107 results on '"Cocks M"'
Search Results
2. Lipid droplet remodelling and reduced muscle ceramides following sprint interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise training in obese males
- Author
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Shepherd, S O, Cocks, M, Meikle, P J, Mellett, N A, Ranasinghe, A M, Barker, T A, Wagenmakers, A J M, and Shaw, C S
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Mobile health biometrics to enhance exercise and physical activity adherence in type 2 diabetes (MOTIVATE-T2D):Protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial
- Author
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Hesketh, K., Low, J., Andrews, R., Jones, C.A., Jones, H., Jung, M.E., Little, J., Mateus, C., Pulsford, R., Singer, J., Sprung, V.S., McManus, A.M., Cocks, M., Hesketh, K., Low, J., Andrews, R., Jones, C.A., Jones, H., Jung, M.E., Little, J., Mateus, C., Pulsford, R., Singer, J., Sprung, V.S., McManus, A.M., and Cocks, M.
- Abstract
Introduction Exercise and physical activity (PA) are fundamental to the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Current exercise and PA strategies for newly diagnosed individuals with type 2 diabetes are either clinically effective but unsuitable in routine practice (supervised exercise) or suitable in routine practice but clinically ineffective (PA advice). Mobile health (mHealth) technologies, offering biometric data to patients and healthcare professionals, may bridge the gap between supervised exercise and PA advice, enabling patients to engage in regular long-term physically active lifestyles. This feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT) will evaluate the use of mHealth technology when incorporated into a structured home-based exercise and PA intervention, in those recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Methods and analysis This feasibility multicentre, parallel group RCT will recruit 120 individuals with type 2 diabetes (diagnosis within 5–24 months, aged 40–75 years) in the UK (n=60) and Canada (n=60). Participants will undertake a 6-month structured exercise and PA intervention and be supported by an exercise specialist (active control). The intervention group will receive additional support from a smartwatch and phone app, providing real-time feedback and enabling improved communication between the exercise specialist and participant. Primary outcomes are recruitment rate, adherence to exercise and loss to follow-up. Secondary outcomes include a qualitative process evaluation and piloting of potential clinical outcome measures for a future RCT. Ethics and dissemination The trial was approved in the UK by the South East Scotland Research Ethics Committee 01 (20/SS/0101) and in Canada by the Clinical Research Ethics Board of the University of British Columbia (H20-01936), and is being conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and internationa
- Published
- 2021
4. Mobile health biometrics to enhance exercise and physical activity adherence in type 2 diabetes (MOTIVATE-T2D) : Protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial
- Author
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Hesketh, K., Low, J., Andrews, R., Jones, C.A., Jones, H., Jung, M.E., Little, J., Mateus, C., Pulsford, R., Singer, J., Sprung, V.S., McManus, A.M., Cocks, M., Hesketh, K., Low, J., Andrews, R., Jones, C.A., Jones, H., Jung, M.E., Little, J., Mateus, C., Pulsford, R., Singer, J., Sprung, V.S., McManus, A.M., and Cocks, M.
- Abstract
Introduction Exercise and physical activity (PA) are fundamental to the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Current exercise and PA strategies for newly diagnosed individuals with type 2 diabetes are either clinically effective but unsuitable in routine practice (supervised exercise) or suitable in routine practice but clinically ineffective (PA advice). Mobile health (mHealth) technologies, offering biometric data to patients and healthcare professionals, may bridge the gap between supervised exercise and PA advice, enabling patients to engage in regular long-term physically active lifestyles. This feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT) will evaluate the use of mHealth technology when incorporated into a structured home-based exercise and PA intervention, in those recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Methods and analysis This feasibility multicentre, parallel group RCT will recruit 120 individuals with type 2 diabetes (diagnosis within 5–24 months, aged 40–75 years) in the UK (n=60) and Canada (n=60). Participants will undertake a 6-month structured exercise and PA intervention and be supported by an exercise specialist (active control). The intervention group will receive additional support from a smartwatch and phone app, providing real-time feedback and enabling improved communication between the exercise specialist and participant. Primary outcomes are recruitment rate, adherence to exercise and loss to follow-up. Secondary outcomes include a qualitative process evaluation and piloting of potential clinical outcome measures for a future RCT. Ethics and dissemination The trial was approved in the UK by the South East Scotland Research Ethics Committee 01 (20/SS/0101) and in Canada by the Clinical Research Ethics Board of the University of British Columbia (H20-01936), and is being conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and internationa
- Published
- 2021
5. Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery after strenuous exercise depends on skeletal muscle size and stem cell characteristics
- Author
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Baumert, Philipp, Temple, S., Stanley, J. M., Cocks, M., Strauss, J. A., Shepherd, S. O., Drust, B., Lake, M. J., Stewart, C. E., Erskine, R. M., and Sportbiologie
- Subjects
Medizin und Gesundheit ,Biowissenschaften, Biologie ,ddc:790 ,ddc:570 ,Naturwissenschaften ,ddc:500 ,ddc:610 - Abstract
Hamstring muscle injury is highly prevalent in sports involving repeated maximal sprinting. Although neuromuscular fatigue is thought to be a risk factor, the mechanisms underlying the fatigue response to repeated maximal sprints are unclear. Here, we show that repeated maximal sprints induce neuromuscular fatigue accompanied with a prolonged strength loss in hamstring muscles. The immediate hamstring strength loss was linked to both central and peripheral fatigue, while prolonged strength loss was associated with indicators of muscle damage. The kinematic changes immediately after sprinting likely protected fatigued hamstrings from excess elongation stress, while larger hamstring muscle physiological cross-sectional area and lower myoblast:fibroblast ratio appeared to protect against fatigue/damage and improve muscle recovery within the first 48 h after sprinting. We have therefore identified novel mechanisms that likely regulate the fatigue/damage response and initial recovery following repeated maximal sprinting in humans.
- Published
- 2020
6. Resistance training increases skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and net intramuscular triglyceride breakdown in type I and II fibres of sedentary males
- Author
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Shepherd, S. O., Cocks, M., Tipton, K. D., Witard, O. C., Ranasinghe, A. M., Barker, T. A., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., and Shaw, C. S.
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- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Seeing the wood for the trees: the role of woody resources for the construction of gender specific household cultural artefacts in non-traditional communities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Author
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Cocks, M. L., Bangay, L., Wiersum, K. F., and Dold, A. P.
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- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. 21 Learning lessons from success: defining excellence in surgery.
- Author
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Cocks, M., Moulton, C.-A., Roberts, N., and Cil, T.
- Published
- 2013
9. Sprint interval and traditional endurance training increase net intramuscular triglyceride breakdown and expression of perilipin 2 and 5
- Author
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Shepherd, S. O., Cocks, M., Tipton, K. D., Ranasinghe, A. M., Barker, T. A., Burniston, J. G., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., and Shaw, C. S.
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- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Preferential utilization of perilipin 2-associated intramuscular triglycerides during 1 h of moderate-intensity endurance-type exercise
- Author
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Shepherd, S. O., Cocks, M., Tipton, K. D., Ranasinghe, A. M., Barker, T. A., Burniston, J. G., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., and Shaw, C. S.
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- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. A 7‐day high‐fat, high‐calorie diet induces fibre‐specific increases in intramuscular triglyceride and perilipin protein expression in human skeletal muscle
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Whytock, K. L., primary, Parry, S. A., additional, Turner, M. C., additional, Woods, R. M., additional, James, L. J., additional, Ferguson, R. A., additional, Ståhlman, M., additional, Borén, J., additional, Strauss, J. A., additional, Cocks, M., additional, Wagenmakers, A. J. M., additional, Hulston, C. J., additional, and Shepherd, S. O., additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Low pre-exercise muscle glycogen availability offsets the effect of post-exercise cold water immersion in augmenting PGC-1α gene expression
- Author
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Allan, Robert, Sharples, AP, Cocks, M, Drust, B, Dutton, J, Dugdale, HF, Mawhhinney, C, Clucas, A, Hawkins, W, Morton, JP, Gregson, W, Allan, Robert, Sharples, AP, Cocks, M, Drust, B, Dutton, J, Dugdale, HF, Mawhhinney, C, Clucas, A, Hawkins, W, Morton, JP, and Gregson, W
- Abstract
We assessed the effects of post-exercise cold-water immersion (CWI) in modulating PGC-1α expression in response to exercise commenced with low muscle glycogen availability. In a randomized repeated-measures design, nine recreationally active males completed an acute two-legged high-intensity cycling protocol (8 x 5 min at 82.5% peak power output) followed by 10 minutes of two-legged post-exercise CWI (8°C) or control conditions (CON). During each trial, one limb commenced exercise with low (LOW: <300 mmol.kg-1 dw) or very low (VLOW: <150 mmol.kg-1 dw) pre-exercise glycogen concentration, achieved via completion of a one-legged glycogen depletion protocol undertaken the evening prior. Exercise increased (P<0.05) PGC-1α mRNA at 3 h post-exercise. Very low muscle glycogen attenuated the increase in PGC-1α mRNA expression compared with the LOW limbs in both the control (CON VLOW ~3.6-fold vs. CON LOW ~5.6-fold: P = 0.023, ES 1.22 Large) and CWI conditions (CWI VLOW ~2.4-fold vs. CWI LOW ~8.0 fold: P = 0.019, ES 1.43 Large). Furthermore, PGC-1α mRNA expression in the CWI-LOW trial was not significantly different to the CON LOW limb (P = 0.281, ES 0.67 Moderate). Data demonstrate that the previously reported effects of post-exercise CWI on PGC-1α expression (as regulated systemically via β-adrenergic mediated cell signalling) are offset in those conditions in which local stressors (i.e. high-intensity exercise and low muscle glycogen availability) have already sufficiently activated the AMPK- PGC-1α signaling axis. Additionally, data suggest that commencing exercise with very low muscle glycogen availability attenuates PGC-1α signaling.
- Published
- 2019
13. Revisiting the relationships between human well-being and ecosystems in dynamic social-ecological systems : Implications for stewardship and development
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Masterson, Vanessa A., Vetter, S., Chaigneau, T., Daw, Tim M., Selomane, Odirilwe, Hamann, M., Wong, Grace Y., Mellegård, Viveca, Cocks, M., Tengö, Maria, Masterson, Vanessa A., Vetter, S., Chaigneau, T., Daw, Tim M., Selomane, Odirilwe, Hamann, M., Wong, Grace Y., Mellegård, Viveca, Cocks, M., and Tengö, Maria
- Abstract
Non-technical summary We argue that the ways in which we as humans derive well-being from nature - for example by harvesting firewood, selling fish or enjoying natural beauty - feed back into how we behave towards the environment. This feedback is mediated by institutions (rules, regulations) and by individual capacities to act. Understanding these relationships can guide better interventions for sustainably improving well-being and alleviating poverty. However, more attention needs to be paid to how experience-related benefits from nature influence attitudes and actions towards the environment, and how these relationships can be reflected in more environmentally sustainable development projects. Technical summary In the broad literatures that address the linked challenge of maintaining ecosystem integrity while addressing poverty and inequality, there is still a need to investigate how linkages and feedbacks between ecosystem services and well-being can be taken into account to ensure environmental sustainability and improved livelihoods. We present a conceptual model towards a dynamic and reciprocal understanding of the feedbacks between human well-being and ecosystems. The conceptual model highlights three mechanisms through which people derive benefits from ecosystems (use, money and experience), and illustrates how these benefits can affect values, attitudes and actions towards ecosystems. Institutions and agency determine access to and distribution of benefits and costs, and also present barriers or enabling factors for individual or collective action. The conceptual model synthesises insights from existing but mostly separate bodies of literature on well-being and the benefits humans derive from ecosystems, and reveals gaps and areas for future research. Two case studies illustrate how recognizing the full feedback loop between how ecosystems support human well-being and how people behave towards those ecosystems, as well as intervention points within the loo
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- 2019
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14. From local landscapes to international policy : Contributions of the biocultural paradigm to global sustainability
- Author
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Merçon, J., Vetter, S., Tengö, Maria, Cocks, M., Balvanera, P., Rosell, J. A., Ayala-Orozco, B., Merçon, J., Vetter, S., Tengö, Maria, Cocks, M., Balvanera, P., Rosell, J. A., and Ayala-Orozco, B.
- Abstract
Non-technical summary Nature and culture are intricately linked and the rapid loss of both biological and cultural diversity around the globe has led to increasing concerns about its effects on sustainability. Important efforts to understand biocultural relations and bolster sustainable practices have been made by scientists, local communities, civil society organizations and policy makers. In spite of their efforts, a stronger articulation between sectors and biocultural discourses is needed for a broader transformative impact. Here, we analyse the connections between prominent biocultural discourses and discuss how the biocultural paradigm can contribute to both local and global sustainability. Technical summary Biocultural diversity refers to the interdependence between biological and cultural diversity, indicating how significant ensembles of biological diversity are managed, conserved and created by different cultural groups. In the face of the rapid decline of both biological and cultural diversity around the globe, biocultural discourses produced by scientists, practitioners and policy makers have attempted to promote knowledge and actions that contribute to halt such losses. We propose that biocultural approaches, collectively referred to as the biocultural paradigm, can contribute to both local and global sustainability but that a stronger articulation between sectors and biocultural discourses is needed for a broader transformative impact. We analyse some of the main differences and connections between prominent biocultural discourses in the context of sustainability. We propose that biocultural approaches should recognize and articulate an ontological dimension of biocultural diversity, an epistemological dimension through systems thinking, and an ethico-political dimension taking explicitly into account plural values, governance systems and power relations. Ontological, epistemological and ethico-political dimensions of the biocultural paradigm are inter
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- 2019
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15. Methylome of human skeletal muscle after acute & chronic resistance exercise training, detraining & retraining.
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Seaborne, RA, Strauss, J, Cocks, M, Shepherd, S, O'Brien, TD, Someren, KA van, Bell, PG, Murgatroyd, C, Morton, JP, Stewart, CE, Mein, CA, Sharples, AP, Seaborne, RA, Strauss, J, Cocks, M, Shepherd, S, O'Brien, TD, Someren, KA van, Bell, PG, Murgatroyd, C, Morton, JP, Stewart, CE, Mein, CA, and Sharples, AP
- Abstract
DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification that can regulate gene expression following environmental encounters without changes to the genetic code. Using Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip Arrays (850,000 CpG sites) we analysed for the first time, DNA isolated from untrained human skeletal muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) at baseline (rest) and immediately following an acute (single) bout of resistance exercise. In the same participants, we also analysed the methylome following a period of muscle growth (hypertrophy) evoked via chronic (repeated bouts-3 sessions/wk) resistance exercise (RE) (training) over 7-weeks, followed by complete exercise cessation for 7-weeks returning muscle back to baseline levels (detraining), and finally followed by a subsequent 7-week period of RE-induced hypertrophy (retraining). These valuable methylome data sets described in the present manuscript and deposited in an open-access repository can now be shared and re-used to enable the identification of epigenetically regulated genes/networks that are modified after acute anabolic stimuli and hypertrophy, and further investigate the phenomenon of epigenetic memory in skeletal muscle.
- Published
- 2018
16. Human Skeletal Muscle Possesses an Epigenetic Memory of Hypertrophy
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Seaborne, RA, Strauss, J, Cocks, M, Shepherd, S, O'Brien, TD, Van Someren, KA, Bell, PG, Murgatroyd, C, Morton, JP, Stewart, CE, Sharples, AP, Seaborne, RA, Strauss, J, Cocks, M, Shepherd, S, O'Brien, TD, Van Someren, KA, Bell, PG, Murgatroyd, C, Morton, JP, Stewart, CE, and Sharples, AP
- Abstract
© 2018 The Author(s). It is unknown if adult human skeletal muscle has an epigenetic memory of earlier encounters with growth. We report, for the first time in humans, genome-wide DNA methylation (850,000 CpGs) and gene expression analysis after muscle hypertrophy (loading), return of muscle mass to baseline (unloading), followed by later hypertrophy (reloading). We discovered increased frequency of hypomethylation across the genome after reloading (18,816 CpGs) versus earlier loading (9,153 CpG sites). We also identified AXIN1, GRIK2, CAMK4, TRAF1 as hypomethylated genes with enhanced expression after loading that maintained their hypomethylated status even during unloading where muscle mass returned to control levels, indicating a memory of these genes methylation signatures following earlier hypertrophy. Further, UBR5, RPL35a, HEG1, PLA2G16, SETD3 displayed hypomethylation and enhanced gene expression following loading, and demonstrated the largest increases in hypomethylation, gene expression and muscle mass after later reloading, indicating an epigenetic memory in these genes. Finally, genes; GRIK2, TRAF1, BICC1, STAG1 were epigenetically sensitive to acute exercise demonstrating hypomethylation after a single bout of resistance exercise that was maintained 22 weeks later with the largest increase in gene expression and muscle mass after reloading. Overall, we identify an important epigenetic role for a number of largely unstudied genes in muscle hypertrophy/memory.
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- 2018
17. Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery after strenuous exercise depends on skeletal muscle size and stem cell characteristics.
- Author
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Sportbiologie, Baumert P, Temple S, Stanley MJ, Cocks M, Strauss JA, Shepherd SO, Drust B, Lake MJ, Stewart C, Erskine RM, Sportbiologie, and Baumert P, Temple S, Stanley MJ, Cocks M, Strauss JA, Shepherd SO, Drust B, Lake MJ, Stewart C, Erskine RM
- Abstract
Hamstring muscle injury is highly prevalent in sports involving repeated maximal sprinting. Although neuromuscular fatigue is thought to be a risk factor, the mechanisms underlying the fatigue response to repeated maximal sprints are unclear. Here, we show that repeated maximal sprints induce neuromuscular fatigue accompanied with a prolonged strength loss in hamstring muscles. The immediate hamstring strength loss was linked to both central and peripheral fatigue, while prolonged strength loss was associated with indicators of muscle damage. The kinematic changes immediately after sprinting likely protected fatigued hamstrings from excess elongation stress, while larger hamstring muscle physiological cross-sectional area and lower myoblast:fibroblast ratio appeared to protect against fatigue/damage and improve muscle recovery within 48 h after sprinting. Contrastingly, a high myoblast:fibroblast ratio appears crucial for the latter stage of muscle regeneration. We have therefore identified novel mechanisms that likely regulate the fatigue/damage response and recovery following repeated maximal sprinting in humans.
- Published
- 2018
18. Methylome of human skeletal muscle after acute & chronic resistance exercise training, detraining & retraining
- Author
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Seaborne, R. A., primary, Strauss, J., additional, Cocks, M., additional, Shepherd, S., additional, O’Brien, T. D., additional, Someren, K. A. van, additional, Bell, P. G., additional, Murgatroyd, C., additional, Morton, J. P., additional, Stewart, C. E., additional, Mein, C. A., additional, and Sharples, A. P., additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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19. Sprint interval and endurance training are equally effective in increasing muscle microvascular density and eNOS content in sedentary males
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Cocks, M, Shaw, CS, Shepherd, SO, Fisher, JP, Ranasinghe, AM, Barker, TA, Tipton, KD, and Wagenmakers, AJ
- Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) has been proposed as a time efficient alternative to endurance training (ET) for increasing skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and improving certain cardiovascular functions. In this study we sought to make the first comparisons of the structural and endothelial enzymatic changes in skeletal muscle microvessels in response to ET and SIT. Sixteen young sedentary males (age 21 ± SEM 0.7 years, BMI 23.8 ± SEM 0.7 kg m-2) were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of ET (40-60 min cycling at ∼65%, 5 times per week) or SIT (4-6 Wingate tests, 3 times per week). Muscle biopsies were taken from the m. vastus lateralis before and following 60 min cycling at 65% to measure muscle microvascular endothelial eNOS content, eNOS serine1177 phosphorylation, NOX2 content and capillarisation using quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy. Whole body insulin sensitivity, arterial stiffness and blood pressure were also assessed. ET and SIT increased skeletal muscle microvascular eNOS content (ET 14%; P < 0.05, SIT 36%; P < 0.05), with a significantly greater increase observed following SIT (P < 0.05). Sixty minutes of moderate intensity exercise increased eNOS ser1177 phosphorylation in all instances (P < 0.05), but basal and post-exercise eNOS ser1177 phosphorylation was lower following both training modes. All microscopy measures of skeletal muscle capillarisation (P < 0.05) were increased with SIT or ET, while neither endothelial nor sarcolemmal NOX2 was changed. Both training modes reduced aortic stiffness and increased whole body insulin sensitivity (P < 0.05). In conclusion, in sedentary males SIT and ET are effective in improving muscle microvascular density and eNOS protein content. © 2013 The Authors. The Journal of Physiology © 2013 The Physiological Society.
- Published
- 2016
20. Sprint interval and traditional endurance training increase net intramuscular triglyceride breakdown and expression of perilipin 2 and 5
- Author
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Shepherd, S O, Cocks, M, Tipton, K D, Ranasinghe, A M, Barker, T A, Burniston, J G, Wagenmakers, A J M, and Shaw, C S
- Subjects
Adult ,Blood Glucose ,Male ,Membrane Proteins ,Proteins ,Cardiovascular ,Perilipin-5 ,Perilipin-2 ,Bicycling ,Young Adult ,Physical Endurance ,Humans ,Insulin Resistance ,Sedentary Behavior ,Muscle, Skeletal ,Triglycerides - Abstract
Intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) utilization is enhanced by endurance training (ET) and is linked to improved insulin sensitivity. This study first investigated the hypothesis that ET-induced increases in net IMTG breakdown and insulin sensitivity are related to increased expression of perilipin 2 (PLIN2) and perilipin 5 (PLIN5). Second, we hypothesized that sprint interval training (SIT) also promotes increases in IMTG utilization and insulin sensitivity. Sixteen sedentary males performed 6 weeks of either SIT (4–6, 30 s Wingate tests per session, 3 days week−1) or ET (40–60 min moderate-intensity cycling, 5 days week−1). Training increased resting IMTG content (SIT 1.7-fold, ET 2.4-fold; P < 0.05), concomitant with parallel increases in PLIN2 (SIT 2.3-fold, ET 2.8-fold; P < 0.01) and PLIN5 expression (SIT 2.2-fold, ET 3.1-fold; P < 0.01). Pre-training, 60 min cycling at ∼65% pre-training decreased IMTG content in type I fibres (SIT 17 ± 10%, ET 15 ± 12%; P < 0.05). Following training, a significantly greater breakdown of IMTG in type I fibres occurred during exercise (SIT 27 ± 13%, ET 43 ± 6%; P < 0.05), with preferential breakdown of PLIN2- and particularly PLIN5-associated lipid droplets. Training increased the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (SIT 56 ± 15%, ET 29 ± 12%; main effect P < 0.05). No training × group interactions were observed for any variables. In conclusion, SIT and ET both increase net IMTG breakdown during exercise and increase in PLIN2 and PLIN5 protein expression. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that increases in PLIN2 and PLIN5 are related to the mechanisms that promote increased IMTG utilization during exercise and improve insulin sensitivity following 6 weeks of SIT and ET.
- Published
- 2012
21. How does(n't) urban shrinkage get onto the agenda? Experiences from Leipzig, Liverpool, Genoa and Bytom
- Author
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Bernt, M., Haase, Annegret, Großmann, Katrin, Cocks, M., Couch, C., Cortese, C., Krzysztofik, R., Bernt, M., Haase, Annegret, Großmann, Katrin, Cocks, M., Couch, C., Cortese, C., and Krzysztofik, R.
- Abstract
This article discusses the question of how urban shrinkage gets onto the agenda of public-policy agencies. It is based on a comparison of the agenda-setting histories of four European cities, Liverpool (UK), Leipzig (Germany), Genoa (Italy) and Bytom (Poland), which have all experienced severe population losses but show very different histories with respect to how local governments reacted to them. We use the political-science concepts of ‘systemic vs. institutional agendas’ and ‘policy windows’ as a conceptual frame to compare these experiences. The article demonstrates that shrinkage is hardly ever responded to in a comprehensive manner but rather that policies are only implemented in a piecemeal way in selected fields. Moreover, it is argued that variations in institutional contexts and political dynamics lead to considerable differences with regard to the chances of making shrinkage a matter of public intervention. Against this background, the article takes issue with the idea that urban shrinkage only needs to be ‘accepted’ by policymakers who would need to overcome their growth-oriented cultural perceptions, as has been suggested in a number of recent writings, and calls for a more differentiated, context-sensitive view.
- Published
- 2013
22. Policy response, governance and future directions
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Bernt, Matthias, Cocks, M., Couch, C., Grossmann, Katrin, Haase, Annegret, Rink, Dieter, Bernt, Matthias, Cocks, M., Couch, C., Grossmann, Katrin, Haase, Annegret, and Rink, Dieter
- Published
- 2012
23. Shrinking cities in Europe
- Author
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Couch, C., Cocks, M., Bernt, Matthias, Grossmann, Katrin, Haase, Annegret, Rink, Dieter, Couch, C., Cocks, M., Bernt, Matthias, Grossmann, Katrin, Haase, Annegret, and Rink, Dieter
- Abstract
Many British cities faced decades of decline in the latter half of the 20th century. Despite the fact that most have subsequently experienced a period of re-urbanisation, many pockets of decline remain, and in many cities the drivers of regrowth remain fragile. In other parts of Europe (especially in the east) concerns about urban decline have only recently come onto the policy agenda, in the form of debates about 'shrinking cities'. Although the term may be relatively unfamiliar to British planners, the concept and its implications are highly relevant to the future of our cities, particularly in light of concerns about the economic North-South divide. The weakening of central government commitment to urban regeneration, and the relaxation in planning controls that might follow any 'presumption in favour of sustainable development'. Over the past three years, a multi-disciplinary consortium of planners and social scientists from across Europe has been exploring the trajectories of shrinking cities, the resulting challenges, and governance responses through a research project entitled 'Smart Shrinkage'. This article looks at some of the study's findings.
- Published
- 2012
24. From long-term shrinkage to re-growth? The urban development trajectories of Liverpool and Leipzig
- Author
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Rink, Dieter, Haase, Annegret, Grossmann, Katrin, Couch, C., Cocks, M., Rink, Dieter, Haase, Annegret, Grossmann, Katrin, Couch, C., and Cocks, M.
- Abstract
Whereas many cities in Europe experience a continuous process of urban growth, a considerable number of others have experienced long periods of urban shrinkage over recent decades. In many such cities this process is ongoing. However, in between these two poles of growth or shrinkage, there are cities with less pronounced trajectories. One such type is cities that underwent a phase of shrinkage but have more recently seen a recovery in population numbers. This 'turnaround' from shrinkage towards a stabilization, or even re-growth, has been increasingly reflected in the literature in recent years. Set against this background, the paper discusses and analyses the urban development trajectories of two European cities - Leipzig in Germany and Liverpool in the UK - cities of a similar size that underwent a phase of long-term shrinkage from the 1930s until the late 1990s (Leipzig), and even the 2000s (Liverpool). Recently, while both cities have stabilized their populations, and have seen a modest growth of some thousand people per year, this success has been heavily dependent on external public investment and cannot be explained simply by the assertions of popular urban development models.Rink
- Published
- 2012
25. Sprint interval and traditional endurance training increase net intramuscular triglyceride breakdown and expression of perilipin 2 and 5
- Author
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Shepherd, S. O., primary, Cocks, M., additional, Tipton, K. D., additional, Ranasinghe, A. M., additional, Barker, T. A., additional, Burniston, J. G., additional, Wagenmakers, A. J. M., additional, and Shaw, C. S., additional
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. LATE ORDOVICIAN BRACHIOPODS FROM THE DULANKARA FORMATION OF THE CHU-ILI RANGE, KAZAKHSTAN: THEIR SYSTEMATICS, PALAEOECOLOGY AND PALAEOBIOGEOGRAPHY.
- Author
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Popov, Leonid E., Robin, L., and Cocks, M.
- Subjects
BRACHIOPODA ,ORDOVICIAN stratigraphic geology ,ANIMAL species ,SALMON ,ECOLOGY - Abstract
Brachiopods from the late Ordovician (late Caradoc) Dulankara Formation of the Chu-Ili Range, Kazakhstan, are reviewed. Those from the upper two members of the formation, the Degeres and Akkol members, are systematically described. New genera from the Dulankara Formation are Nikitinamena (Plectambonitoidea: Leptellinidae), with type species Nikitinamena bicostata sp. nov., and Weberorthis (Orthoidea: Plectorthidae), with type species Mimella brevis Rukavishnikova. Another new genus is Glyptomenoides (Strophomenoidea: Glyptomenidae), with type species Rafinesquina girvanensis Salmon from the Caradoc of Girvan, Scotland. Other new species from the Dulankara Formation are Holtedahlina orientalis, Platymena tersa, Christiania proclivis, Leangella ( Leangella) paletsae, Metambonites subcarinatus, Ogmoplecia nesca and Plectorthis licta. The ecology and assemblages of all three members of the Dulankara Formation are identified or reviewed, and their palaeogeographical significance assessed: the Chu-Ili Terrane (on which the Dulankara Formation was situated during the Ordovician) formed part of the relatively low-latitude peri-Gondwanan complex of terranes, and was probably not far from North and South China. The faunal links suggested between the Dulankara brachiopods and contemporary faunas from Australia are now perceived to be weaker than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2006
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27. The medicinal use of some weeds, problem and alien plants in the Grahamstown and Peddie districts of the Eastern Cape, South Africa.
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Dold, A. P. and Cocks, M. L.
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- *
WEEDS , *MEDICINAL plants , *INTRODUCED plants , *THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
Presents information on a study which investigated the medicinal use of weeds from Eastern Cape, South Africa. Methodology; Results of the study; Conclusion.
- Published
- 2000
28. Structural Studies of Bearing Steel Undergoing Cyclic Stressing.
- Author
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SKF INDUSTRIES INC KING OF PRUSSIA PA RESEARCH LAB, Leonard, L., Cocks, M., McCool, J. I., SKF INDUSTRIES INC KING OF PRUSSIA PA RESEARCH LAB, Leonard, L., Cocks, M., and McCool, J. I.
- Abstract
A report is made on a metallurgical investigation of the failure mechanisms which operate in bearing steels during cyclic stressing. It describes the findings and conclusions reached under this investigation regarding the microstructural changes which accompany fatigue and the nature of fatigu crack initiation and propagation mechanisms. It describes findings from observations of bearing surfaces by electron and light microscopy techniques and relates microstructural and morphological changes with lubrication phenomena. Experimental studies of run-in of rolling bearing steel surfaces are described, in which EHD film changes and surface morphology are monitored. Optical film shape measurements showing the effect of surface defects on EHD film are presented and interpreted. Statistical data on the relative density of non-metallic inclusions in different bearing grade steels is presented and correlated with endurance life. (Author)
- Published
- 1971
29. Vasoconstrictor role for vasopressin in experimental heart failure in the rabbit.
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Arnolda, L, primary, McGrath, B P, additional, Cocks, M, additional, and Johnston, C I, additional
- Published
- 1986
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30. Surface Oxide Films in Intermetallic Contacts
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COCKS, M., primary
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- 1952
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31. Introduction of a novel home-based high-intensity interval training programme to improve cardio-metabolic health in at-risk individuals
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Scott, S. N., Shepherd, S., Wagenmakers, A., and Cocks, M.
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612.1 ,QP Physiology ,GV561 Sports - Abstract
New strategies are urgently needed to increase physical activity participation in the increasingly sedentary population to combat the rising rates of obesity and metabolic disease. The aim of this thesis was to provide evidence that practical high-intensity interval training (HIT) strategies can remove many of the major exercise barriers for obese individuals and people with type 1 diabetes that could potentially increase physical activity participation. Secondly, this thesis aimed to provide mechanistic evidence to explain the physiological effectiveness of HIT as a means to reduce the risk of cardio-metabolic disease. In Chapters 4 and 5, 32 obese adults with at least 3 additional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors completed one of three 12-week training programmes 3x/week: Home-HIT (n=9); Laboratory-based supervised HIT (Lab-HIT; n=10) or home-based moderate intensity continuous training (Home-MICT; n=13). Changes in V ̇O2peak, insulin sensitivity, body composition, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) were assessed. Muscle biopsies were taken to assess changes in capillarisation, mitochondrial density, intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) content and eNOS and GLUT4 protein expression using quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy. Adherence and compliance (Home-HIT 96±3% & 99±1%; Home-MICT 88±4% & 100±0%; Lab-HIT 97±1% & 100±0%, respectively) to training did not differ between groups. Training increased V ̇O2peak and Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (P < 0.05). BMI, body fat percentage and visceral fat decreased (P < 0.05). FMD increased and aortic PWV decreased in each group (P < 0.05). Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed increased capillarisation, mitochondrial density, IMTG content and eNOS and GLUT4 protein expression (P < 0.05). In Chapter 6, 14 people with type 1 diabetes completed a randomised counterbalanced crossover design whereby continuous glucose monitoring was used to assess glycaemic control and risk of hypoglycaemia following a single bout of HIT and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on separate days, compared to a non-exercise control day (CON). In Chapter 7, 14 people with type 1 diabetes (n=7 per group) completed six weeks of HIT or MICT 3x/week and the effect on glucose control and markers of cardio-metabolic health were measured. Chapter 6 showed no difference in the time, incidence or severity of hypoglycaemia over the 24-hour or nocturnal period between the CON, HIT and MICT days. In Chapter 7, six weeks of HIT or MICT improved V ̇O2max by 14% and 15%, respectively and aortic PWV by 12%, with no difference between groups. Therefore, Chapters 6 and 7 demonstrate that HIT is an effective exercise strategy for people with type 1 diabetes that reduces the two major barriers of lack of time and fear of hypoglycaemia. Finally, in Chapter 8, eleven previously sedentary individuals with type 1 diabetes completed 6 weeks of Home-HIT. Blood glucose was monitored before, immediately and 1h after all of the exercise sessions. Perceptions of the program along with attitudes towards exercise, barriers to exercise and previous experiences of exercise were evaluated using an online survey. Training session adherence was 93±2%, with participants achieving their target HR in 99±1% of sessions. Blood glucose was not different from baseline immediately or 1h post HIT exercise. Training increased V ̇O2peak by 8% (P=0.015), but blood pressure was unchanged (P=0.445). The qualitative data showed that the Home-HIT programme was positively received with many benefits. In conclusion, this thesis provides strong evidence that HIT can reduce major barriers to exercise and potentially increase exercise participation in these at-risk populations. Furthermore, Home-HIT was shown to be an effective strategy to improve a wide range of physiological markers indicative of improved cardio-metabolic health. Importantly, Home-HIT not only reduced traditional barriers to exercise, but also the key barrier in people with type 1 diabetes, fear of hypoglycaemia. As such, Home-HIT may represent an effective strategy to improve health in obese individuals with elevated CVD and people with type 1 diabetes by increasing exercise participation. Future research should investigate the effects of Home-HIT on a larger scale using larger cohorts and longer training periods using large-scale randomised controlled trials.
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- 2018
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32. THE IMPACT OF ARTERIAL CATHETERIZATION ON VASCULAR FUNCTION IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS AND PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
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Tryfonos, A, Dawson, E, Cocks, M, and Green, D
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QM ,RC1200 ,QP - Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of global death. Diagnosis and treatment for CAD often involves angiography and/or angioplasty. However, the radial artery catheterization required during both procedures may result in acute artery dysfunction/damage, mainly due to endothelial disruption. Whilst exercise training typically enhances endothelial function, and is therefore generally recommended for CAD patients, animal studies indicated paradoxical exercise-induced vasoconstriction post-catheterization. It is not currently known if there is an acute period when exercise is detrimental due to catheter-induced damage. Chapter 4 has demonstrated that catheterization in CAD patients results in impaired flow-mediated dilation (FMD), but that arterial responses to handgrip exercise (HE) are preserved 1 week post-catheterization. This finding suggests that the impact of endothelial disruption may be stimulus specific, with redundant mechanisms likely to preserve exercise-mediated vasodilator responses in the face of catheterization-mediated damage. Chapter 6 showed that catheterization in young healthy males with a fully functional endothelium resulted in reduced FMD, including completely abolished FMD (≤0%) in approximately 1/5th of participants. This exaggerated response in healthy subjects, compared to CAD patients, raises the question of whether individuals with a priori endothelial dysfunction are more or less susceptible to catheterization-induced arterial risk. Given the association between endothelial dysfunction and CAD progression, Chapter 5 explored relationships between FMD and arterial responses to exercise with the protein content of eNOS, NAD(P)Hox subunit 2, NFκB, ET-1, nitrotyrosine, the senescence markers (p53, p21, p16) and eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation in endothelial cells (EC)s obtained from the radial arteries of CAD patients. FMD was positively associated with eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation, and protein content of p21 and p16, whereas no associations were found between FMD and markers of oxidative stress, vasoconstriction or inflammation. HE-induced dilation was not associated with any of the EC proteins, or FMD. A number of associations were observed between the expression of atherogenic risk-modulating proteins, providing novel insight into the molecular mechanisms related to vascular function in CAD. Lastly, Chapter 7 provided novel molecular insights into how elevated shear stress induced by exercise benefits endothelial function in humans. In particular, it has been shown that a ~5-fold increase in shear stress induced by 30 minutes of HE resulted in upregulation of eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation, whereas no effect was reported in PECAM-1 Tyr713 activation in ECs obtained from radial artery of young healthy well-trained males. As such, this study suggests that PECAM-1 activation is not involved in the vascular response to prolonged elevations in shear stress. In conclusion, this thesis provided important information regarding the impact of catheterization on arterial function, showing preserved exercise-induced dilation in CAD patients following catheterization damage. This suggests early onset of exercise-based rehabilitation after catheterization procedures is safe, although this should be confirmed in other cohorts and in a larger sample. In addition, this thesis demonstrated novel insights into the molecular mechanisms related to arterial function in CAD, suggesting that progressive endothelial dysfunction in CAD may be more dependent on NO production than NO scavenging. Finally, this thesis provided novel data regarding the mechanism by which ECs sense elevated shear stress, suggesting no involvement of PECAM-1 in exercise-induced NO production.
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- 2022
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33. High intensity interval training: moving away from the laboratory and into the real-world
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Hesketh, K, Strauss, J, Cocks, M, Wagenmakers, A, and Shepherd, S
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RC1200 ,sports - Abstract
Within the laboratory setting, high intensity interval training (HIIT) can elicit physiological adaptations similar to traditional moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) with the important advantage of a reduced total exercise volume and time commitment. However, researchers have argued that HIIT is not a viable public health strategy because it is too demanding to be maintained by non-athletic populations (Biddle and Batterham, 2015). The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of real-world HIIT interventions on adherence and cardio-metabolic health risk factors. Furthermore this thesis investigates the feasibility and perceptual responses to home-based wholebody HIIT as a strategy to remove many of the major barriers to exercise. In Chapter 3, 82 previously sedentary males (n=26) and females (n=56) aged 18-65 (28±10 y, BMI 25±3 kg.m-2) participated in the study. In a randomised cross-over design, whereby participants completed either 6 weeks of 30HIT (4-8x30s sprint with 120s active recovery) and 6-weeks of 60HIT (6-10x60s sprint with 60s active recovery). Participants then completed a 4-week washout period before completing the alternative intervention. Training sessions were completed on a Wattbike, 3 times per week. VO2peak, body composition (DXA), glycaemic control (oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and arterial stiffness (aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV)) were assessed pre and post each 6-week training phase. VO2peak increased post intervention in 30HIT and 60HIT (P0.05). In Chapter 4, 154 patients (males: n=88), females: n=66) who were eligible for a UK exercise referral scheme (ERS) (inactive and at least one health risk factor) were recruited. Participants chose either 12-weeks ERS (encouraged to achieve 150min/wk of moderate-intensity exercise, with reduced cost gym membership) or Home-based HIIT (4-9x1min intervals interspersed with 1 min rest, using body weight exercises). Adherence and compliance to the programme were monitored using a heart rate monitor. VO2peak, body composition (DXA), glycaemic control (OGTT) and arterial stiffness (aPWV) was recorded at baseline, post-intervention (12-weeks) and 3-months postintervention (follow-up). Perceptions of the programme were evaluated using an online interview. 56% (n=87) of eligible participants chose Home-based HIIT in preference to ERS. At baseline Home-based HIIT had a lower VO2peak than ERS (P=0.034). ERS and Home-based HIIT had a similar adherence (HIIT 39%, ERS 53% P=0.298) and compliance to the prescribed programme (HIIT 30%, ERS 47% P=0.331). VO2peak increased post-intervention (P
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- 2022
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34. 'Can Home-Based High Intensity Interval Training Improve Post Exercise Glycaemic Control in People with Type 1 diabetes?'
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Pickles, J, Cocks, M, Hopkins, N, Thijssen, D, and Carter, S
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RC1200 - Abstract
Aims: The aims of this study were to investigate: the effects of home-HIIT and home-MICT completed in a postprandial state compared to a non-exercise control period on; i) hypoglycaemia ii) time in range (TIR), and iii) glycaemic variability (GV), for up to 48-hours post exercise in a free-living environment in adults with Type 1 diabetes. A secondary aim was to investigate whether acute changes following exercise influenced 14-day glycaemic control. Methods: 11 adults with Type 1 diabetes (male n=4, female n=7, age 26 ± 7 years, BMI 25.43 ± 4.29 kg.m2, Type 1 diabetes duration 10 ± 8 years) completed a randomised crossover study consisting of three 14-day interventions; 1) home-HIIT, 2) home-MICT and 3) non-exercise control (CON). During exercise intervention the effect of six exercise sessions on subsequent glycaemic control was assessed for up to 48-hours post exercise. CON data was time matched to home-HIIT. Glycaemic control was measured using an Abbot Freestyle Libre flash glucose monitor. Dietary intake and insulin dose were also assessed. Results: Neither home-HIIT or home-MICT increased time spent in serious, clinically significant hypoglycaemia (< 3.0 mmol/L) compared to CON at any period during the 48 hours post exercise (P > 0.05). TIR in home-HIIT was significantly greater during the period immediately after exercise compared to CON (11% [0, 22], P = 0.043) and significantly greater compared to home-MICT during the awake periods on the day following (10% [2, 18], P = 0.013) and second day following exercise (11% [3, 20], P = 0.014). GV, assessed as coefficient of variation (CV) was increased during the nocturnal period on the second day following home-MICT compared to CON (CV = 4% [1, 7] P = 0.008) and home-HIIT (CV = -5% [-8, 2], P = 0.005). This increase in GV translated into an increased nocturnal GV over the 14-day day intervention period in home-MICT compared to home-HIIT (CV = -4% [-8, 0], P = 0.034). Conclusion: In conclusion, both home-HIIT and home-MICT are safe exercise modalities for people with Type 1 diabetes but Home-HIIT may provide more beneficial effects on glycaemic control compared to home-MICT. This study provides novel evidence that exercise affects glycaemic control for up to 48-hours post exercise in people with Type 1 diabetes.
- Published
- 2021
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35. On the behavior of a three-dimensional fractional viscoelastic constitutive model
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Alan C.F. Cocks, Olga Barrera, Mario Di Paola, Gioacchino Alotta, and G. Alotta, O. Barrera, A.C.F. Cocks, M. Di Paola
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Scale (ratio) ,Mechanical Engineering ,Constitutive equation ,Mathematical analysis ,Isotropy ,02 engineering and technology ,Function (mathematics) ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Poisson distribution ,Viscoelasticity ,Poisson's ratio ,Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter ,symbols.namesake ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Mechanics of Materials ,Consistency (statistics) ,symbols ,Fractional viscoelasticity, 3D constitutive models, Creep Relaxation, Viscoelastic Poisson ratio ,0210 nano-technology ,Mathematics - Abstract
In this paper a three-dimensional isotropic fractional viscoelastic model is examined. It is shown that if different time scales for the volumetric and deviatoric components are assumed, the Poisson ratio is time varying function; in particular viscoelastic Poisson ratio may be obtained both increasing and decreasing with time. Moreover, it is shown that, from a theoretical point of view, one-dimensional fractional constitutive laws for normal stress and strain components are not correct to fit uniaxial experimental test, unless the time scale of deviatoric and volumetric are equal. Finally, the model is proved to satisfy correspondence principles also for the viscoelastic Poisson’s ratio and some issues about thermodynamic consistency of the model are addressed.
- Published
- 2016
36. THE EFFECT OF INTERVAL DURATION AND WORK-TO-REST RATIO ON ACUTE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PERCEPTUAL RESPONSES, AND CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS FOLLOWING A HOME-BASED HIIT TRAINING INTERVENTION
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Church, H and Cocks, M
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RC1200 ,sports - Abstract
Introduction: Laboratory-based High intensity interval training (HIIT) is an efficacious time-saving exercise modality resulting in similar adaptations to traditional moderate-intensity continuous training. Recently, Home-based HIIT, involving bodyweight exercises, has gained popularity in the literature, as it overcomes additional barriers such as limited access to facilities and appropriate equipment. However, literature in to home-based HIIT is still sparse, and little is known about how manipulating interval duration, interval number and work-to-rest ratio could influence the efficacy and effectiveness of such interventions. Aims: Two separate but related studies were conducted. The aim of study 1 was to investigate the acute physiological, perceptual, and motivational responses to five home-based HIIT protocols with various work-to-rest ratios (specifically 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4) and interval durations (30s or 60s). The aim of study 2 was to implement and compare two of the HIIT protocols investigated in study one to identify the ideal interval duration for improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and health in sedentary individuals. Methods: In Study 1, 10 healthy participants (age = 25±4 yrs, BMI = 22.7±1.4kg.m2) completed a randomised cross-over study, whereby each participant completed five bodyweight HIIT protocols, four using 30s intervals (30:30x6 (30s interval interspersed with 30s rest, completed 6 times), 30:60x6, 30:120x6 and 30:30x12) and one using 60s intervals (60:60x6). A total of 12 exercises were implemented, examples included burpees, mountain climbers, and jumping jacks. Blood lactate, heart rate (HR), feeling scale (FS), enjoyment and perceived competence were measured in response to each protocol. In Study 2, 28 healthy sedentary participants (age = 29±10 yrs, BMI = 25.3±3.9 kg.m2) completed a randomised cross-over design, whereby each participant completed 6 weeks of 30:120HIIT (4-8x30s with 120s rest) and 60:60HIIT (6-10x60s with 60s rest). In addition to the 12 exercises implemented in study 1, a further 6 were added in study 2. CRF, body composition (bioimpedance), blood pressure and aortic pulse wave velocity were assessed pre and post each intervention, with a 4-6-week wash-out period between interventions. Results: Study 1 (acute phase), established that 60:60x6 and 30:30x12 resulted in significantly higher change in blood lactate and HR responses compared to 30:30x6, 30:60x6, and 30:120x6 (P0.05). Study 2 (chronic phase) demonstrated that CRF increased following both 30:120HIIT and 60:60HIIT (P0.05). Conclusion: This is the first study to directly compare different home-based HIIT protocols by manipulating interval durations and work-to-rest ratios. Home-based HIIT protocols consisting of 30:120HIIT and 60:60HIIT improved CRF and aPWV after 6 weeks in sedentary individuals, despite 30:120HIIT producing significantly lower lactate and heart rate responses whilst also showing less aversive perceptions during an acute bout of exercise to that of 60:60HIIT.
37. INTRODUCTION OF A NOVEL HOME-BASED HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING PROGRAMME TO IMPROVE CARDIO-METABOLIC HEALTH IN AT-RISK INDIVIDUALS
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Scott, SN, Shepherd, S, Wagenmakers, A, and Cocks, M
- Subjects
QP Physiology ,GV561 Sports ,sports ,QP - Abstract
New strategies are urgently needed to increase physical activity participation in the increasingly sedentary population to combat the rising rates of obesity and metabolic disease. The aim of this thesis was to provide evidence that practical high-intensity interval training (HIT) strategies can remove many of the major exercise barriers for obese individuals and people with type 1 diabetes that could potentially increase physical activity participation. Secondly, this thesis aimed to provide mechanistic evidence to explain the physiological effectiveness of HIT as a means to reduce the risk of cardio-metabolic disease. In Chapters 4 and 5, 32 obese adults with at least 3 additional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors completed one of three 12-week training programmes 3x/week: Home-HIT (n=9); Laboratory-based supervised HIT (Lab-HIT; n=10) or home-based moderate intensity continuous training (Home-MICT; n=13). Changes in V ̇O2peak, insulin sensitivity, body composition, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) were assessed. Muscle biopsies were taken to assess changes in capillarisation, mitochondrial density, intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) content and eNOS and GLUT4 protein expression using quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy. Adherence and compliance (Home-HIT 96±3% & 99±1%; Home-MICT 88±4% & 100±0%; Lab-HIT 97±1% & 100±0%, respectively) to training did not differ between groups. Training increased V ̇O2peak and Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (P
38. THE EFFECT OF INTERMITTENT CYCLE TRAINING TIME AND INTENSITY ON AEROBIC CAPACITY
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Hesketh, KL, Strauss, J, Cocks, M, Shepherd, S, and Wagenmakers, A
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RC1200 ,RC1200 Sports Medicine - Abstract
Introduction: Aerobic exercise capacity outperforms established clinical risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, obesity and diabetes in predicting all-cause mortality (Myer et al., 2004). ‘Lack of time’ is the most commonly cited barrier to sufficient amounts of physical activity (Trost et al., 2002). High intensity interval training (HIT) is a time-efficient alternative to moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), but the feasibility for exercise-naïve individuals has been questioned. Success has depended on vigorous encouragement by the researchers and the presence of expensive specialised cycle ergometers. Aim: To investigate whether two popular HIT protocols (30HIT and 60HIT) can increase aerobic exercise capacity without verbal encouragement or specialised cycle ergometers, such that HIT interventions can be delivered in a real life setting independent of instructors. Methods: Twenty-eight previously sedentary males (n=6) and females (n=22) aged 18-55 participated (28±2 y, BMI 25±1 kg.m2). In a randomised counterbalanced cross-over design, participants completed either 6 weeks of 30HIT (4-8x30s with 120s active recovery) or 60HIT (6-10x60s with 60s active recovery). Training sessions were completed on a Wattbike, 3 times per week. Participants were told to reach > 80% of maximal heart rate (HRmax). VO2peak and Watt max were assessed pre and post each intervention, with a 4-6 weeks wash-out period between interventions. Results: VO2peak increased post intervention in 30HIT (37±1 to 38±1 ml.min-1.kg-1) and 60HIT (35±1 to 38±1 ml.min-1.kg-1). There was a significant main effect of training on VO2peak (P < 0.001), with no difference between training modes (P=0.849). When normalized to Watt max those participants producing higher peak power output (PPO) improved their VO2peak significantly more than those producing a low PPO, irrespective of group (30HIT P
39. EXTOD-Immune: a randomised controlled trial to investigate whether a remotely monitored, home-based exercise intervention can reduce disease activity in people with type 1 diabetes.
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Quickfall M, Cocks M, Long HM, Di Rosa F, Andrews R, Narendran P, Hesketh K, and Wadley AJ
- Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the adaptive immune system targets insulin-producing β-cells of pancreatic islets, leading to dependence on exogenous insulin therapy. Cytotoxic (CD8
+ ) T-cells specific for islet antigens are major players in T1D autoimmunity. Data indicate that regular exercise may preserve β-cell function in people recently diagnosed with T1D, but the role of islet-reactive CD8+ T-cells is unclear. In a randomised crossover design, this study will determine the impact of a 12-week exercise programme on the frequency and proliferative state of islet-reactive CD8+ T-cells in the peripheral blood of 20 adults diagnosed with T1D within the past 3 years. The exercise intervention will consist of three high-intensity interval training sessions per week (6-10 1 min intervals >80% maximum heart rate, with 1 min rest), the duration of which will incrementally increase from 14 to 22 min. Habitual physical activity and diet will be maintained during control and washout periods. At weeks 0, 12, 24 and 36, a fasting blood sample will be collected to quantify the frequency, phenotype and proliferative activity of islet-reactive CD8+ T-cells (primary outcome) and various clinical parameters. Glycaemic control will also be evaluated using 14-day continuous glucose monitoring at the start and end of each study arm. Findings may provide a rationale for conducting large-scale trials to evaluate the implementation of exercise into routine clinical care, particularly for people recently diagnosed with T1D when maintenance of β-cell function is critical to counteract disease progression. Trial registration number: ISRCTN79006041., Competing Interests: None declared., (Copyright © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)- Published
- 2024
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40. Mo bile heal t h bi ometrics to prescribe immediate remote physical acti v ity for enh a ncing up t ak e to c ardiac r ehabilitation (MOTIVATE-CR+): protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial.
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Crozier A, Cocks M, Hesketh K, Miller G, Mcgregor G, Thomas L, and Jones H
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- Humans, Feasibility Studies, Exercise, Quality of Life, Biometry, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Cardiac Rehabilitation methods, Telemedicine
- Abstract
Introduction: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) can reduce cardiovascular mortality and improve health-related quality of life. In the United Kingdom, patient uptake of CR remains low (52%), falling well short of the target in the 2019 National Health Service long-term plan (85%). Mobile health (mHealth) technologies, offering biometric data to patients and healthcare professionals, may bridge the gap between supervised exercise and physical activity advice, enabling patients to engage in regular long-term physically active lifestyles. This randomised controlled trial (RCT) will evaluate the feasibility of mHealth technology when incorporated into a structured home-based walking intervention, in people with recent myocardial infarction., Methods and Analysis: This is a feasibility, assessor blinded, parallel group RCT. Participants will be allocated to either CR standard care (control group) or CR standard care+mHealth supported exercise counselling (mHealth intervention group). Feasibility outcomes will include the number of patients approached, screened and eligible; the percentage of patients who decline CR (including reasons for declining), agree to CR and consent to being part of the study; the percentage of patients who enrol in standard CR and reasons for drop out; and the percentage of participants who complete clinical, physical and psychosocial outcomes to identify a suitable primary outcome for a future definitive trial., Ethics and Dissemination: The trial was approved in the UK by the Northwest-Greater Manchester East Research Ethics Committee (22/NW/0301) and is being conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international scientific meetings., Trial Registration Numbers: NCT05774587., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
- Published
- 2024
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41. Adherence to unsupervised exercise in sedentary individuals: A randomised feasibility trial of two mobile health interventions.
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Bannell DJ, France-Ratcliffe M, Buckley BJR, Crozier A, Davies AP, Hesketh KL, Jones H, Cocks M, and Sprung VS
- Abstract
Introduction: Adherence to unsupervised exercise is poor, yet unsupervised exercise interventions are utilised in most healthcare settings. Thus, investigating novel ways to enhance adherence to unsupervised exercise is essential. This study aimed to examine the feasibility of two mobile health (mHealth) technology-supported exercise and physical activity (PA) interventions to increase adherence to unsupervised exercise., Methods: Eighty-six participants were randomised to online resources ( n = 44, females n = 29) or MOTIVATE ( n = 42, females n = 28). The online resources group had access to booklets and videos to assist in performing a progressive exercise programme. MOTIVATE participants received exercise counselling sessions supported via mHealth biometrics which allowed instant participant feedback on exercise intensity, and communication with an exercise specialist. Heart rate (HR) monitoring, survey-reported exercise behaviour and accelerometer-derived PA were used to quantify adherence. Remote measurement techniques were used to assess anthropometrics, blood pressure, HbA
1c and lipid profiles., Results: HR-derived adherence rates were 22 ± 34% and 113 ± 68% in the online resources and MOTIVATE groups, respectively. Self-reported exercise behaviour demonstrated moderate (Cohen's d = 0.63, CI = 0.27 to 0.99) and large effects (Cohen's d = 0.88, CI = 0.49 to 1.26) in favour of online resources and MOTIVATE groups, respectively. When dropouts were included, 84% of remotely gathered data were available, with dropouts removed data availability was 94%., Conclusion: Data suggest both interventions have a positive impact on adherence to unsupervised exercise but MOTIVATE enables participants to meet recommended exercise guidelines. Nevertheless, to maximise adherence to unsupervised exercise, future appropriately powered trials should explore the effectiveness of the MOTIVATE intervention., Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, funding and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2023.)- Published
- 2023
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42. Structured Case-Based Ethics Discussion for Trainees and Faculty on Dermatopathology.
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Jensen NC, Cocks M, Brintz BJ, Stoff B, and Cipriano SD
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- Humans, Ethics, Medical, Faculty, Schools, Curriculum, Medicine
- Abstract
Introduction: Ethical and professional dilemmas are part of the day-to-day practice of medicine, including within dermatopathology (e.g., ethical implications of self-referring skin biopsies for pathology interpretation). There is a need for teaching aids that dermatology educators can easily access to help provide ethics education., Methods: We held an hour-long, faculty-facilitated, interactive, virtual discussion about ethical issues in dermatopathology. The session followed a structured, case-based format. We administered anonymous online feedback surveys after the session and used the Wilcoxon signed rank test to compare participants' before and after responses., Results: Seventy-two individuals from two academic institutions participated in the session. We collected 35 total responses (49%) from dermatology residents ( n = 15), dermatology faculty ( n = 14), medical students ( n = 2), and other providers and learners ( n = 4). Feedback was largely positive, with 21 attendees (60%) indicating they learned a few things and 11 (31%) indicating they learned a great deal. Additionally, 32 participants (91%) indicated they would recommend the session to a colleague. Our analysis showed that attendees had a greater self-perceived level of achievement for each of our three objectives after the session., Discussion: This dermatoethics session is structured so as to be easily shared, deployed, and built on by other institutions. We hope that other institutions will use our materials and results to improve upon the foundation presented here and that this framework will be used by other medical specialties seeking to foster ethics education in their training programs., (© 2023 Jensen et al.)
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- 2023
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43. Clinical Considerations and Practical Advice for People Living With Type 2 Diabetes Who Undertake Regular Exercise or Aim to Exercise Competitively.
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Scott SN, Hayes C, Zeuger T, Davies AP, Andrews RC, and Cocks M
- Abstract
This article provides practical tips for advising people with type 2 diabetes on how to engage in regular exercise safely and effectively. Its focus is on individuals who wish to exceed the minimum physical activity recommendation of 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity exercise or even compete in their chosen sport. Health care professionals who work with such individuals must have a basic understanding of glucose metabolism during exercise, nutritional requirements, blood glucose management, medications, and sport-related considerations. This article reviews three key aspects of individualized care for physically active people with type 2 diabetes: 1 ) initial medical assessment and pre-exercise screenings, 2 ) glucose monitoring and nutritional considerations, and 3 ) the combined glycemic effects of exercise and medications., Competing Interests: No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported., (© 2023 by the American Diabetes Association.)
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- 2023
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44. Remote maintenance cardiac rehabilitation (MAINTAIN): A protocol for a randomised feasibility study.
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Denton F, Waddell A, Kite C, Hesketh K, Atkinson L, Cocks M, Jones H, Randeva H, Davenport N, Powell R, Clark C, Kyrou I, Harwood AE, and McGregor G
- Abstract
Background: Long-term adherence to exercise is often poor for people with coronary heart disease (CHD) who have completed supervised, centre-based cardiac rehabilitation. The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of a remotely prescribed, delivered and monitored cardiac rehabilitation intervention using a wearable device to support long-term adherence to exercise and physical activity during maintenance of cardiac rehabilitation., Methods: After completing cardiac rehabilitation, 30 participants with CHD, will be randomised (1:1) to an intervention ( n = 15) or a usual care group ( n = 15) in a 12-month feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT). The intervention will comprise of an exercise consultation, personalised exercise prescription delivered via a wearable activity monitor using biometric feedback, regular monitoring via check-ins, and feedback text-messages for 6-months. Participants will be assessed at baseline (following completion of cardiac rehabilitation) and at three-, six-, and 12-months post-randomisation. The primary outcome will be feasibility, including assessment of eligibility, recruitment, adherence, and acceptability. Secondary outcomes will include exercise capacity, physical activity behaviours, cardiovascular disease risk and quality of life. Semi-structured interviews will be conducted at three-, six-, and 12-months post-randomisation (and with those who drop-out) to explore the acceptability of the study intervention and procedures. A questionnaire will be offered to those who decline participation., Discussion: The MAINTAIN study will evaluate the feasibility of conducting a future definitive multi-centre RCT testing a remotely prescribed and monitored long-term mHealth maintenance exercise programme, versus usual care, for people with CHD who have completed cardiac rehabilitation., Trial Registration Number: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05292287. Registered on 22/03/2022., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2023.)
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- 2023
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45. Ex Vivo treatment of coronary artery endothelial cells with serum post-exercise training offers limited protection against in vitro exposure to FEC-T chemotherapy.
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Mclaughlin M, Hesketh KL, Horgan SL, Florida-James G, Cocks M, Strauss JA, and Ross M
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Background: Chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer associates with well-documented cardiovascular detriments. Exercise has shown promise as a potentially protective intervention against cardiac toxicity. However, there is a paucity of evidence for the benefits of exercise on the vasculature. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effects of chemotherapy on the vascular endothelium; and if there are protective effects of serological alterations elicited by an exercise training intervention. Methods and Results: 15 women participated in a 12-week home-based exercise intervention consisting of three high-intensity interval sessions per week. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were exposed to physiological concentrations of 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide (FEC) and docetaxel to determine a dose-response. Twenty-4 hours prior to FEC and docetaxel exposure, HCAECs were preconditioned with serum collected pre- and post-training. Annexin V binding and cleaved caspase-3 were assessed using flow cytometry and wound repair by scratch assays. Chemotherapy exposure increased HCAEC Annexin V binding, cleaved caspase-3 expression in a dose-dependent manner; and inhibited wound repair. Compared to pre-training serum, conditioning HCAECs with post-training serum, reduced Annexin V binding (42% vs. 30%, p = 0.01) when exposed to FEC. For docetaxel, there were no within-group differences (pre-vs post-exercise) for Annexin V binding or cleaved caspase-3 expression. There was a protective effect of post-training serum on wound repair for 5-flurouracil ( p = 0.03) only. Conclusion: FEC-T chemotherapy drugs cause significant damage and dysfunction of endothelial cells. Preconditioning with serum collected after an exercise training intervention, elicited some protection against the usual toxicity of FEC-T, when compared to control serum., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Mclaughlin, Hesketh, Horgan, Florida-James, Cocks, Strauss and Ross.)
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- 2023
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46. Mo bile Heal t h B i ometrics to Enhance Exercise and Physical Acti v ity A dherence in T yp e 2 Diabetes (MOTIVATE-T2D): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial.
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Hesketh K, Low J, Andrews R, Jones CA, Jones H, Jung ME, Little J, Mateus C, Pulsford R, Singer J, Sprung VS, McManus AM, and Cocks M
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- Biometry, Exercise, Feasibility Studies, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 therapy, Telemedicine
- Abstract
Introduction: Exercise and physical activity (PA) are fundamental to the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Current exercise and PA strategies for newly diagnosed individuals with type 2 diabetes are either clinically effective but unsuitable in routine practice (supervised exercise) or suitable in routine practice but clinically ineffective (PA advice). Mobile health (mHealth) technologies, offering biometric data to patients and healthcare professionals, may bridge the gap between supervised exercise and PA advice, enabling patients to engage in regular long-term physically active lifestyles. This feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT) will evaluate the use of mHealth technology when incorporated into a structured home-based exercise and PA intervention, in those recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes., Methods and Analysis: This feasibility multicentre, parallel group RCT will recruit 120 individuals with type 2 diabetes (diagnosis within 5-24 months, aged 40-75 years) in the UK (n=60) and Canada (n=60). Participants will undertake a 6-month structured exercise and PA intervention and be supported by an exercise specialist (active control). The intervention group will receive additional support from a smartwatch and phone app, providing real-time feedback and enabling improved communication between the exercise specialist and participant. Primary outcomes are recruitment rate, adherence to exercise and loss to follow-up. Secondary outcomes include a qualitative process evaluation and piloting of potential clinical outcome measures for a future RCT., Ethics and Dissemination: The trial was approved in the UK by the South East Scotland Research Ethics Committee 01 (20/SS/0101) and in Canada by the Clinical Research Ethics Board of the University of British Columbia (H20-01936), and is being conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international scientific meetings., Trial Registration Numbers: ISRCTN14335124; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04653532., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
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- 2021
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47. Home-Based HIIT and Traditional MICT Prescriptions Improve Cardiorespiratory Fitness to a Similar Extent Within an Exercise Referral Scheme for At-Risk Individuals.
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Hesketh K, Jones H, Kinnafick F, Shepherd SO, Wagenmakers AJM, Strauss JA, and Cocks M
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Exercise referral schemes (ERS) are used to promote physical activity within primary care. Traditionally, ERS are conducted in a gym or leisure-center setting, with exercise prescriptions based on moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). Home-based high-intensity interval training (Home-HIIT) has the potential to reduce perceived barriers to exercise, including lack of time and access to facilities, compared to traditional MICT prescription used with ERS and improve health related outcomes. We hypothesized that Home-HIIT would mediate greater improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) by virtue of greater adherence and compliance to the exercise prescription, compared to MICT. Methods: Patients enrolled on an ERS (Liverpool, United Kingdom) were recruited for a pragmatic trial. Participants self-selected either 12 weeks of MICT (45-135 min/week at 50-70% HR
max ) or Home-HIIT (4-9 min × 1 min intervals at ≥80% of HRmax , interspersed with 1 min rest). The primary outcome was the change in CRF (VO2 peak 154 participants (age 48 ± 10y; BMI 30.5 ± 6.1 kg/m Results: 154 participants (age 48 ± 10y; BMI 30.5 ± 6.1 kg/m2 ) were recruited between October 2017 and March 2019, 87 (56%) participants chose Home-HIIT and 67 (44%) MICT. VO2 peak increased post-intervention in both groups (MICT 3.9 ± 6.0 ml.kg-1 .min-1 , Home-HIIT 2.8 ± 4.5 ml.kg-1 .min-1 , P < 0.001), and was maintained at follow-up ( P < 0.001). Fat mass was only reduced post MICT (MICT -1.5 ± 6.3 kg, P < 0.05, Home-HIIT -0.2 ± 2.0 kg, P = 1.00), but the reduction was not maintained at follow-up (MICT -0.6 ± 5.1 kg, Home-HIIT 0.0 ± 2.2 kg, P > 0.05). Adherence to the prescribed programs was similar (MICT 48 ± 35%, Home-HIIT 39 ± 36%, P = 0.77). Conclusion: This is the first study to evaluate the use of Home-HIIT for individuals in a primary care setting. Contrary to our hypothesis, adherence to both exercise prescriptions was poor, and CRF improved to a similar extent in both groups with improvements maintained at 3-month follow-up. We provide evidence that, although not superior, Home-HIIT could be an effective and popular additional exercise choice for patients within primary care based ERS. Clinical Trial Registration: [ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT04553614]., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Hesketh, Jones, Kinnafick, Shepherd, Wagenmakers, Strauss and Cocks.)- Published
- 2021
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48. Evidence-based vs. social media based high-intensity interval training protocols: Physiological and perceptual responses.
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Hesketh KL, Church H, Kinnafick F, Shepherd SO, Wagenmakers AJM, Cocks M, and Strauss JA
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- Adult, Body Weight, Cross-Over Studies, Evidence-Based Medicine, Female, Health Promotion, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Random Allocation, Social Media, Young Adult, Cardiorespiratory Fitness physiology, Heart physiology, High-Intensity Interval Training methods, Lactic Acid blood, Patient Participation statistics & numerical data
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Objective: High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient exercise modality to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, and has recently been popularised by social media influencers. However, little is known regarding acute physiological and perceptual responses to these online protocols compared to HIIT protocols used within research. The aim was to investigate acute physiological, perceptual and motivational responses to two HIIT protocols popular on social media, and compare these to two evidence-based protocols., Methods: Twenty-seven recreationally active (>1 exercise session /week) participants (Age: 22±3y, BMI: 24.3±2.4) completed a randomised cross-over study, whereby each participant completed four HIIT protocols, two already established in research (Ergo-60:60 (cycling 10x60s at 100%Wmaxwith 60s rest), BW-60:60 (body-weight exercises 10x60swith 60s rest)) and two promoted on social media (SM-20:10 (body-weight exercises 20x20swith 10s rest) and SM-40:20 (body-weight exercises 15x40s with 20s rest)). Blood lactate, heart rate (HR), feeling scale (FS), felt arousal scale (FSA), enjoyment and perceived competence were measured in response to each protocol., Results: Significant differences were observed between BW-60:60 and SM-20:10 for the proportion of intervals meeting the ACSM high-intensity exercise criterion (>80% of HRmax) (BW-60:60 93±10%, SM-20:10 74±20%, P = 0.039) and change in lactate (BW-60:60 +7.8±3.7mmol/L, SM-20:10 +5.5±2.6mmol/L, P = 0.001). The percentage of time spent above the criterion HR was also significantly lower in SM-20:10 compared to all other protocols (Ergo-60:60 13.9±4.9min, BW-60:60 13.5±3.5min, SM-40:20 12.1±2.4min, SM-20:10 7.7±3.1, P<0.05). No differences were observed in lowest reported FS between protocols (P = 0.268), but FS decreased linearly throughout Ergo-60:60 and BW-60:60 (first vs. last interval P<0.05), but not in SM-20:10 or SM-40:20 (P>0.05). Enjoyment was higher upon completion of BW-60:60 compared to Ergo-60:60 and SM-40:20 (P<0.05)., Conclusions: This study shows that HIIT protocols available on social media offer an interesting real-world alternative for promoting exercise participation. Future studies should continue to investigate these highly popular and practical HIIT protocols., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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- 2021
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49. Carbohydrate improves exercise capacity but does not affect subcellular lipid droplet morphology, AMPK and p53 signalling in human skeletal muscle.
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Fell JM, Hearris MA, Ellis DG, Moran JEP, Jevons EFP, Owens DJ, Strauss JA, Cocks M, Louis JB, Shepherd SO, and Morton JP
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- Dietary Carbohydrates, Exercise Tolerance, Humans, Male, Muscle, Skeletal, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, AMP-Activated Protein Kinases, Lipid Droplets
- Abstract
Key Points: Muscle glycogen and intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG, stored in lipid droplets) are important energy substrates during prolonged exercise. Exercise-induced changes in lipid droplet (LD) morphology (i.e. LD size and number) have not yet been studied under nutritional conditions typically adopted by elite endurance athletes, that is, after carbohydrate (CHO) loading and CHO feeding during exercise. We report for the first time that exercise reduces IMTG content in both central and peripheral regions of type I and IIa fibres, reflective of decreased LD number in both fibre types whereas reductions in LD size were exclusive to type I fibres. Additionally, CHO feeding does not alter subcellular IMTG utilisation, LD morphology or muscle glycogen utilisation in type I or IIa/II fibres. In the absence of alterations to muscle fuel selection, CHO feeding does not attenuate cell signalling pathways with regulatory roles in mitochondrial biogenesis., Abstract: We examined the effects of carbohydrate (CHO) feeding on lipid droplet (LD) morphology, muscle glycogen utilisation and exercise-induced skeletal muscle cell signalling. After a 36 h CHO loading protocol and pre-exercise meal (12 and 2 g kg
-1 , respectively), eight trained males ingested 0, 45 or 90 g CHO h-1 during 180 min cycling at lactate threshold followed by an exercise capacity test (150% lactate threshold). Muscle biopsies were obtained pre- and post-completion of submaximal exercise. Exercise decreased (P < 0.01) glycogen concentration to comparable levels (∼700 to 250 mmol kg-1 DW), though utilisation was greater in type I (∼40%) versus type II fibres (∼10%) (P < 0.01). LD content decreased in type I (∼50%) and type IIa fibres (∼30%) (P < 0.01), with greater utilisation in type I fibres (P < 0.01). CHO feeding did not affect glycogen or IMTG utilisation in type I or II fibres (all P > 0.05). Exercise decreased LD number within central and peripheral regions of both type I and IIa fibres, though reduced LD size was exclusive to type I fibres. Exercise induced (all P < 0.05) comparable AMPKThr172 (∼4-fold), p53Ser15 (∼2-fold) and CaMKIIThr268 phosphorylation (∼2-fold) with no effects of CHO feeding (all P > 0.05). CHO increased exercise capacity where 90 g h-1 (233 ± 133 s) > 45 g h-1 (156 ± 66 s; P = 0.06) > 0 g h-1 (108 ± 54 s; P = 0.03). In conditions of high pre-exercise CHO availability, we conclude CHO feeding does not influence exercise-induced changes in LD morphology, glycogen utilisation or cell signalling pathways with regulatory roles in mitochondrial biogenesis., (© 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Physiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Physiological Society.)- Published
- 2021
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50. The Comparative Methylome and Transcriptome After Change of Direction Compared to Straight Line Running Exercise in Human Skeletal Muscle.
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Maasar MF, Turner DC, Gorski PP, Seaborne RA, Strauss JA, Shepherd SO, Cocks M, Pillon NJ, Zierath JR, Hulton AT, Drust B, and Sharples AP
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The methylome and transcriptome signatures following exercise that are physiologically and metabolically relevant to sporting contexts such as team sports or health prescription scenarios (e.g., high intensity interval training/HIIT) has not been investigated. To explore this, we performed two different sport/exercise relevant high-intensity running protocols in five male sport team members using a repeated measures design of: (1) change of direction (COD) versus; (2) straight line (ST) running exercise with a wash-out period of at least 2 weeks between trials. Skeletal muscle biopsies collected from the vastus lateralis 30 min and 24 h post exercise, were assayed using 850K methylation arrays and a comparative analysis with recent (subject-unmatched) sprint and acute aerobic exercise meta-analysis transcriptomes was performed. Despite COD and ST exercise being matched for classically defined intensity measures (speed × distance and number of accelerations/decelerations), COD exercise elicited greater movement (GPS-Playerload), physiological (HR), metabolic (lactate) as well as central and peripheral (differential RPE) exertion measures compared with ST exercise, suggesting COD exercise evoked a higher exercise intensity. The exercise response alone across both conditions evoked extensive alterations in the methylome 30 min and 24 h post exercise, particularly in MAPK, AMPK and axon guidance pathways. COD evoked a considerably greater hypomethylated signature across the genome compared with ST exercise, particularly at 30 min post exercise, enriched in: Protein binding, MAPK, AMPK, insulin, and axon guidance pathways. Comparative methylome analysis with sprint running transcriptomes identified considerable overlap, with 49% of genes that were altered at the expression level also differentially methylated after COD exercise. After differential methylated region analysis, we observed that VEGFA and its downstream nuclear transcription factor, NR4A1 had enriched hypomethylation within their promoter regions. VEGFA and NR4A1 were also significantly upregulated in the sprint transcriptome and meta-analysis of exercise transcriptomes. We also confirmed increased gene expression of VEGFA , and considerably larger increases in the expression of canonical metabolic genes PPARGC1A (that encodes PGC1- α) and NR4A3 in COD vs. ST exercise. Overall, we demonstrate that increased physiological/metabolic load via COD exercise in human skeletal muscle evokes considerable epigenetic modifications that are associated with changes in expression of genes responsible for adaptation to exercise., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Maasar, Turner, Gorski, Seaborne, Strauss, Shepherd, Cocks, Pillon, Zierath, Hulton, Drust and Sharples.)
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- 2021
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