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1. Descriptive analyses of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding rabies transmission and prevention in rural communities near wildlife reserves in Uganda: a One Health cross-sectional study

Author

Collins G. K. Atuheire, James Okwee-Acai, Martha Taremwa, Odoch Terence, Sarah N. Ssali, Frank N. Mwiine, Clovice Kankya, Eystein Skjerve, and Morten Tryland

Subjects
Rabies, Rural communities, Wildlife reserves, Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962
Abstract

Abstract Background Despite urban (domestic dog) rabies cycles being the main target for rabies elimination by 2030, sylvatic (wildlife) rabies cycles can act as rabies spillovers especially in settlements contiguous to wildlife reserves. Rural communities next to wildlife reserves are characterized by unique socio-demographic and cultural practices including bat consumption, hunting for bushmeat, and non-vaccination of hunting dogs against rabies among others. This study aimed to compare the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) related to rabies transmission and prevention in the three districts of Uganda; (1) Nwoya, neighboring Murchison Falls National Park (MFNP) in the north, (2) Kamwenge neighboring Kibaale National Park (KNP), Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) and Katonga Game Reserve (KGR) in the west, and (3) Bukedea, neighboring Pian Upe Game Reserve (PUGR) in the east of Uganda. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in settlements contiguous to these wildlife reserves. Using a semi-structured questionnaire, data were collected from 843 households owning dogs and livestock. Data were collected between the months of January and April 2023. Stratified univariate analyses by district were carried out using the Chi-square test for independence and Fisher’s exact test to compare KAPs in the three study districts. Results The median age of study participants was 42 years (Q1, Q3 = 30, 52) with males comprising the majority (67%, n = 562). The key findings revealed that participants from the Nwoya district in the north (MFNP) had little knowledge about rabies epidemiology (8.5%, n = 25), only 64% (n = 187) of them knew its signs and symptoms such as a rabid dog presenting with aggressiveness and showed negative attitudes towards prevention measures (15.3%, n = 45). Participants in the Kamwenge district-west (KNP, QENP, and KGR) had little knowledge and negative attitude towards wildlife–human interaction pertaining to rabies transmission and prevention especially those with no or primary level of education (20.9%, n = 27) while participants from Bukedea in the east (PUGR) had remarkedly poor practices towards rabies transmission, prevention, and control (37.8%, n = 114). Conclusions Rabies from sylvatic cycles remains a neglected public health threat in rural communities surrounding national parks and game reserves in Uganda. Our study findings highlight key gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to rabies transmission and prevention among such communities. Communication and action between veterinary services, wildlife authority, public health teams, social science and community leaders through available community platforms is key in addressing rabies among the sympatric at-risk communities in Uganda.

Published
2024
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2. Households neighboring wildlife protected areas may be at a higher risk of rabies than those located further away: a community-based cross-sectional cohort study at Pian Upe game reserve, Bukedea district, Eastern Uganda

Author

Collins G. K. Atuheire, James Okwee-Acai, Martha Taremwa, Paul Ssajjakambwe, Musso Munyeme, Clovice Kankya, Odoch Terence, Sarah N. Ssali, Frank N. Mwiine, Kayla J. Buhler, and Morten Tryland

Subjects
rabies, wildlife-human interface, Uganda, Pian-Upe, Bukedea, cross-sectional cohort study, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962
Abstract

IntroductionThis study examines rabies incidence and associated risk factors at the interface between wildlife and human communities near Pian-Upe game reserve in Eastern Uganda. We hypothesized that human settlements in closer proximity to the reserve would exhibit higher rabies risk compared to those located further away.MethodsUsing a standard questionnaire, households within 14 km from the Pian Upe game reserve in Bukedea District were interviewed. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, recent rabid animal bites, and suspected human and livestock rabies cases for the past year (2023) were collected after seeking informed consent. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze socio-demographic information and incidence data, while separate binomial generalized linear models with log-link function were used to identify predictors of rabies incidence and mortality.ResultsBetween January and March 2023, 302 participants were interviewed. Respondents had an average age of 44 years with 34% (n=103) being female. All households owned at least one dog, though only 47% (n=142) had vaccinated their dogs against rabies in the past year. Additionally, 39% (n=118) of respondents used dogs for hunting. Rabies annual incidence increased with decreasing distance to the game reserve (7.5 to 15.7% for humans, for the dogs, and 5.0 to 9.8% for livestock, including cows, goats and sheep). Significant factors associated with rabies in humans included primary education level (aRR=3.8, 95%CI 1.0-23.7) and grazing livestock in the reserve (aRR=5.30, 95%CI 1.0-40.3). Mortality was associated with fetching firewood from the game reserve (aRR=4.7, 95%CI 1.3-17.5).ConclusionsThis study reveals that there is an increased risk of rabies for domesticated animals and people located within proximity to the game reserve. Further efforts to prevent the spread of rabies could include increasing education and awareness for communities along with targeted dog vaccination in settlements surrounding wildlife protected areas.

Published
2024
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3. Short Communication: Stellate Ganglion Blockade for Persistent Olfactory and Gustatory Symptoms Post-COVID-19

Author

Galvin V, Cheek DJ, Zhang Y, Collins G, and Gaskin D

Subjects
cervical sympathetic block, covid, parosmia, dysgeusia, dysautonomia, Anesthesiology, RD78.3-87.3
Abstract

Vaughna Galvin,1 Dennis J Cheek,2 Yan Zhang,3 Gregory Collins,1 David Gaskin4 1School of Nurse Anesthesia, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA; 2School of Nursing, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA; 3Harris College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA; 4Republic Pain Specialists, Physicians Centre Hospital, Bryan, TX, USACorrespondence: Vaughna Galvin, School of Nurse Anesthesia, Annie Richardson Bass Building, 2800 West Bowie Street, Suite 3101, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA, Tel +1 817-257-7887, Fax +1 817-257-5472, Email V.B.GALVIN@tcu.eduAbstract: One hundred ninety-five patients presenting with post-COVID symptomology, including parosmia and dysgeusia, underwent reversible stellate ganglion blockade. Stellate ganglion blockade was performed at an outpatient facility, and patients were evaluated via survey at seven days post-injection. Of the 195 participants, ages ranged from 18– 69 years of age with the breakdown of sexes being females n = 157 and males n = 38. The most significant finding was a reported improvement in olfaction post-injection in 87.4% of subjects. The effectiveness of this novel treatment for post-COVID is promising and warrants further investigation.Keywords: cervical sympathetic block, COVID, parosmia, dysgeusia, dysautonomia

Published
2023

4. DRUG TRAFFICKING IN WEST AFRICA BORDERLANDS: FROM GOLD COAST TO COKE COAST

Author

Collins G. Adeyanju

Subjects
drug trafficking, west africa, political and economic stability, maritime policy coordination, state failure, cocaine, Political theory, JC11-607, Law
Abstract

Drug trafficking has become the new threat to the economic and political stability of the West Africa sub-region; by virtue of its new toga as the new transit hub for drug trafficking. 80% and 13% of seizures in cocaine transhipment annually of 60 – 250 tons to Europe and globally respectively, passes the West African maritime borderlands/coast. The informal economy based on drugs has replaces over $400 million contribution to the region’s GDP from fishing. The impacts of drug trafficking had had a long negative toll on the institutions of the states and state-building infrastructure in the region. Besides, intra-states conflicts, drug money and activities had exacerbated state failure in the region; notably in Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Guinea, etc. The West African Coast Initiative is making crawling impacts. Although, still in its pilot phase, it had enhanced coordination of intelligence in the region on drug trafficking and organized crime. However, it is still short of fundamentally addressing obvious policy gap, due to its lack of clear focus; plus, being only operational in just five West African states. This paper identified absence of comprehensive maritime coordination policy against drug trafficking in West Africa as the bane of the surge. Therefore, a tripartite approach, based on state, regional and global levels policy restructuring in the region is required.

Published
2020

5. THE MASS MEDIA AND VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Author

Collins G. Adeyanju

Subjects
mass media, violent conflicts, content framing, hate speech, Political theory, JC11-607, Law
Abstract

Mass media have been a critical weapon of warfare since the cold war, and even more recently, the powerful intrusion of the new media: transformed the landscape in terms of reach and influence. Its role can be both constructive and deconstructive. The Rwanda genocide, armed violence in Nigeria and Kenya, and Balkan wars has questioned its roles, powers and ethical responsibilities in violent conflict circumstances. In these cases the mass media played a poisonous role. Although establishing a causal relationship between mass media and framing of opinion, emotion and beliefs that steams violent conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa is neither linear nor clear. However, this paper underscores mass media's compelling influence on how perception in fragile armed conflict environment of Africa is developed. It is not only used as an effective propaganda machine for promoting regime defense, building resistant movement, but also transforming the political actor's parochial interest into people's interest.

Published
2019

6. Physical properties of asteroid Dimorphos as derived from the DART impact

Author

Raducan, S. D., Jutzi, M., Cheng, A. F., Zhang, Y., Barnouin, O., Collins, G. S., Daly, R. T., Davison, T. M., Ernst, C. M., Farnham, T. L., Ferrari, F., Hirabayashi, M., Kumamoto, K. M., Michel, P., Murdoch, N., Nakano, R., Pajola, M., Rossi, A., Agrusa, H. F., Barbee, B. W., Syal, M. Bruck, Chabot, N. L., Dotto, E., Fahnestock, E. G., Hasselmann, P. H., Herreros, I., Ivanovski, S., Li, J. -Y., Lucchetti, A., Luther, R., Ormö, J., Owen, M., Pravec, P., Rivkin, A. S., Robin, C. Q., Sánchez, P., Tusberti, F., Wünnemann, K., Zinzi, A., Epifani, E. Mazzotta, Manzoni, C., and May, B. H.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

On September 26, 2022, NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission successfully impacted Dimorphos, the natural satellite of the binary near-Earth asteroid (65803) Didymos. Numerical simulations of the impact provide a means to explore target surface material properties and structures, consistent with the observed momentum deflection efficiency, ejecta cone geometry, and ejected mass. Our simulation, which best matches observations, indicates that Dimorphos is weak, with a cohesive strength of less than a few pascals (Pa), similar to asteroids (162173) Ryugu and (101955) Bennu. We find that a bulk density of Dimorphos, rhoB, lower than 2400 kg/m3, and a low volume fraction of boulders (<40 vol%) on the surface and in the shallow subsurface, are consistent with measured data from the DART experiment. These findings suggest Dimorphos is a rubble pile that might have formed through rotational mass shedding and re-accumulation from Didymos. Our simulations indicate that the DART impact caused global deformation and resurfacing of Dimorphos. ESA's upcoming Hera mission may find a re-shaped asteroid, rather than a well-defined crater.

Published
2024
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7. THE MASS MEDIA AND VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Author

Collins G. Adeyanju

Subjects
mass media, violent conflicts, content framing, hate speech, Political theory, JC11-607, Law
Abstract

Mass media have been a critical weapon of warfare since the cold war, and even more recently, the powerful intrusion of the new media: transformed the landscape in terms of reach and influence. Its role can be both constructive and deconstructive. The Rwanda genocide, armed violence in Nigeria and Kenya, and the Balkan wars has questioned its roles, powers, and ethical responsibilities in violent conflict circumstances. In these cases, the mass media played a poisonous role. Although establishing a causal relationship between mass media and framing of opinion, emotion, and beliefs that steams violent conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa is neither linear nor clear. However, this paper underscores the mass media’s compelling influence on how perception in the fragile armed conflict environment of Africa is developed. It is not only used as an effective propaganda machine for promoting regime defense, building resistant movement, but also transforming the political actor’s parochial interest in people’s interest.

Published
2020

8. THE GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AS AN INSTRUMENT OF WARFARE IN ARMED CONFLICTS

Author

Collins G. Adeyanju

Subjects
Gender-Based Violence, Boko Haram, Women, Girls Abduction, Armed Conflict, Human Shield, Political theory, JC11-607, Law
Abstract

The gender-based violence in recent times has become an integral part of the on-going Boko Haram Insurgency in North-East Nigeria. Since the full-scale declaration of combat between the Nigerian state and the insurgent group, the asymmetrical tactics of the group have been evolving, based on its capabilities. The recent spike in the targeted raid and attack on female schools, markets, and female institutions purposely for abduction and kidnapping of women and girls indicated this assertion. Due to the depletion of its fighters and loss of territories, there is a surge in mass deployment of ‘women and young girls’ as material instruments of warfare: fighters, suicide bombers, human shields, bargaining tools, sex slaves, informants, and so on. This article appraises the gender push-pull factors responsible, motivation behind the current behavior, and proffers some policy guidance.

Published
2020
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9. Prediction of financial strength ratings using machine learning and conventional techniques

Author

Hussein A. Abdou, Wael M. Abdallah, James Mulkeen, Collins G. Ntim, and Yan Wang

Subjects
Capital Intelligence, conventional techniques, FSR group membership, machine learning techniques, Middle East, Finance, HG1-9999
Abstract

Financial strength ratings (FSRs) have become more significant particularly since the recent financial crisis of 2007–2009 where rating agencies failed to forecast defaults and the downgrade of some banks. The aim of this paper is to predict Capital Intelligence banks’ financial strength ratings (FSRs) group membership using machine learning and conventional techniques. Here the authors use five different statistical techniques, namely CHAID, CART, multilayer-perceptron neural networks, discriminant analysis and logistic regression. They also use three different evaluation criteria namely average correct classification rate, misclassification cost and gains charts. The data are collected from Bankscope database for the Middle Eastern commercial banks by reference to the first decade of the 21st century. The findings show that when predicting bank FSRs during the period 2007–2009, discriminant analysis is surprisingly superior to all other techniques used in this paper. When only machine learning techniques are used, CHAID outperform other techniques. In addition, the findings highlight that when a random sample is used to predict bank FSRs, CART outperform all other techniques. The evaluation criteria have confirmed the findings and both CART and discriminant analysis are superior to other techniques in predicting bank FSRs. This has implications for Middle Eastern banks, as the authors would suggest that improving their bank FSR can improve their presence in the market.

Published
2017
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10. Phase transitions of Fe$_2$O$_3$ under laser shock compression

Author

Amouretti, A., Crépisson, C., Azadi, S., Cabaret, D., Campbell, T., Chin, D. A., Colin, B., Collins, G. R., Crandall, L., Fiquet, G., Forte, A., Gawne, T., Guyot, F., Heighway, P., Lee, H., McGonegle, D., Nagler, B., Pintor, J., Polsin, D., Rousse, G., Shi, Y., Smith, E., Wark, J. S., Vinko, S. M., and Harmand, M.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

We present in-situ x-ray diffraction and velocity measurements of Fe$_2$O$_3$ under laser shock compression at pressures between 38-116 GPa. None of the phases reported by static compression studies were observed. Instead, we observed an isostructural phase transition from $\alpha$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ to a new $\alpha^\prime$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ phase at a pressure of 50-62 GPa. The $\alpha^\prime$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ phase differs from $\alpha$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ by an 11% volume drop and a different unit cell compressibility. We further observed a two-wave structure in the velocity profile, which can be related to an intermediate regime where both $\alpha$ and $\alpha^\prime$ phases coexist. Density functional theory calculations with a Hubbard parameter indicate that the observed unit cell volume drop can be associated with a spin transition following a magnetic collapse., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures

Published
2024

11. Joule-Class Pulsed THz Sources from Microchannel Targets

Author

Bruhaug, G., Rinderknecht, H. G., Weichman, K., VanDusen-Gross, M., Palastro, J. P., Wei, M. S., Regan, S. P., E, Y., Garriga, K., Zhang, X. -C., Collins, G. W., and Rygg, J. R.

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

Inference of joule-class THz radiation sources from microchannel targets driven with hundreds of joule, picosecond lasers is reported. THz sources of this magnitude are useful for nonlinear pumping of matter and for charged-particle acceleration and manipulation. Microchannel targets demonstrate increased laser-THz conversion efficiency compared to planar foil targets, with laser energy to THz energy conversion up to approximately 0.9% in the best cases., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures

Published
2023
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12. Multi-Messenger Measurements of the Static Structure of Shock-Compressed Liquid Silicon at 100 GPa

Author

Poole, H., Ginnane, M. K., Millot, M., Collins, G. W., Hu, S. X., Polsin, D., Saha, R., Topp-Mugglestone, J., White, T. G., Chapman, D. A., Rygg, J. R., Regan, S. P., and Gregori, G.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Ionic structure of high pressure, high temperature fluids is a challenging theoretical problem with applications to planetary interiors and fusion capsules. Here we report a multi-messenger platform using velocimetry and \textit{in situ} angularly and spectrally resolved X-ray scattering to measure the thermodynamic conditions and ion structure factor of materials at extreme pressures. We document the pressure, density, and temperature of shocked silicon near 100 GPa with uncertainties of 6%, 2%, and 20%, respectively. The measurements are sufficient to distinguish between and rule out some ion screening models., Comment: Main Paper: 5 pages, 4 figures. Supplementary Material: 9 pages, 8 figures

Published
2023
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15. Diversity of new Martian crater clusters informs meteoroid atmospheric interactions

Author

Neidhart, T., Sansom, E. K., Miljković, K., Collins, G. S., Eschenfelder, J., and Daubar, I. J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We investigated 634 crater clusters on Mars detected between 2007 and 2021, which represent more than half of all impacts discovered in this period. Crater clusters form when meteoroids in the 10 kg to 10 ton mass range break-up in Mars' atmosphere to produce a few to a few hundred fragments that hit the ground. The properties of the clusters can inform our understanding of meteoroid properties and the processes that govern their fragmentation. We mapped individual craters $>$1 m within each cluster and defined a range of cluster properties based on the spatial and size distributions of the craters. The large data set, with over eight times more cluster observations than previous work, provides a more robust statistical investigation of crater cluster parameters and their correlations. Trends in size, dispersion and large crater fraction with elevation support weak atmospheric filtering of material. The diversity in the number of individual craters within a cluster, and their size-frequency distributions, may reflect either a diversity in fragmentation style, fragility or internal particle sizes., Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures at the end

Published
2023
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16. Development of a hardened THz energy meter for use on the kilojoule-scale, short-pulse OMEGA EP laser

Author

Bruhaug, G., Rinderknecht, H. G., E, Y., Wei, M. S., Brannon, R. B., Guy, D., Peck, R. G., Landis, N., Brent, G., Fairbanks, R., McAtee, C., Walker, T., Buczek, T., Krieger, M., Romanofsky, M. H., Mileham, C., Francis, K. G., Zhang, X. C., Collins, G. W., and Rygg, J. R.

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

A highly adaptable and robust THz energy meter has been designed and implemented to detect energetic THz pulses from high intensity (greater than 1E18 watts per square centimeter) laser plasma interactions on OMEGA EP. THz radiation from the laser driven target is detected by a shielded pyrometer. A second identical pyrometer is used for background subtraction. The detector can be configured to detect THz pulses in the 1 mm to 30 microns (0.3 to 10 THz) range and pulse energies from joules to microjoules via changes in filtration, aperture size and position. Additional polarization selective filtration can also be used to determine THz pulse polarization. The design incorporates significant radiation and EMP shielding to survive and operate within the OMEGA EP radiation environment. We describe the design, operational principle, calibration and testing of the THz energy meter. The pyrometers were calibrated using a benchtop laser and show linear sensitivity up to 1000 nJ of absorbed energy. Initial results from four OMEGA EP THz experiments detected up to 15 microjoules at the detector, which can correspond to 100s of mJ depending on THz emission and reflection models.

Published
2022
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17. Single-Shot Electron Radiography Using a Laser-Plasma Accelerator

Author

Bruhaug, G., Freeman, M. S., Rinderknecht, H. G., Neukirch, L. P., Wilde, C. H., Merrill, F. E, Rygg, J. R., Wei, M. S., Collins, G. W., and Shaw, J. L.

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

Contact and projection electron radiography of static targets was demonstrated using a laser plasma accelerator driven by a kilojoule, picosecond class laser as a source of relativistic electrons with an average energy of 20 MeV. Objects with areal densities as high as 7.7 g/cm^2 were probed in materials ranging from plastic to tungsten, and radiographs with resolution as good as 90 micrometers were produced. The effects of electric fields produced by the laser ablation of the radiography objects were observed and are well described by an analytic expression relating imaging magnification change to electric field strength.

Published
2022

18. Complex crater formation by oblique impacts on the Earth and Moon

Author

Davison, T. M. and Collins, G. S.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Almost all meteorite impacts occur at oblique incidence angles, but the effect of impact angle on crater size is not well understood, especially for large craters. To improve oblique impact crater scaling, we present a suite of simulations of complex crater formation on Earth and the Moon over a range of impact angles, velocities and impactor sizes. We show that crater diameter is larger than predicted by existing scaling relationships for oblique impacts and for impacts steeper than 45$^{\circ}$ shows little dependence on obliquity. Crater depth, volume and diameter depend on impact angle in different ways such that relatively shallower craters are formed by more oblique impacts. Our simulation results have implications for how crater populations are determined from impactor populations and vice-versa. Our results suggest that existing approaches to account for impact obliquity may underestimate the number of craters larger than a given size by as much as 40%., Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Geophysical Research Letters

Published
2022
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19. An electron-beam based Compton scattering x-ray source for probing high-energy-density physics

Author

Rinderknecht, H. G., Bruhaug, G., Muşat, V., Gregori, G., Poole, H., and Collins, G. W.

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

The physics basis for an electron-beam based Compton scattering (ECOS) x-ray source is investigated for single-shot experiments at major high energy density facilities such as the Omega Laser Facility, National Ignition Facility, and Z pulsed power facility. A source of monoenergetic ($\delta\epsilon/\epsilon < 5\%$) 10- to 50-keV x rays can be produced by scattering of a short-pulse optical laser by a 23- to 53-MeV electron beam and collimating the scattered photons. The number and spectrum of scattered photons is calculated as a function of electron packet charge, electron and laser pulse duration, laser intensity, and collision geometry. A source with greater than 10$^{10}$ photons in a 1-mm radius spot at the OMEGA target chamber center and 100-ps time resolution is plausible with the available electron gun and laser technology. Design requirements for diffraction, inelastic scattering and imaging experiments as well as opportunities for improved performance are discussed., Comment: 38 pages, 10 figures. To be submitted to Physical Review Accelerators and Beams

Published
2022
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20. Influence of the projectile geometry on the momentum transfer from a kinetic impactor and implications for the DART mission

Author

Raducan, S. D., Jutzi, M., Davison, T. M., DeCoster, M. E., Graninger, D. M., Owen, J. M., Stickle, A. M., and Collins, G. S.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The DART spacecraft will impact Didymos's secondary, Dimorphos, at the end of 2022 and cause a change in the orbital period of the secondary. For simplicity, most previous numerical simulations of the impact used a spherical projectile geometry to model the DART spacecraft. To investigate the effects of alternative, simple projectile geometries on the DART impact outcome we used the iSALE shock physics code in two and thee-dimensions to model vertical impacts of projectiles with a mass and speed equivalent to the nominal DART impact, into porous basalt targets. We found that the simple projectile geometries investigated here have minimal effects on the crater morphology and momentum enhancement. Projectile geometries modelled in two-dimensions that have similar surface areas at the point of impact, affect the crater radius and the crater volume by less than 5%. In the case of a more extreme projectile geometry (i.e., a rod, modelled in three-dimensions), the crater was elliptical and 50% shallower compared to the crater produced by a spherical projectile of the same momentum. The momentum enhancement factor in these test cases, commonly referred to as beta, was within 7% for the 2D simulations and within 10% for the 3D simulations, of the value obtained for a uniform spherical projectile. The most prominent effects of projectile geometry are seen in the ejection velocity as a function of launch position and ejection angle of the fast ejecta that resides in the so-called `coupling zone'. These results will inform the LICIACube ejecta cone analysis.

Published
2022
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21. Multi-omics for studying and understanding polar life

Author

Clark, M. S., Hoffman, J. I., Peck, L. S., Bargelloni, L., Gande, D., Havermans, C., Meyer, B., Patarnello, T., Phillips, T., Stoof-Leichsenring, K. R., Vendrami, D. L. J., Beck, A., Collins, G., Friedrich, M. W., Halanych, K. M., Masello, J. F., Nagel, R., Norén, K., Printzen, C., Ruiz, M. B., Wohlrab, S., Becker, B., Dumack, K., Ghaderiardakani, F., Glaser, K., Heesch, S., Held, C., John, U., Karsten, U., Kempf, S., Lucassen, M., Paijmans, A., Schimani, K., Wallberg, A., Wunder, L. C., and Mock, T.

Published
2023
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24. Ejecta distribution and momentum transfer from oblique impacts on asteroid surfaces

Author

Raducan, S. D., Davison, T. M., and Collins, G. S.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission will impact its target asteroid, Dimorphos, at an oblique angle that will not be known prior to the impact. We computed iSALE-3D simulations of DART-like impacts on asteroid surfaces at different impact angles and found that the the vertical momentum transfer efficiency, $\beta$, is similar for different impact angles, however, the imparted momentum is reduced as the impact angle decreases. It is expected that the momentum imparted from a 45$^\circ$ impact is reduced by up to 50\% compared to a vertical impact. The direction of the ejected momentum is not normal to the surface, however it is observed to `straighten up' with crater growth. iSALE-2D simulations of vertical impacts provide context for the iSALE-3D simulation results and show that the ejection angle varies with both target properties and with crater growth. While the ejection angle is relatively insensitive to the target porosity, it varies by up to 30$^\circ$ with target coefficient of internal friction. The simulation results presented in this paper can help constrain target properties from the DART crater ejecta cone, which will be imaged by the LICIACube. The results presented here represent the basis for an empirical scaling relationship for oblique impacts and can be used as a framework to determine an analytical approximation of the vertical component of the ejecta momentum, $\beta-1$, given known target properties.

Published
2021
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25. Multiscale modelling of de novo anaerobic granulation

Author

Tenore, A., Russo, F., Mattei, M. R., D'Acunto, B., Collins, G., and Frunzo, L.

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution, Physics - Biological Physics, 92D25, 35R35, 35Lxx
Abstract

A multiscale mathematical model is presented to describe the de novo granulation and the evolution of multispecies granular biofilms within a continuous reactor. The granule is modelled as a spherical free boundary domain with radial symmetry. The equation which governs the free boundary is derived from global mass balance considerations and takes into account the growth of sessile biomass and the exchange fluxes with the bulk liquid. Starting from a vanishing initial value, the expansion of the free boundary is initiated by the attachment process, which depends on the microbial species concentrations within the bulk liquid and their specific attachment velocity. Nonlinear hyperbolic PDEs model the growth of the sessile microbial species, while quasi-linear parabolic PDEs govern the dynamics of substrates and invading species within the granular biofilm. Nonlinear ODEs govern the evolution of soluble substrates and planktonic biomass within the bulk liquid. The model is applied to an anaerobic granular-based system and solved numerically to test its qualitative behaviour and explore the main aspects of de novo anaerobic granulation: ecology, biomass distribution, relative abundance, dimensional evolution of the granules and soluble substrates and planktonic biomass dynamics within the reactor. The numerical results confirm that the model accurately describes the ecology and the concentrically-layered structure of anaerobic granules observed experimentally, and is able to predict the effects of some significant factors, such as influent wastewater composition, granulation properties of planktonic biomass, biomass density and hydrodynamic and shear stress conditions, on the process performance., Comment: 41 pages, 21 figures, preprint version

Published
2021
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26. A Global Fireball Observatory

Author

Devillepoix, H. A. R., Cupák, M., Bland, P. A., Sansom, E. K., Towner, M. C., Howie, R. M., Hartig, B. A. D., Jansen-Sturgeon, T., Shober, P. M., Anderson, S. L., Benedix, G. K., Busan, D., Sayers, R., Jenniskens, P., Albers, J., Herd, C. D. K., Hill, P. J. A., Brown, P. G., Krzeminski, Z., Osinski, G. R., Aoudjehane, H. Chennaoui, Benkhaldoun, Z., Jabiri, A., Guennoun, M., Barka, A., Darhmaoui, H., Daly, L., Collins, G. S., McMullan, S., Suttle, M. D., Ireland, T., Bonning, G., Baeza, L., Alrefay, T. Y., Horner, J., Swindle, T. D., Hergenrother, C. W., Fries, M. D., Tomkins, A., Langendam, A., Rushmer, T., O'Neill, C., Janches, D., Hormaechea, J. L., Shaw, C., Young, J. S., Alexander, M., Mardon, A. D., and Tate, J. R.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The world's meteorite collections contain a very rich picture of what the early Solar System would have been made of, however the lack of spatial context with respect to their parent population for these samples is an issue. The asteroid population is equally as rich in surface mineralogies, and mapping these two populations (meteorites and asteroids) together is a major challenge for planetary science. Directly probing asteroids achieves this at a high cost. Observing meteorite falls and calculating their pre-atmospheric orbit on the other hand, is a cheaper way to approach the problem. The Global Fireball Observatory (GFO) collaboration was established in 2017 and brings together multiple institutions (from Australia, USA, Canada, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, the UK, and Argentina) to maximise the area for fireball observation time and therefore meteorite recoveries. The members have a choice to operate independently, but they can also choose to work in a fully collaborative manner with other GFO partners. This efficient approach leverages the experience gained from the Desert Fireball Network (DFN) pathfinder project in Australia. The state-of-the art technology (DFN camera systems and data reduction) and experience of the support teams is shared between all partners, freeing up time for science investigations and meteorite searching. With all networks combined together, the GFO collaboration already covers 0.6% of the Earth's surface for meteorite recovery as of mid-2019, and aims to reach 2% in the early 2020s. We estimate that after 5 years of operation, the GFO will have observed a fireball from virtually every meteorite type. This combined effort will bring new, fresh, extra-terrestrial material to the labs, yielding new insights about the formation of the Solar System., Comment: Accepted in PSS. 19 pages, 9 figures

Published
2020
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27. Archaeology, museums and the communication of climate change

Author

Collins, G. C. J., Hurcombe, L., and Sykes, N.

Subjects
930.1, Climate change communication, Public archaeology, Role of museums, Museum learning, Structured interviews
Abstract

Climate change is widely acknowledged to be one of the most pressing issues of our time. The effects of the current climate crisis will impact on all areas of society. Museums, as trusted public institutions and sites of learning and inspiration, are starting to address their role in the effective communication of climate change. With their multi-disciplinary collections and expertise, museums have the resources to engage audiences with the causes and results of climate change in ways that are positive and affirming, in the face of the frequently negative and frightening narratives in the media. Museum archaeology has so far received little attention in the growing discourse around museums as climate change communicators. This study seeks to investigate the potential for an archaeological voice to be heard in climate change engagement in museums. The connections between archaeology and climate change are explored, in the context of human response to environmental change both in the past and today. Museums as sites for the communication and creation of archaeological knowledge are examined, along with a consideration of the visitor experience, museum objects and constructivist learning in the museum. The qualities that make museums appropriate places for climate change communication are analysed, as well as the constraints they face. Examples of climate change initiatives in museums are outlined. Using data gathered from structured interviews with museum practitioners, and empirical observations made at selected museums, reflections and suggestions are offered on the opportunities that exist for museums to create climate change engagement involving archaeological objects and ideas. Archaeology by its nature demonstrates resilience, adaptation and survival. This study concludes that by bringing a human element to ‘difficult’ science, along with a wealth of stories, archaeology has a unique contribution to make in museum narratives of climate change.

Published
2020

30. Breakdown of Fermi degeneracy in the simplest liquid metal

Author

Zaghoo, M., Boehly, T. R., Rygg, J. R., Celliers, P. M., Hu, S. X., and Collins, G. W.

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

We are reporting the observation of the breakdown of electrons degeneracy and emergence of classical statistics in the simplest element: metallic deuterium. We have studied the optical reflectance, shock velocity and temperature of dynamically compressed liquid deuterium up to its Fermi temperature, TF. Above the insulator-metal transition, the optical reflectance shows the distinctive temperature-independent resistivity saturation, which is prescribed by Mott minimum metallic limit, in agreement with previous experiments. At T > 0.4 TF, however, the reflectance of metallic deuterium starts to rise with a temperature-dependent slope, consistent with the breakdown of the Fermi surface. The experimentally inferred collisional time in this region exhibits the characteristic temperature dependence expected for classical Landau-Spitzer plasma. Our observation of electron degeneracy lifting extends studies of degeneracy to new fermionic species, electron Fermi systems and offers an invaluable benchmark for quantum statistical models of Coulomb systems over a wide range of temperatures relevant to dense astrophysical objects and ignition physics., Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures Accepted in PRL

Published
2019
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31. Shock compression experiments using the DiPOLE 100-X laser on the high energy density instrument at the European x-ray free electron laser: Quantitative structural analysis of liquid Sn

Author

Gorman, M, Mcgonegle, D, Smith, R, Singh, S, Jenkins, T, Mcwilliams, R, Albertazzi, B, Ali, S, Antonelli, L, Armstrong, M, Baehtz, C, Ball, O, Banerjee, S, Belonoshko, A, Benuzzi-Mounaix, A, Bolme, C, Bouffetier, V, Briggs, R, Buakor, K, Butcher, T, Di Dio Cafiso, S, Cerantola, V, Chantel, J, Di Cicco, A, Clarke, S, Coleman, A, Collier, J, Collins, G, Comley, A, Coppari, F, Cowan, T, Cristoforetti, G, Cynn, H, Descamps, A, Dorchies, F, Duff, M, Dwivedi, A, Edwards, C, Eggert, J, Errandonea, D, Fiquet, G, Galtier, E, Laso Garcia, A, Ginestet, H, Gizzi, L, Gleason, A, Goede, S, Gonzalez, J, Harmand, M, Hartley, N, Heighway, P, Hernandez-Gomez, C, Higginbotham, A, Höppner, H, Husband, R, Hutchinson, T, Hwang, H, Lazicki, A, Keen, D, Kim, J, Koester, P, Konopkova, Z, Kraus, D, Krygier, A, Labate, L, Lee, Y, Liermann, H, Mason, P, Masruri, M, Massani, B, Mcbride, E, Mcguire, C, Mchardy, J, Merkel, S, Morard, G, Nagler, B, Nakatsutsumi, M, Nguyen-Cong, K, Norton, A, Oleynik, I, Otzen, C, Ozaki, N, Pandolfi, S, Peake, D, Pelka, A, Pereira, K, Phillips, J, Prescher, C, Preston, T, Randolph, L, Ranjan, D, Ravasio, A, Redmer, R, Rips, J, Santamaria-Perez, D, Savage, D, Schoelmerich, M, Schwinkendorf, J, Smith, J, Sollier, A, Spear, J, Spindloe, C, Stevenson, M, Strohm, C, Suer, T, Tang, M, Toncian, M, Toncian, T, Tracy, S, Trapananti, A, Tschentscher, T, Tyldesley, M, Vennari, C, Vinci, T, Vogel, S, Volz, T, Vorberger, J, Walsh, J, Wark, J, Willman, J, Wollenweber, L, Zastrau, U, Brambrink, E, Appel, K, Mcmahon, M, Gorman, M. G., McGonegle, D., Smith, R. F., Singh, S., Jenkins, T., McWilliams, R. S., Albertazzi, B., Ali, S. J., Antonelli, L., Armstrong, M. R., Baehtz, C., Ball, O. B., Banerjee, S., Belonoshko, A. B., Benuzzi-Mounaix, A., Bolme, C. A., Bouffetier, V., Briggs, R., Buakor, K., Butcher, T., Di Dio Cafiso, S., Cerantola, V., Chantel, J., Di Cicco, A., Clarke, S., Coleman, A. L., Collier, J., Collins, G. W., Comley, A. J., Coppari, F., Cowan, T. E., Cristoforetti, G., Cynn, H., Descamps, A., Dorchies, F., Duff, M. J., Dwivedi, A., Edwards, C., Eggert, J. H., Errandonea, D., Fiquet, G., Galtier, E., Laso Garcia, A., Ginestet, H., Gizzi, L., Gleason, A., Goede, S., Gonzalez, J. M., Harmand, M., Hartley, N. J., Heighway, P. G., Hernandez-Gomez, C., Higginbotham, A., Höppner, H., Husband, R. J., Hutchinson, T. M., Hwang, H., Lazicki, A. E., Keen, D. A., Kim, J., Koester, P., Konopkova, Z., Kraus, D., Krygier, A., Labate, L., Lee, Y., Liermann, H. -P., Mason, P., Masruri, M., Massani, B., McBride, E. E., McGuire, C., McHardy, J. D., Merkel, S., Morard, G., Nagler, B., Nakatsutsumi, M., Nguyen-Cong, K., Norton, A. -M., Oleynik, I. I., Otzen, C., Ozaki, N., Pandolfi, S., Peake, D. J., Pelka, A., Pereira, K. A., Phillips, J. P., Prescher, C., Preston, T. R., Randolph, L., Ranjan, D., Ravasio, A., Redmer, R., Rips, J., Santamaria-Perez, D., Savage, D. J., Schoelmerich, M., Schwinkendorf, J. -P., Smith, J., Sollier, A., Spear, J., Spindloe, C., Stevenson, M., Strohm, C., Suer, T. -A., Tang, M., Toncian, M., Toncian, T., Tracy, S. J., Trapananti, A., Tschentscher, T., Tyldesley, M., Vennari, C. E., Vinci, T., Vogel, S. C., Volz, T. J., Vorberger, J., Walsh, J. P. S., Wark, J. S., Willman, J. T., Wollenweber, L., Zastrau, U., Brambrink, E., Appel, K., McMahon, M. I., Gorman, M, Mcgonegle, D, Smith, R, Singh, S, Jenkins, T, Mcwilliams, R, Albertazzi, B, Ali, S, Antonelli, L, Armstrong, M, Baehtz, C, Ball, O, Banerjee, S, Belonoshko, A, Benuzzi-Mounaix, A, Bolme, C, Bouffetier, V, Briggs, R, Buakor, K, Butcher, T, Di Dio Cafiso, S, Cerantola, V, Chantel, J, Di Cicco, A, Clarke, S, Coleman, A, Collier, J, Collins, G, Comley, A, Coppari, F, Cowan, T, Cristoforetti, G, Cynn, H, Descamps, A, Dorchies, F, Duff, M, Dwivedi, A, Edwards, C, Eggert, J, Errandonea, D, Fiquet, G, Galtier, E, Laso Garcia, A, Ginestet, H, Gizzi, L, Gleason, A, Goede, S, Gonzalez, J, Harmand, M, Hartley, N, Heighway, P, Hernandez-Gomez, C, Higginbotham, A, Höppner, H, Husband, R, Hutchinson, T, Hwang, H, Lazicki, A, Keen, D, Kim, J, Koester, P, Konopkova, Z, Kraus, D, Krygier, A, Labate, L, Lee, Y, Liermann, H, Mason, P, Masruri, M, Massani, B, Mcbride, E, Mcguire, C, Mchardy, J, Merkel, S, Morard, G, Nagler, B, Nakatsutsumi, M, Nguyen-Cong, K, Norton, A, Oleynik, I, Otzen, C, Ozaki, N, Pandolfi, S, Peake, D, Pelka, A, Pereira, K, Phillips, J, Prescher, C, Preston, T, Randolph, L, Ranjan, D, Ravasio, A, Redmer, R, Rips, J, Santamaria-Perez, D, Savage, D, Schoelmerich, M, Schwinkendorf, J, Smith, J, Sollier, A, Spear, J, Spindloe, C, Stevenson, M, Strohm, C, Suer, T, Tang, M, Toncian, M, Toncian, T, Tracy, S, Trapananti, A, Tschentscher, T, Tyldesley, M, Vennari, C, Vinci, T, Vogel, S, Volz, T, Vorberger, J, Walsh, J, Wark, J, Willman, J, Wollenweber, L, Zastrau, U, Brambrink, E, Appel, K, Mcmahon, M, Gorman, M. G., McGonegle, D., Smith, R. F., Singh, S., Jenkins, T., McWilliams, R. S., Albertazzi, B., Ali, S. J., Antonelli, L., Armstrong, M. R., Baehtz, C., Ball, O. B., Banerjee, S., Belonoshko, A. B., Benuzzi-Mounaix, A., Bolme, C. A., Bouffetier, V., Briggs, R., Buakor, K., Butcher, T., Di Dio Cafiso, S., Cerantola, V., Chantel, J., Di Cicco, A., Clarke, S., Coleman, A. L., Collier, J., Collins, G. W., Comley, A. J., Coppari, F., Cowan, T. E., Cristoforetti, G., Cynn, H., Descamps, A., Dorchies, F., Duff, M. J., Dwivedi, A., Edwards, C., Eggert, J. H., Errandonea, D., Fiquet, G., Galtier, E., Laso Garcia, A., Ginestet, H., Gizzi, L., Gleason, A., Goede, S., Gonzalez, J. M., Harmand, M., Hartley, N. J., Heighway, P. G., Hernandez-Gomez, C., Higginbotham, A., Höppner, H., Husband, R. J., Hutchinson, T. M., Hwang, H., Lazicki, A. E., Keen, D. A., Kim, J., Koester, P., Konopkova, Z., Kraus, D., Krygier, A., Labate, L., Lee, Y., Liermann, H. -P., Mason, P., Masruri, M., Massani, B., McBride, E. E., McGuire, C., McHardy, J. D., Merkel, S., Morard, G., Nagler, B., Nakatsutsumi, M., Nguyen-Cong, K., Norton, A. -M., Oleynik, I. I., Otzen, C., Ozaki, N., Pandolfi, S., Peake, D. J., Pelka, A., Pereira, K. A., Phillips, J. P., Prescher, C., Preston, T. R., Randolph, L., Ranjan, D., Ravasio, A., Redmer, R., Rips, J., Santamaria-Perez, D., Savage, D. J., Schoelmerich, M., Schwinkendorf, J. -P., Smith, J., Sollier, A., Spear, J., Spindloe, C., Stevenson, M., Strohm, C., Suer, T. -A., Tang, M., Toncian, M., Toncian, T., Tracy, S. J., Trapananti, A., Tschentscher, T., Tyldesley, M., Vennari, C. E., Vinci, T., Vogel, S. C., Volz, T. J., Vorberger, J., Walsh, J. P. S., Wark, J. S., Willman, J. T., Wollenweber, L., Zastrau, U., Brambrink, E., Appel, K., and McMahon, M. I.

Abstract

X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) sources coupled to high-power laser systems offer an avenue to study the structural dynamics of materials at extreme pressures and temperatures. The recent commissioning of the DiPOLE 100-X laser on the high energy density (HED) instrument at the European XFEL represents the state-of-the-art in combining x-ray diffraction with laser compression, allowing for compressed materials to be probed in unprecedented detail. Here, we report quantitative structural measurements of molten Sn compressed to 85(5) GPa and ∼ 3500 K. The capabilities of the HED instrument enable liquid density measurements with an uncertainty of ∼ 1 % at conditions which are extremely challenging to reach via static compression methods. We discuss best practices for conducting liquid diffraction dynamic compression experiments and the necessary intensity corrections which allow for accurate quantitative analysis. We also provide a polyimide ablation pressure vs input laser energy for the DiPOLE 100-X drive laser which will serve future users of the HED instrument.

Published
2024

32. Size and strength of self-excited dynamos in Jupiter-like extrasolar planets

Author

Zaghoo, Mohamed and Collins, G. W.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The magnetization of solar and extrasolar gas giants is critically dependent on electronic and mass transport coefficients of their convective fluid interiors. We analyze recent laboratory experimental results on metallic hydrogen to derive a new conductivity profile for the Jovian-like planets. We combine this revised conductivity with a polytropic-based thermodynamic equation of state to study the dynamo action in 100 extrasolar giant planets varying from synchronous hot jupiters to fast rotators, with masses ranging from 0.3MJ to 15MJ. We find conducting cores larger than previous estimates, but consistent with the results from Juno, suggesting that the dynamos in the more massive planets might be shallow-seated. Our results reveal that most extrasolar giants are expected to possess dipole surface magnetic fields in the range of 0.1-10 Gauss. Assuming radio emission processes similar to our solar giants, most characterized planets should emit radiation with a maximum cyclotron frequency between few and 30 MHz, lower than previous estimates. Our work places new bounds on the observational detectability of extrasolar magnetic fields., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures

Published
2018
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33. Multimessenger measurements of the static structure of shock-compressed liquid silicon at 100 GPa

Author

Poole, H., primary, Ginnane, M. K., additional, Millot, M., additional, Bellenbaum, H. M., additional, Collins, G. W., additional, Hu, S. X., additional, Polsin, D., additional, Saha, R., additional, Topp-Mugglestone, J., additional, White, T. G., additional, Chapman, D. A., additional, Rygg, J. R., additional, Regan, S. P., additional, and Gregori, G., additional

Published
2024
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38. Planned Geological Investigations of the Europa Clipper Mission

Author

Daubar, I. J., Hayes, A. G., Collins, G. C., Craft, K. L., Rathbun, J. A., Spencer, J. R., Wyrick, D. Y., Bland, M. T., Davies, A. G., Ernst, C. M., Howell, S. M., Leonard, E. J., McEwen, A. S., Moore, J. M., Phillips, C. B., Prockter, L. M., Quick, L. C., Scully, J. E. C., Soderblom, J. M., Brooks, S. M., Cable, M., Cameron, M. E., Chan, K., Chivers, C. J., Choukroun, M., Cochrane, C. J., Diniega, S., Dombard, A. J., Elder, C. M., Gerekos, C., Glein, C., Greathouse, T. K., Grima, C., Gudipati, M. S., Hand, K. P., Hansen, C., Hayne, P., Hedman, M., Hughson, K., Jia, X., Lawrence, J., Meyer, H. M., Miller, K., Parekh, R., Patterson, G. W., Persaud, D. M., Piqueux, S., Retherford, K. D., Scanlan, K. M., Schenk, P., Schmidt, B., Schroeder, D., Steinbrügge, G., Stern, A., Tobie, G., Withers, P., Young, D. A., Buratti, B., Korth, H., Senske, D., Pappalardo, R., Daubar, I. J., Hayes, A. G., Collins, G. C., Craft, K. L., Rathbun, J. A., Spencer, J. R., Wyrick, D. Y., Bland, M. T., Davies, A. G., Ernst, C. M., Howell, S. M., Leonard, E. J., McEwen, A. S., Moore, J. M., Phillips, C. B., Prockter, L. M., Quick, L. C., Scully, J. E. C., Soderblom, J. M., Brooks, S. M., Cable, M., Cameron, M. E., Chan, K., Chivers, C. J., Choukroun, M., Cochrane, C. J., Diniega, S., Dombard, A. J., Elder, C. M., Gerekos, C., Glein, C., Greathouse, T. K., Grima, C., Gudipati, M. S., Hand, K. P., Hansen, C., Hayne, P., Hedman, M., Hughson, K., Jia, X., Lawrence, J., Meyer, H. M., Miller, K., Parekh, R., Patterson, G. W., Persaud, D. M., Piqueux, S., Retherford, K. D., Scanlan, K. M., Schenk, P., Schmidt, B., Schroeder, D., Steinbrügge, G., Stern, A., Tobie, G., Withers, P., Young, D. A., Buratti, B., Korth, H., Senske, D., and Pappalardo, R.

Abstract

Geological investigations planned for the Europa Clipper mission will examine the formation, evolution, and expression of geomorphic structures found on the surface. Understanding geologic features, their formation, and any recent activity are key inputs in constraining Europa’s potential for habitability. In addition to providing information about the moon’s habitability, the geologic study of Europa is compelling in and of itself. Here we provide a high-level, cross-instrument, and cross-discipline overview of the geologic investigations planned within the Europa Clipper mission. Europa’s fascinating collection of ice-focused geology provides an unparalleled opportunity to investigate the dynamics of icy shells, ice-ocean exchange processes, and global-scale tectonic and tidal stresses. We present an overview of what is currently known about the geology of Europa, from global to local scales, highlighting outstanding issues and open questions, and detailing how the Europa Clipper mission will address them. We describe the mission’s strategy for searching for and characterizing current activity in the form of possible active plumes, thermal anomalies, evidence for surface changes, and extremely fresh surface exposures. The complementary and synergistic nature of the data sets from the various instruments and their integration will be key to significantly advancing our understanding of Europa’s geology.

Published
2024

39. Multimessenger measurements of the static structure of shock-compressed liquid silicon at 100 GPa

Author

Poole, H., Ginnane, M. K., Millot, M., (0009-0006-6530-1017) Bellenbaum, H., Collins, G. W., Hu, S. X., Polsin, D., Saha, R., Topp-Mugglestone, J., White, T. G., Chapman, D. A., Rygg, J. R., Regan, S. P., Gregori, G., Poole, H., Ginnane, M. K., Millot, M., (0009-0006-6530-1017) Bellenbaum, H., Collins, G. W., Hu, S. X., Polsin, D., Saha, R., Topp-Mugglestone, J., White, T. G., Chapman, D. A., Rygg, J. R., Regan, S. P., and Gregori, G.

Abstract

The ionic structure of high-pressure, high-temperature fluids is a challenging theoretical problem with applications to planetary interiors and fusion capsules. Here we report a multimessenger platform using velocimetry and in situ angularly and spectrally resolved x-ray scattering to measure the thermodynamic conditions and ion structure factor of materials at extreme pressures. We document the pressure, density, and temperature of shocked silicon near 100 GPa with uncertainties of 6%, 2%, and 20%, respectively. The measurements are sufficient to distinguish between and rule out some ion screening models.

Published
2024

40. Decoding the historical tale: COVID-19 impact on haematological malignancy patients—EPICOVIDEHA insights from 2020 to 2022

Author

Salmanton-Garcia, J., Marchesi, F., Farina, F., Weinbergerova, B., Itri, F., Davila-Valls, J., Martin-Perez, S., Glenthoj, A., Hersby, D. S., Gomes da Silva, M., Nunes Rodrigues, R., Lopez-Garcia, A., Cordoba, R., Bilgin, Y. M., Falces-Romero, I., El-Ashwah, S., Emarah, Z., Besson, C., Kohn, M., Van Doesum, J., Ammatuna, E., Marchetti, M., Labrador, J., Zambrotta, G. P. M., Verga, L., Jaksic, O., Nucci, M., Piukovics, K., Cabirta-Touzon, A., Jimenez, M., Arellano, E., Espigado, I., Blennow, O., Nordlander, A., Meers, S., van Praet, J., Aiello, T. F., Garcia-Vidal, C., Fracchiolla, N., Sciume, M., Seval, G. C., Zak, P., Buquicchio, C., Tascini, C., Grafe, S. K., Schonlein, M., Adzic-Vukicevic, T., Bonuomo, V., Cattaneo, C., Nizamuddin, S., Cernan, M., Plantefeve, G., Prin, R., Szotkovski, T., Collins, G. P., Dargenio, M., Petzer, V., Wolf, D., Colovic, N., Prezioso, L., Valkovic, T., Passamonti, F., Mendez, G. -A., Sili, U., Vena, A., Bavastro, M., Limongelli, A., Duarte, R. F., Ledoux, M. -P., Cvetanoski, M., Stojanoski, Z., Machado, M., Batinic, J., Magliano, G., Biernat, M. M., Pantic, N., Poulsen, C. B., Cuccaro, A., Del Principe, M. I., Kulasekararaj, A., Ormazabal-Velez, I., Busca, A., Demirkan, F., Ijaz, M., Klimko, N., Stoma, I., Khostelidi, S., Fernandez, N., Omrani, A. S., Bergantim, R., De Jonge, N., Fouquet, G., Navratil, M., Abu-Zeinah, G., Samarkos, M., Maertens, J., De Ramon, C., Guidetti, A., Magyari, F., Gonzalez-Lopez, T. J., Lahmer, T., Finizio, O., Ali, N., Pinczes, L. I., Lavilla-Rubira, E., Romano, A., Merelli, M., Delia, M., Calbacho, M., Meletiadis, J., Antic, D., Hernandez-Rivas, J. -A., Marques de Almeida, J., Al-Khabori, M., Hoenigl, M., Tisi, M. C., Khanna, N., Barac, A., Eisa, N., Di Blasi, R., Lievin, R., Miranda-Castillo, C., Bahr, N. C., Lamure, S., Papa, M. V., Yahya, A., Aujayeb, A., Novak, J., Erben, N., Fernandez-Galan, M., Ribera-Santa Susana, J. -M., Rinaldi, I., Fazzi, R., Piedimonte, M., Dulery, R., Gonzaga, Y., Soto-Silva, A., Sapienza, G., Serris, A., Drgona, Groh, A., Serrano, L., Gavriilaki, E., Tragiannidis, A., Prattes, J., Coppola, N., Otasevic, V., Mladenovic, M., Mitrovic, M., Miskovic, B., Jindra, P., Zompi, S., Sacchi, M. V., Krekeler, C., Infante, M. S., Garcia-Bordallo, D., Colak, G. M., Mayer, J., Nygaard, M., Hanakova, M., Racil, Z., Bonanni, Matteo, Koehler, P., Rahimli, L., Cornely, O. A., Pagano, Livio, Martin-Vallejo, F. J., Zdziarski, P., Zarrinfer, H., Wittig, J., Win, S., Wai-Man, V., Visek, B., Vinh, D. C., Vehreschild, M., Varricchio, G., Tsirigotis, P., Torres-Tienza, A., Tanase, A. D., Tafuri, A., Stamouli, M., Sramek, J., Soussain, C., Shirinova, A., Schubert, J., Schalk, E., Salehi, M. R., Saleh, M., Rosati, G., Roldan, E., Reizine, F., Rego, M., Regalado-Artamendi, I., Popova, M., Pinto, F., Philippe, L., Orth, H. M., Ommen, H. -B., Obr, A., Nunez-Martin-Buitrago, L., Noel, N., Neuhann, J., Nadali, G., Nacov, J. A., Munhoz Alburquerque, A. M., Mitra, M. E., Mikulska, M., Mellinghoff, S., Mechtel, B., Martin-Gonzalez, J. -A., Malak, S., Loureiro-Amigo, J., Lorenzo De La Pena, L., Liberti, G., Landau, M., Lacej, I., Kolditz, M., Kho, C. S., Khedr, R. A., Karthaus, M., Karlsson, L. K., Jimenez-Lorenzo, M. -J., Izuzquiza, M., Hoell-Neugebauer, B., Herbrecht, R., Heath, C. H., Guolo, F., Grothe, J., Giordano, A., Gerasymchuk, S., Garcia-Sanz, R., Garcia-Pouton, N., Funke, V. A. M., Fung, M., Flasshove, C., Fianchi, Luana, Essame, J., Egger, M., Drenou, B., Dragonetti, G., Desole, M., Della Pepa, R., Deau Fischer, B., De Kort, E., De Cabo, E., Danion, F., Daguindau, E., Cushion, T., Cremer, L., Criscuolo, Marianna, Cordini, G., Cingolani, Antonella, Ciceri, F., Chowdhury, F. R., Chelysheva, E., Chauchet, A., Chai, L. Y. A., Ceesay, M. M., Busch, E., Brehon, M., Borducchi, D. M. M., Booth, S., Bologna, S., Berg Venemyr, C., Bailen-Almorox, R., Antoniadou, A., Anastasopoulou, A. N., Altuntas, F., Bonanni M., Pagano L. (ORCID:0000-0001-8287-928X), Fianchi L., Criscuolo M., Cingolani A. (ORCID:0000-0002-3793-2755), Salmanton-Garcia, J., Marchesi, F., Farina, F., Weinbergerova, B., Itri, F., Davila-Valls, J., Martin-Perez, S., Glenthoj, A., Hersby, D. S., Gomes da Silva, M., Nunes Rodrigues, R., Lopez-Garcia, A., Cordoba, R., Bilgin, Y. M., Falces-Romero, I., El-Ashwah, S., Emarah, Z., Besson, C., Kohn, M., Van Doesum, J., Ammatuna, E., Marchetti, M., Labrador, J., Zambrotta, G. P. M., Verga, L., Jaksic, O., Nucci, M., Piukovics, K., Cabirta-Touzon, A., Jimenez, M., Arellano, E., Espigado, I., Blennow, O., Nordlander, A., Meers, S., van Praet, J., Aiello, T. F., Garcia-Vidal, C., Fracchiolla, N., Sciume, M., Seval, G. C., Zak, P., Buquicchio, C., Tascini, C., Grafe, S. K., Schonlein, M., Adzic-Vukicevic, T., Bonuomo, V., Cattaneo, C., Nizamuddin, S., Cernan, M., Plantefeve, G., Prin, R., Szotkovski, T., Collins, G. P., Dargenio, M., Petzer, V., Wolf, D., Colovic, N., Prezioso, L., Valkovic, T., Passamonti, F., Mendez, G. -A., Sili, U., Vena, A., Bavastro, M., Limongelli, A., Duarte, R. F., Ledoux, M. -P., Cvetanoski, M., Stojanoski, Z., Machado, M., Batinic, J., Magliano, G., Biernat, M. M., Pantic, N., Poulsen, C. B., Cuccaro, A., Del Principe, M. I., Kulasekararaj, A., Ormazabal-Velez, I., Busca, A., Demirkan, F., Ijaz, M., Klimko, N., Stoma, I., Khostelidi, S., Fernandez, N., Omrani, A. S., Bergantim, R., De Jonge, N., Fouquet, G., Navratil, M., Abu-Zeinah, G., Samarkos, M., Maertens, J., De Ramon, C., Guidetti, A., Magyari, F., Gonzalez-Lopez, T. J., Lahmer, T., Finizio, O., Ali, N., Pinczes, L. I., Lavilla-Rubira, E., Romano, A., Merelli, M., Delia, M., Calbacho, M., Meletiadis, J., Antic, D., Hernandez-Rivas, J. -A., Marques de Almeida, J., Al-Khabori, M., Hoenigl, M., Tisi, M. C., Khanna, N., Barac, A., Eisa, N., Di Blasi, R., Lievin, R., Miranda-Castillo, C., Bahr, N. C., Lamure, S., Papa, M. V., Yahya, A., Aujayeb, A., Novak, J., Erben, N., Fernandez-Galan, M., Ribera-Santa Susana, J. -M., Rinaldi, I., Fazzi, R., Piedimonte, M., Dulery, R., Gonzaga, Y., Soto-Silva, A., Sapienza, G., Serris, A., Drgona, Groh, A., Serrano, L., Gavriilaki, E., Tragiannidis, A., Prattes, J., Coppola, N., Otasevic, V., Mladenovic, M., Mitrovic, M., Miskovic, B., Jindra, P., Zompi, S., Sacchi, M. V., Krekeler, C., Infante, M. S., Garcia-Bordallo, D., Colak, G. M., Mayer, J., Nygaard, M., Hanakova, M., Racil, Z., Bonanni, Matteo, Koehler, P., Rahimli, L., Cornely, O. A., Pagano, Livio, Martin-Vallejo, F. J., Zdziarski, P., Zarrinfer, H., Wittig, J., Win, S., Wai-Man, V., Visek, B., Vinh, D. C., Vehreschild, M., Varricchio, G., Tsirigotis, P., Torres-Tienza, A., Tanase, A. D., Tafuri, A., Stamouli, M., Sramek, J., Soussain, C., Shirinova, A., Schubert, J., Schalk, E., Salehi, M. R., Saleh, M., Rosati, G., Roldan, E., Reizine, F., Rego, M., Regalado-Artamendi, I., Popova, M., Pinto, F., Philippe, L., Orth, H. M., Ommen, H. -B., Obr, A., Nunez-Martin-Buitrago, L., Noel, N., Neuhann, J., Nadali, G., Nacov, J. A., Munhoz Alburquerque, A. M., Mitra, M. E., Mikulska, M., Mellinghoff, S., Mechtel, B., Martin-Gonzalez, J. -A., Malak, S., Loureiro-Amigo, J., Lorenzo De La Pena, L., Liberti, G., Landau, M., Lacej, I., Kolditz, M., Kho, C. S., Khedr, R. A., Karthaus, M., Karlsson, L. K., Jimenez-Lorenzo, M. -J., Izuzquiza, M., Hoell-Neugebauer, B., Herbrecht, R., Heath, C. H., Guolo, F., Grothe, J., Giordano, A., Gerasymchuk, S., Garcia-Sanz, R., Garcia-Pouton, N., Funke, V. A. M., Fung, M., Flasshove, C., Fianchi, Luana, Essame, J., Egger, M., Drenou, B., Dragonetti, G., Desole, M., Della Pepa, R., Deau Fischer, B., De Kort, E., De Cabo, E., Danion, F., Daguindau, E., Cushion, T., Cremer, L., Criscuolo, Marianna, Cordini, G., Cingolani, Antonella, Ciceri, F., Chowdhury, F. R., Chelysheva, E., Chauchet, A., Chai, L. Y. A., Ceesay, M. M., Busch, E., Brehon, M., Borducchi, D. M. M., Booth, S., Bologna, S., Berg Venemyr, C., Bailen-Almorox, R., Antoniadou, A., Anastasopoulou, A. N., Altuntas, F., Bonanni M., Pagano L. (ORCID:0000-0001-8287-928X), Fianchi L., Criscuolo M., and Cingolani A. (ORCID:0000-0002-3793-2755)

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic heightened risks for individuals with hematological malignancies due to compromised immune systems, leading to more severe outcomes and increased mortality. While interventions like vaccines, targeted antivirals, and monoclonal antibodies have been effective for the general population, their benefits for these patients may not be as pronounced. Methods: The EPICOVIDEHA registry (National Clinical Trials Identifier, NCT04733729) gathers COVID-19 data from hematological malignancy patients since the pandemic's start worldwide. It spans various global locations, allowing comprehensive analysis over the first three years (2020–2022). Findings: The EPICOVIDEHA registry collected data from January 2020 to December 2022, involving 8767 COVID-19 cases in hematological malignancy patients from 152 centers across 41 countries, with 42% being female. Over this period, there was a significant reduction in critical infections and an overall decrease in mortality from 29% to 4%. However, hospitalization, particularly in the ICU, remained associated with higher mortality rates. Factors contributing to increased mortality included age, multiple comorbidities, active malignancy at COVID-19 onset, pulmonary symptoms, and hospitalization. On the positive side, vaccination with one to two doses or three or more doses, as well as encountering COVID-19 in 2022, were associated with improved survival. Interpretation: Patients with hematological malignancies still face elevated risks, despite reductions in critical infections and overall mortality rates over time. Hospitalization, especially in ICUs, remains a significant concern. The study underscores the importance of vaccination and the timing of COVID-19 exposure in 2022 for enhanced survival in this patient group. Ongoing monitoring and targeted interventions are essential to support this vulnerable population, emphasizing the critical role of timely diagnosis and prompt treatment in preventing severe

Published
2024

41. Survival in multiple myeloma and SARS-COV-2 infection through the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the EPICOVIDEHA registry

Author

Musto, P., Salmanton-Garcia, J., Sgherza, N., Bergantim, R., Farina, F., Glenthoj, A., Cengiz Seval, G., Weinbergerova, B., Bonuomo, V., Bilgin, Y. M., van Doesum, J., Jaksic, O., Visek, B., Falces-Romero, I., Marchetti, M., Davila-Valls, J., Martin-Perez, S., Nucci, M., Lopez-Garcia, A., Itri, F., Buquicchio, C., Verga, L., Piukovics, K., Navratil, M., Collins, G. P., Jimenez, M., Fracchiolla, N. S., Labrador, J., Prezioso, L., Rossi, E., Colovic, N., Meers, S., Kulasekararaj, A., Cuccaro, A., Blennow, O., Valkovic, T., Sili, U., Ledoux, M. -P., Batinic, J., Passamonti, F., Machado, M., Duarte, R. F., Poulsen, C. B., Mendez, G. -A., Espigado, I., Demirkan, F., Cernan, M., Cattaneo, C., Petzer, V., Magliano, G., Garcia-Vidal, C., El-Ashwah, S., Gomes-Da-Silva, M., Vena, A., Ormazabal-Velez, I., van Praet, J., Dargenio, M., De-Ramon, C., Del Principe, M. I., Marques-De-Almeida, J., Wolf, D., Szotkowski, T., Obr, A., Colak, G. M., Nordlander, A., Izuzquiza, M., Cabirta, A., Zambrotta, G. P. M., Cordoba, R., Zak, P., Ammatuna, E., Mayer, J., Ilhan, O., Garcia-Sanz, R., Quattrone, Martina, Arellano, E., Nunes-Rodrigues, R., Emarah, Z., Aiello, T. F., Hanakova, M., Racil, Z., Bavastro, M., Limongelli, A., Rahimli, L., Marchesi, F., Cornely, O. A., Pagano, Livio, Quattrone M., Pagano L. (ORCID:0000-0001-8287-928X), Musto, P., Salmanton-Garcia, J., Sgherza, N., Bergantim, R., Farina, F., Glenthoj, A., Cengiz Seval, G., Weinbergerova, B., Bonuomo, V., Bilgin, Y. M., van Doesum, J., Jaksic, O., Visek, B., Falces-Romero, I., Marchetti, M., Davila-Valls, J., Martin-Perez, S., Nucci, M., Lopez-Garcia, A., Itri, F., Buquicchio, C., Verga, L., Piukovics, K., Navratil, M., Collins, G. P., Jimenez, M., Fracchiolla, N. S., Labrador, J., Prezioso, L., Rossi, E., Colovic, N., Meers, S., Kulasekararaj, A., Cuccaro, A., Blennow, O., Valkovic, T., Sili, U., Ledoux, M. -P., Batinic, J., Passamonti, F., Machado, M., Duarte, R. F., Poulsen, C. B., Mendez, G. -A., Espigado, I., Demirkan, F., Cernan, M., Cattaneo, C., Petzer, V., Magliano, G., Garcia-Vidal, C., El-Ashwah, S., Gomes-Da-Silva, M., Vena, A., Ormazabal-Velez, I., van Praet, J., Dargenio, M., De-Ramon, C., Del Principe, M. I., Marques-De-Almeida, J., Wolf, D., Szotkowski, T., Obr, A., Colak, G. M., Nordlander, A., Izuzquiza, M., Cabirta, A., Zambrotta, G. P. M., Cordoba, R., Zak, P., Ammatuna, E., Mayer, J., Ilhan, O., Garcia-Sanz, R., Quattrone, Martina, Arellano, E., Nunes-Rodrigues, R., Emarah, Z., Aiello, T. F., Hanakova, M., Racil, Z., Bavastro, M., Limongelli, A., Rahimli, L., Marchesi, F., Cornely, O. A., Pagano, Livio, Quattrone M., and Pagano L. (ORCID:0000-0001-8287-928X)

Abstract

Patients affected by multiple myeloma (MM) have an increased risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and subsequent coronavirus (20)19 disease (COVID-19)-related death. The changing epidemiological and therapeutic scenarios suggest that there has been an improvement in severity and survival of COVID-19 during the different waves of the pandemic in the general population, but this has not been investigated yet in MM patients. Here we analyzed a large cohort of 1221 patients with MM and confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection observed between February 2020, and August 2022, in the EPICOVIDEHA registry from 132 centers around the world. Median follow-up was 52 days for the entire cohort and 83 days for survivors. Three-hundred and three patients died (24%) and COVID-19 was the primary reason for death of around 89% of them. Overall survival (OS) was significantly higher in vaccinated patients with both stable and active MM versus unvaccinated, while only a trend favoring vaccinated patients was observed in subjects with responsive MM. Vaccinated patients with at least 2 doses showed a better OS than those with one or no vaccine dose. Overall, according to pandemic waves, mortality rate decreased over time from 34% to 10%. In multivariable analysis, age, renal failure, active disease, hospital, and intensive care unit admission, were independently associated with a higher number of deaths, while a neutrophil count above 0.5 × 109/L was found to be protective. This data suggests that MM patients remain at risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection even in the vaccination era, but their clinical outcome, in terms of OS, has progressively improved throughout the different viral phases of the pandemic.

Published
2024

42. The mortality of COVID-19 in CML patients from 2020 until 2022: results from the EPICOVIDEHA survey

Author

El-Ashwah, S., Salmanton-Garcia, J., Bilgin, Y. M., Itri, F., Zak, P., Weinbergerova, B., Verga, L., Omrani, A. S., Silva, M. G. D., Szotkowski, T., Marchetti, M., Buquicchio, C., Nucci, M., Schonlein, M., Farina, F., Besson, C., Prezioso, L., Nizamuddin, S., Davila-Valls, J., Martin-Perez, S., Bonuomo, V., Van Doesum, J., Tisi, M. C., Passamonti, F., Mendez, G. -A., Meers, S., Maertens, J., Lopez-Garcia, A., Glenthoj, A., Bonnani, M., Rinaldi, I., Ormazabal-Velez, I., Labrador, J., Kulasekararaj, A., Espigado, I., Demirkan, F., De Jonge, N., Collins, G. P., Calbacho, M., Blennow, O., Al-Khabori, M., Adzic-Vukicevic, T., Arellano, E., Miskovic, B., Mladenovic, M., Nordlander, A., Racil, Z., Ammatuna, E., Cordoba, R., Hersby, D. S., Grafe, S., Emarah, Z., Hanakova, M., Sacchi, M. V., Ijaz, M., Rahimli, L., Nunes Rodrigues, R., Zambrotta, G. P. M., Marchesi, F., Cornely, O. A., Pagano, Livio, Pagano L. (ORCID:0000-0001-8287-928X), El-Ashwah, S., Salmanton-Garcia, J., Bilgin, Y. M., Itri, F., Zak, P., Weinbergerova, B., Verga, L., Omrani, A. S., Silva, M. G. D., Szotkowski, T., Marchetti, M., Buquicchio, C., Nucci, M., Schonlein, M., Farina, F., Besson, C., Prezioso, L., Nizamuddin, S., Davila-Valls, J., Martin-Perez, S., Bonuomo, V., Van Doesum, J., Tisi, M. C., Passamonti, F., Mendez, G. -A., Meers, S., Maertens, J., Lopez-Garcia, A., Glenthoj, A., Bonnani, M., Rinaldi, I., Ormazabal-Velez, I., Labrador, J., Kulasekararaj, A., Espigado, I., Demirkan, F., De Jonge, N., Collins, G. P., Calbacho, M., Blennow, O., Al-Khabori, M., Adzic-Vukicevic, T., Arellano, E., Miskovic, B., Mladenovic, M., Nordlander, A., Racil, Z., Ammatuna, E., Cordoba, R., Hersby, D. S., Grafe, S., Emarah, Z., Hanakova, M., Sacchi, M. V., Ijaz, M., Rahimli, L., Nunes Rodrigues, R., Zambrotta, G. P. M., Marchesi, F., Cornely, O. A., Pagano, Livio, and Pagano L. (ORCID:0000-0001-8287-928X)

Abstract

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an overall improvement in patient mortality. However, haematological malignancy patients continue to experience significant impacts from COVID-19, including high rates of hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and mortality. In comparison to other haematological malignancy patients, individuals with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) generally have better prognosis. This study, conducted using a large haematological malignancy patient database (EPICOVIDEHA), demonstrated that the majority of CML patients experienced mild infections. The decline in severe and critical infections over the years can largely be attributed to the widespread administration of vaccinations and the positive response they elicited. Notably, the mortality rate among CML patients was low and exhibited a downward trend in subsequent years. Importantly, our analysis provided confirmation of the effectiveness of vaccinations in CML patients.

Published
2024

43. Compact Low-Voltage, High-Power, Multi-beam Klystron for ILC: Initial Test Results

Author

Teryaev, V. E., Shchelkunov, S. V., Kazakov, S. Yu., Hirshfield, J. L., Ives, R. L., Marsden, D., Collins, G., Karimov, R., and Jensen, R.

Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

Initial test results of an L-band multi-beam klystron with parameters relevant for ILC are presented. The chief distinction of this tube from MBKs already developed for ILC is its low operating voltage of 60 kV, a virtue that implies considerable technological simplifications in the accelerator complex. To demonstrate the concept underlying the tubes design, a six-beamlet quadrant (a 54 inch high one-quarter portion of the full 1.3 GHz tube) was built and recently underwent initial tests, with main goals of demonstrating rated gun perveance, rated gain, and at least one-quarter of the full 10-MW rated power. Our initial three-day conditioning campaign without RF drive (140 microsec pulses @ 60 Hz) was stopped at 53% of full rated duty because of time-limits at the test-site; no signs appeared that would seem to prevent achieving full duty operation (i.e., 1.6 msec pulses @ 10 Hz). The subsequent tests with 10-15 microsec RF pulses confirmed the rated gain, produced output powers of up to 2.86 MW at 60 kV with high efficiency and 56 dB gain, and showed acceptable beam interception. These results suggest that a full version of the tube should be able to produce up to 11.5 MW. Follow-on tests are planned for later in 2015., Comment: Presentation at the DPF 2015 Meeting of the American Physical Society Division of Particles and Fields, Ann Arbor, Michigan, August 4-8, 2015

Published
2015

45. Descriptive analyses of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding rabies transmission and prevention in rural communities near wildlife reserves in Uganda: a One Health cross-sectional study.

Author

Atuheire, Collins G. K., Okwee-Acai, James, Taremwa, Martha, Terence, Odoch, Ssali, Sarah N., Mwiine, Frank N., Kankya, Clovice, Skjerve, Eystein, and Tryland, Morten

Subjects
*WILDLIFE refuges, *RURAL health, *HUNTING dogs, *QUEENS, BRITISH kings & rulers
Abstract

Background: Despite urban (domestic dog) rabies cycles being the main target for rabies elimination by 2030, sylvatic (wildlife) rabies cycles can act as rabies spillovers especially in settlements contiguous to wildlife reserves. Rural communities next to wildlife reserves are characterized by unique socio-demographic and cultural practices including bat consumption, hunting for bushmeat, and non-vaccination of hunting dogs against rabies among others. This study aimed to compare the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) related to rabies transmission and prevention in the three districts of Uganda; (1) Nwoya, neighboring Murchison Falls National Park (MFNP) in the north, (2) Kamwenge neighboring Kibaale National Park (KNP), Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) and Katonga Game Reserve (KGR) in the west, and (3) Bukedea, neighboring Pian Upe Game Reserve (PUGR) in the east of Uganda. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in settlements contiguous to these wildlife reserves. Using a semi-structured questionnaire, data were collected from 843 households owning dogs and livestock. Data were collected between the months of January and April 2023. Stratified univariate analyses by district were carried out using the Chi-square test for independence and Fisher's exact test to compare KAPs in the three study districts. Results: The median age of study participants was 42 years (Q1, Q3 = 30, 52) with males comprising the majority (67%, n = 562). The key findings revealed that participants from the Nwoya district in the north (MFNP) had little knowledge about rabies epidemiology (8.5%, n = 25), only 64% (n = 187) of them knew its signs and symptoms such as a rabid dog presenting with aggressiveness and showed negative attitudes towards prevention measures (15.3%, n = 45). Participants in the Kamwenge district-west (KNP, QENP, and KGR) had little knowledge and negative attitude towards wildlife–human interaction pertaining to rabies transmission and prevention especially those with no or primary level of education (20.9%, n = 27) while participants from Bukedea in the east (PUGR) had remarkedly poor practices towards rabies transmission, prevention, and control (37.8%, n = 114). Conclusions: Rabies from sylvatic cycles remains a neglected public health threat in rural communities surrounding national parks and game reserves in Uganda. Our study findings highlight key gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to rabies transmission and prevention among such communities. Communication and action between veterinary services, wildlife authority, public health teams, social science and community leaders through available community platforms is key in addressing rabies among the sympatric at-risk communities in Uganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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48. Metastability of diamond ramp-compressed to 2 terapascals

Author

Lazicki, A., McGonegle, D., Rygg, J. R., Braun, D. G., Swift, D. C., Gorman, M. G., Smith, R. F., Heighway, P. G., Higginbotham, A., Suggit, M. J., Fratanduono, D. E., Coppari, F., Wehrenberg, C. E., Kraus, R. G., Erskine, D., Bernier, J. V., McNaney, J. M., Rudd, R. E., Collins, G. W., Eggert, J. H., and Wark, J. S.

Published
2021
Full Text
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49. Factors associated with neurocognitive test performance at baseline: a substudy of the INSIGHT Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) trial.

Author

Wright, EJ, Grund, B, Cysique, LA, Robertson, KR, Brew, BJ, Collins, G, Shlay, JC, Winston, A, Read, TRH, Price, RW, and International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials (INSIGHT) START Study Group

Subjects
International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials (INSIGHT) START Study Group, Humans, HIV Infections, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Prevalence, Cognition Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Female, Male, Young Adult, HIV, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, antiretroviral therapy naïve, neurocognitive performance, antiretroviral therapy naive, HIV/AIDS, Prevention, Clinical Research, Infectious Diseases, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Infection, Virology, Clinical Sciences
Abstract

ObjectivesWe describe neuropsychological test performance (NP) in antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve HIV-positive individuals with CD4 cell counts above 500 cells/μL.MethodsIn a neurology substudy of the International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials (INSIGHT) Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) study, eight neurocognitive tests were administered. The primary measure of NP was the quantitative NP z-score (QNPZ-8), the average of the z-scores for the eight tests. Associations of baseline factors with QNPZ-8 scores were assessed by multiple regression. Mild neurocognitive impairment (NCI) was defined as z-scores  500 cells/μL. Demographic factors and diabetes were most strongly associated with NP. Unmeasured educational/sociocultural factors may explain geographical differences. Poorer NP was independently associated with longer time since HIV diagnosis, suggesting that untreated HIV infection might deleteriously affect NP, but the effect was small.

Published
2015

50. Baseline neurocognitive test performance in START

Author

Wright, EJ, Grund, B, Cysique, LA, Robertson, KR, Brew, BJ, Collins, G, Shlay, JC, Winston, A, Read, TRH, Price, RW, and Group, International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials START Study

Subjects
Clinical Research, Prevention, Infectious Diseases, HIV/AIDS, Infection, Adolescent, Adult, Argentina, Brazil, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Chile, Cognition Disorders, Female, HIV Infections, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Prevalence, Young Adult, antiretroviral therapy naive, HIV, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, neurocognitive performance, International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials (INSIGHT) START Study Group, antiretroviral therapy naïve, Clinical Sciences, Virology
Abstract

ObjectivesWe describe neuropsychological test performance (NP) in antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve HIV-positive individuals with CD4 cell counts above 500 cells/μL.MethodsIn a neurology substudy of the International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials (INSIGHT) Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) study, eight neurocognitive tests were administered. The primary measure of NP was the quantitative NP z-score (QNPZ-8), the average of the z-scores for the eight tests. Associations of baseline factors with QNPZ-8 scores were assessed by multiple regression. Mild neurocognitive impairment (NCI) was defined as z-scores  500 cells/μL. Demographic factors and diabetes were most strongly associated with NP. Unmeasured educational/sociocultural factors may explain geographical differences. Poorer NP was independently associated with longer time since HIV diagnosis, suggesting that untreated HIV infection might deleteriously affect NP, but the effect was small.

Published
2015

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