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The article evaluates the development of the tax burden on cigarettes in the Czech Republic from 1993 to the end of 2023. Tax burden is represented by effective tax rate. The research results show that the tax burden on these products is still increasing. Not only does the tax burden increase, but so does the price of these products. The regression analysis results show that quantities such as the price of cigarettes, the effective tax rate or the amount of cigarettes consumed are factories that positively influence tax revenue. Since the tax rate or the price of these products constantly increases, the tax revenue is also increasing. It increased almost six-fold over the entire analyzed period. At the same time, it was found that other factors, such as the average wage, also affect the tax revenue. It is necessary to consider that the cigarette consumption has been showing a downward trend in recent years. However, the reason is not only the increasing tax burden and the price of these products but also the transition of consumers to so-called e-cigarettes. A reduction in cigarette consumption may be reflected in the future by reducing healthcare costs, which will create potential reductions in public health insurance payments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the results of an online survey on the impact of the global food crisis on Germany's food aid measures. The global food crisis has left Germans food insecure, leading them to seek additional financial support to increase food production, including lower sales tax and aid for vulnerable groups. Perception of the causes of the food crisis differ across socio-economic groups, such as age, education, and income. Older participants were dissatisfied with the measures taken by the government and European Union to secure the functioning of the food security system. This group was also supportive of reduced consumption tax on food and increased charitable assistance for vulnerable groups. In Germany, where the birthrate is steadily declining and the population is aging, social security system reform is underway, with hope for stable and sustainable food assistance supported by older generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with obesity, metabolic diseases, and incremental healthcare costs. Given their health consequences, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that countries implement taxes on SSB. Over the last 10 years, obesity prevalence has almost doubled in Brazil, yet, in 2016, the Brazilian government cut the existing federal SSB taxes to their current 4%. Since 2022, a bill to impose a 20% tax on SSB has been under discussion in the Brazilian Senate. To simulate the potential impact of increasing taxes on SSB in Brazil, we aimed to estimate the price-elasticity of SSB and the potential impact of a new 20% or 30% excise SSB tax on consumption, obesity prevalence, and cost savings. Methods and findings: Using household purchases data from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey (POF) from 2017/2018, we estimated constant elasticity regressions. We used a log-log specification by income level for all beverage categories: (1) sugar-sweetened beverages; (2) alcoholic beverages; (3) unsweetened beverages; and (4) low-calorie or artificially sweetened beverages. We estimated the adult nationwide baseline intake for each beverage category using 24-h dietary recall data collected in 2017/2018. Taking group one as the taxed beverages, we applied the price and cross-price elasticities to the baseline intake data, we obtained changes in caloric intake. The caloric reduction was introduced into an individual dynamic model to estimate changes in weight and obesity prevalence. No benefits on cost savings were modeled during the first 3 years of intervention to account for the time lag in obesity cases to reduce costs. We multiplied the reduction in obesity cases during 7 years by the obesity costs per capita to predict the costs savings attributable to the sweetened beverage tax. SSB price elasticities were higher among the lowest tertile of income (−1.24) than in the highest income tertile (−1.13), and cross-price elasticities suggest SSB were weakly substituted by milk, water, and 100% fruit juices. We estimated a caloric change of −17.3 kcal/day/person under a 20% excise tax and −25.9 kcal/day/person under a 30% tax. Ten years after implementation, a 20% tax is expected to reduce obesity prevalence by 6.7%; 9.1% for a 30% tax. These reductions translate into a −2.8 million and −3.8 million obesity cases for a 20% and 30% tax, respectively, and a reduction of $US 13.3 billion and $US 17.9 billion in obesity costs over 10 years for a 20% and 30% tax, respectively. Study limitations include using a quantile distribution method to adjust self-reported baseline weight and height, which could be insufficient to correct for reporting bias; also, weight, height, and physical activity were assumed to be steady over time. Conclusions: Adding a 20% to 30% excise tax on top of Brazil's current federal tax could help to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed beverages, empty calories, and body weight while avoiding large health-related costs. Given the recent cuts to SSB taxes in Brazil, a program to revise and implement excise taxes could prove beneficial for the Brazilian population. Using the context of the proposed Sugar-Sweetened-Beverages tax in Brazil, Ana Basto-Abreu and colleagues model the estimated reduction in obesity prevalence and savings in health-related costs. Author summary: Why was this study done?: The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with obesity, metabolic diseases, and incremental healthcare costs. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends governments to tax SSB to improve diet and reduce chronic diseases. Since 2022, a bill to impose a 20% tax on SSB is under discussion in the Brazilian Senate. What did the researchers do and find?: We estimated SSB own- and cross-price elasticities by socioeconomic status and simulated the potential effects of introducing a 20% excise tax to SSB in consumption. If a 20% tax is introduced, we would expect a 16.9 kcal/day/person caloric reduction among Brazilian adults. We used an individual dynamic weight change model to translate caloric reductions into obesity reductions. We estimated an expected 6.7% reduction in obesity, which could lead to USD 13.3 billion healthcare cost savings over 10 years. Larger benefits of the tax are expected to be experienced by younger adults and by people from high-income groups. What do these findings mean?: The implementation of the SSB tax is expected to produce important reductions in population weight and obesity prevalence, while saving health-related costs. Limitations of our analysis include assuming no change in weight under the no-intervention scenario and using a quantile distribution method to adjust self-reported baseline weight and height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing carbon dioxide emissions and achieving carbon neutrality have become hot topics of global concern. China has elevated its response to climate change to a national strategic level, where the green tax system plays a crucial role in implementing the dual-carbon strategy. This paper systematically analyzes the green tax systems of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)--encompassing environmental pollution taxes, energy taxes, vehicle and transportation taxes, and resource taxes. Based on this analysis, it proposes that China should establish a multifaceted green tax system including environmental protection tax, resource tax, and farmland occupation tax. Furthermore, it suggests an integrated approach combining systematic tax incentives such as corporate income tax, value-added tax, consumption tax, and vehicle purchase tax. This comprehensive green taxation framework, covering development, production, consumption, and emission stages, aims to drive high-quality green economic and social development through both tax incentives and restrictions, implementing a "dual-driving" mechanism. This study provides a basic framework and practical path for building a green tax system in China, especially studying the sources of different green taxes and their interrelationships, which enriches the theoretical and practical values related to taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax expenditure management is one of the tools for conducting responsible fiscal policy. Unlike direct expenditures, tax expenditures do not consume resources, but allow the achievement of certain social and economic goals. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis of the expediency of using the mechanism of tax expenditures to influence investment activities and the development of priority sectors of the economy. The object of this study was a sample of nine countries of the G-20 group, whose reports provided data on the share of tax expenditures related to investment support and stimulating the development of priority sectors of the economy. The practice of generating reports on tax expenditures is quite common in developed countries, but there are several limitations for cross-country comparison: national characteristics of fiscal elements, and the level of openness and transparency of data on tax expenditures. The scale of using tax expenditures is determined by the multidimensional average method; countries are rated according to the value of the integral indicator. The scale of tax breaks determines the position in the ranking. The effectiveness of using tax breaks is assessed through the coefficient of increase in investment and the coefficient of increase in industrial production. The assessment results show whether economic indicators are outpacing the growth rate of tax benefits and preferences. A study of panel data revealed the average degree of influence of the total amount of tax expenditures on the dynamics of capital investments. The allocation of a target group of tax expenditures related to investment support showed a weak degree of influence on the dynamics of capital investment volumes. The results obtained can be explained by the fact that the allocation of a target group of tax expenditures may not reflect the full range of tax benefits provided to support investments, which is due to the peculiarities of the system of accounting and assessment of tax expenditures in a particular country. In addition, the contribution of tax expenditures may be insignificant if direct forms of support prevail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Property transaction taxes—also known as stamp duty—are widely viewed as an inefficient form of taxation. In this paper, we examine the welfare implications of removing stamp duty in a general equilibrium overlapping generation model with heterogeneous agents. Our model features an idiosyncratic shock to housing preferences, which may create mismatch or induce households to move. We calibrate the model to the Australian housing market, and conduct counterfactual policy experiments where stamp duty is replaced with recurrent property or consumption taxes. We find that removing stamp duty raises household mobility and reduces the degree of housing mismatch substantially. When examining steady states, we find that newborn households prefer entering an economy with a recurring property tax rather than one with stamp duty. In contrast, when examining the transition we find that existing households prefer replacing stamp duty with a consumption tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is a major global public health problem. Increasing the price of SSBs through taxation is an effective tool to reduce SSB consumption. Price-elasticity estimates are useful in measuring the effect of taxation on consumption. We estimated the own price elasticities of demand for SSBs in Bangladesh, which will inform how SSB taxes could affect behaviour. Methods: We used Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2016 data, which is a nationally representative dataset at the household level across the country and is conducted using stratified random sampling method. Deaton's method was used to estimate the price elasticities for SSBs in Bangladesh. Results: We found that the own price elasticity for SSBs varied between − 0.53% to -1.17% by types of SSBs in Bangladesh. The price elasticity for soft drinks was − 1.17, indicating that if the price of soft drinks increases by 10% via taxes, the quantity consumed of these beverages would reduce by 11.7%. Conclusion: This is the first study that estimates the own price elasticities of demand for SSBs in Bangladesh. Our results suggest to raise SSB prices through increased taxation in order to reduce SSB consumption and ensure public health gains in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the influence of economic growth, industrialization, government spending, and environmental taxes on environmental quality as well as the influence of environmental quality, unemployment, and inflation on Indonesia's economic growth. This condition is important to maintain environmentally friendly economic development to achieve sustainable development. METHODS: The study was conducted using simultaneous equation model analysis considering classical assumption tests such as normality tests, granger causality and heteroscedasticity. This study data began in 2015 to 2021 in 34 provinces in Indonesia. In this study, the determinants of environmental quality used were industrialization, government spending and environmental taxes, whereas those of economic growth were unemployment and inflation. FINDINGS: The results of the study indicate that economic growth, industrialization, government spending and environmental taxes have a significant effect on Indonesia's environmental quality. Collectively, these determinants account for 22.18 percent of the variance. However, environmental quality and unemployment do not have a significant effect on Indonesia's economic growth. Meanwhile, inflation has a significant effect on economic growth. Simultaneously, the influence of the determinants of economic growth is 33.52 percent. CONCLUSION: Economic growth, industrialization, government spending and environmental taxes have a significant influence on Indonesia's environmental quality. On the other hand, environmental quality and unemployment do not have a significant effect on Indonesia's economic growth. Meanwhile, inflation has a significant effect on economic growth. The policies suggested, include the following 1) the government must be able to maintain environmental quality while still encouraging economic growth, implemented by creating an environmentally sound growth concept or applying the green economic concept to harmonize growth and the environment; 2) the industrialization process must be maintained so that it does not damage the environment, and pollution threshold rules created in the industrialization process must be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax law has never been a neutral field. On the contrary, it impacts a range of identity axes, including socioeconomic class, race, and gender, and can act as a mechanism for maintaining the status quo or as a catalyst for social change. By examining the ongoing debate on critical tax theory in the United States, Australia, and Brazil, this Article shows that, no matter the differences found in distinct tax systems, tax law functions as a mirror of a country’s values and can be employed either to support or to disadvantage minorities. American critical tax scholars have consistently highlighted the role of tax law in creating barriers to disadvantaged groups, whether with discriminatory intent or embedded in implicit biases. One example is recent data on how tax audits conducted by the IRS disproportionately impact Black Americans. With the growing findings in the field come several challenges still to be addressed, such as the need to provide guidance on policymaking. On the other hand, despite evolving at a slower pace, a careful look at critical tax scholarship in Australia and Brazil reveals a flourishing literature on the role of tax law in increasing inequality. Australian scholars have drawn particular attention to the gender gap, e.g., by evaluating the impact of tax expenditures on women. Brazilian scholars have explored the role of tax law in widening gender and racial inequalities, for example, by assessing regressive taxes, such as the VAT, through feminist and critical race lenses. This Article aims to contextualize the study of critical tax theory and expound on it from the viewpoints of American, Australian, and Brazilian scholars, looking closely at the concrete perspectives taken by them and challenges they might share today and in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides evidence of the relationship between adopting a value-added tax (VAT) and corporate income tax avoidance. Our analysis exploits the staggered replacement of retail sales tax with VAT in China between 2012 and 2019. Based on a sample of 6,948 firm-years, we find that firms affected by the VAT reform are associated with an increase in their book (cash) effective income tax rates by 1.4 (2.2) percentage points. Such an effect is more pronounced among firms that make the most of their sales to businesses than individuals and among those that are located in regions with low social trust and tax enforcement levels. Additional test results show that changes in ETRs are not mechanically driven by changes in sales and costs and consumption taxes brought about by the reform. While aiming to eliminate double taxation, the VAT reform generates a positive externality for income tax collection. JEL Classifications: H25; H26; K42. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the impact of tax policy on income inequality in the European Union (EU). Each EU member-state has adopted a distinct set of fiscal policies. Although most member-states have coordinated their tax systems to promote economic growth, EU countries hold politically divergent views about income inequality and the power of taxation to redress inequality. This research applies linear regressionmethods incorporating regularization as well as fixed and random effects. Stacking generalization produces a composite model that dramatically improves predictive accuracy while aggregating causal inferences from simpler models. Social contributions, income taxes, and consumption taxes ameliorate inequality. Government spending, however, exacerbates inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Estimate the impact of 20 % flat-rate and tiered sugary drink tax structures on the consumption of sugary drinks, sugar-sweetened beverages and 100 % juice by age, sex and socio-economic position. Design: We modelled the impact of price changes – for each tax structure – on the demand for sugary drinks by applying own- and cross-price elasticities to self-report sugary drink consumption measured using single-day 24-h dietary recalls from the cross-sectional, nationally representative 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition. For both 20 % flat-rate and tiered sugary drink tax scenarios, we used linear regression to estimate differences in mean energy intake and proportion of energy intake from sugary drinks by age, sex, education, food security and income. Setting: Canada. Participants: 19 742 respondents aged 2 and over. Results: In the 20 % flat-rate scenario, we estimated mean energy intake and proportion of daily energy intake from sugary drinks on a given day would be reduced by 29 kcal/d (95 % UI: 18, 41) and 1·3 % (95 % UI: 0·8, 1·8), respectively. Similarly, in the tiered tax scenario, additional small, but meaningful reductions were estimated in mean energy intake (40 kcal/d, 95 % UI: 24, 55) and proportion of daily energy intake (1·8 %, 95 % UI: 1·1, 2·5). Both tax structures reduced, but did not eliminate, inequities in mean energy intake from sugary drinks despite larger consumption reductions in children/adolescents, males and individuals with lower education, food security and income. Conclusions: Sugary drink taxation, including the additional benefit of taxing 100 % juice, could reduce overall and inequities in mean energy intake from sugary drinks in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taxation of new technologies in the digital economy, considered by many scholars as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, represents a challenge for the whole world. Studies have been developed in order to avoid the erosion of the tax bases of the States, through the implementation of a single tax based on consumption and a permanent establishment based on significant economic presence. Brazil has also been facing the same challenges with regard to the digital economy. And, one of Brazil's biggest challenges when it comes to tax issues is related to technologies, is related to the service of cloud computing, especially SaaS. The present work seeks to elucidate the issues related to this, elucidating its main characteristics. After analyzing its legal nature, the premises made there will be applied for an analysis of the compatibility of this new technology with the Brazilian Constitutional System regent, proposing a solution to the apparent conflict of competence between States (ICMS) and Municipalities (ISS). The present work is qualitative and legal-expositive, and adopts bibliographic and documentary methodology, consistent in the analysis of doctrine, legislation and judicial decisions on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The relationship between public expenditure and revenue that determines the budget balance in the explanation of budget deficits is very important. This study aimed to examine the association between public spending and income in Turkey. Methodology: This article applies the continuous wavelet transform method (CWT) to study the relationship between government revenues and expenditures in Turkey. The study, which covers the period 2006-2020, consists of monthly data. The following four CWT tools were used in the analysis: Wavelet Power Spectrum, Cross Wavelet Power, Wavelet Coherence, and Phase Difference. Results: The results of the study, controlling taxes rather than expenditures, play a key role in reducing fiscal deficits in Turkey in the short term. It is revealed that the dynamics of the budget balance in the medium term can be explained by the spend-tax hypothesis and that the tax burden can be alleviated by spending cuts. In the long term, results were obtained that support the spend-tax hypothesis. Conclusion: The paper reveals that taxes play an important role in controlling budget deficits in the short run. It turns out that the dynamics of the budget balance can be explained in the medium term by expenditure cuts and then the tax burden can be alleviated. In the long run, implementing fiscal policies based on public spending rather than taxation will be more effective against budget deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2024 the value added tax becomes 70 years old. This "crown of fiscal technique" arose on the basis of the turnover tax, which in turn was a product of the ancient excise tax. Today value added tax is the backbone of the tax system in almost all countries of the world. This paper is dedicated to the prehistory of the tax, the pioneering experience of France (and the European Union) from the middle of the last century and the implementation of the value added tax in Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco taxes in Indonesia have always been increasing over the past period. However, little was known about the impact of increasing tobacco taxes on cigarette consumption in urban and rural communities. Therefore, we examine the impact of implementing tobacco taxation policies in Indonesia on cigarette consumption levels in urban and rural areas. This study uses panel data for the 2007–2022 period from 33 provinces in Indonesia. Data were sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Indonesia and the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia and were analyzed using the two-stage least squares (2SLS) model and the propensity score matching (PSM) model. Our finding shows that increased tobacco taxes negatively impact cigarette consumption in urban and rural areas. Even so, the decline in cigarette consumption in urban areas is still much lower than the reduction in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2022, inflation and interest rates in Germany have noticeably increased. We examine the impact of heightened inflation and interest rates on the financial balances of municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia. In our scenario analysis, we consider systematic differences between highly and less indebted municipalities. While there are positive effects on the revenue side that offset the higher costs on the expenditure side, such as some taxes being tied to nominal values, the analysis suggests that the overall effect on the financial balance is likely to be negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global trend of diets high in sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) is associated with a high risk of obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). To reduce SSB consumption on a population level, SSB taxes have become a popular policy solution. In Indonesia, although the prevalence of obesity has doubled in the past decade (11.7% in 2010 to 21.8% in 2018), SSB taxes have not yet been implemented. Utilizing the 2021 Indonesian household socioeconomic survey (SUSENAS), this study estimated price elasticities and projected the plausible effects of implementing an SSB tax on consumers' demand for SSBs and the associated government revenue using the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model. Five SSB groups were studied: 1) manufactured liquid milk; 2) sweetened condense milk; 3) instant coffee; 4) tea drinks and fizzy drinks with CO2; 5) fruit juices, "health" drinks, and energy drinks. The overall results showed that the non-milk SSB groups were price elastic. Probing deeper into the substitutions for SSB across categories, we found both substitutionary and complementary effects. Our analysis revealed that increasing SSB prices by 20% would reduce the demand for SSBs on average by 17.5% (14.3%-18.6% for each SSB group) and generate additional state revenue up to IDR 3,628.3 billion per year (approximately US$ 238.5 million or 0.2% of total tax revenue in 2022). Considering the health and economic impacts of high consumption of SSBs, this study provides empirical evidence that imposing taxes on SSBs could be an effective measure to reduce public consumption and to generate tax revenue for financing health programs that address obesity and NCDs in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hitit Journal of Economics & Politics / Hitit Ekonomi ve Politika Dergisi is the property of Hitit Journal of Economics & Politics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

SYNOPSIS: We provide evidence that enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are potentially beneficial to firm decision-making but can also have unintended effects. The tax function is one of the largest consumers of data within a firm, with over 50 percent of time spent gathering tax data and less than 30 percent of time spent on strategic data analysis (PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) 2015). Difficulties in getting high-quality, timely tax information could negatively impact a firm's tax compliance activities and leave few resources for tax planning. Following the absorptive capacity theory, we predict and find that ERP systems are associated with a greater degree of tax planning post-adoption, resulting in lower tax burdens. However, we also note increased firm discretion in tax planning, resulting in a larger amount of aggressive tax positions. Practically, our findings have important implications for the use of ERP systems both within the tax function and across other decision-making areas. JEL Classifications: O33; H26; D83. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is implementing a structural tax reduction policy to upgrade the structure of household consumption and promote the development of high-tech industry. This article constructs a heterogeneous NK-DSGE (New Keynesian - Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium) model to study the effects of tax reduction policies on consumption upgrading and the development of high-tech industry. The tax categories involved in this model are divided into demand-side tax and supply-side tax. We build two indexes to measure the consumption structure and the development of high-tech industry. It is found that reducing high-tech enterprise income tax would upgrade the consumption structure and promote the development of high-tech industries in the short term. Reducing low-tech enterprise income tax would achieve similar effects in the medium and long term. Moreover, tax such as consumption tax, labour income tax and capital income tax reduction policies can upgrade the consumption structure and promote the development of high-tech industry in the long term. Finally, this article finds that when the elasticity of labour substitution is smaller, reducing high-tech enterprise income tax is more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The serious energy crisis and environmental problems resulting from fossil energy excessive consumption have caused severe challenges to the control of energy consumption and intensity (dual controls) and the sustainable development of China's economy and society. The current territorial management model (TMM) of energy consumption "dual control" needs urgent improvement. Therefore, this study proposes an inter-provincial energy consumption transfer tax model (ECTTM) based on the Stackelberg game and bi-level optimization theory. In this model, the central government is the leader at the upper-level, and provincial governments are the lower-level followers. An optimization algorithm based on NSGA-II was designed to solve this model to obtain the optimal transfer tax rate and provincial energy consumption. The ECTTM aims to maximize the socioeconomic benefits of energy consumption overall and in each province under the premise of achieving the dual control target. The model's effectiveness and superiority were illustrated through an empirical study of electricity consumption in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, and Guizhou. Compared with the TMM, the socioeconomic benefits under the ECTTM increased by 14.67%, and the electricity consumption per unit of gross domestic product decreased by 12.8%. Policy suggestions on the ECTTM's implementation are proposed to promote further improvements in dual controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a model matching feedback law design technique is applied to a macroeconomical model. We calculate, using computational algebra methodology, which paths of government expenditure and extra taxation will lead the system to a desired dynamic behavior. The solution is based on algebraic methods and the development, in computer algebra software, of appropriate symbolic algorithms that produce a class of feedback laws as solutions. A method for solving a linear algebraic system of polynomials equations is provided, as well as its application to the feedback law design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the difference in expenditure behavior by age group through an empirical analysis of changes in card expenditure after the COVID-19 outbreak, using card transaction data in Korea. It also investigated whether changes in card spending reflecting changes in expenditure behavior occur because of the spread of infectious diseases. A panel analysis was employed using data from 2018 to 2020. After the outbreak, total expenditure decreased by 15.6%, with the spending of older, middle-aged, and young adults falling by 18%, 15.8%, and 14.1%, respectively. Spending on eating out declined by 24.3%, while that on eating in increased by 2.2%, a tendency that is more prominent for older adults. These findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic affected expenditure behavior, and the change varied by age group. This implies that the consumption-boosting effect of the COVID-19 relief fund may differ by age group with the different marginal propensity to consume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxes on the consumption of certain products have played a key role in public revenue analysis in European countries. This work assesses the differences in tax planning for new non-combustion products across some European territories. Through theoretical analysis, the paper has three distinct aspects. Firstly, we show the taxpayer profile in different countries. Secondly, the study analyzes the risks for the health system and the individual. Thirdly, the design of the national tobacco tax is based on previous experience and planning in Europe. This paper concludes with a case study for different countries: (1) Spain "vapers" and "smokers", where the analysis is based on micro-data from the European Health Interview Survey 2020. (2) Sweden, with the analysis of snus, shows it as a practice on how to reach economic savings while decreasing economic costs thanks to the nudging of consumers towards better products. The results show taxation and, especially, land taxation should consider differences in planning in the case of new products, such as non-combustion products, given the user per capita income and the potential lower health risks involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of fiscal policy on financial development in Sub-Saharan African economies, drawing on a sample of 23 countries from 2000 to 2021 using the panel ARDL method after evidencing stationarity and co-integration properties among the variables. Our results show that an increase in fiscal policy and institutional quality decreases financial development in the long run. An increase in taxation and expenditure by the government affects the development of finance in SSA countries. Our results also show that an increase in foreign capital and industrial growth increases financial development in the long term. The outcome evidence that the interaction between fiscal policy and institutional quality exhibits a positive effect on financial development. Causality results reveal no directional link between fiscal policy, foreign capital, industrialization, and financial development with institutional quality indicating a single direction. The study suggested that SSA countries should focus on developing policies to track the implementation of adequate fiscal policy systems and structures. Institutional coherence within and between SSA nations is required for efficient fiscal policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study, following suggestion from the theoretical and empirical welfare economics literature, takes total consumption expenditure as the most appropriate basis to assess the equity of consumption taxes in Brazil. The results show that, although the structure of effective tax rates is highly differentiated, the tax burden is distributed almost proportionately among the families. This means that substituting a tax system with a uniform rate on all goods and services for the existing structure would be approximately neutral from the distributive point of view.

This study evaluates the impact of direct and indirect taxes, as well as public expenditure on transfers (monetary and in-kind, economic subsidies, healthcare, and education), on income distribution and poverty in Argentina. It utilizes a standard fiscal incidence analysis and combines data from the Permanent Household Survey (EPH) and the National Household Expenditure Survey (ENGHo). The findings indicate that fiscal policy has been a powerful instrument in reducing inequality and poverty. However, unusually high levels of public spending could potentially render the programs unsustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the crucial task of forecasting tax revenue for India, specifically the Goods and Services Tax (GST), which plays a pivotal role in fiscal spending and taxation policymaking. Practically, the GST time series datasets exhibit linear and non-linear fluctuations due to the dynamic economic environment, changes in tax rates and tax base, and tax non-compliance, posing challenges for accurate forecasting. Traditional time-series forecasting methods like ARIMA, assuming linearity, often yield inaccurate results. To address this, we explore alternative forecasting models, including Trigonometric Seasonality Box-Cox Transformation ARIMA errors Trend Seasonal components (TBATS) and Neural Networks: Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Neural Networks for Autoregression (NNAR), which capture both linear and non-linear relationships. First, we test single time series models like Exponential Smoothing (ETS), TBATS, ANN, and NNAR. Second, we also test hybrid models combining linear models, non-linear models, and neural network models. The findings reveal that the Hybrid Theta-TBATS model offers superior forecasting accuracy, challenging recent research favouring neural network models. The study highlights the effectiveness of advanced non-linear models, particularly TBATS and its hybridisations with linear models, in GST revenue forecasting. Our study also found that the single TBATS is the second-best model, which offers better forecasting accuracy. These insights have significant implications for policymakers and researchers in taxation and fiscal planning, emphasising the need to incorporate non-linear dynamics and advanced modelling techniques to enhance the accuracy of GST revenue forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We quantitatively investigate the welfare costs of increasing tax revenues in low-income countries. We consider three tax instruments: consumption, labour income and capital income taxes. The analysis is based on a general equilibrium model featuring heterogeneous agents, incomplete financial markets, and rural and urban areas. We calibrate the model to Ethiopia and decompose the welfare costs into their aggregate and distributional components. We find that changing taxes alter the composition of demand. This, together with limited labour mobility, causes the incidence of higher taxes to fall disproportionately on the rural population, regardless of the instrument. Consumption taxes are the instrument with the largest welfare loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One way to reduce inequality and poverty is to promote tax justice. In 2021, the government of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, implemented a program (the Devolve-ICMS Program) that refunds consumption tax to low-income citizens (cashback). This study aims to evaluate the impacts of this Program using a differences-in-differences model and having, as response variables, the monthly sum of electronic invoices issued to the Program's beneficiaries, as well as their value. The database used includes all invoices issued to the target population during the 12 months before the Program's implementation and the 14 months after its implementation, resulting in 7.7 million records. To receive the tax refund, the eligible population must pick up a Citizen Card, made available by the state government, which was done by a significant part of this population. The treatment group is composed of eligible citizens who have the Card, whereas the control group comprises eligible citizens who do not have it. The results show that the Program is effective, as it has reduced tax pressure on poor people and increased both the number of invoices issued and their value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As part of the Global Strategy on Oral health, the World Health Organization (WHO) is exploring cost-effective interventions for oral health, including taxation on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). To inform this process, this umbrella review aimed to identify the best available estimates pertaining to the impact of SSB taxation on the reduction of sugars intake, and the sugars-caries dose–response, such that estimates of the impact of SSB taxation on averting dental caries in both high (HIC) and low and middle (LMIC) countries be available. Methods: The questions addressed were: (1) what are the effects of SSB taxation on consumption of SSBs and (2) sugars? (3) What is the effect on caries of decreasing sugars? and (4) what is the likely impact of a 20% volumetric SSB tax on the number of active caries prevented over 10 years? Data sources included PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source, Cochrane Library, Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Systematic Review Register, and PROSPERO. The review was conducted with reference to JBI guidelines. The quality of included systematic reviews was assessed using AMSTAR to identify best evidence. Results: From 419 systematic reviews identified for questions 1 & 2, and 103 for question 3, 48 (Questions 1 & 2) and 21 (Question 3) underwent full text screening, yielding 14 and five included reviews respectively. Best available data indicated a 10% tax would reduce SSB intake by 10.0% (95% CI: -5.0, 14.7%) in HIC and by 9% (range -6.0 to 12.0%) in LMIC, and that a 20% tax would reduce free sugars intake on average by 4.0 g/d in LMIC and 4.4 g/d in HIC. Based on best available dose response data, this could reduce the number of teeth with caries per adults (HIC and LMIC) by 0.03 and caries occurrence in children by 2.7% (LMIC) and 2.9% (HIC), over a 10-year period. Conclusion: Best available data suggest a 20% volumetric SSB tax would have a modest impact on prevalence and severity of dental caries in both HIC and LMIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the empirical research is to compare the revenues of the Romanian and Swedish state budgets in the period 2006-2021. In the course of the research, I thoroughly analyse the three main income groups: fiscal incomes, social security contributions and non-fiscal incomes, as well as the presentation of the main groups of fiscal incomes. An important part of the study is the comparison on the role of consumption taxes from the perspective of the Romanian and Swedish budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Taxation on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been adopted in more than 40 countries but remained under discussion in Vietnam. This study aimed to estimate the health impacts of different SSBs tax plans currently under discussion to provide an evidence base to inform decision-making about a SSBs tax policy in Vietnam. Method & findings: Five tax scenarios were modelled, representing three levels of price increase: 5%, 11% and 19–20%. Scenarios of the highest price increase were assessed across three different tax designs: ad valorem, volume-based specific tax & sugar-based specific tax. We modelled SSBs consumption in each tax scenario; how this reduction in consumption translates to a reduction in total energy intake and how this relationship in turn translates to an average change in body weight and obesity status among adults by applying the calorie-to weight conversion factor. Changes in type 2 diabetes burden were then calculated based on the change in average BMI of the modelled cohort. A Monte Carlo simulation approach was applied on the conversion factor of weight change and diabetes risk reduction for the sensitivity analysis. We found that the taxation that involved a 5% price increase gave relatively small impacts while increasing SSBs' price up to 20% appeared to impact substantially on overweight and obesity rates (reduction of 12.7% and 12.4% respectively) saving 27 million USD for direct medical cost. The greatest reduction was observed for overweight and obesity class I. The decline in overweight and obesity rates was slightly higher for women than men. Conclusion: This study supports the SSB tax policy in pursuit of public health benefits, especially where the tax increase involves around a 20% price increase. The health benefit and revenue gains were evident across all three tax designs with the specific tax based on sugar density achieving greatest effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A structural VAR approach is used to examine the role of monetary and fiscal policies in explaining macroeconomic fluctuations in Ethiopia. The main results are that an increase in government spending has an expansionary effect on output, while shocks in net taxes have a contractionary effect, with relatively small and statistically significant spending and net tax multipliers; that fiscal shocks are shown to have no significant effect on the exchange rate and a statistically significant effects inflation; that contractionary monetary policy is associated with a fall in output; and that the contributions of fiscal policy shocks are larger than that of monetary policy shocks in explaining movements in output, with roughly equivalent contributions coming from shocks in fiscal policy components. Moreover, the effect of fiscal and monetary policy shocks on output improved qualitatively and quantitatively when both policy variables were jointly examined rather than estimating them separately, suggesting the importance of joint analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy crisis caused by global structural changes in the economic sphere is the cause accelerating the energy transition based on the concept of sustainable development. This study is to test the hypothesis about the incentive effect of tax expenditures on alternative energy and energy conservation. The objects of empirical research are the EU, OECD countries, OECD partner countries and Russia from 2018–2020. The tools of scientific research are based on methods of economic–statistical and comparative analysis and expert judgments. The concept of tax expenditures in terms of decarbonization is analyzed using a systematic approach. The integrated methodological approach shows the relationship between the tax policy and government strategies in achieving sustainable development goals to ensure the transition to rational energy consumption patterns and sustainable energy sources. The authors analyze incentives for the energy sector and alternative energy sources in the considered groups of countries, and they assess the scale of tax expenditures in the energy sector for OECD countries. There are two types of tax expenditures for achieving environmental sustainability—increasing renewable energy sources and improving the energy efficiency. The authors apply the multivariate average formula to assess the scale of tax incentives in OECD countries. The results are typified depending on the scale of tax expenditures as one of the tools and these results are grouped according to the dynamics. In the presented sample, a wide range of tax benefits and preferences is typical for the leading countries in the ranking. The countries at the bottom of the ranking support fossil fuels, but they have already started the energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miranda Stewart has chosen for her cover image of I Tax and Government in the 21st Century i a segment of Lorenzetti's fresco depicting good government. Miranda Stewart also analyses tax expenditures (known to their critics as tax loopholes), noting the measurement challenges that are inherent in estimating them. In the realm of multinational taxation, I Tax and Government in the 21st Century i takes a deep dive into the challenges posed by tax havens and so-called stateless income. [Extracted from the article]

The state budget being the most important budget within the general consolidated budget. The objective of the empirical research undertaken is to analyze the Romanian state budget evolution between 2006 - 2021. In the empirical research, we performed the descriptive analysis of state budget (fiscal revenue, social contributions and non-fiscal revenue). At the same time, in the framework of the empirical research undertaken, we used t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances to compare the consumption taxes (VAT and excise duties) and the other fiscal taxes. The most important tax for the state budget is the VAT (indirect tax), after that comes the excise duties revenue (indirect tax) and the third is the profit tax (direct tax). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to explore the effects of fiscal policy in an economy with efficiency wages, consumption taxes and a common income tax rate. Design/methodology/approach: A dynamic general-equilibrium model with the government sector is calibrated to Bulgarian data (1999–2018). Two regimes are compared and contrasted – the exogenous (observed) vs optimal policy (Ramsey) case. Findings: The main findings are as follows: (1) The optimal steady-state income tax rate is zero. (2) The benevolent Ramsey planner provides three times lower amount of the utility-enhancing public services. (3) The optimal steady-state consumption tax needed to finance the optimal level of government spending is 18.7%. Originality/value: The focus of the paper is on the relative importance of consumption vs income taxation, as well as on the provision of utility-enhancing public services. Bulgarian economy was chosen as a case study due to its major dependence on consumption taxation as a source of tax revenue. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-08-2021-0488. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Galician Journal of Economics / Revista Galega de Economía is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of environmental taxes can encourage a shift toward eco-friendly choices. When used in conjunction with other policy tools available, environmental taxes can help bring about the adjustments needed in order to address our current environmental and climate challenges. Therefore the objective of this study was to examine the impact of environmental taxes on energy consumption and energy intensity using panel data covering the period 1995–2014 from 35 OECD countries. I employed environmental tax to total tax ratio, total energy consumption, and total energy intensity to estimate the relation between energy consumption and environmental taxes. Using the fully modified and dynamic OLS techniques and I showed that environmental taxes have a negative effect on energy consumption and energy intensity in the long run. Furthermore, using the Dumitrescu and Hurlin's panel granger causality test I found a bi-directional long-run causality between environmental taxes and energy consumption and intensity. With regards to the disaggregated effect of environmental taxes, this study found that energy taxes (including CO2 taxes) have a larger effect on energy consumption and energy intensity than pollution and transport taxes. To test for the robustness and sensitivity of my model, I resorted to the total environmental tax to GDP ratio and employed both GMM and quantile regressions. Thus, I concluded that environmental taxes have a significant impact on energy consumption and energy intensity among OECD member countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strong sugary drink taxes are effective at reducing sugary drinks consumption. In response, the sugary drinks industry employs various marketing strategies to undermine the taxes to protect and maintain its customer base. In their recent article in this journal, Forde et al present a framework for understanding how sugary drinks companies use marketing for this purpose. In this commentary, we reflect on this framework by drawing from recent experiences of sugary drinks industry marketing responses. Further, we review the global evidence on the instrumental role that strategic communication can play in protecting strong taxes from industry responses. We make a case for strategic communication as a vital tool in promoting and protecting sugary drinks tax proposals, both prior to and after their introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Business Law Journal / Administração de Empresas em Revista is the property of Administracao de Empresas em Revista and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to consider and evaluate the widely-used argument attributing the growth of the public debt of Greece in recent decades to the country's defence expenditure. We employ a two-equation model that focuses on the determinants of the military debt and how this has affected the public debt. The source of our military debt data is the Hellenic General Accounting Office, an option taken to cope with confidentiality issues. Finally, we insist on focusing on the expenditure on defence equipment imports rather than the total defence spending that the literature mostly covers, for reasons extensively analysed. Our methodology firstly assumes a linear relationship between military debt and public debt. We solve the system using 3SLS to obtain consistent and efficient estimates to derive interesting policy implications. The employment of a non-linear quadratic form not previously adopted proves to be superior in terms of performance and reveals the complexity of the above relationship. These point to the conclusion that the defence equipment purchases made since the beginning of the eighties have not had a decisive impact on the public debt of Greece. The defence equipment purchases made since the beginning of the eighties represent a very low percentage of the total public debt of Greece. Moreover, these are considered to be an investment activity rather than consumer spending, which has been acknowledged in the literature as the primary cause of Greece's high indebtedness and the ensuing economic crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I assess the macroeconomic and redistributive effects of tax reforms aimed at increasing tax revenue in Spain. To this end, I develop a theory of entrepreneurship that mimics key facts on the wealth and income distribution in Spain. I find two reforms that raise fiscal pressure in Spain to the average value among countries in the Euro area. The first reform involves doubling the average effective tax rate on labor and business income for all individuals whose income is above a threshold level. I find that this reform reduces the inequality in after-tax income, wealth, and consumption. However, it implies a substantial GDP reduction. The second reform increases the flat tax rate on consumption by fifteen percentage points. While this reform does not reduce long-run output, it does not decrease household inequality. All in all, the desirability of the two reforms depends on the government's preferences for reducing inequality at the expense of aggregate output losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The High Court of Australia will soon consider a constitutional challenge to recent Victorian legislation that imposes a fee on the use of a zero or lowemission vehicle. The challenge argues that such a fee is an excise tax, prohibited to the States by s 90 of the Australian Constitution. The Court will need to consider the current orthodoxy that a consumption tax is not an excise, and its longstanding interpretation of s 90. This column submits the High Court should extend the existing definition of excise to include true taxes on consumption. This would be most consistent with the view of the purpose of s 90 accepted by the High Court since 1949, and would remove an anomaly from existing law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]