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1. Seismoacoustic measurements of the OSIRIS-REx re-entry with an off-grid Raspberry PiShake

Author: Benjamin Fernando, Constantinos Charalambous, Christelle Saliby, Eleanor Sansom, Carene Larmat, David Buttsworth, Daniel Hicks, Roy Johnson, Kevin Lewis, Meaghan McCleary, Giuseppe Petricca, Nick Schmerr, Fabian Zander, and Jennifer Inman
Subjects: Dynamic and structural geology, QE500-639.5
Abstract: Hypersonic re-entries of spacecraft are valuable analogues for the identification and tracking of natural meteoroids re-entering the Earth's atmosphere. We report on the detection of seismic and acoustic signals from the OSIRIS-REx landing sequence, acquired near the point of peak capsule heating and recorded using a fully off-grid Raspberry PiShake sensor. This simple setup is able to record all the salient features of both the seismic and acoustic wavefields; including the primary shockwave, later reverberations, and possible locally induced surface waves. Peak overpressures of 0.7 Pa and ground velocities of 2x10-6m/s yield lower bound on the air-to-ground coupling factor between 3 and 44 Hz of 1.4x10-6 m/s/Pa, comparable to results from other re-entries
Published: 2024
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2. A Tectonic Origin for the Largest Marsquake Observed by InSight

Author: Benjamin Fernando, Ingrid J. Daubar, Constantinos Charalambous, Peter M. Grindrod, Alexander Stott, Abdullah Al Ateqi, Dimitra Atri, Savas Ceylan, John Clinton, Matthew Fillingim, Ernest Hauber, Jonathon R. Hill, Taichi Kawamura, Jianjun Liu, Antoine Lucas, Ralph Lorenz, Lujendra Ojha, Clement Perrin, Sylvain Piqueux, Simon Stähler, Daniela Tirsch, Colin Wilson, Natalia Wójcicka, Domenico Giardini, Philippe Lognonné, and W. Bruce Banerdt
Subjects: Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract: Abstract The S1222a marsquake detected by InSight on 4 May 2022 was the largest of the mission, at MwMa 4.7. Given its resemblance to two other large seismic events (S1000a and S1094b), which were associated with the formation of fresh craters, we undertook a search for a fresh crater associated with S1222a. Such a crater would be expected to be ∼300 m in diameter and have a blast zone on the order of 180 km across. Orbital images were targeted and searched as part of an international, multi‐mission effort. Comprehensive analysis of the area using low‐ and medium‐resolution images reveals no relevant transient atmospheric phenomena and no fresh blast zone. High‐resolution coverage of the epicentral area from most spacecraft are more limited, but no fresh crater or other evidence of a new impact have been identified in those images either. We thus conclude that the S1222a event was highly likely of tectonic origin.
Published: 2023
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3. Constraints on the martian crust away from the InSight landing site

Author: Jiaqi Li, Caroline Beghein, Scott M. McLennan, Anna C. Horleston, Constantinos Charalambous, Quancheng Huang, Géraldine Zenhäusern, Ebru Bozdağ, W. T. Pike, Matthew Golombek, Vedran Lekić, Philippe Lognonné, and W. Bruce Banerdt
Subjects: Science
Abstract: The authors show that the Martian crust, ~4300 km from the InSight landing site, has a subsurface interface similar to that beneath the lander, suggesting it is a regional or global feature that may be related to the closure of pore spaces at depth.
Published: 2022
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4. Constraints for the Martian Crustal Structure From Rayleigh Waves Ellipticity of Large Seismic Events

Author: Sebastián Carrasco, Brigitte Knapmeyer‐Endrun, Ludovic Margerin, Zongbo Xu, Rakshit Joshi, Martin Schimmel, Eleonore Stutzmann, Constantinos Charalambous, Philippe Lognonné, and W. Bruce Banerdt
Subjects: martian crust, marsquakes, Rayleigh waves ellipticity, receiver functions, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract: Abstract For the first time, we measured the ellipticity of direct Rayleigh waves at intermediate periods (15–35 s) on Mars using the recordings of three large seismic Martian events, including S1222a, the largest event recorded by the InSight mission. These measurements, together with P‐to‐s receiver functions and P‐wave reflection times, were utilized for performing a joint inversion of the local crustal structure at the InSight landing site. Our inversion results are compatible with previously reported intra‐crustal discontinuities around 10 and 20 km depths, whereas the preferred models show a strong discontinuity at ∼37 km, which is interpreted as the crust‐mantle interface. Additionally, we support the presence of a shallow low‐velocity layer of 2–3 km thickness. Compared to nearby regions, lower seismic wave velocities are derived for the crust, suggesting a higher porosity or alteration of the whole local crust.
Published: 2023
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5. The Far Side of Mars: Two Distant Marsquakes Detected by InSight

Author: Anna C. Horleston, John F. Clinton, Savas Ceylan, Domenico Giardini, Constantinos Charalambous, Jessica C. E. Irving, Philippe Lognonné, Simon C. Stähler, Géraldine Zenhäusern, Nikolaj L. Dahmen, Cecilia Duran, Taichi Kawamura, Amir Khan, Doyeon Kim, Matthieu Plasman, Fabian Euchner, Caroline Beghein, Éric Beucler, Quancheng Huang, Martin Knapmeyer, Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, Vedran Lekić, Jiaqi Li, Clément Perrin, Martin Schimmel, Nicholas C. Schmerr, Alexander E. Stott, Eléonore Stutzmann, Nicholas A. Teanby, Zongbo Xu, Mark Panning, and William B. Banerdt
Subjects: Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: For over three Earth years the Marsquake Service has been analyzing the data sent back from the Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure—the seismometer placed on the surface of Mars by NASA’s InSight lander. Although by October 2021, the Mars seismic catalog included 951 events, until recently all these events have been assessed as lying within a radius of 100° of InSight. Here we report two distant events that occurred within days of each other, located on the far side of Mars, giving us our first glimpse into Mars’ core shadow zone. The first event, recorded on 25 August 2021 (InSight sol 976), shows clear polarized arrivals that we interpret to be PP and SS phases at low frequencies and locates to Valles Marineris, 146° ± 7° from InSight. The second event, occurring on 18 September 2021 (sol 1000), has significantly more broadband energy with emergent PP and SS arrivals, and a weak phase arriving before PP that we interpret as Pdiff. Considering uncertain pick times and poorly constrained travel times for Pdiff, we estimate this event is at a distance between 107° and 147° from InSight. With magnitudes of MwMa 4.2 and 4.1, respectively, these are the largest seismic events recorded so far on Mars.
Published: 2022
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6. S1222a—The Largest Marsquake Detected by InSight

Author: Taichi Kawamura, John F. Clinton, Géraldine Zenhäusern, Savas Ceylan, Anna C. Horleston, Nikolaj L. Dahmen, Cecilia Duran, Doyeon Kim, Matthieu Plasman, Simon C. Stähler, Fabian Euchner, Constantinos Charalambous, Domenico Giardini, Paul Davis, Grégory Sainton, Philippe Lognonné, Mark Panning, and William B. Banerdt
Subjects: Mars, seismology, InSight, body waves, surface waves, tectonics, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract: Abstract NASA's InSight has detected a large magnitude seismic event, labeled S1222a. The event has a moment magnitude of MWMa4.7, with five times more seismic moment compared to the second largest event. The event is so large that features are clearly observed that were not seen in any previously detected events. In addition to body phases and Rayleigh waves, we also see Love waves, minor arc surface wave overtones, and multi‐orbit surface waves. At long periods, the coda event exceeds 10 hr. The event locates close to the North‐South dichotomy and outside the tectonically active Cerberus Fossae region. S1222a does not show any evident geological or tectonic features. The event is extremely rich in frequency content, extending from below 1/30 Hz up to 35 Hz. The event was classified as a broadband type event; we also observe coda decay and polarization similar to that of very high frequency type events.
Published: 2023
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7. Analog‐digital hybrid impression technique in an elderly patient: A case report

Author: Efstratios Papazoglou and Constantinos Charalambous
Subjects: altered digital impression, analog‐digital impression, digital surgical guide, Medicine, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Abstract The hybrid impression technique consists of an initial alginate impression that provides a preoperative cast upon which a diagnostic wax‐up and a silicone index are made. The wax‐up is digitized; thus, the final altered digital impression is limited to absolute minimum time, effort and ensures comfort for the patient.
Published: 2021
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8. Two Seismic Events from InSight Confirmed as New Impacts on Mars

Author: Ingrid J. Daubar, Benjamin A. Fernando, Raphaël F. Garcia, Peter M. Grindrod, Géraldine Zenhäusern, Natalia Wójcicka, Nicholas A. Teanby, Simon C. Stähler, Liliya Posiolova, Anna C. Horleston, Gareth S. Collins, Constantinos Charalambous, John Clinton, Maria E. Banks, Marouchka Froment, Philippe Lognonné, Mark Panning, and W. Bruce Banerdt
Subjects: Craters, Impact phenomena, Mars, Planetary interior, Collisional processes, Astronomy, QB1-991
Abstract: We report confirmed impact sources for two seismic events on Mars detected by the NASA InSight mission. These events have been positively associated with fresh impact craters identified from orbital images, which match predicted locations and sizes to within a factor of 3, and have formation time constraints consistent with the seismic event dates. They are both of the very high frequency family of seismic events and are present with chirps (dispersed infrasound/acoustic waves). This brings the total number of confirmed Martian impact-related seismic events to eight thus far. All seismic events with chirp signals have now been confirmed as having been caused by impact cratering events. This includes all seismic activity within 100 km of the lander and two out of the four events with source locations between 100 and 300 km distance.
Published: 2023
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9. Detection, Analysis, and Removal of Glitches From InSight's Seismic Data From Mars

Author: John‐Robert Scholz, Rudolf Widmer‐Schnidrig, Paul Davis, Philippe Lognonné, Baptiste Pinot, Raphaël F. Garcia, Kenneth Hurst, Laurent Pou, Francis Nimmo, Salma Barkaoui, Sébastien de Raucourt, Brigitte Knapmeyer‐Endrun, Martin Knapmeyer, Guénolé Orhand‐Mainsant, Nicolas Compaire, Arthur Cuvier, Éric Beucler, Mickaël Bonnin, Rakshit Joshi, Grégory Sainton, Eléonore Stutzmann, Martin Schimmel, Anna Horleston, Maren Böse, Savas Ceylan, John Clinton, Martin van Driel, Taichi Kawamura, Amir Khan, Simon C. Stähler, Domenico Giardini, Constantinos Charalambous, Alexander E. Stott, William T. Pike, Ulrich R. Christensen, and W. Bruce Banerdt
Subjects: InSight, seismometer, Mars, data processing, glitches, removal, Astronomy, QB1-991, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Abstract The instrument package SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure) with the three very broadband and three short‐period seismic sensors is installed on the surface on Mars as part of NASA's InSight Discovery mission. When compared to terrestrial installations, SEIS is deployed in a very harsh wind and temperature environment that leads to inevitable degradation of the quality of the recorded data. One ubiquitous artifact in the raw data is an abundance of transient one‐sided pulses often accompanied by high‐frequency spikes. These pulses, which we term “glitches”, can be modeled as the response of the instrument to a step in acceleration, while the spikes can be modeled as the response to a simultaneous step in displacement. We attribute the glitches primarily to SEIS‐internal stress relaxations caused by the large temperature variations to which the instrument is exposed during a Martian day. Only a small fraction of glitches correspond to a motion of the SEIS package as a whole caused by minuscule tilts of either the instrument or the ground. In this study, we focus on the analysis of the glitch+spike phenomenon and present how these signals can be automatically detected and removed from SEIS's raw data. As glitches affect many standard seismological analysis methods such as receiver functions, spectral decomposition and source inversions, we anticipate that studies of the Martian seismicity as well as studies of Mars' internal structure should benefit from deglitched seismic data.
Published: 2020
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10. Scientific Observations With the InSight Solar Arrays: Dust, Clouds, and Eclipses on Mars

Author: Ralph D. Lorenz, Mark T. Lemmon, Justin Maki, Donald Banfield, Aymeric Spiga, Constantinos Charalambous, Elizabeth Barrett, Jennifer A. Herman, Brett T. White, Samuel Pasco, and W. Bruce Banerdt
Subjects: sunlight, dust, Mars, clouds, eclipses, Astronomy, QB1-991, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Abstract Records of solar array currents recorded by the InSight lander during its first 200 sols on Mars are presented. In addition to the geometric variation in illumination on seasonal and diurnal timescales, the data are influenced by dust suspended in the atmosphere and deposited on the solar panels. Although no dust devils have been detected by InSight's cameras, brief excursions in solar array currents suggest that at least some of the vortices detected by transient pressure drops are accompanied by dust. A step increase in array output (i.e., a “cleaning event”) was observed to be directly associated with the passage of a strong vortex. Some quasiperiodic variations in solar array current are suggestive of dust variations in the planetary boundary layer. Nonzero array outputs before sunrise and after sunset are indicative of scattering in the atmosphere: A notable increase in evening twilight currents is observed associated with noctilucent clouds, likely of water or carbon dioxide ice. Finally, although the observations are intermittent (typically a few hours per sol) and at a modest sample rate (one to two samples per minute), three single‐sample light dips are seen associated with Phobos eclipses. These results demonstrate that engineering data from solar arrays provide valuable scientific situational awareness of the Martian environment.
Published: 2020
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11. Seismic detection of a deep mantle discontinuity within Mars by InSight

Author: Quancheng Huang, Nicholas C. Schmerr, Scott D. King, Doyeon Kim, Attilio Rivoldini, Ana-Catalina Plesa, Henri Samuel, Ross R. Maguire, Foivos Karakostas, Vedran Lekić, Constantinos Charalambous, Max Collinet, Robert Myhill, Daniele Antonangeli, Mélanie Drilleau, Misha Bystricky, Caroline Bollinger, Chloé Michaut, Tamara Gudkova, Jessica C. E. Irving, Anna Horleston, Benjamin Fernando, Kuangdai Leng, Tarje Nissen-Meyer, Frederic Bejina, Ebru Bozdağ, Caroline Beghein, Lauren Waszek, Nicki C. Siersch, John-Robert Scholz, Paul M. Davis, Philippe Lognonné, Baptiste Pinot, Rudolf Widmer-Schnidrig, Mark P. Panning, Suzanne E. Smrekar, Tilman Spohn, William T. Pike, Domenico Giardini, and W. Bruce Banerdt
Published: 2022
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12. First observations of core-transiting seismic phases on Mars

Author: Jessica C. E. Irving, Vedran Lekić, Cecilia Durán, Mélanie Drilleau, Doyeon Kim, Attilio Rivoldini, Amir Khan, Henri Samuel, Daniele Antonangeli, William Bruce Banerdt, Caroline Beghein, Ebru Bozdağ, Savas Ceylan, Constantinos Charalambous, John Clinton, Paul Davis, Raphaël Garcia, null Domenico Giardini, Anna Catherine Horleston, Quancheng Huang, Kenneth J. Hurst, Taichi Kawamura, Scott D. King, Martin Knapmeyer, Jiaqi Li, Philippe Lognonné, Ross Maguire, Mark P. Panning, Ana-Catalina Plesa, Martin Schimmel, Nicholas C. Schmerr, Simon C. Stähler, Eleonore Stutzmann, Zongbo Xu, University of Bristol, School of Earth Sciences, Department of Geology, University of Maryland, Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics & Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom, Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics & Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA, Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, DLR-Berlin, Institute of Planetary Research, Germany, Department of Geology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, Geosciences Barcelona - CSIC, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA, S-CAPAD/DANTE, MAGIS, ANR-19-CE31-0008-08, and ANR-18-IDEX-0001
Subjects: Core evolution, Mars, Planetary structure, Multidisciplinary, marsquake, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], planetary structure, Impact, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Mars InSight Seismology SKS Core, core evolution, Core, Seismology
Abstract: We present the first observations of seismic waves propagating through the core of Mars. These observations, made using seismic data collected by the InSight geophysical mission, have allowed us to construct the first seismically constrained models for the elastic properties of Mars' core. We observe core-transiting seismic phase SKS from two farside seismic events detected on Mars and measure the travel times of SKS relative to mantle traversing body waves. SKS travels through the core as a compressional wave, providing information about bulk modulus and density. We perform probabilistic inversions using the core-sensitive relative travel times together with gross geophysical data and travel times from other, more proximal, seismic events to seek the equation of state parameters that best describe the liquid iron-alloy core. Our inversions provide constraints on the velocities in Mars' core and are used to develop the first seismically based estimates of its composition. We show that models informed by our SKS data favor a somewhat smaller (median core radius = 1,780 to 1,810 km) and denser (core density = 6.2 to 6.3 g/cm3) core compared to previous estimates, with a P-wave velocity of 4.9 to 5.0 km/s at the core-mantle boundary, with the composition and structure of the mantle as a dominant source of uncertainty. We infer from our models that Mars' core contains a median of 20 to 22 wt% light alloying elements when we consider sulfur, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. These data can be used to inform models of planetary accretion, composition, and evolution., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120 (18), ISSN:0027-8424, ISSN:1091-6490
Published: 2023
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13. Resonances and Lander Modes Observed by InSight on Mars (1–9 Hz)

Author: Naomi Murdoch, Philippe Lognonné, Constantinos Charalambous, Nikolaj Dahmen, A. Stott, John-Robert Scholz, Martin Schimmel, Simon Stähler, Savas Ceylan, John Clinton, Géraldine Zenhäusern, Martin van Driel, Cedric Schmelzbach, Domenico Giardini, Sharon Kedar, William T. Pike, Eléonore Stutzmann, Robert Myhill, Mark P. Panning, William B. Banerdt, K. J. Hurst, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (Switzerland), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Schimmel, Martin [0000-0003-2601-4462], and Schimmel, Martin
Subjects: Engineering, business.industry, Flight operations, Library science, marsquakes, Mars Exploration Program, Planetary Data System, nSight seismic data, Geophysics, Geochemistry and Petrology, Center (algebra and category theory), Planet Mars, business
Abstract: NASA's InSight lander successfully touched down on Mars in November 2018, and, for the first time, a seismometer was deployed on the surface of the planet. The seismic recordings reveal diurnal and seasonal changes of the broadband noise level that are consistent with variations of the local atmospheric conditions. The seismic data include a variety of spectral peaks, which are interpreted as wind‐excited, mechanical resonances of the lander, resonances of the subsurface, or artifacts produced in the measurement system. Understanding the origin of these signals is critical for the detection and characterization of marsquakes as well as for studies investigating the ambient noise. We identify the major spectral peaks up to 9 Hz, corresponding to the frequency range the most relevant to observed marsquakes. We track the variations in frequency, amplitude, and polarization of these peaks over the duration of the mission so far. The majority of these peaks can readily be classified as measurement artifacts or lander resonances (lander modes), of which the latter have a temperature‐dependent peak frequency and a wind‐sensitive amplitude. Of particular interest is a prominent resonance at 2.4 Hz, which is used to discriminate between seismic events and local noise and is possibly produced by a subsurface structure. In contrast to the lander modes, the 2.4 Hz resonance has distinctly different features: (1) a broad and stable spectral shape, slightly shifted on each component; (2) predominantly vertical energy; (3) temperature‐independent peak frequency; (4) comparatively weak amplification by local winds, though there is a slow change in the diurnal and seasonal amplitude; and (5) excitation during all seismic events that excite this frequency band. Based on these observations, we suggest that the 2.4 Hz resonance is the only mode below 9 Hz that could be related to a local ground structure., Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 111 (6), ISSN:0037-1106, ISSN:1943-3573
Published: 2021
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14. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Author: Quancheng Huang, Nicholas C. Schmerr, Scott D. King, Doyeon Kim, Attilio Rivoldini, Ana-Catalina Plesa, Henri Samuel, Ross R. Maguire, Foivos Karakostas, Vedran Lekić, Constantinos Charalambous, Max Collinet, Robert Myhill, Daniele Antonangeli, Mélanie Drilleau, Misha Bystricky, Caroline Bollinger, Chloé Michaut, Tamara Gudkova, Jessica C. E. Irving, Anna Horleston, Benjamin Fernando, Kuangdai Leng, Tarje Nissen-Meyer, Frederic Bejina, Ebru Bozdağ, Caroline Beghein, Lauren Waszek, Nicki C. Siersch, John-Robert Scholz, Paul M. Davis, Philippe Lognonné, Baptiste Pinot, Rudolf Widmer-Schnidrig, Mark P. Panning, Suzanne E. Smrekar, Tilman Spohn, William T. Pike, Domenico Giardini, W. Bruce Banerdt, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Graphics and Vision Research Laboratory (Graphics Lab), University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Department of Geology [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Bologna (INGV), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering [London] (DEEE), Imperial College London, Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bavarian Research Institute of Experimental Geochemistry and Geophysics (Bayerisches Geoinstitut), Universität Bayreuth, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: thermal evolution of Mars, Minerals, Multidisciplinary, Extraterrestrial Environment, Earth, Planet, Mantle transition zone, Iron, interior of Mars, mantle transition zone, Mars, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Seismic discontinuity, InSight
Abstract: Constraining the thermal and compositional state of the mantle is crucial for deciphering the formation and evolution of Mars. Mineral physics predicts that Mars' deep mantle is demarcated by a seismic discontinuity arising from the pressure-induced phase transformation of the mineral olivine to its higher-pressure polymorphs, making the depth of this boundary sensitive to both mantle temperature and composition. Here, we report on the seismic detection of a midmantle discontinuity using the data collected by NASA's InSight Mission to Mars that matches the expected depth and sharpness of the postolivine transition. In five teleseismic events, we observed triplicated P and S waves and constrained the depth of this discontinuity to be 1,006 [Formula: see text] 40 km by modeling the triplicated waveforms. From this depth range, we infer a mantle potential temperature of 1,605 [Formula: see text] 100 K, a result consistent with a crust that is 10 to 15 times more enriched in heat-producing elements than the underlying mantle. Our waveform fits to the data indicate a broad gradient across the boundary, implying that the Martian mantle is more enriched in iron compared to Earth. Through modeling of thermochemical evolution of Mars, we observe that only two out of the five proposed composition models are compatible with the observed boundary depth. Our geodynamic simulations suggest that the Martian mantle was relatively cold 4.5 Gyr ago (1,720 to 1,860 K) and are consistent with a present-day surface heat flow of 21 to 24 mW/m2., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119 (42), ISSN:0027-8424, ISSN:1091-6490
Published: 2022
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15. Newly formed craters on Mars located using seismic and acoustic wave data from InSight

Author: Raphael F. Garcia, Ingrid J. Daubar, Éric Beucler, Liliya V. Posiolova, Gareth S. Collins, Philippe Lognonné, Lucie Rolland, Zongbo Xu, Natalia Wójcicka, Aymeric Spiga, Benjamin Fernando, Gunnar Speth, Léo Martire, Andrea Rajšić, Katarina Miljković, Eleanor K. Sansom, Constantinos Charalambous, Savas Ceylan, Sabrina Menina, Ludovic Margerin, Rémi Lapeyre, Tanja Neidhart, Nicholas A. Teanby, Nicholas C. Schmerr, Mickaël Bonnin, Marouchka Froment, John F. Clinton, Ozgur Karatekin, Simon C. Stähler, Nikolaj L. Dahmen, Cecilia Durán, Anna Horleston, Taichi Kawamura, Matthieu Plasman, Géraldine Zenhäusern, Domenico Giardini, Mark Panning, Mike Malin, William Bruce Banerdt, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences [Providence], Brown University, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences [UMR_C 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (Nantes univ - UFR ST), Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS), Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Earth Sciences [Oxford], University of Oxford, Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), UAR-Institut de physique du globe de Paris (IPGP-UAR / UAR3454), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering [London] (DEEE), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division [Los Alamos], Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut für Geophysik [Zürich], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), ANR-14-CE36-0012,SEISMARS,Seismology on Mars(2014), ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019), and ANR-18-IDEX-0001,Université de Paris,Université de Paris(2018)
Subjects: Science & Technology, EXPLOSION, Natural hazards, Geology, ATMOSPHERE, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Inner planets, Meteoritics, Physical Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Geosciences, Multidisciplinary, MOON, Seismology, METEORITE IMPACTS
Abstract: International audience; Meteoroid impacts shape planetary surfaces by forming new craters and alter atmospheric composition. During atmospheric entry and impact on the ground, meteoroids excite transient acoustic and seismic waves. However, new crater formation and the associated impact-induced mechanical waves have yet to be observed jointly beyond Earth. Here we report observations of seismic and acoustic waves from the NASA InSight lander’s seismometer that we link to four meteoroid impact events on Mars observed in spacecraft imagery. We analysed arrival times and polarization of seismic and acoustic waves to estimate impact locations, which were subsequently confirmed by orbital imaging of the associated craters. Crater dimensions and estimates of meteoroid trajectories are consistent with waveform modelling of the recorded seismograms. With identified seismic sources, the seismic waves can be used to constrain the structure of the Martian interior, corroborating previous crustal structure models, and constrain scaling relationships between the distance and amplitude of impact-generated seismic waves on Mars, supporting a link between the seismic moment of impacts and the vertical impactor momentum. Our findings demonstrate the capability of planetary seismology to identify impact-generated seismic sources and constrain both impact processes and planetary interiors.
Published: 2022
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16. Analog‐digital hybrid impression technique in an elderly patient: A case report

Author: Constantinos Charalambous and Efstratios Papazoglou
Subjects: Medicine (General), business.industry, altered digital impression, Dentistry, Case Report, General Medicine, Case Reports, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Absolute minimum, Impression, digital surgical guide, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Silicone, R5-920, chemistry, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Medicine, analog‐digital impression, business, Elderly patient
Abstract: The hybrid impression technique consists of an initial alginate impression that provides a preoperative cast upon which a diagnostic wax‐up and a silicone index are made. The wax‐up is digitized; thus, the final altered digital impression is limited to absolute minimum time, effort and ensures comfort for the patient., Alginate initial impression provides a preoperative cast upon which a previous prosthesis can be attached in lieu of a diagnostic wax‐up. A silicone index or surgical guide can be made in one appointment in the dental office saving time and effort.
Published: 2021

17. Seismic constraints from a Mars impact experiment using InSight and Perseverance

Author: Manish R. Patel, Nicholas A Teanby, Taichi Kawamura, Matthieu Plasman, Marouchka Froment, Tarje Nissen-Meyer, N. Wójcicka, Philippe Lognonné, Constantinos Charalambous, Nikolaj Dahmen, Lilya Posiolova, A. Stott, Simon Stähler, Géraldine Zenhäusern, Anna Horleston, Benjamin Fernando, Aymeric Spiga, Lucie Rolland, Ingrid Daubar, Bruce Banerdt, Ross Maguire, John Clinton, Carene Larmat, Özgür Karatekin, Gareth S. Collins, Savas Ceylan, Matthew P. Golombek, Domenico Giardini, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Department of Earth Sciences [Oxford], University of Oxford, Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Department of Geology [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System, Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering [London] (DEEE), Earth and Environmental Sciences Division [Los Alamos], Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences [Providence], Brown University, This paper constitutes InSight contribution number 218 and LA-UR-21-26319. B.F. and T.N.-M. are supported by the Natural Environment Research Council under the Oxford Environmental Research Doctoral Training Partnership, and the UK Space Agency Aurora grant ST/S001379/1. M.R.P. acknowledges support from the UK Space Agency (grants ST/S00145X/1 and ST/V002295/1). A.H. is funded by the UK Space Agency (grant ST/R002096/1). N.W. and G.S.C. are funded by UK Space Agency grants ST/S001514/1 and ST/T002026/1. S.C.S., G.Z., J.C. and N.D. acknowledge support from ETH Zürich through the ETH+ funding scheme (ETH+02 19-1: ‘Planet Mars’). N.A.T. is funded by UK Space Agency grants ST/R002096/1 and ST/T002972/1. M.F. and C.L. are funded by the Center for Space and Earth Science of Los Alamos National Laboratory. P.L., T.K., A.S., A.E.S., L.R. and M.F. acknowledge the support of CNES and of ANR (MAGIS, ANR-19-CE31-0008-08) for SEIS science support. I.J.D. is supported by NASA InSight Participating Scientist grant 80NM0018F0612. O.K. acknowledges the support of the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO) through the ESA/PRODEX programme. A portion of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA., and ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019)
Subjects: Martian, Spacecraft, business.industry, Mars landing, Mars, NASA InSight Mission, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Atmosphere of Mars, Mars Exploration Program, Seismic wave, Planet, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Inner planets, Martian surface, Impacts, Traitement du signal et de l'image, business, Seismology, Geology
Abstract: NASA's InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission has operated a sophisticated suite of seismology and geophysics instruments on the surface of Mars since its arrival in 2018. On 18 February 2021, we attempted to detect the seismic and acoustic waves produced by the entry, descent and landing of the Perseverance rover using the sensors onboard the InSight lander. Similar observations have been made on Earth using data from both crewed(1,2) and uncrewed(3,4) spacecraft, and on the Moon during the Apollo eras(5), but never before on Mars or another planet. This was the only seismic event to occur on Mars since InSight began operations that had an a priori known and independently constrained timing and location. It therefore had the potential to be used as a calibration for other marsquakes recorded by InSight. Here we report that no signal from Perseverance's entry, descent and landing is identifiable in the InSight data. Nonetheless, measurements made during the landing window enable us to place constraints on the distance-amplitude relationships used to predict the amplitude of seismic waves produced by planetary impacts and place in situ constraints on Martian impact seismic efficiency (the fraction of the impactor kinetic energy converted into seismic energy)., Nature Astronomy, 6 (1), ISSN:2397-3366
Published: 2022
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18. The marsquake catalogue from InSight, sols 0-1011

Author: Savas Ceylan, John F. Clinton, Domenico Giardini, Simon C. Stähler, Anna Horleston, Taichi Kawamura, Maren Böse, Constantinos Charalambous, Nikolaj L. Dahmen, Martin van Driel, Cecilia Durán, Fabian Euchner, Amir Khan, Doyeon Kim, Matthieu Plasman, John-Robert Scholz, Géraldine Zenhäusern, Eric Beucler, Raphaël F. Garcia, Sharon Kedar, Martin Knapmeyer, Philippe Lognonné, Mark P. Panning, Clément Perrin, William T. Pike, Alexander E. Stott, and William B. Banerdt
Subjects: Mars InSight Seismische Aktivität, Geophysics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Abstract: The InSight mission (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) has been collecting high-quality seismic data from Mars since February 2019, shortly after its landing. The Marsquake Service (MQS) is the team responsible for the prompt review of all seismic data recorded by the InSight's seismometer (SEIS), marsquake event detection, and curating seismicity catalogues. Until sol 1011 (end of September 2021), MQS have identified 951 marsquakes that we interpret to occur at regional and teleseismic distances, and 1062 very short duration events that are most likely generated by local thermal stresses nearby the SEIS package. Here, we summarize the seismic data collected until sol 1011, version 9 of the InSight seismicity catalogue. We focus on the significant seismicity that occurred after sol 478, the end date of version 3, the last catalogue described in a dedicated paper. In this new period, almost a full Martian year of new data has been collected, allowing us to observe seasonal variations in seismicity that are largely driven by strong changes in atmospheric noise that couples into the seismic signal. Further, the largest, closest and most distant events have been identified, and the number of fully located events has increased from 3 to 7. In addition to the new seismicity, we document improvements in the catalogue that include the adoption of InSight-calibrated Martian models and magnitude scales, the inclusion of additional seismic body-wave phases, and first focal mechanism solutions for three of the regional marsquakes at distances ∼30°.
Published: 2022
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19. Empowering Students to Save Energy through a Behavioural Change Campaign in University Accommodation

Author: Vasileios Ntouros, Joanna Romanowicz, Constantinos Charalambous, Ioannis Kousis, Marina Laskari, and Margarita-Niki Assimakopoulos
Published: 2021
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20. Rock Size-Frequency Distributions at the InSight Landing Site, Mars

Author: Matthew P. Golombek, R. Crocco, H. Abarca, Constantinos Charalambous, A. Trussell, Robert G. Deen, John A. Grant, M. Trautman, Nathan R. Williams, Nicholas H. Warner, Ernst Hauber, and M. Deahn
Subjects: Rocks, QE1-996.5, Rock abundance, Astronomy, Mars, Near and far field, QB1-991, Geology, Mars Exploration Program, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Geodesy, Mas, Lander, Size frequency, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Landing site, InSight
Abstract: Rocks around the InSight lander were measured in lander orthoimages of the near field (
Published: 2021

21. Magnitude Scales for Marsquakes Calibrated from InSight Data

Author: Fabian Euchner, Nikolaj Dahmen, Martin Knapmeyer, Maren Böse, John-Robert Scholz, Amir Khan, Savas Ceylan, Guenolé Orhand-Mainsant, Martin van Driel, John Clinton, Domenico Giardini, W. Bruce Banerdt, Nicholas Deichmann, Taichi Kawamura, Constantinos Charalambous, Simon Stähler, Anna Horleston, and Philppe Lognonné
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mars, Magnitude, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Geophysics, Geochemistry and Petrology, 0103 physical sciences, Magnitude (astronomy), Marsbeben, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Geology, InSight, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: In preparation for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) Discovery Program mission, Böse et al. (2018) calibrated magnitude scales for marsquakes that incorporated prelaunch knowledge of Mars’ interior structure and the expected ambient and instrumental noise. Now, using data collected during the first two years after the successful deployment of the InSight very-broadband seismometer on the Martian surface, we revise these relations to account for the seismic and noise characteristics observed on Mars. The data collected so far (until 12 October 2020) include 485 seismic event detections and suggest that (1) marsquakes are characterized by energy between ∼0.1 and 10 Hz; (2) whereas first arriving P- and S-wave phases are regularly identified and assigned, both surface waves and secondary phase arrivals are extremely challenging to identify; (3) the majority of identified events include a strong excitation of an unexpected 2.4 Hz ground resonance; and (4) so-called high-frequency (HF) events exist that are visible mainly as guided Pg/Sg wave trains. In view of these observations, we update our scaling relations for the spectral and body-wave magnitudes, Mw,specMa, mbMa, and mbSMa, and introduce a new magnitude scale, M2.4Ma, for HF events. We use these scales to determine that the magnitudes of events in the current InSight version 5 catalog range between 1.1 and 3.7, with event-specific uncertainties σM ranging from 0.2 to 0.4. Because of the currently unclear interpretation of HF events, magnitude estimates for these events primarily serve as a relative comparison.
Published: 2021
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22. The shallow structure of Mars at the InSight landing site from inversion of ambient vibrations

Author: Sharon Kedar, Nikolaj Dahmen, M. Hallo, Géraldine Zenhäusern, John Clinton, William B. Banerdt, Sebastián Carrasco, Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, Matthew P. Golombek, Constantinos Charalambous, Donat Fäh, Simon Stähler, Cedric Schmelzbach, K. Hurst, Manuel Hobiger, and Domenico Giardini
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, Amazonian, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, General Chemistry, Mars Exploration Program, Geophysics, Seismic noise, Regolith, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Physics::Geophysics, symbols.namesake, Surface wave, Inner planets, symbols, Hesperian, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Rayleigh wave, Low-velocity zone, Geology, Seismology
Abstract: Orbital and surface observations can shed light on the internal structure of Mars. NASA’s InSight mission allows mapping the shallow subsurface of Elysium Planitia using seismic data. In this work, we apply a classical seismological technique of inverting Rayleigh wave ellipticity curves extracted from ambient seismic vibrations to resolve, for the first time on Mars, the shallow subsurface to around 200 m depth. While our seismic velocity model is largely consistent with the expected layered subsurface consisting of a thin regolith layer above stacks of lava flows, we find a seismic low-velocity zone at about 30 to 75 m depth that we interpret as a sedimentary layer sandwiched somewhere within the underlying Hesperian and Amazonian aged basalt layers. A prominent amplitude peak observed in the seismic data at 2.4 Hz is interpreted as an Airy phase related to surface wave energy trapped in this local low-velocity channel., Nature Communications, 12 (1), ISSN:2041-1723
Published: 2021

23. The site tilt and lander transfer function from the short period seismometer on InSight on Mars

Author: Alexander E. Stott, Nicholas A Teanby, William T. Pike, Philippe Lognonné, K. J. Hurst, Raphaël F. Garcia, Grace Lim, Naomi Murdoch, David Mimoun, Ashitey Trebi-Ollennu, William B. Banerdt, Anna Horleston, Sharon Kedar, Robert Myhill, J. B. McClean, M. Bierwirth, Constantinos Charalambous, Tristram Warren, and Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE)
Subjects: Seismometer, Geophysics, Tilt (optics), Geochemistry and Petrology, Period (geology), Mars Exploration Program, Geodesy, Transfer function, Geology, Mars Seismology, Planétologie
Abstract: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration InSight mission has deployed the seismic experiment, SEIS, on the surface of Mars, and has recorded a variety of signals including marsquakes and dust devils. This work presents results on the tilt and local noise sources, which provide context to aid interpretation of the observed signals and allow an examination of the near-surface properties. Our analysis uses data recorded by the short-period sensors on the deck, throughout deployment and in the final configuration. We use thermal decorrelation to provide an estimate of the sol-to-sol tilt. This tilt is examined across deployment and over a Martian year. After each modification to the site, the tilt is seen to stabilize over 3–20 sols depending on the action, and the total change in tilt is
Published: 2021
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24. Rock Size-frequency Distributions of the InSight Landing Site, Mars

Author: Matthew P. Golombek, Allyson R. Trussell, Nathan Robert Williams, Constantinos Charalambous, Hallie Abarca, Nicholas Hale Warner, Margaret Deahn, Marshall R. Trautman, Bob Crocco, John A. Grant, Ernst Hauber, and Robert G Deen
Published: 2021
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25. Seismic detection of the martian core

Author: Henri Samuel, Cedric Schmelzbach, Raphaël F. Garcia, Philippe Lognonné, Eléonore Stutzmann, Clément Perrin, Suzanne E. Smrekar, Paul M. Davis, Vedran Lekic, A. Cecilia Duran, Constantinos Charalambous, Taichi Kawamura, Simon Stähler, David Sollberger, Mélanie Drilleau, Anna Horleston, Ana-Catalina Plesa, Martin Schimmel, Ross Maguire, Martin Knapmeyer, Nicholas Schmerr, Mark P. Panning, Savas Ceylan, Do-Yeon Kim, Angela G. Marusiak, W. Bruce Banerdt, Matthieu Plasman, Eric Beucler, John Clinton, Géraldine Zenhäusern, Zongbo Xu, Amir Khan, Nikolaj Dahmen, Attilio Rivoldini, Martin van Driel, Tamara Gudkova, Domenico Giardini, Jessica C. E. Irving, Quancheng Huang, W. Thomas Pike, Daniele Antonangeli, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - CSIC (SPAIN), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris - IPGP (FRANCE), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IRD (FRANCE), Sorbonne Université (FRANCE), Université de Nantes (FRANCE), University of Bristol (UNITED KINGDOM), University of Maryland (USA), California Institute of Technology - Caltech (USA), DLR Institute of Planetary Research (GERMANY), Imperial College London (UNITED KINGDOM), Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle - MNHN (FRANCE), Royal Observatory of Belgium (BELGIUM), Russian academy of sciences (RUSSIA), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich - ETHZ (SWITZERLAND), Université d'Angers (FRANCE), University of California-Los Angeles - UCLA (USA), Universität Zürich - UZH (SWITZERLAND), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019), NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, European Commission, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Belgian Science Policy Office, European Space Agency, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), UK Space Agency, and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Martian, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Martian Core, Mars, Mars Exploration Program, Radius, Geophysics, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), Seismic wave, Planétologie, Core (optical fiber), [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, 13. Climate action, Planet, Transition zone, Seismic data, Mars seismology, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, InSight
Abstract: Clues to a planet’s geologic history are contained in its interior structure, particularly its core. We detected reflections of seismic waves from the core-mantle boundary of Mars using InSight seismic data and inverted these together with geodetic data to constrain the radius of the liquid metal core to 1830 ± 40 kilometers. The large core implies a martian mantle mineralogically similar to the terrestrial upper mantle and transition zone but differing from Earth by not having a bridgmanite-dominated lower mantle. We inferred a mean core density of 5.7 to 6.3 grams per cubic centimeter, which requires a substantial complement of light elements dissolved in the iron-nickel core. The seismic core shadow as seen from InSight’s location covers half the surface of Mars, including the majority of potentially active regions—e.g., Tharsis—possibly limiting the number of detectable marsquakes., Science, 373 (6553), ISSN:0036-8075, ISSN:1095-9203
Published: 2021
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26. Vortex‐Dominated Aeolian Activity at InSight's Landing Site, Part 1: Multi‐Instrument Observations, Analysis, and Implications

Author: Alexander E. Stott, L. M. Sotomayor, Constantinos Charalambous, John A. Grant, Sebastien Rodriguez, Nicholas H. Warner, Veronique Ansan, Don Banfield, William T. Pike, Naomi Murdoch, Aymeric Spiga, Maria E. Banks, Daniel Viúdez-Moreiras, William B. Banerdt, P. H. Lognonné, Ernst Hauber, Jorge Pla-Garcia, Matthew P. Golombek, Clément Perrin, Ralph D. Lorenz, Justin N. Maki, T. Warren, Anna Mittelholz, Claire E. Newman, Antoine Lucas, Matthew E. Baker, Catherine L. Johnson, J. B. Garvin, Ingrid Daubar, Mark T. Lemmon, Sara Navarro, Catherine M. Weitz, J. B. McClean, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering [London] (DEEE), Imperial College London, MIT Haystack Observatory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Space Science Institute [Boulder] (SSI), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences [UMR_C 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (Nantes univ - UFR ST), Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Planetary Science Institute [Tucson] (PSI), Smithsonian Institution, State University of New York at Geneseo (SUNY Geneseo), State University of New York (SUNY), Brown University, German Aerospace Center (DLR), University of British Columbia (UBC), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Oxford, Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Cornell University [New York], Aeolis Research, ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019), Rodriguez, Sébastien, and MArs Geophysical InSight - - MAGIS2019 - ANR-19-CE31-0008 - AAPG2019 - VALID
Subjects: Convection, Seismometer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Mars, 01 natural sciences, Wind speed, Physics::Geophysics, aeolian changes at the InSight landing site on Mars, convective vortices as a primary driver of particle motion, dust lifting and saltation, multi-instrument measurements constrain the timing and atmospheric conditions of aeolian changes, passing vortices lifting dust are correlated with magnetic signatures, surface creep, surface tracks, particle transport, Geochemistry and Petrology, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), wind, 14. Life underwater, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, InSight, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Mars landing, Mars Exploration Program, Geophysics, Vortex, Planetengeologie, [PHYS.ASTR.EP] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Aeolian processes, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Geology, camera
Abstract: International audience; We report the aeolian changes observed in situ by NASA's InSight lander during the first 400 sols of operations: Granule creep, saltation, dust removal, and the formation of dark surface tracks. Aeolian changes are infrequent and sporadic. However, on sols, when they do occur, they consistently appear between noon to 3 p.m., and are associated with the passage of convective vortices during periods of high vortex activity. Aeolian changes are more frequent at elevated locations, such as the top surfaces of rocks and lander footpads. InSight observed these changes using, for the first time, simultaneous insitu and orbital imaging and high-frequency meteorological, seismological, and magnetic measurements. Seismometer measurements of ground acceleration constrain the timing and trajectory of convective vortex encounters, linking surface changes to source vortices. Magnetometer measurements show perturbations in magnetic field strength during the passage of convective vortices consistent with chargedparticle motion. Detachment of sand-scale particles occurs when high background winds and vortexinduced turbulence provide a peak surface friction wind speed above the classic saltation fluid threshold. However, detachment of dust-and granule-scale particles also occurred when the surface friction wind speed remained below this threshold. This may be explained by local enhancement of the surface roughness and other effects described here and further studied in Part 2 (Baker et al., 2021). The lack of saltation and bright dust-coated surfaces at the InSight landing site implies surface stability and the onset of particle motion may be suppressed by dust "cushioning." This differentiates the InSight landing site from other areas on Mars that exhibit more aeolian activity. Plain Language Summary Aeolian activity, the movement of dust and sand by the wind, is common on Earth and has been observed on other planets, including Mars. A new Mars lander, InSight, has for the first time monitored aeolian changes by combining imaging with weather, seismic and CHARALAMBOUS ET AL.
Published: 2021
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27. First Focal Mechanisms of Marsquakes

Author: Domenico Giardini, John-Robert Scholz, Martin van Driel, Philippe Lognonné, Cedric Schmelzbach, Maren Böse, John Clinton, Guenole Mainsant, A. Jacob, Savas Ceylan, Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, William T. Pike, Nienke Brinkman, Eric Beucler, Amir Khan, William B. Banerdt, Taichi Kawamura, Nobuaki Fuji, Constantinos Charalambous, Fabian Euchner, Johan O. A. Robertsson, Mark P. Panning, Clément Perrin, Simon Stähler, Anna Horleston, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität zu Köln, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), and Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Mars Exploration Program, Geophysics, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Source inversion, 01 natural sciences, Tectonics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Since February 2019, NASA's InSight lander is recording seismic signals on the planet Mars, which, for the first time, allows to observe ongoing tectonic processes with geophysical methods. A number of Marsquakes have been located in the Cerberus Fossae graben system in Elysium Planitia and further west, in the Orcus Patera depression. We present a first study of the focal mechanisms of three well-recorded events (S0173a, S0183a, S0235b) to determine the processes dominating in the source region. We infer for all three events a predominantly extensional setting. Our method is adapted to the case of a single, multicomponent receiver and based on fitting waveforms of P and S waves against synthetic seismograms computed for the initial crustal velocity model derived by the InSight team. We explore the uncertainty due to the single-station limitation and find that even data recorded by one station constrains the mechanisms (reasonably) well. For the events in the Cerberus Fossae region (S0173a, S0235b) normal faulting with a relatively steep dipping fault plane is inferred, suggesting an extensional regime mainly oriented E-W to NE-SW. The fault regime in the Orcus Patera region is not determined uniquely because only the P wave can be used for the source inversion. However, we find that the P and weak S waves of the S0183a event show similar polarities to the event S0173, which indicates similar fault regimes.
Published: 2021
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28. The Polarization of Ambient Noise on Mars

Author: Taichi Kawamura, Marie Calvet, Bruce Banerdt, Martin van Driel, Naomie Murdoch, Eléonore Stutzmann, Savas Ceylan, Martin Schimmel, Simon Stähler, Anna Horleston, B. Kenda, Lucile Fayon, Raphaël F. Garcia, A. Jacob, John Clinton, Philippe Lognonné, Constantinos Charalambous, Mélanie Drilleau, M. P. Panning, and Ludovic Margerin
Subjects: Background noise, Physics, Optics, business.industry, Ambient noise level, Degree of polarization, Elliptical polarization, Seismic noise, business, Polarization (waves), Horizontal plane, Noise (radio)
Abstract: Seismic noise recorded at the surface of Mars has been monitored since February 2019, using the InSight seismometers.This noise can reach -200 dB and is 500 times lower than on Earth at night and it increases of 30 dB during the day. We analyze its polarization as a function of time and frequency in the band 0.03-1Hz. We use the degree of polarization to extract signals with stable polarization independent of their amplitude and type of polarization. We detect polarized signals at all frequencies and all times. Glitches correspond to linear polarized signals which are more abundant during the night. For signals with elliptical polarization, the ellipse is in the horizontal plane below 0.3 Hz (LF). Above 0.3 Hz (HF) and except in the evening, the ellipse is in the vertical plane and the major axis is tilted. While polarization azimuths are different in the two frequency bands, they both vary as a function of local hour and season. They are also correlated with wind direction, particularly during the daytime.We investigate possible aseismic and seismic origins of the polarized signals. Lander or tether noise can be discarded. Pressure fluctuations transported by wind may explain part of the HF polarization but not the tilt of the ellipse. This tilt can be obtained if the source is an acoustic emission coming from high altitude at critical angle. Finally, in the evening when the wind is low, the polarized signals may correspond to the seismic wavefield of the Mars background noise.
Published: 2021
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29. The whirlwinds of Elysium: A catalog and meteorological characteristics of 'dust devil' vortices observed by InSight on Mars

Author: Constantinos Charalambous, Claire E. Newman, Matthieu Plasman, Ralph D. Lorenz, Aymeric Spiga, Philippe Lognonné, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Aeolis Research, and Imperial College London
Subjects: education.field_of_study, Peak ground acceleration, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Advection, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Population, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mars Exploration Program, Atmosphere of Mars, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, 01 natural sciences, Wind speed, Vortex, Physics::Geophysics, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, education, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Dust devil, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; A catalog of convective vortex encounters recorded by InSight on the Martian surface is presented, through Sol 390 of the mission. The catalog summarizes key meteorological parameters such as wind speed and direction before the event, peak wind, the duration and magnitude of the pressure excursion, temperatures and solar array data where present. Additional seismic parameters are also provided on seismometer-detected ground acceleration. The catalog is intended as a resource for vortex population studies, and as an index for examining these meteorological events in detail and to assess possible geophysical (seismic or magnetic) signatures. Whereas it is difficult to evaluate 'anecdotal' results in small surveys, the large number of events (853 with a pressure drop exceeding 0.8 Pa) in this work permits robust statistical evaluation. For example, it is found that three times as many pressure profiles have slower onsets than decays than vice versa, indicating an asymmetry in the surface pressure field due to the tilted advection of the vortex by ambient wind. A vortex area fraction of 0.07% during the most active six hours of the day is deduced.
Published: 2021
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30. The Polarization of Ambient Noise on Mars

Author: Eléonore Stutzmann, Naomi Murdoch, M. Calvet, Mark P. Panning, Martin Schimmel, Ludovic Margerin, Philippe Lognonné, K. Hurst, Simon Stähler, Anna Horleston, M. van Driel, B. Kenda, Mélanie Drilleau, Raphaël F. Garcia, John-Robert Scholz, Bruce Banerdt, Savas Ceylan, Constantinos Charalambous, John Clinton, Taichi Kawamura, Lucile Fayon, A. Jacob, Aymeric Spiga, T. Pike, Domenico Giardini, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), UK Space Agency, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Schimmel, Martin, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and Schimmel, Martin [0000-0003-2601-4462]
Subjects: Polarization azimuth, Seismic noise on Mars, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Seismic noise, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Ambient noise level, Mars, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, Optics, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Geochemistry and Petrology, Polarization, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Traitement du signal et de l'image, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, seismic noise, polarization, InSight mission, business.industry, inSight mission, Mars Exploration Program, Polarization (waves), Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, business, Mars seismology, Geology
Abstract: Seismic noise recorded at the surface of Mars has been monitored since February 2019, using the InSight seismometers. This noise can reach -200 dB. It is 500 times lower than on Earth at night and it increases of 30 dB during the day. We analyze its polarization as a function of time and frequency in the band 0.03-1 Hz. We use the degree of polarization to extract signals with stable polarization independent of their amplitude and type of polarization. We detect polarized signals at all frequencies and all times. Glitches correspond to linear polarized signals which are more abundant during the night. For signals with elliptical polarization, the ellipse is in the horizontal plane below 0.3 Hz. In the 0.3-1Hz high frequency band (HF) and except in the evening, the ellipse is in the vertical plane and the major axis is tilted. While polarization azimuths are different in the two frequency bands, they both vary as a function of local hour and season. They are also correlated with wind direction, particularly during the daytime. We investigate possible aseismic and seismic origins of the polarized signals. Lander or tether noise can be discarded. Pressure fluctuations transported by wind may explain part of the HF polarization but not the tilt of the ellipse. This tilt can be obtained if the source is an acoustic emission coming from high altitude at critical angle. Finally, in the evening when the wind is low, the measured polarized signals may correspond to the seismic wavefield of the Mars background noise. Plain Language Summary Seismic noise at the surface of Mars was unknown until the first measurements by the seismometers from the InSight mission in January 2019. On Earth, the microseismic noise (0.05-1 Hz) is composed dominantly of surface waves generated by the numerous sources related to ocean wave activities. On Mars, because there is no ocean, seismic noise is down to 500 times lower than on Earth reaching -200 dB in acceleration at night. In order to determine the nature of the Mars noise, we analyze its polarization with a statistical method and show that it is different to that on Earth. In the low frequency band 0.03-0.3 Hz, we detect signals with elliptical polarization in the horizontal plane. In the high frequency band 0.3-1Hz (HF), signals have elliptical polarization in the vertical plane. The polarization ellipse azimuth gives the direction toward the source. On Mars, these azimuths are varying as a function of local hour and season and they are correlated with wind direction during the daytime. The HF polarized signals may be explained by local effects of pressure fluctuations and/or by acoustic emission coming from high altitudes in particular conditions. It is only in the evening when the wind is low, that the measured polarized signals may correspond to propagating seismic waves that would be the Mars seismic background noise., This is the InSight contribution number 143 and IPGP contribution number 4183. We acknowledge NASA, CNES, their partner agencies and institutions (UKSA, SSO, DLR, JPL, IPGP-CNRS, ETHZ, IC, MPS-MPG) and the flight operations team at JPL, SISMOC, MSDS, IRIS-DMC, and PDS for providing SEED SEIS data. French authors are supported by ANR MAGIS (ANR-19-CE31-0008-08) and by CNES for SEIS science support. A. Horleston is supported by the UK Space Agency through grant #ST/R002096/1. M. Schimmel is supported by the SANIMS project (RTI2018-095594-B-I00, MICINN, Spain).
Published: 2021
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31. High‐Frequency Seismic Events on Mars Observed by InSight

Author: Philippe Lognonné, William T. Pike, John Clinton, Amir Khan, Ludovic Margerin, Domenico Giardini, Constantinos Charalambous, Simon Stähler, Anna Horleston, Nicholas Schmerr, Maren Böse, Guenolé Orhand-Mainsant, William B. Banerdt, Martin Knapmeyer, Fabian Euchner, Taichi Kawamura, John‐R. Scholz, Martin van Driel, Savas Ceylan, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering [London] (DEEE), Imperial College London, Institute for Theoretical Physics [ETH Zürich] (ITP), Department of Physics [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), and ANR-14-CE36-0012,SEISMARS,Seismology on Mars(2014)
Subjects: Seismometer, Martian, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Scattering, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Attenuation, Crust, Mars Exploration Program, Mars InSight Marsbeben, 01 natural sciences, Coda, Geophysics, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Layering, Seismology, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The seismometer deployed on the surface of Mars as part of the InSight mission (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) has recorded several hundreds of marsquakes in the first 478 sols after landing. The majority of these are classified as high-frequency (HF) events in the frequency range from approximately 1 to 10 Hz on Mars' surface. All the HF events excite a resonance around 2.4 Hz and show two distinct but broad arrivals of seismic energy that are separated by up to 450 s. Based on the frequency content and vertical-to-horizontal energy ratio, the HF event family has been subdivided into three event types, two of which we show to be identical and only appear separated due to the signal-to-noise ratio. We show here that the envelope shape of the HF events is explained by guided Pg and Sg phases in the Martian crust using simple layered models with scattering. Furthermore, the relative travel times between these two arrivals can be related to the epicentral distance, which shows distinct clustering. The rate at which HF events are observed varies by an order of magnitude over the course of one year and cannot be explained by changes of the background noise only. The HF content and the absence of additional seismic phases constrain crustal attenuation and layering, and the coda shape constrains the diffusivity in the uppermost shallow layers of Mars.
Published: 2021
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32. A Comodulation Analysis of Atmospheric Energy Injection into the Ground Motion at InSight, Mars

Author: M. van Driel, John Clinton, Constantinos Charalambous, L. M. Sotomayor, Domenico Giardini, Naomi Murdoch, Simon Stähler, Anna Horleston, T. Warren, William B. Banerdt, William T. Pike, John-Robert Scholz, Aymeric Spiga, Guenolé Orhand-Mainsant, Savas Ceylan, Don Banfield, Amir Khan, Maren Böse, Alexander E. Stott, Raphaël F. Garcia, J. B. McClean, Taichi Kawamura, P. H. Lognonné, Sara Navarro, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Murdoch, N. [0000-0002-9701-4075], Lognonne, P. [0000-0002-1014-920X], Charalambous, C. [0000-0002-9139-3895], Stott, A. E. [0000-0001-6121-705X], Spiga, A. [0000-0002-6776-6268], Stähler, S. [0000-0002-0783-2489], Scholz, J. R. [0000-0003-1404-2335], Ceylan, S. [0000-0002-6552-6850], Khan, A. [0000-0003-4462-3173], Van Driel, M. [0000-0002-8938-4615], Horleston, A. [0000-0002-6748-6522], Giardini, D. [0000-0002-5573-7638], and Banerdt, W. B. [0000-0003-3125-1542]
Subjects: Ground motion, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ground motion, marsquakes, Method of moments (statistics), 01 natural sciences, Mars Atmosphere, Atmosphere, atmosphere‐induced noise, comodulation, method of moments, noise discrimination, Autre, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Martian, Mars Exploration Program, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental science, Atmospheric electricity, Mars seismology, Noise (radio)
Abstract: Seismic observations involve signals that can be easily masked by noise injection. For the NASA Mars lander InSight, the atmosphere is a significant noise contributor, impeding the identification of seismic events for two thirds of a Martian day. While the noise is below that seen at even the quietest sites on Earth, the amplitude of seismic signals on Mars is also considerably lower, requiring an understanding and quantification of environmental injection at unprecedented levels. Mars' ground and atmosphere are a continuously‐coupled seismic system, and although atmospheric functions are of distinct origins, the superposition of these noise contributions is poorly understood, making separation a challenging task. We present a novel method for partitioning the observed signal into seismic and environmental contributions. Atmospheric pressure and wind fluctuations are shown to exhibit temporal cross‐frequency coupling across multiple bands, injecting noise that is neither random nor coherent. We investigate this through comodulation, quantifying the synchrony of the seismic motion, wind and pressure signals. By working in the time‐frequency domain, we discriminate between the different origins of underlying processes and determine the site's environmental sensitivity. Our method aims to create a virtual vault at InSight's landing site on Mars, shielding the seismometers with effective post‐processing in lieu of a physical vault. This allows us to describe the environmental and seismic signals over a sequence of sols, to quantify the wind and pressure injection and estimate the seismic content of possible marsquakes with a signal‐to‐noise ratio that can be quantified in terms of environmental independence. Finally, we exploit the relationship between the comodulated signals to identify their sources., Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 126 (4), ISSN:0148-0227, ISSN:2169-9097
Published: 2021
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33. Companion guide to the Marsquake catalog from InSight, sols 0–478: Data content and non-seismic events

Author: Clément Perrin, Nikolaj Dahmen, Suzanne E. Smrekar, Raphaël F. Garcia, Martin Schimmel, Simon Stähler, Maren Böse, William B. Banerdt, Anna Horleston, Alexander E. Stott, Sharon Kedar, Eléonore Stutzmann, Ralph D. Lorenz, Jan ten Pierick, K. Hurst, Don Banfield, John Clinton, Taichi Kawamura, Constantinos Charalambous, Fabian Euchner, Aymeric Spiga, Eric Beucler, Amir Khan, William T. Pike, Vincent Conejero, Philippe Lognonné, Savas Ceylan, Martin van Driel, Domenico Giardini, Mark P. Panning, Constanza Pardo, Guenolé Orhand-Mainsant, John-Robert Scholz, Swiss National Science Foundation, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Swiss National Supercomputing Centre, UK Space Agency, Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (France), ETH Zurich, State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (Switzerland), Schimmel, Martin, Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), and Schimmel, Martin [0000-0003-2601-4462]
Subjects: [SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Seismometer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Mars, Data inventory, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Autre, Broadband, Data content, InSight mission, Non-seismic signals, Marsquakes, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Scientific instrument, Martian, Payload, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mars Exploration Program, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Noise (video), Mars seismology, Geology, Seismology
Abstract: The InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission landed on the surface of Mars on November 26, 2018. One of the scientific instruments in the payload that is essential to the mission is the SEIS package (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure) which includes a very broadband and a short period seismometer. More than one year since the landing, SEIS continues to be fully operational and has been collecting an exceptional data set which contains not only the signals of seismic origins, but also noise and artifacts induced by the martian environment, the hardware on the ground that includes the seismic sensors, and the programmed operational activities of the lander. Many of these non-seismic signals will be unfamiliar to the scientific community. In addition, many of these signals have signatures that may resemble seismic events either or both in time and frequency domains. Here, we report our observations of common non-seismic signals as seen during the first 478 sols of the SEIS data, i.e. from landing until the end of March 2020. This manuscript is intended to provide a guide to scientists who use the data recorded on SEIS, detailing the general attributes of the most commonly observed non-seismic features. It will help to clarify the characteristics of the seismic dataset for future research, and to avoid misinterpretations when searching for marsquakes., We acknowledge NASA, CNES, their partner agencies and institutions (UKSA, SSO, DLR, JPL, IPGP-CNRS, ETHZ, IC, MPS-MPG) and the flight operations team at JPL, SISMOC, MSDS, IRIS-DMC and PDS for providing SEED SEIS data. We also acknowledge the funding by (1) Swiss National Science Foundation and French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (SNF-ANR project “Seismology on Mars”, ANR-14-CE36-0012-02 and MAGIS, ANR-19-CE31-0008-08), (2) Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SEFRI project “MarsQuake Service-Preparatory Phase”), (3) ETH Research grant ETH-06 17-02 and, for French co-authors, (4) the French Space agency CNES. Additional support came from the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS) under project ID s922. AH is funded by UKSA through grant #ST/R002096/1. Visualizations were created using Matplotlib (Hunter, 2007). The data was processed with NumPy (Oliphant, 2006), Scipy (Jones et al., 2001), ObsPy (Krischer et al., 2015) and custom software developed by gempa GmbH. This paper is InSight Contribution Number 150.
Published: 2021
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34. Detection, Analysis, and Removal of Glitches From InSight's Seismic Data From Mars

Author: L. Pou, Martin Knapmeyer, S. Barkaoui, Taichi Kawamura, Eric Beucler, Amir Khan, Baptiste Pinot, Bruce Banerdt, Rakshit Joshi, Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, John Clinton, Raphaël F. Garcia, Mickael Bonnin, Arthur Cuvier, Grégory Sainton, Constantinos Charalambous, Savas Ceylan, Sebastien de Raucourt, Eléonore Stutzmann, Simon Stähler, John-Robert Scholz, Paul M. Davis, Anna Horleston, Guenolé Orhand-Mainsant, Nicolas Compaire, Francis Nimmo, Ulrich R. Christensen, Martin van Driel, Domenico Giardini, William T. Pike, Martin Schimmel, Maren Böse, Alexander E. Stott, K. Hurst, Rudolf Widmer-Schnidrig, Philippe Lognonné, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Swiss Space Office, Schimmel, Martin [0000-0003-2601-4462], Schimmel, Martin, Widmer‐Schnidrig, Rudolf, 2 Black Forest Observatory, Institute of Geodesy Stuttgart University Stuttgart Germany, Davis, Paul, 3 Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA, Lognonné, Philippe, 4 Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS Paris France, Pinot, Baptiste, 5 Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace SUPAERO Toulouse France, Garcia, Raphaël F., Hurst, Kenneth, 6 Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena USA, Pou, Laurent, 7 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA USA, Nimmo, Francis, Barkaoui, Salma, de Raucourt, Sébastien, Knapmeyer‐Endrun, Brigitte, 8 Bensberg Observatory University of Cologne Bergisch Gladbach Germany, Knapmeyer, Martin, 9 DLR Institute of Planetary Research Berlin Germany, Orhand‐Mainsant, Guénolé, Compaire, Nicolas, Cuvier, Arthur, 10 Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers Nantes France, Beucler, Éric, Bonnin, Mickaël, Joshi, Rakshit, 1 Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research Göttingen Germany, Sainton, Grégory, Stutzmann, Eléonore, 11 Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera ‐ CSIC Barcelona Spain, Horleston, Anna, 12 School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK, Böse, Maren, 13 Swiss Seismological Service (SED) ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland, Ceylan, Savas, 14 Institute of Geophysics ETH Zürich Zurich Switzerland, Clinton, John, van Driel, Martin, Kawamura, Taichi, Khan, Amir, Stähler, Simon C., Giardini, Domenico, Charalambous, Constantinos, 16 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Imperial College London London UK, Stott, Alexander E., Pike, William T., Christensen, Ulrich R., Banerdt, W. Bruce, and Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE)
Subjects: Seismometer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Astronomy, glitches, seismometer, Mars, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Glitches, lcsh:QB1-991, Autre, Broadband, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, InSight, Data processing, removal, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Mars Exploration Program, lcsh:Geology, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, InSight Mars Seismogramme Datenbearbeitung, Mars seismology, Removal, Geology, Seismology, data processing
Abstract: The instrument package SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure) with the three very broadband and three short‐period seismic sensors is installed on the surface on Mars as part of NASA's InSight Discovery mission. When compared to terrestrial installations, SEIS is deployed in a very harsh wind and temperature environment that leads to inevitable degradation of the quality of the recorded data. One ubiquitous artifact in the raw data is an abundance of transient one‐sided pulses often accompanied by high‐frequency spikes. These pulses, which we term “glitches”, can be modeled as the response of the instrument to a step in acceleration, while the spikes can be modeled as the response to a simultaneous step in displacement. We attribute the glitches primarily to SEIS‐internal stress relaxations caused by the large temperature variations to which the instrument is exposed during a Martian day. Only a small fraction of glitches correspond to a motion of the SEIS package as a whole caused by minuscule tilts of either the instrument or the ground. In this study, we focus on the analysis of the glitch+spike phenomenon and present how these signals can be automatically detected and removed from SEIS's raw data. As glitches affect many standard seismological analysis methods such as receiver functions, spectral decomposition and source inversions, we anticipate that studies of the Martian seismicity as well as studies of Mars' internal structure should benefit from deglitched seismic data., Plain Language Summary: The instrument package SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure) with two fully equipped seismometers is installed on the surface of Mars as part of NASA's InSight Discovery mission. When compared to terrestrial installations, SEIS is more exposed to wind and daily temperature changes that leads to inevitable degradation of the quality of the recorded data. One consequence is the occurrence of a specific type of transient noise that we term “glitch”. Glitches show up in the recorded data as one‐sided pulses and have strong implications for the typical seismic data analysis. Glitches can be understood as step‐like changes in the acceleration sensed by the seismometers. We attribute them primarily to SEIS‐internal stress relaxations caused by the large temperature variations to which the instrument is exposed during a Martian day. Only a small fraction of glitches correspond to a motion of the whole SEIS instrument. In this study, we focus on the detection and removal of glitches and anticipate that studies of the Martian seismicity as well as studies of Mars's internal structure should benefit from deglitched seismic data., Key Points: Glitches due to steps in acceleration significantly complicate seismic records on Mars. Glitches are mostly due to relaxations of thermal stresses and instrument tilt. We provide a toolbox to automatically detect and remove glitches., Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), InSight PSP Program, Agence Nationale de la Recherche http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001665, ANR‐19‐CE31‐0008‐08
Published: 2020

35. Geophysical Observations of Phobos Transits by InSight

Author: Aymeric Spiga, L. Pou, Ralph D. Lorenz, Nils Müller, Catherine L. Johnson, M. van Driel, Mark P. Panning, W. Zürn, John Clinton, Francis Nimmo, Don Banfield, K. Hurst, Mark T. Lemmon, Domenico Giardini, Rudolf Widmer-Schnidrig, Philippe Lognonné, Simon Stähler, Savas Ceylan, Anna Mittelholz, Constantinos Charalambous, William B. Banerdt, John-Robert Scholz, Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Vancouver] (UBC EOAS), University of British Columbia (UBC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Planetary Science Institute [Tucson] (PSI), Space Science Institute [Boulder] (SSI), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Santa Cruz], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science (CCAPS), Cornell University [New York], Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering [London] (DEEE), Imperial College London, Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), We acknowledge NASA, CNES, partner agencies and institutions (UKSA, SSO, DLR, JPL, IPGP‐CNRS, ETHZ, IC, and MPS‐MPG), and the operators of JPL, SISMOC, MSDS, IRIS‐DMC, and PDS for providing SEED SEIS data. French teams acknowledge support from CNES as well as Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR‐14‐CE36‐0012‐02 and ANR‐19‐CE31‐0008‐08). The Swiss contribution in implementation of the SEIS electronics was made possible through funding from the federal Swiss Space Office (SSO) and the contractual and technical support of the ESA‐PRODEX office. The MPS‐MPG SEIS team acknowledges funding for development of the SEIS leveling system by the DLR German Space Agency. Numerical simulations were supported by a grant from the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS) under project ID s922. A. M. and C. L. J. acknowledge partial support from the Canadian Space Agency. M. L., F. N., and R. L. acknowledge partial support from the InSight PSP program under Grants 80NSSC18K1621, 80NSSC18K1627, and 80NSSC18K162, ANR-14-CE36-0012,SEISMARS,Seismology on Mars(2014), and ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mars, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Transits, Planetary Sciences, Phobos, InSight, Seismic instruments, Physics::Geophysics, Planetenphysik, Transit (astronomy), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Photovoltaic system, Mars landing, Mars Exploration Program, Geophysics, Planetary science, Physics::Space Physics, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Current (fluid), Geology
Abstract: Since landing on Mars, the NASA InSight lander has witnessed eight Phobos and one Deimos transits. All transits could be observed by a drop in the solar array current and the surface temperature, but more surprisingly, for several ones, a clear signature was recorded with the seismic sensors and the magnetometer. We present a preliminary interpretation of the seismometer data as temperature‐induced local deformation of the ground, supported by terrestrial analog experiments and finite‐element modeling. The magnetic signature is most likely induced by changing currents from the solar arrays. While the observations are not fully understood yet, the recording of transit‐related phenomena with high sampling rate will allow more precise measurements of the transit times, thus providing additional constraints for the orbital parameters of Phobos. The response of the seismometer can potentially also be used to constrain the thermoelastic properties of the shallow regolith at the landing site. © 2020 American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Research Letters, 47 (19), ISSN:0094-8276, ISSN:1944-8007
Published: 2020
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36. The Marsquake Catalogue from InSight, Sols 0-478

Author: John Clinton, Savas Ceylan, Martin van Driel, Domenico Giardini, Simon C. Stähler, Maren Böse, Constantinos Charalambous, Nikolaj L. Dahmen, Anna Horleston, Taichi Kawamura, Amir Khan, Guenole Orhand-Mainsant, John-Robert Scholz, Fabian Euchner, William B. Banerdt, Philippe Lognonne, Don Banfield, Eric Beucler, Sharon Kedar, Mark Panning, Clement Perrin, William T. Pike, Suzanne E. Smrekar, Aymeric Spiga, and Alexander E. Stott
Abstract: The InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission began collecting high quality seismic data on Mars from February 2019. This manuscript documents the seismicity observed by SEIS, InSight’s seismometer, since this time until the end of March, 2020. Within the InSight project, the Marsquake Service (MQS) is responsible for prompt review of all seismic data collected by InSight, detection of events that are likely to be of seismic origin, and curation and release of seismic catalogues. In the first year of data collection, MQS have identified 465 seismic events that we interpret to be from regional and teleseismic marsquakes. Seismic events are grouped into 2 different event families: the low frequency family are dominated by energy at long period below 1 second, and the high frequency family primarily include energy at and above 2.4~Hz. Event magnitudes, from Mars-specific scales, range from 1.3 to 3.7. A third class of events with very short duration but high frequency bursts have been observed 712 times. These are likely associated with a local source driven by thermal stresses. This paper describes the data collected so far in the mission and the procedures under which MQS operates; summarises the content of the current MQS seismic catalogue; and presents the key features of the events we have observed so far, using the largest events as examples.
Published: 2020
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37. Assessment of InSight Landing Site Predictions

Author: Sylvain Piqueux, William T. Pike, Constantinos Charalambous, Nathan R. Williams, Nicholas H. Warner, Matthew P. Golombek, Ingrid Daubar, and David M. Kass
Subjects: Surface Materials and Properties, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, landing sites, Amazonian, Mars, surfaces, Surface pressure, 01 natural sciences, Remote Sensing, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Geomorphology, Planetary Sciences: Solid Surface Planets, Research Articles, InSight, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Radiometer, geomorphology, Mars Exploration Program, Albedo, InSight at Mars, Atmospheric temperature, Physical Properties of Materials, Regolith, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Hesperian, Geology, Research Article
Abstract: Comprehensive analysis of remote sensing data used to select the Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) landing site correctly predicted the atmospheric temperature and pressure profile during entry and descent, the safe landing surface, and the geologic setting of the site. The smooth plains upon which the InSight landing site is located were accurately predicted to be generally similar to the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit landing site with relatively low rock abundance, low slopes, and a moderately dusty surface with a 3–10 m impact fragmented regolith over Hesperian to Early Amazonian basaltic lava flows. The deceleration profile and surface pressure encountered by the spacecraft during entry, descent, and landing compared well (within 1σ) of the envelope of modeled temperature profiles and the expected surface pressure. Orbital estimates of thermal inertia are similar to surface radiometer measurements, and materials at the surface are dominated by poorly consolidated sand as expected. Thin coatings of bright atmospheric dust on the surface were as indicated by orbital albedo and dust cover index measurements. Orbital estimates of rock abundance from shadow measurements in high‐resolution images and thermal differencing indicated very low rock abundance and surface counts show 1–4% area covered by rocks. Slopes at 100 to 5 m length scale measured from orbital topographic and radar data correctly indicated a surface comparably smooth and flat as the two smoothest landing sites (Opportunity and Phoenix). Thermal inertia and radar data indicated the surface would be load bearing as found., Key Points The atmosphere, safe surface, and geologic setting of the landing site were correctly predicted by remote sensing data before landingThe modeled atmospheric temperature profiles and surface pressure were within 1 sigma of the measured deceleration profile and surface pressureInSight’s surface is similar to Spirit’s with low rock abundance, low slopes, moderate dust, and is composed of impact regolith over basalt
Published: 2020
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38. A New Crater Near InSight: Implications for Seismic Impact Detectability on Mars

Author: Domenico Giardini, Philippe Lognonné, Carene Larmat, Maria E. Banks, Jeremie Vaubaillon, Taichi Kawamura, Foivos Karakostas, L. Posiolova, Gareth S. Collins, Raphaël F. Garcia, Aymeric Spiga, Bruce Banerdt, K. Onodera, Michael C. Malin, Maren Böse, Sebastien Rodriguez, Ross Maguire, Savas Ceylan, Nicholas Schmerr, T. Pike, John Clinton, N. Wójcicka, M. van Driel, Quancheng Huang, Alfred S. McEwen, James Wookey, Benjamin Fernando, Kuangdai Leng, A. Rajsic, Antoine Lucas, Nicholas A Teanby, Lucie Rolland, Ingrid Daubar, Simon Stähler, Anna Horleston, Katarina Miljković, Jennifer Stevanović, Ludovic Margerin, Constantinos Charalambous, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Swiss Seismological Service, Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Standards and Technology [Gaithersburg] (NIST), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Génie Mécanique (LGCGM), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Department of Geology [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Centre d'Etude de Saclay, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), DP180100661 and DE180100584, Australian Research Council, ST/S000615/1 and ST/S001514/1, Science and Technology Facilities Council, ETH‐06 17‐02, International Foundation for Ethical Research, ST/R002096/1, UK Space Agency, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), University of Arizona, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), ANR-14-CE36-0012,SEISMARS,Seismology on Mars(2014), and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: Seismometer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Mars, Context (language use), seismology, 01 natural sciences, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Impact crater, Geochemistry and Petrology, impact cratering, Martian surface, 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 0402 Geochemistry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Event (probability theory), InSight, crater, Mars Exploration Program, Geophysics, Amplitude, Mars cratering, 0403 Geology, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Seismology, Geology, Noise (radio)
Abstract: A new 1.5 m diameter impact crater was discovered on Mars only ~40 km from the InSight lander. Context camera images constrained its formation between 21 February and 6 April 2019; follow‐up High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment images resolved the crater. During this time period, three seismic events were identified in InSight data. We derive expected seismic signal characteristics and use them to evaluate each of the seismic events. However, none of them can definitively be associated with this source. Atmospheric perturbations are generally expected to be generated during impacts; however, in this case, no signal could be identified as related to the known impact. Using scaling relationships based on the terrestrial and lunar analogs and numerical modeling, we predict the amplitude, peak frequency, and duration of the seismic signal that would have emanated from this impact. The predicted amplitude falls near the lowest levels of the measured seismometer noise for the predicted frequency. Hence, it is not surprising this impact event was not positively identified in the seismic data. Finding this crater was a lucky event as its formation this close to InSight has a probability of only ~0.2, and the odds of capturing it in before and after images are extremely low. We revisit impact‐seismic discriminators in light of real experience with a seismometer on the Martian surface. Using measured noise of the instrument, we revise our previous prediction of seismic impact detections downward, from ~a few to tens, to just ~2 per Earth year, still with an order of magnitude uncertainty. ISSN:0148-0227 ISSN:2169-9097 ISSN:2169-9100
Published: 2020
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39. Detection, analysis and removal of glitches from InSight's 1 seismic data from Mars

Author: John-Robert Scholz, Rudolf Widmer-Schnidrig, Paul Davis, Philippe Lognonné, Baptiste Pinot, Raphaël F Garcia, Francis Nimmo, Kenneth Hurst, Salma Barkaoui, Sébastien De Raucourt, Laurent Pou, Guénolé Mainsant, Nicolas Compaire, Arthur Cuvier, Eric Beucler, Mickaël Bonnin, Rakshit Joshi, Eléonore Stutzmann, Martin Schimmel, Anna Horleston, Maren Böse, Savas Ceylan, John Clinton, Martin Van Driel, Taichi Kawamura, Amir Khan, Simon C Stähler, Domenico Giardini, Constantinos Charalambous, Alexander E Stott, William T Pike, Ulrich R Christensen, and W Bruce Banerdt
Published: 2020
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40. Single-station moment tensor inversion on Mars

Author: A. Jacob, Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, Fabian Euchner, Simon Stähler, Nienke Brinkman, Anna Horleston, Philippe Lognonné, Martin van Driel, Domenico Giardini, Savas Ceylan, Maren Böse, T. Pike, John Clinton, William B. Banerdt, John-Robert Scholz, Johan O. A. Robertsson, Constantinos Charalambous, Nobuaki Fuji, Cedric Schmelzbach, Clément Perrin, Mark P. Panning, Guenolé Orhand-Mainsant, Taichi Kawamura, Eric Beucler, and Amir Khan
Subjects: Seismometer, Broadband, Single station, Moment tensor, Inversion (meteorology), Geophysics, Mars Exploration Program, Geology
Abstract: In early 2019, NASA's InSight lander successfully deployed a single three-component very broadband seismometer (VBB) on the surface of Mars to detect and characterize marsquakes. Using these data, ...
Published: 2020
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41. Geophysical observations of Phobos transits by InSight

Author: Simon C. Stähler, Rudolf Widmer-Schnidrig, John-Robert Scholz, Martin van Driel, Anna Magdalena Mittelholz, Kenneth Hurst, Catherine L. Johnson, Mark T Lemmon, Ralph D. Lorenz, Philippe Henri Lognonné, Nils T Mueller, Laurent Pou, Aymeric Spiga, Donald Banfield, Savas Ceylan, Constantinos Charalambous, Domenico Giardini, Francis Nimmo, Mark Paul Panning, Walter Zürn, and William Bruce Banerdt
Published: 2020
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42. A Comodulation Analysis of Atmospheric Energy Injection into the Ground Motion at InSight, Mars

Author: Constantinos Charalambous, Alexander E Stott, Tom Pike, John McClean, Tristram Warren, Aymeric Spiga, Donald Banfield, Raphaël F. Garcia, John Clinton, Simon C. Stähler, Sara Navarro López, Philippe Henri Lognonné, Taichi Kawamura, Martin van Driel, Maren Böse, Savas Ceylan, Amir Khan, Anna Catherine Horleston, Guénolé Orhand-Mainsant, Luis Mora Sotomayor, Naomi Murdoch, Domenico Giardini, and William Bruce Banerdt
Published: 2020
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43. Scientific Observations With the InSight Solar Arrays: Dust, Clouds, and Eclipses on Mars

Author: Mark T. Lemmon, Justin N. Maki, Jennifer Herman, Samuel Pasco, Brett T. White, Don Banfield, Aymeric Spiga, W. Bruce Banerdt, Constantinos Charalambous, Ralph D. Lorenz, E. Barrett, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Texas A&M University [College Station], Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science (CCAPS), Cornell University [New York], Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering [London] (DEEE), Imperial College London, and Lockheed Martin Space
Subjects: Atmospheres, Twilight, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Astronomy, Planetary boundary layer, Planetary Atmospheres, Clouds, and Hazes, Mars, Atmospheric Composition and Structure, clouds, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Sunset, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, eclipses, 01 natural sciences, Radiation: Transmission and Scattering, lcsh:QB1-991, Atmosphere, Planetary Sciences: Solar System Objects, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Sunrise, Planetary Sciences: Astrobiology, Instruments and Techniques, Dust devil, Planetary Sciences: Solid Surface Planets, Planetary Sciences: Fluid Planets, Research Articles, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Martian, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Planetary Atmospheres, Mars Exploration Program, InSight at Mars, lcsh:Geology, 13. Climate action, Physics::Space Physics, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, sunlight, dust, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Research Article
Abstract: Records of solar array currents recorded by the InSight lander during its first 200 sols on Mars are presented. In addition to the geometric variation in illumination on seasonal and diurnal timescales, the data are influenced by dust suspended in the atmosphere and deposited on the solar panels. Although no dust devils have been detected by InSight's cameras, brief excursions in solar array currents suggest that at least some of the vortices detected by transient pressure drops are accompanied by dust. A step increase in array output (i.e., a “cleaning event”) was observed to be directly associated with the passage of a strong vortex. Some quasiperiodic variations in solar array current are suggestive of dust variations in the planetary boundary layer. Nonzero array outputs before sunrise and after sunset are indicative of scattering in the atmosphere: A notable increase in evening twilight currents is observed associated with noctilucent clouds, likely of water or carbon dioxide ice. Finally, although the observations are intermittent (typically a few hours per sol) and at a modest sample rate (one to two samples per minute), three single‐sample light dips are seen associated with Phobos eclipses. These results demonstrate that engineering data from solar arrays provide valuable scientific situational awareness of the Martian environment., Key Points Solar array current telemetry gives situational awareness of the Mars surface environmentDust in the atmosphere is observed to varyTwilight currents indicate clouds
Published: 2020
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44. On-deck seismology: Lessons from InSight for future planetary seismology

Author: Alexander E. Stott, Simon Stähler, Philippe Lognonné, Constantinos Charalambous, Sharon Kedar, Angela G. Marusiak, William T. Pike, Ralph D. Lorenz, Mark P. Panning, J. B. McClean, Don Banfield, William B. Banerdt, Naomi Murdoch, Ceri Nunn, Tristram Warren, and Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE)
Subjects: Seismometer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Mars, Induced seismicity, Exploration of Mars, 01 natural sciences, Wind speed, Physics - Geophysics, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysique, Seismology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Mars Exploration Program, Geophysics (physics.geo-ph), Geophysics, Planetary science, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, QUIET, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Noise (radio), Geology, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Before deploying to the surface of Mars, the short-period (SP) seismometer of the InSight mission operated on deck for a total of 48 hours. This dataset can be used to understand how deck-mounted seismometers can be used in future landed missions to Mars, Europa, and other planetary bodies. While operating on deck, the SP seismometer showed signals comparable to the Viking-2 seismometer near 3 Hz where the sensitivity of the Viking instrument peaked. Wind sensitivity showed similar patterns to the Viking instrument, although amplitudes on InSight were ~80% larger for a given wind velocity. However, during the low wind evening hours the instrument noise levels at frequencies between 0.1 and 1 Hz were comparable to quiet stations on Earth, although deployment to the surface below the Wind and Thermal Shield lowered installation noise by roughly 40 dB in acceleration power. With the observed noise levels and estimated seismicity rates for Mars, detection probability for quakes for a deck-mounted instrument are low enough that up to years of on-deck recordings may be necessary to observe an event. Because the noise is dominated by wind acting on the lander, though, deck-mounted seismometers may be more practical for deployment on airless bodies, and it is important to evaluate the seismicity of the target body and the specific design of the lander. Detection probabilities for operation on Europa reach over 99% for some proposed seismicity models for a similar duration of operation if noise levels are comparable to low-wind time periods on Mars., 20 pages, 7 figures, accepted to Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
Published: 2020

45. Geology of the InSight landing site on Mars

Author: Jeffery L. Hall, R. Hausmann, Claire E. Newman, Sharon A. Wilson, Nathan R. Williams, L. Berger, H. Abarca, Matthew P. Golombek, Constantinos Charalambous, Justin N. Maki, Paul M. Andres, Matthias Grott, Maria E. Banks, Sylvain Piqueux, A. DeMott, Philippe Lognonné, M. Kopp, François Forget, T. J. Parker, Ehouarn Millour, Niclas S. Mueller, M. M. Baker, Fred Calef, James B. Garvin, Aymeric Spiga, E. Hauber, Eloise Marteau, Veronique Ansan, William T. Pike, Christos Vrettos, John A. Grant, Clément Perrin, Sebastien Rodriguez, Naomi Murdoch, Nicholas H. Warner, N. Ruoff, William B. Banerdt, A. Trussell, Don Banfield, H. Lethcoe-Wilson, Suzanne E. Smrekar, Ingrid Daubar, Tilman Spohn, Robert G. Deen, S. Le Maistre, William M. Folkner, Catherine M. Weitz, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), State University of New York at Geneseo (SUNY Geneseo), State University of New York (SUNY), Smithsonian Institution, DLR Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Planetary Science Institute [Tucson] (PSI), Department of Mechanical Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Technical University of Kaiserslautern (TU Kaiserslautern), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Johns Hopkins University (JHU), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Cornell University [New York], and Aeolis Research
Subjects: geology, landing site, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Mars, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Mass wasting, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Elysium, Planetenphysik, Impact crater, 0103 physical sciences, Planetary science, Traitement du signal et de l'image, Petrology, lcsh:Science, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Duricrust, InSight, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Geomorphology, Geology, Mars Exploration Program, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, Regolith, Planetengeologie, General Biochemistry, Aeolian processes, lcsh:Q, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: The Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) spacecraft landed successfully on Mars and imaged the surface to characterize the surficial geology. Here we report on the geology and subsurface structure of the landing site to aid in situ geophysical investigations. InSight landed in a degraded impact crater in Elysium Planitia on a smooth sandy, granule- and pebble-rich surface with few rocks. Superposed impact craters are common and eolian bedforms are sparse. During landing, pulsed retrorockets modified the surface to reveal a near surface stratigraphy of surficial dust, over thin unconsolidated sand, underlain by a variable thickness duricrust, with poorly sorted, unconsolidated sand with rocks beneath. Impact, eolian, and mass wasting processes have dominantly modified the surface. Surface observations are consistent with expectations made from remote sensing data prior to landing indicating a surface composed of an impact-fragmented regolith overlying basaltic lava flows., The InSight spacecraft landed on Mars on November 2018. Here, the authors characterize the surficial geology of the landing site and compare with observations and models derived from remote sensing data prior to landing and from ongoing in situ geophysical investigations of the subsurface.
Published: 2020
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46. The seismicity of Mars

Author: Simon Stähler, Anna Horleston, Sharon Kedar, John-Robert Scholz, L. Luno, J. B. McClean, Henri Samuel, Fabian Euchner, S. Barkaoui, Tristram Warren, Mélanie Drilleau, Martin Schimmel, Maren Böse, M. Nonon, M. van Driel, Nicholas A Teanby, Alexander E. Stott, Savas Ceylan, Ludovic Margerin, A. Jacob, Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, William B. Banerdt, Guenole Mainsant, Tamara Gudkova, Antoine Lucas, T. Gabsi, Renee Weber, Taichi Kawamura, Vincent Conejero, Eléonore Stutzmann, Daniele Antonangeli, C. Agard, Constantinos Charalambous, C. Ferrier, P. Combes, K. Hurst, Philippe Lognonné, Don Banfield, Aymeric Spiga, William T. Pike, Constanza Pardo, J. A Rodriguez Manfredi, Martin Knapmeyer, Attilio Rivoldini, Francis Nimmo, U. R. Christensen, Sue Smrekar, Ingrid Daubar, R. Llorca-Cejudo, Mark P. Panning, Scott D. King, Eric Beucler, Foivos Karakostas, Amir Khan, E. Barrett, Mark A. Wieczorek, Raphaël F. Garcia, Clément Perrin, Naomi Murdoch, David Mimoun, C. Yana, John Clinton, Domenico Giardini, Swiss National Supercomputing Centre, Swiss National Science Foundation, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (Switzerland), UK Space Agency, California Institute of Technology, German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Schimmel, Martin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Mechanical Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, INSTITUT OF GEOPHYSICS ETHZ, Swiss Seismological Service, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [München], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Department of Geological Sciences [Gainesville] (UF|Geological), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Cornell University [New York], Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Academy-EURAC, Institute for Applied Remote Sensing, Kyoto University [Kyoto], Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham [ Birmingham] (UAB), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), unité de recherche de l'institut du thorax UMR1087 UMR6291 (ITX), Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Schmidt United Institute of Physics of the Earth [Moscow] (IPE), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), NASA, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux (LIM), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), UNS-CNRS-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Santa Cruz], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida [Gainesville], Oncogenesis Stress Signaling (OSS), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CRLCC Eugène Marquis (CRLCC), Cornell University, Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA), Schimmel, Martin [0000-0003-2601-4462], Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Munich], Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique UMR6112 (LPG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA), Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique (LGIT), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Unité de recherche de l'institut du thorax (ITX-lab), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-14-CE36-0012,SEISMARS,Seismology on Mars(2014)
Subjects: Seismometer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Mars, Induced seismicity, InSight Mars Marsbeben Seismizität, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, seismology, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), Elysium, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Autre, Planet, inner planets, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Seismology, InSight, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Seismicity, Crust, Geology, Mars Exploration Program, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Abstract: The InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission landed in Elysium Planitia on Mars on 26 November 2018 and fully deployed its seismometer by the end of February 2019. The mission aims to detect, characterize and locate seismic activity on Mars, and to further constrain the internal structure, composition and dynamics of the planet. Here, we present seismometer data recorded until 30 September 2019, which reveal that Mars is seismically active. We identify 174 marsquakes, comprising two distinct populations: 150 small-magnitude, high-frequency events with waves propagating at crustal depths and 24 low-frequency, subcrustal events of magnitude Mw 3–4 with waves propagating at various depths in the mantle. These marsquakes have spectral characteristics similar to the seismicity observed on the Earth and Moon. We determine that two of the largest detected marsquakes were located near the Cerberus Fossae fracture system. From the recorded seismicity, we constrain attenuation in the crust and mantle, and find indications of a potential low-S-wave-velocity layer in the upper mantle. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited., We acknowledge NASA, CNES and its partner agencies and institutions (UKSA, SSO, DLR, JPL, IPGP-CNRS, ETHZ, IC and MPS-MPG) and the flight operations team at JPL, SISMOC, MSDS, IRIS-DMC and PDS for providing SEIS data. The Swiss co-authors were jointly funded by (1) the Swiss National Science Foundation and French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (SNF-ANR project 157133 ‘Seismology on Mars’), (2) the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF project 172508 ‘Mapping the internal structure of Mars’), (3) the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SEFRI project ‘MarsQuake Service-Preparatory Phase’) and (4) ETH Research grant no. ETH-06 17-02. Additional support came from the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS) under project ID s922. The Swiss contribution in the implementation of the SEIS electronics was made possible by funding from the federal Swiss Space Office (SSO) and contractual and technical support from the ESA-PRODEX office. The French Team acknowledge the French Space Agency CNES, which has supported and funded all SEIS-related contracts and CNES employees, as well as CNRS and the French team universities for personal and infrastructure support. Additional support was provided by ANR (ANR-14-CE36-0012-02 and ANR-19-CE31-0008-08) and, for the IPGP team, by the UnivEarthS Labex programme (ANR-10-LABX-0023), IDEX Sorbonne Paris Cité (ANR-11-IDEX-0005-0). SEIS-SP development and delivery were funded by the UK Space Agency. A portion of the work was carried out at the InSight Project at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The MPS SEIS team acknowledges funding for development of the SEIS leveling system by the DLR German Space Agency. We thank gempa GmbH for software development related to the MQS tools. This paper is InSight contribution number 102.
Published: 2020
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47. The atmosphere of Mars as observed by InSight

Author: Justin N. Maki, A. Jacob, Stephen R. Lewis, Nicholas A Teanby, Mercedes Marin-Jimenez, Anna Mittelholz, Constantinos Charalambous, Sara Navarro, M. M. Baker, Mark T. Lemmon, Tristram Warren, Javier Gómez-Elvira, Alexander E. Stott, Matthew P. Golombek, Antoine Lucas, Jorge Pla-Garcia, J. Torres, Eric Beucler, Balthasar Kenda, Aymeric Spiga, Rudolf Widmer-Schnidrig, Philippe Lognonné, Veronique Ansan, V. Peinado, Özgür Karatekin, William T. Pike, Nils Mueller, Savas Ceylan, K. Hurst, Daniel Viúdez-Moreiras, Christopher T. Russell, Antonio Molina, Sebastien Rodriguez, Clément Perrin, Naomi Murdoch, David Mimoun, Claire E. Newman, Ralph D. Lorenz, L. Martire, Luis Mora-Sotomayor, Simon Stähler, Tilman Spohn, Lucie Rolland, Stephen Sackett, Ingrid Daubar, Raphaël F. Garcia, W. Bruce Banerdt, Catherine L. Johnson, Domenico Giardini, Brian Carcich, Don Banfield, Suzanne E. Smrekar, John Clinton, François Forget, Ehouarn Millour, Taichi Kawamura, J. A. Rodríguez-Manfredi, Bart Van Hove, A. Lepinette, Anni Määttänen, J. B. McClean, Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science (CCAPS), Cornell University, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Aeolis Research, Space Science Institute [Boulder] (SSI), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels], School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering [London] (DEEE), Imperial College London, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Vancouver] (EOAS), University of British Columbia (UBC), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Sorbonne Université (SU), School of Physical Sciences [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Physics [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences [Providence], Brown University, Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA), Morton K. Blaustein Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Center for Earth and Planetary Studies [Washington] (CEPS), Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution-Smithsonian Institution, Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences [Los Angeles] (EPSS), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California, Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Cornell University [New York], École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Vancouver] (UBC EOAS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique UMR6112 (LPG), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), ANR-14-CE36-0012,SEISMARS,Seismology on Mars(2014), ANR-19-CE31-0008,MAGIS,MArs Geophysical InSight(2019), Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Määttänen, A. [0000-0002-7326-8492], Martire, L. [0000-0002-9402-6150], Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A. [0000-0003-0461-9815], Lognonné, P. [0000-0002-1014-920X], Rodríguez, S. [0000-0003-1219-0641], Spiga, A. [0000-0002-6776-6268], Perrin, C. [0000-0002-7200-5682], Molina, A. [0000-0002-5038-2022], García, R. [0000-0003-1460-6663], Murdoch, N. [0000-0002-9701-4075], Lorenz, R. [0000-0001-8528-4644], Mittelholz, A. [0000-0002-5603-7334], Kawamura, T. [0000-0001-5246-5561], Widmer Schnidrig, R. [0000-0001-9698-2739], McClean, J. [0000-0002-7863-0120], Mueller, N. [0000-0001-9229-8921], Lewis, S. [0000-0001-7237-6494], Teanby, N. [0000-0003-3108-5775], Warren, T. [0000-0003-3877-0046], Milliour, E. [0000-0003-4808-9203], Lemmon, M. [0000-0002-4504-5136], Clinton, J. [0000-0001-8626-2703], Ceylan, S. [0000-0002-6552-6850], Banfield, D. [0000-0003-2664-0164], Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)
Subjects: Martian, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmosphere, Mars, Mars Exploration Program, Atmosphere of Mars, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Mars Atmosphere, 01 natural sciences, Wind speed, Astrobiology, Autre, 13. Climate action, Dust storm, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Aeolian processes, [SDU.OTHER]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Other, Meteorologie, InSight mission, Dust devil, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, InSight
Abstract: Banfield, D. et al., The atmosphere of Mars is thin, although rich in dust aerosols, and covers a dry surface. As such, Mars provides an opportunity to expand our knowledge of atmospheres beyond that attainable from the atmosphere of the Earth. The InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) lander is measuring Mars’s atmosphere with unprecedented continuity, accuracy and sampling frequency. Here we show that InSight unveils new atmospheric phenomena at Mars, especially in the higher-frequency range, and extends our understanding of Mars’s meteorology at all scales. InSight is uniquely sensitive to large-scale and regional weather and obtained detailed in situ coverage of a regional dust storm on Mars. Images have enabled high-altitude wind speeds to be measured and revealed airglow—faint emissions produced by photochemical reactions—in the middle atmosphere. InSight observations show a paradox of aeolian science on Mars: despite having the largest recorded Martian vortex activity and dust-devil tracks close to the lander, no visible dust devils have been seen. Meteorological measurements have produced a catalogue of atmospheric gravity waves, which included bores (soliton-like waves). From these measurements, we have discovered Martian infrasound and unexpected similarities between atmospheric turbulence on Earth and Mars. We suggest that the observations of Mars’s atmosphere by InSight will be key for prediction capabilities and future exploration., With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (MDM-2017-0737); Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico e Industrial (CDTI), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and the Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA).
Published: 2020
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48. Full-Band Signal Extraction From Sensors in Extreme Environments: The NASA InSight Microseismometer

Author: Alexander E. Stott, Constantinos Charalambous, William T. Pike, Tristram Warren, and Science & Technology Facilities Council
Subjects: Technology, Computer science, instrument response correction, 0205 Optical Physics, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Physics, Applied, NOISE, Analytical Chemistry, Engineering, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, MEMS seismometer, temperature dependence, Instruments & Instrumentation, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation, Decorrelation, Remote sensing, Sensor fusion, Signal processing, Science & Technology, Physics, Attenuation, Bandwidth (signal processing), Engineering, Electrical & Electronic, Kalman filter, Mars Exploration Program, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0906 Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Physical Sciences, space applications, SEISMOMETER, 0210 nano-technology, 0913 Mechanical Engineering
Abstract: Physically meaningful signal extraction from sensors deployed in extreme environments requires a combination of attenuation of confounding inputs and the removal of their residual using decorrelation techniques. In space applications where the resources for physical attenuation are limited, there is a necessity to apply the most effective post-processing analysis available. This paper describes the extraction of the seismic signal from an MEMS microseismometer to be deployed on the surface of Mars. The signal processing, which covers the full bandwidth $1 \times 10^{-5}$ Hz to 40 Hz, uses a novel application of sensor fusion through an indirect Kalman Filter in combination with a thermal model of the microseismometer to remove the aseismic contribution of temperature over the frequency range. Owing to the full-band decorrelation, the analysis (based on pre-landing testing in analogous scenarios) produces both a characterization of the microseismomter and a signal processing approach for information retrieval on Mars, along with other planetary and terrestrial planetary deployments.
Published: 2018
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49. Questions to Heaven

Author: Benjamin Fernando, Natalia Wójcicka, Zhanwen Han, Alexander Stott, Savas Ceylan, Constantinos Charalambous, Gareth S Collins, Daniel Estévez, Marouchka Froment, Matthew Golombek, Peter Gülzow, Anna Horleston, Ozgur Karatekin, Taichi Kawamura, Carene Larmat, Ross Maguire, Tarje Nissen-Meyer, Matthieu Plasman, Yuqi Qia, Lucie Rolland, Aymeric Spiga, Simon Stähler, Nicholas A Teanby, Yu-Yan Sara Zhao, Domenico Giardini, Philippe Lognonné, and Ingrid J Daubar
Subjects: Geophysics, Geochemistry and Petrology, Philosophy, media_common.quotation_subject, Heaven, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Theology, media_common
Abstract: Benjamin Fernando and colleagues report on the international cooperation involved InSight's attempt to gather seismic data from the arrival at Mars of China's Zhurong rover.
Published: 2021
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50. SEIS: Insight’s Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure of Mars

Author: L. Perrin, C. Bonjour, N. Toulemont, Jean-Luc Berenguer, G. Perez, James Wookey, A. G. Mukherjee, Hallie Gengl, Edward A. Miller, Delphine Faye, Antoine Mocquet, J. Sicre, B. Vella, D. Dilhan, C. Larigauderie, John C. Bousman, M. Nonon, Y. Bennour, Véronique Dehant, Jeffrey W. Umland, T. Nebut, D. Hernandez, M. Eberhardt, Vincent Conejero, Rudolf Widmer-Schnidrig, Philippe Lognonné, G. de los Santos, S. A. D’Agostino, Savas Ceylan, Justin N. Maki, G. Aveni, P. Revuz, S. de Raucourt, C. Aicardi, Clément Perrin, A. K. Delahunty, Constanza Pardo, Domenico Giardini, L. Pou, Robert J. Calvet, D. Savoie, O. Robert, V. Gharakanian, S. Ben Charef, Constantinos Charalambous, Kerry Klein, S. M. Madzunkov, J. M. Desmarres, Sue Smrekar, S. B. Calcutt, F. Grinblat, Nicholas A Teanby, I. M. Standley, Naomi Murdoch, Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, M. Deleuze, C. Doucet, William T. Pike, Tom L. Hoffman, F. Mialhe, Cecily M. Sunday, J. Paredes-Garcia, Matthew P. Golombek, P. Bhandari, Huafeng Liu, B. Pouilloux, E. Blanco, Gabriel Pont, Simon Stähler, M. E. Johnson, Nicolas Verdier, L. Luno, Ned W. Ferraro, R. Perez, Mélanie Drilleau, F. Ijpelaan, B. Lecomte, M. van Driel, A. Sauron, I. Estève, Mark P. Panning, David Mimoun, P. A. Dandonneau, B. Kenda, T. Gabsi, W. Raff, P. Boutte, T. Warren, Joan Ervin, Fabian Euchner, S. Tillier, K. J. Hurst, Stephen Larson, Davor Mance, Mark A. Wieczorek, J. A. Rodriguez-Manfredi, Justin Lin, Jaime Singer, M. Monecke, Robert W. Denise, E.-P. Miettinen, Maren Böse, E. Locatelli, I. Savin de Larclause, J. Gagnepain-Beyneix, L. Khachikyan, Philippe Laudet, T. Carlier, Alexander E. Stott, Neil Bowles, Brian Bone, C. Imbert, Sharon Kedar, A. Rosak, Fred Calef, O. Pot, O. M. Avalos, P. Labrot, Jeroen Tromp, Lucile Fayon, C. Moreau, J. Baroukh, William B. Banerdt, M. Bierwirth, Ranah Irshad, M. André, Christopher T. Russell, S. L. Marshall, M. Parise, J.-R. Meyer, P. Pasquier, N. Faye-Refalo, Ingrid Daubar, M. A. Balzer, R. Gonzalez, M. Hetzel, K. Brethomé, Y. Pahn, Raphaël F. Garcia, J. tenPierick, U. R. Christensen, Farah Alibay, Renee Weber, Robert G. Deen, Eléonore Stutzmann, J. Temple, Don Banfield, A. Bouisset, D. B. Klein, A. Borrien, Ashitey Trebi-Ollennu, R. Llorca-Cejudo, L. J. Facto, J. M. Mouret, Alexis Paillet, Peter Zweifel, P. Bruneau, Catherine L. Johnson, C. Brysbaert, J. E. Feldman, A. Kramer, Luigi Ferraioli, Jane Hurley, Taichi Kawamura, Nicholas Onufer, W. Kühne, Eric Beucler, Amir Khan, M. Sodki, L. Kerjean, A. Sylvestre-Baron, C. Desfoux, C. Yana, John Clinton, J. R. Willis, Juan Villalvazo, Pierre Delage, Mihail P. Petkov, M. C. Wallace, T. Camus, Ioannis G. Mikellides, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Mechanical Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Geological Institute (ETHZ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Oxford, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire de Mecanique des Fluides et d'Acoustique (LMFA), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), Advanced Technology and Research, Space Science and Technology Department [Didcot] (RAL Space), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)-Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Clarendon Laboratory [Oxford], Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Wuhan] (HUST), Kinemetrics, Cornell University [New York], Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC), Institut of GeophysicsETHZ, Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Swiss Seismological Service, Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Géotechnique (cermes), Laboratoire Navier (navier umr 8205), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of British Columbia (UBC), Planetary Science Institute [Tucson] (PSI), Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bristol [Bristol], Department of Geosciences [Princeton], Princeton University, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), University of Oxford [Oxford], Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California, INSTITUT OF GEOPHYSICS ETHZ, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Stuttgart University, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique UMR6112 (LPG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cornell University, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels], PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, and Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Seismometer, DISSIPATIVE FACTOR, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FREE OSCILLATIONS, BULK COMPOSITION, Mars, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Transfer function, Article, NETWORK SCIENCE, Autre, 0103 physical sciences, 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences, INTERIOR STRUCTURE, ddc:530, Ground segment, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, InSight, Data processing, Science & Technology, Physics, Bandwidth (signal processing), Mars seismology, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Moment magnitude scale, SINGLE-STATION, THERMAL EVOLUTION, Mars Exploration Program, Geodesy, Space and Planetary Science, Physical Sciences, WAVE PROPAGATION, ELYSIUM PLANITIA, [SDU.OTHER]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Other, Robotic arm, SEIS, Geology, METEORITE IMPACTS
Abstract: By the end of 2018, 42 years after the landing of the two Viking seismometers on Mars, InSight will deploy onto Mars’ surface the SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure) instrument; a six-axes seismometer equipped with both a long-period three-axes Very Broad Band (VBB) instrument and a three-axes short-period (SP) instrument. These six sensors will cover a broad range of the seismic bandwidth, from 0.01 Hz to 50 Hz, with possible extension to longer periods. Data will be transmitted in the form of three continuous VBB components at 2 sample per second (sps), an estimation of the short period energy content from the SP at 1 sps and a continuous compound VBB/SP vertical axis at 10 sps. The continuous streams will be augmented by requested event data with sample rates from 20 to 100 sps. SEIS will improve upon the existing resolution of Viking’s Mars seismic monitoring by a factor of ∼2500 at 1 Hz and ∼200000 at 0.1 Hz. An additional major improvement is that, contrary to Viking, the seismometers will be deployed via a robotic arm directly onto Mars’ surface and will be protected against temperature and wind by highly efficient thermal and wind shielding. Based on existing knowledge of Mars, it is reasonable to infer a moment magnitude detection threshold of Mw∼3 at 40∘ epicentral distance and a potential to detect several tens of quakes and about five impacts per year. In this paper, we first describe the science goals of the experiment and the rationale used to define its requirements. We then provide a detailed description of the hardware, from the sensors to the deployment system and associated performance, including transfer functions of the seismic sensors and temperature sensors. We conclude by describing the experiment ground segment, including data processing services, outreach and education networks and provide a description of the format to be used for future data distribution., Space Science Reviews, 215 (1), ISSN:1572-9672, ISSN:0038-6308
Published: 2019
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