE SUBTESTS--(1) REPETITION OF SENTENCES, (2) IDENTIFICATION OF NON-SENTENCES, (3) CORRECTION OF NON-SENTENCES, (4) NONVERBAL RESPONSE TO MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTIC CONTRASTS, (5) CHOICE OF APPROPRIATE SUFFIX. THE TEST WAS GIVEN TO A GROUP OF HEARING SECOND AND THIRD GRADERS AND A GROUP OF DEAF STUDENTS AGED NINE TO 20. PERFORMANCE OF THE TWO GROUPS WAS COMPARED ON SELECTED ITEMS (THOSE PASSED BY AT LEAST 50 PERCENT OF THE SECOND GRADERS AND 75 PERCENT OF THE THIRD GRADERS IN A PRELIMINARY TEST). RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE AVERAGE TOTAL SCORE FOR THE THIRD GRADERS WAS NEARLY PERFECT AND HIGHER THAN THE AVERAGE TOTAL SCORE FOR THE SECOND GRADERS. THE AVERAGE TOTAL SCORE OF THE DEAF GROUP WAS ABOUT THE SAME AS THAT OF THE HEARING SECOND GRADERS. THE TEST AS A WHOLE DID NOT MEET THE CRITERIA OF CONSTRUCT VALIDITY BECAUSE THE SECOND GRADERS DID NOT ATTAIN NEARLY PERFECT SCORES AND SUBSTANTIAL CORRELATIONS BETWEEN TEST AND READING COMPREHENSION SCORES FOR HEARING SUBJECTS WERE OBTAINED. RESULTS SUGGEST THAT LANGUAGE PERFORMANCE OF THE DEAF GROUP DOES NOT DIFFER MARKEDLY FROM THAT OF THE HEARING. FURTHER RESEARCH WAS RECOMMENDED TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE VERBAL PRODUCTIONS OF DEAF AND HEARING ARE DUE TO SUPERFICIAL DIFFERENCES IN GRAMMATICAL RULES OR TO DIFFERENCES IN RULES OF PERFORMANCE. THE FIVE SUBTESTS AND RELATED DATA ARE PRESENTED. A 24-ITEM BIBLIOGRAPHY IS INCLUDED. (AB)

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jpc-10.1177_21501327211028713 for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Training among Medical Schools in the United States by Robert L. Cooper, Mohammad Tabatabai, Paul D. Juarez, Aramandla Ramesh, Matthew C. Morris, Katherine Y. Brown, Thomas A. Arcury, Marybeth Shinn, Leandro A. Mena and Patricia-Matthews Juarez in Journal of Primary Care & Community Health

The pulsed-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance (PGSENMR) technique was used to measure restricted diffusion of water in three types of animal tissue: human blood plasma and red cells; rat and rabbit heart; rat and rabbit liver. Characteristic lengths (L) for restriction of diffusion are estimated from dependence on the measuring time. Limitations on the range of observable restrictive lengths (1.5-15 mum) are discussed.The decrease in diffusivity due to 1 mum alumina powder (volume fraction = 0.18) in glycerin/water mixtures agrees with the Wang theory assuming spherical particles and no hydration. The characteristic length (L approximately 4 mum) is larger than the particle size (1 mum) or separation (1.8 mum). Comparison of the diffusivities in tissues at short diffusion times with the Wang theory indicates some bound or trapped water.For packed red blood cells, a restriction (L approximately 2.3 mum) was attributed tothe red cell membrane. A permeability p approximately 0.014 cm/s may be estimated from the decrease in diffusivity. Average values of diffusivity ratio in heart were: 0.36 +/- 0.02 for rat; and 0.26 +/- 0.03 for rabbit; and in liver: 0.25 +/- 0.01 for rat; 0.25 +/- .04 for 10-day old rabbit; and 0.195 +/- 0.03 for 2-yr old rabbit. A restriction (L approximately 2.7 mum) in rat liver probably results from the mitochondria.