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1. Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds.

Author

Clark, Bethany, Carneiro, Ana, Pearmain, Elizabeth, Rouyer, Marie-Morgane, Clay, Thomas, Cowger, Win, Phillips, Richard, Manica, Andrea, Hazin, Carolina, Eriksen, Marcus, González-Solís, Jacob, Adams, Josh, Albores-Barajas, Yuri, Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna, Alho, Maria, Araujo, Deusa, Arcos, José, Arnould, John, Barbosa, Nadito, Barbraud, Christophe, Beard, Annalea, Beck, Jessie, Bell, Elizabeth, Bennet, Della, Berlincourt, Maud, Biscoito, Manuel, Bjørnstad, Oskar, Bolton, Mark, Booth Jones, Katherine, Borg, John, Bourgeois, Karen, Bretagnolle, Vincent, Bried, Joël, Briskie, James, Brooke, M, Brownlie, Katherine, Bugoni, Leandro, Calabrese, Licia, Campioni, Letizia, Carey, Mark, Carle, Ryan, Carlile, Nicholas, Carreiro, Ana, Catry, Paulo, Catry, Teresa, Cecere, Jacopo, Ceia, Filipe, Cherel, Yves, Choi, Chang-Yong, Cianchetti-Benedetti, Marco, Clarke, Rohan, Cleeland, Jaimie, Colodro, Valentina, Congdon, Bradley, Danielsen, Jóhannis, De Pascalis, Federico, Deakin, Zoe, Dehnhard, Nina, DellOmo, Giacomo, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Dilley, Ben, Dinis, Herculano, Dubos, Jerome, Dunphy, Brendon, Emmerson, Louise, Fagundes, Ana, Fayet, Annette, Felis, Jonathan, Fischer, Johannes, Freeman, Amanda, Fromant, Aymeric, Gaibani, Giorgia, García, David, Gjerdrum, Carina, Gomes, Ivandra, Forero, Manuela, Granadeiro, José, Grecian, W, Grémillet, David, Guilford, Tim, Hallgrimsson, Gunnar, Halpin, Luke, Hansen, Erpur, Hedd, April, Helberg, Morten, Helgason, Halfdan, Henry, Leeann, Hereward, Hannah, Hernandez-Montero, Marcos, Hindell, Mark, Hodum, Peter, Imperio, Simona, Jaeger, Audrey, Jessopp, Mark, Jodice, Patrick, Jones, Carl, Jones, Christopher, Jónsson, Jón, and Kane, Adam

Subjects
Animals, Plastics, Waste Products, Environmental Monitoring, Oceans and Seas, Birds, Indian Ocean
Abstract

Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the worlds oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with individual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species.

Published
2023

2. The myth of Paradise : a reappraisal of Commonwealth Caribbean States' sovereignty and development sustainability within the transnational anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing legal order

Author

Clarke, Rohan and Rider, Barry

Subjects
Anti-money laundering, politically exposed persons (PEPs), terrorist financing, corruption, transnational crimes, transnational legal orders, offshore, state sovereignty, Internet gambling, virtual currencies, derisking, risk-based approach, Caribbean States
Abstract

From the global wars on drugs and terror to the 'Paradise Papers' scandal, the Commonwealth Caribbean has been discursively stigmatised as a mythical island paradise of 'rogue' States. Not infrequently, their exercise of regulatory self-determination has been reduced to the selling of their economic sovereignty to facilitate shady business deals and financial crimes. Resultantly, these small jurisdictions have been subjected to coercive and intrusive extraterritorial regulation and surveillance within the transnational legal order for combating money laundering and the financing of terrorism and proliferation (TAMLO). Adopting a Constructivist epistemological lens, the study historicises and deconstructs these hegemonic discursive practices since the 1980s. It critiques how powerful policy elites such as the Group of Seven (G7), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) have deployed highly politicised labelling practices along the 'Onshore/Offshore' axis. It empirically traces how these discursive practices have constituted, normalised, and reproduced narratives of Commonwealth Caribbean States as among the 'weakest links' within the TAMLO, while simultaneously foreclosing critical engagement with the latent geopolitical interests and legitimacy claims of powerful onshore regulatory elites. It is compellingly argued that these discursive practices have been both constitutive and causative of the precarious diminution of Commonwealth Caribbean States' sovereignty, exclusive AML/CFTP regulatory autonomy, and right to legitimately determine their sustainable development trajectories. Using the Bahamas, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago as primary sites of analysis, the thesis substantively explores the region's legal and regulatory policy experiences within the TAMLO with respect to corrupt politically exposed persons (PEPs) and their professional facilitators, offshore Internet gambling services, and the coherence of the FATF's risk-based approach to combating money laundering (RBA) in developing country contexts. The study's primary contribution to existing scholarship lies in its advocacy for the reconstitution of the transnational AML/CFTP regulatory discourse as development discourse. This anti-hegemonic stance is proffered as a potentially pragmatic solution for reaffirming the sovereignty and sustainable development of Commonwealth Caribbean States within the TAMLO. In this regard, the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been posited as a principled basis on which to reconstitute the TAMLO as a more just, democratic, and anti-hegemonic project.

Published
2020
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3. Kleptoparasitism in seabirds—A potential pathway for global avian influenza virus spread.

Author

Gorta, Simon B. Z., Berryman, Alex J., Kingsford, Richard T., Klaassen, Marcel, and Clarke, Rohan H.

Abstract

Wild birds have experienced unprecedented, near‐global mass mortalities since 2021, driven by outbreaks of high‐pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 lineage 2.3.4.4b. Managing this panzootic requires identification of transmission pathways. We investigated potential HPAIV transmission via kleptoparasitism (food theft) by examining the distribution, behaviors, and movements of two globally widespread and commonly kleptoparasitic seabird families: Fregatidae (frigatebirds) and Stercorariidae (skuas). These kleptoparasites force other seabirds (targets) to regurgitate food, which the kleptoparasite then ingests, potentially facilitating direct transfer of viral particles from target to kleptoparasite. Scavenging and predation probably contribute further to viral spread. Although frigatebirds use kleptoparasitism on a year‐round basis, skuas more commonly do so outside of the breeding season. Both frequently forage, disperse, or migrate across oceans and hemispheres. Dense aggregations of kleptoparasitic and target seabirds at breeding and/or roosting sites may facilitate the spread of HPAIV. In addition, the migration of these species could also facilitate broadscale geographic spread of HPAIV. Surveillance of kleptoparasites for HPAIVs could aid in early detection and may be important for seabird conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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5. Diet breadth of a critically endangered owl presents challenges for invasive rodent management: a conservation conundrum

Author

Sperring, V. Florence, Weeks, Andrew R., Webster, William, Macgregor, Nicholas A., Wilson, Melinda, Isaac, Bronwyn, Clarke, Rohan H., Sperring, V. Florence, Weeks, Andrew R., Webster, William, Macgregor, Nicholas A., Wilson, Melinda, Isaac, Bronwyn, and Clarke, Rohan H.

Abstract

Trophic interactions between threatened species complicate management. Similarly, interactions between threatened species and pest species present management challenges, given that pest control can lead to non-target impacts (e.g. trophic cascades or secondary poisoning). There are records of the critically endangered Norfolk Island Morepork Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata consuming both threatened songbirds and invasive rodents that are subject to management interventions. Nevertheless, the diet of the morepork remains largely unknown. We visually screened regurgitated pellets using a microscope, alongside environmental DNA (eDNA) screening of pellets and scats, to investigate the diet of the Norfolk Island Morepork. A total of 113 pellets and 19 scats were collected between October 2020 and June 2021. All moreporks screened with eDNA metabarcoding had consumed invasive rodents and at least one-third of samples contained rodents. The owls were also found to have consumed four of five endemic songbirds and possibly an endemic parrot, most of which are threatened. Environmental DNA metabarcoding detected more taxa overall, but visual screening identified a greater richness of Orthoptera and Coleoptera in the diet. The frequency with which the Norfolk Island Morepork consumed rodents presents a conundrum for conservation managers. Control of invasive rodents is considered essential to support threatened songbirds, yet this same action places the species at risk of secondary poisoning. Urgent investigations are needed to identify effective control methods for invasive rodents that are safe for non-target species.

Published
2024

6. An international perspective on the use of community engagement by conservation practitioners to support the management of inhabited islands.

Author

Nance, Alexandra H., Clarke, Rohan H., and Cook, Carly N.

Subjects
*CONSERVATION projects (Natural resources), *INDIGENOUS peoples, *SOCIAL science research, *ISLANDS, *RESEARCH methodology, *COMMUNITY involvement
Abstract

Successful island conservation is critical to achieving global biodiversity targets, but significant gaps remain in our understanding of how to effectively engage island communities in conservation efforts. Social and political factors often play a major role in decision‐making processes on inhabited islands, making effective community engagement critical. To better understand the issue, we conducted an international survey of practitioners across 43 islands to understand how they engage with local communities and which methods they consider to be most effective to support their conservation goals. Most respondents used at least one form of community engagement, many using five or more different methods. Communicative and consultative modes of engagement were most commonly used, which require fewer resources and less intensive participation by the community, while only half used the more demanding collaborative approaches to engagement. Indigenous co‐management was reported by practitioners to be the most effective method for positive engagement and to support conservation outcomes, and was implemented on two‐thirds of islands with an indigenous population. Our study supports the view that practitioners consider community engagement an important part of island conservation management, but that there is a tendency for practitioners to rely on one‐way communication, rather than more resource intensive, collaborative approaches to working with communities. Future research should investigate how the communities themselves perceive different engagement methods to gain the full picture of engagement effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Thermal scanners versus spotlighting: New opportunities for monitoring threatened small endotherms.

Author

Dawlings, Finella M. E., Humphrey, Morgan, Nugent, Daniel T., and Clarke, Rohan H.

Subjects
WARM-blooded animals, GRASSLAND birds, ENDANGERED species, WILDLIFE conservation, SCANNING systems, STATISTICAL power analysis, PITFALL traps
Abstract

Threatened species monitoring is challenging for small, cryptic endotherms that are most effectively detected at night. Low detectability is a challenge for monitoring programmes, resulting in low statistical power and sparse or zero‐inflated datasets. To advance conservation management programmes, efforts to address this are required. In recent years thermal scanners have emerged as an effective tool for detecting small endotherms, but the diversity of available thermal tools, focal habitats and target species mean that their applicability in many key scenarios remain untested. We directly compared vehicle‐mounted thermal surveys with vehicle‐based spotlighting targeting small endotherms in Australian native grasslands. Our targets included both common species that occur at high densities, and species that are notoriously difficult to detect with spotlights, which may occur at very low densities. We completed paired surveys of roosting grassland birds, and nocturnally active small mammals at 22 sites, once using thermal scanners and once using spotlights. Ultimately, distance sampling was conducted across 136 km of transects. Thermal scanners facilitated greater detection distances and higher total detections for small endotherms when compared with spotlighting. Species of greatest conservation concern, the Plains‐wanderer (Pedionomus torquatus—Pedionomidae) and Fat‐tailed Dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata—Dasyuridae) were only detected using thermal scanners. Detection distances generated for thermal scanners were reduced by higher vegetation density; however, thermal scanners continued to outperform spotlights under this scenario. Observers also detected more stationary animals and fewer birds were flushed upon detection using thermal scanners when compared with spotlighting. Thermal scanners have the potential to improve the quality of monitoring datasets by increasing detection probabilities for small endotherms. We recommend the adoption of thermal scanners as a best‐practice tool for monitoring small endotherms in open grassland habitats at night, offering new opportunities to monitor endotherms where monitoring has historically been challenging, inadequate or impossible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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13. Environmental, geographical and time‐related impacts on avian malaria infections in native and introduced populations of house sparrows ( Passer domesticus ), a globally invasive species

Author

Ferraguti, Martina, Magallanes, Sergio, Jiménez‐Peñuela, Jéssica, Martínez‐de la Puente, Josué, Garcia‐Longoria, Luz, Figuerola, Jordi, Muriel, Jaime, Albayrak, Tamer, Bensch, Staffan, Bonneaud, Camille, Clarke, Rohan H., Czirják, Gábor Á., Dimitrov, Dimitar, Espinoza, Kathya, Ewen, John G., Ishtiaq, Farah, Flores‐Saavedra, Wendy, Garamszegi, László Zsolt, Hellgren, Olof, Horakova, Dita, Huyvaert, Kathryn P., Jensen, Henrik, Križanauskienė, Asta, Lima, Marcos R., Lujan‐Vega, Charlene, Magnussen, Eyðfinn, Martin, Lynn B., Matson, Kevin D., Møller, Anders Pape, Munclinger, Pavel, Palinauskas, Vaidas, Pap, Péter L., Pérez‐Tris, Javier, Renner, Swen C., Ricklefs, Robert, Scebba, Sergio, Sehgal, Ravinder N. M., Soler, Manuel, Szöllősi, Eszter, Valkiūnas, Gediminas, Westerdahl, Helena, Zehtindjiev, Pavel, and Marzal, Alfonso

Subjects
Enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, Plasmodium, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Parásitos hemosporidios, haemosporidian parasites, mosquito-borne pathogens, urbanization index, vector-borne diseases, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.05.08 [https], Patógenos transmitidos por mosquitos, Plasmodio, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Índice de urbanización, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

AC K N OW L E D G M E N T S This study was funded by projects: IB20089 from the Consejería de Economía, Ciencia y Agenda Digital of the Junta de Extremadura and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, P11-RNM-7038 from Junta de Andalucía, and PR(19_ECO_0070) from Ayudas Fundación BBVA a Equipos de Investigación Científica 2019. MF was supported by a Juan de la Cierva 2017 Formación contract (FJCI-2017-34394) from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie (grant agreement No 844285, ‘EpiEcoMod’) and she is currently funded by a Ramón y Cajal postdoctoral contract (RYC2021- 031613-I) from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN). JJP was supported by the Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno. JMP was supported by ProyExcel_00049 financed by Proyectos I+D+i of Junta de Andalucía 2021. LGL was supported by Junta de Extremadura (IB20089, Post-Doc grant). JM was supported by a Juan de la Cierva - Formación contract (FJCI-2017-34109) from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, and he is currently supported by a postdoctoral researcher contract for scientific excellence under the Plan Propio de I+D+i of the Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha (UCLM), co-funded by the European Social Fund Plus (ESF+). LZG was supported by funds from the Hungary's National Research, Development and Innovation Office (K135841, RRF-2.3.1-21-2022- 00006). We also acknowledge the comments of four anonymous reviewers who improved the final version of this manuscript., DATA AVA I L A B I L I T Y S TAT E M E N T Data supporting the conclusions of this study are available in the supplementary material to this article. Any further details are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request., Aim The increasing spread of vector-borne diseases has resulted in severe health concerns for humans, domestic animals and wildlife, with changes in land use and the introduction of invasive species being among the main possible causes for this increase. We explored several ecological drivers potentially affecting the local prevalence and richness of avian malaria parasite lineages in native and introduced house sparrows (Passer domesticus) populations. Location Global. Time period 2002–2019. Major taxa studied Avian Plasmodium parasites in house sparrows. Methods We analysed data from 2,220 samples from 69 localities across all continents, except Antarctica. The influence of environment (urbanization index and human density), geography (altitude, latitude, hemisphere) and time (bird breeding season and years since introduction) were analysed using generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) and random forests. Results Overall, 670 sparrows (30.2%) were infected with 22 Plasmodium lineages. In native populations, parasite prevalence was positively related to urbanization index, with the highest prevalence values in areas with intermediate urbanization levels. Likewise, in introduced populations, prevalence was positively associated with urbanization index; however, higher infection occurred in areas with either extreme high or low levels of urbanization. In introduced populations, the number of parasite lineages increased with altitude and with the years elapsed since the establishment of sparrows in a new locality. Here, after a decline in the number of parasite lineages in the first 30 years, an increase from 40 years onwards was detected. Main conclusions Urbanization was related to parasite prevalence in both native and introduced bird populations. In invaded areas, altitude and time since bird introduction were related to the number of Plasmodium lineages found to be infecting sparrows., Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía, Grant/Award Number: P11-RNM-7038, Fundación BBVA, Grant/Award Number: PR(19_ECO_0070, Junta de Extremadura, Grant/Award Number: IB20089 and PO17024, Marie Sklodowska- Curie Actions, Grant/Award Number: 844285, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Grant/Award Number: FJCI-2017-34109 and FJCI-2017-34394, Proyectos I+D+i of Junta de Andalucía 2021, Grant/Award Number: ProyExcel_00049, Universidad de Castilla- La Mancha

Published
2023
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19. Decisive conservation action in areas beyond national jurisdiction is urgently required for seabird recovery in the face of global change.

Author

Gee, Moses F., Kenup, Caio F., Debski, Igor, Macdonald, Alexandra, Taylor, Graeme A., Clarke, Rohan H., Canessa, Stefano, Ewen, John G., and Fischer, Johannes H.

Subjects
PROTECTED areas, ECONOMIC recovery, MARINE biodiversity, JURISDICTION, MARINE parks & reserves
Abstract

Areas beyond national jurisdiction, or the high seas, are vital to life on Earth. However, the conservation of these areas, for example, through area‐based management tools (ABMTs), is challenging, particularly when accounting for global change. Using decision science, integrated population models, and a Critically Endangered seabird (Kuaka; Pelecanoides whenuahouensis) as a case study, we evaluated potential ABMTs in the high seas under global change and different governance structures, while accounting for uncertainty and imperfect compliance. Our study highlighted that global change in these areas will likely cause population declines of ∼60% by 2050. However, decisive conservation action could cost‐effectively address predicted declines, particularly when implemented as soon as possible and under the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Treaty. We illustrate how decision science can transparently navigate a complex seascape of management decisions and we advocate for its wider integration in the management of the largest sections of our planet, the high seas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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20. Refining seabird marine protected areas by predicting habitat inside foraging range - a case study from the global tropics

Author

Miller, Mark, Hemson, Graham, Toit, Julie Du, Mcdougall, Andrew, Miller, Peter, Mizutani, Akira, Trevail, Alice, Small, Alison, Ravache, Andreas, Beard, Annalea, Bunce, Ashley, Poli, Caroline, Surman, Chris, Gonzalez-zamora, Diego, Clingham, Elizabeth, Vidal, Eric, Mcduie, Fiona, Machovsky-capuska, Gabriel, Cumming, Graeme, Humphries, Grant, Weimerskirch, Henri, Shamoun-baranes, Judy, Henry, Leeann, Wood, Hannah, Young, Hillary, Kohno, Hiroyoshi, Gonzalez-sols, Jacob, Cecere, Jacopo, Veen, Jan, Neumann, Jessica, Shephard, Jill, Green, Jonathan, Castillo-guerrero, José, Sommerfeld, Julia, Dossa, Justine, Bourgeois, Karen, Yoda, Ken, Mcleay, Lachlan, Calabrese, Licia, Mendez, Loriane, Soanes, Louise, Nicoll, Malcolm, Derhé, Mia, Gilmour, Morgan, Diop, Ngone, James, Nicholas, Carr, Pete, Austin, Rhiannon, Freeman, Robin, Clarke, Rohan, Mott, Rowan, Maxwell, Sarah, Saldanha, Sarah, Shaffer, Scott, Oppel, S., Votier, Stephen, Yamamoto, Takashi, Militão, Teresa, Beger, Maria, and Congdon, Bradley

Subjects
Transferability, Great Barrier Reef, Foraging niche, Foraging Radius, Ecological Niche Model, Marine Protected Area
Abstract

Conservation of breeding seabirds typically requires detailed data on where they feed at sea. Ecological niche models (ENMs) can fill data gaps, but rarely perform well when transferred to new regions. Alternatively, the foraging radius approach simply encircles the sea surrounding a breeding seabird colony (a foraging circle), but overestimates foraging habitat. Here, we investigate whether ENMs can transfer (predict) foraging niches of breeding tropical seabirds between global colonies, and whether ENMs can refine foraging circles. We collate a large global dataset of tropical seabird tracks (12000 trips, 16 species, 60 colonies) to build a comprehensive summary of tropical seabird foraging ranges and to train ENMs. We interrogate ENM transferability and assess the confidence with which unsuitable habitat predicted by ENMs can be excluded from within foraging circles. We apply this refinement framework to the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia to identify a network of candidate marine protected areas (MPAs) for seabirds. We found little ability to generalise and transfer breeding tropical seabird foraging niches across all colonies for any species (mean AUC: 0.56, range 0.4-0.82). Low global transferability was partially explained by colony clusters that predicted well internally but other colony clusters poorly. After refinement with ENMs, foraging circles still contained 89% of known foraging areas from tracking data, providing confidence that important foraging habitat was not erroneously excluded by greater refinement from high transferability ENMs nor minor refinement from low transferability ENMs. Foraging radii estimated the total foraging area of the GBR breeding seabird community as 2,941,000 km2, which was refined by excluding between 197,000 km2 and 1,826,000 km2 of unsuitable foraging habitat. ENMs trained on local GBR tracking achieved superior refinement over globally trained models, demonstrating the value of local tracking. Our framework demonstrates an effective method to delineate candidate MPAs for breeding seabirds in data-poor regions.

Published
2023

21. Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds

Author

Clark, Bethany L., Carneiro, Ana P. B., Pearmain, Elizabeth J., Rouyer, Marie-morgane, Clay, Thomas A., Cowger, Win, Phillips, Richard A., Manica, Andrea, Hazin, Carolina, Eriksen, Marcus, González-solís, Jacob, Adams, Josh, Albores-barajas, Yuri V., Alfaro-shigueto, Joanna, Alho, Maria Saldanha, Araujo, Deusa Teixeira, Arcos, José Manuel, Arnould, John P. Y., Barbosa, Nadito J. P., Barbraud, Christophe, Beard, Annalea M., Beck, Jessie, Bell, Elizabeth A., Bennet, Della G., Berlincourt, Maud, Biscoito, Manuel, Bjørnstad, Oskar K., Bolton, Mark, Booth Jones, Katherine A., Borg, John J., Bourgeois, Karen, Bretagnolle, Vincent, Bried, Joël, Briskie, James V., Brooke, M. De L., Brownlie, Katherine C., Bugoni, Leandro, Calabrese, Licia, Campioni, Letizia, Carey, Mark J., Carle, Ryan D., Carlile, Nicholas, Carreiro, Ana R., Catry, Paulo, Catry, Teresa, Cecere, Jacopo G., Ceia, Filipe R., Cherel, Yves, Choi, Chang-yong, Cianchetti-benedetti, Marco, Clarke, Rohan H., Cleeland, Jaimie B., Colodro, Valentina, Congdon, Bradley C., Danielsen, Jóhannis, De Pascalis, Federico, Deakin, Zoe, Dehnhard, Nina, Dell’omo, Giacomo, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Dilley, Ben J., Dinis, Herculano A., Dubos, Jerome, Dunphy, Brendon J., Emmerson, Louise M., Fagundes, Ana Isabel, Fayet, Annette L., Felis, Jonathan J., Fischer, Johannes H., Freeman, Amanda N. D., Fromant, Aymeric, Gaibani, Giorgia, García, David, Gjerdrum, Carina, Gomes, Ivandra Soeli Gonçalves Correia, Forero, Manuela G., Granadeiro, José P., Grecian, W. James, Grémillet, David, Guilford, Tim, Hallgrimsson, Gunnar Thor, Halpin, Luke R., Hansen, Erpur Snær, Hedd, April, Helberg, Morten, Helgason, Halfdan H., Henry, Leeann M., Hereward, Hannah F. R., Hernandez-montero, Marcos, Hindell, Mark A., Hodum, Peter J., Imperio, Simona, Jaeger, Audrey, Jessopp, Mark, Jodice, Patrick G. R., Jones, Carl G., Jones, Christopher W., Jónsson, Jón Einar, Kane, Adam, Kapelj, Sven, Kim, Yuna, Kirk, Holly, Kolbeinsson, Yann, Kraemer, Philipp L., Krüger, Lucas, Lago, Paulo, Landers, Todd J., Lavers, Jennifer L., Le Corre, Matthieu, Leal, Andreia, Louzao, Maite, Madeiros, Jeremy, Magalhães, Maria, Mallory, Mark L., Masello, Juan F., Massa, Bruno, Matsumoto, Sakiko, Mcduie, Fiona, Mcfarlane Tranquilla, Laura, Medrano, Fernando, Metzger, Benjamin J., Militão, Teresa, Montevecchi, William A., Montone, Rosalinda C., Navarro-herrero, Leia, Neves, Verónica C., Nicholls, David G., Nicoll, Malcolm A. C., Norris, Ken, Oppel, Steffen, Oro, Daniel, Owen, Ellie, Padget, Oliver, Paiva, Vítor H., Pala, David, Pereira, Jorge M., Péron, Clara, Petry, Maria V., De Pina, Admilton, Pina, Ariete T. Moreira, Pinet, Patrick, Pistorius, Pierre A., Pollet, Ingrid L., Porter, Benjamin J., Poupart, Timothée A., Powell, Christopher D. L., Proaño, Carolina B., Pujol-casado, Júlia, Quillfeldt, Petra, Quinn, John L., Raine, Andre F., Raine, Helen, Ramírez, Iván, Ramos, Jaime A., Ramos, Raül, Ravache, Andreas, Rayner, Matt J., Reid, Timothy A., Robertson, Gregory J., Rocamora, Gerard J., Rollinson, Dominic P., Ronconi, Robert A., Rotger, Andreu, Rubolini, Diego, Ruhomaun, Kevin, Ruiz, Asunción, Russell, James C., Ryan, Peter G., Saldanha, Sarah, Sanz-aguilar, Ana, Sardà-serra, Mariona, Satgé, Yvan G., Sato, Katsufumi, Schäfer, Wiebke C., Schoombie, Stefan, Shaffer, Scott A., Shah, Nirmal, Shoji, Akiko, Shutler, Dave, Sigurðsson, Ingvar A., Silva, Mónica C., Small, Alison E., Soldatini, Cecilia, Strøm, Hallvard, Surman, Christopher A., Takahashi, Akinori, Tatayah, Vikash R. V., Taylor, Graeme A., Thomas, Robert J., Thompson, David R., Thompson, Paul M., Thórarinsson, Thorkell L., Vicente-sastre, Diego, Vidal, Eric, Wakefield, Ewan D., Waugh, Susan M., Weimerskirch, Henri, Wittmer, Heiko U., Yamamoto, Takashi, Yoda, Ken, Zavalaga, Carlos B., Zino, Francis J., Dias, Maria P., Clark, Bethany L., Carneiro, Ana P. B., Pearmain, Elizabeth J., Rouyer, Marie-morgane, Clay, Thomas A., Cowger, Win, Phillips, Richard A., Manica, Andrea, Hazin, Carolina, Eriksen, Marcus, González-solís, Jacob, Adams, Josh, Albores-barajas, Yuri V., Alfaro-shigueto, Joanna, Alho, Maria Saldanha, Araujo, Deusa Teixeira, Arcos, José Manuel, Arnould, John P. Y., Barbosa, Nadito J. P., Barbraud, Christophe, Beard, Annalea M., Beck, Jessie, Bell, Elizabeth A., Bennet, Della G., Berlincourt, Maud, Biscoito, Manuel, Bjørnstad, Oskar K., Bolton, Mark, Booth Jones, Katherine A., Borg, John J., Bourgeois, Karen, Bretagnolle, Vincent, Bried, Joël, Briskie, James V., Brooke, M. De L., Brownlie, Katherine C., Bugoni, Leandro, Calabrese, Licia, Campioni, Letizia, Carey, Mark J., Carle, Ryan D., Carlile, Nicholas, Carreiro, Ana R., Catry, Paulo, Catry, Teresa, Cecere, Jacopo G., Ceia, Filipe R., Cherel, Yves, Choi, Chang-yong, Cianchetti-benedetti, Marco, Clarke, Rohan H., Cleeland, Jaimie B., Colodro, Valentina, Congdon, Bradley C., Danielsen, Jóhannis, De Pascalis, Federico, Deakin, Zoe, Dehnhard, Nina, Dell’omo, Giacomo, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Dilley, Ben J., Dinis, Herculano A., Dubos, Jerome, Dunphy, Brendon J., Emmerson, Louise M., Fagundes, Ana Isabel, Fayet, Annette L., Felis, Jonathan J., Fischer, Johannes H., Freeman, Amanda N. D., Fromant, Aymeric, Gaibani, Giorgia, García, David, Gjerdrum, Carina, Gomes, Ivandra Soeli Gonçalves Correia, Forero, Manuela G., Granadeiro, José P., Grecian, W. James, Grémillet, David, Guilford, Tim, Hallgrimsson, Gunnar Thor, Halpin, Luke R., Hansen, Erpur Snær, Hedd, April, Helberg, Morten, Helgason, Halfdan H., Henry, Leeann M., Hereward, Hannah F. R., Hernandez-montero, Marcos, Hindell, Mark A., Hodum, Peter J., Imperio, Simona, Jaeger, Audrey, Jessopp, Mark, Jodice, Patrick G. R., Jones, Carl G., Jones, Christopher W., Jónsson, Jón Einar, Kane, Adam, Kapelj, Sven, Kim, Yuna, Kirk, Holly, Kolbeinsson, Yann, Kraemer, Philipp L., Krüger, Lucas, Lago, Paulo, Landers, Todd J., Lavers, Jennifer L., Le Corre, Matthieu, Leal, Andreia, Louzao, Maite, Madeiros, Jeremy, Magalhães, Maria, Mallory, Mark L., Masello, Juan F., Massa, Bruno, Matsumoto, Sakiko, Mcduie, Fiona, Mcfarlane Tranquilla, Laura, Medrano, Fernando, Metzger, Benjamin J., Militão, Teresa, Montevecchi, William A., Montone, Rosalinda C., Navarro-herrero, Leia, Neves, Verónica C., Nicholls, David G., Nicoll, Malcolm A. C., Norris, Ken, Oppel, Steffen, Oro, Daniel, Owen, Ellie, Padget, Oliver, Paiva, Vítor H., Pala, David, Pereira, Jorge M., Péron, Clara, Petry, Maria V., De Pina, Admilton, Pina, Ariete T. Moreira, Pinet, Patrick, Pistorius, Pierre A., Pollet, Ingrid L., Porter, Benjamin J., Poupart, Timothée A., Powell, Christopher D. L., Proaño, Carolina B., Pujol-casado, Júlia, Quillfeldt, Petra, Quinn, John L., Raine, Andre F., Raine, Helen, Ramírez, Iván, Ramos, Jaime A., Ramos, Raül, Ravache, Andreas, Rayner, Matt J., Reid, Timothy A., Robertson, Gregory J., Rocamora, Gerard J., Rollinson, Dominic P., Ronconi, Robert A., Rotger, Andreu, Rubolini, Diego, Ruhomaun, Kevin, Ruiz, Asunción, Russell, James C., Ryan, Peter G., Saldanha, Sarah, Sanz-aguilar, Ana, Sardà-serra, Mariona, Satgé, Yvan G., Sato, Katsufumi, Schäfer, Wiebke C., Schoombie, Stefan, Shaffer, Scott A., Shah, Nirmal, Shoji, Akiko, Shutler, Dave, Sigurðsson, Ingvar A., Silva, Mónica C., Small, Alison E., Soldatini, Cecilia, Strøm, Hallvard, Surman, Christopher A., Takahashi, Akinori, Tatayah, Vikash R. V., Taylor, Graeme A., Thomas, Robert J., Thompson, David R., Thompson, Paul M., Thórarinsson, Thorkell L., Vicente-sastre, Diego, Vidal, Eric, Wakefield, Ewan D., Waugh, Susan M., Weimerskirch, Henri, Wittmer, Heiko U., Yamamoto, Takashi, Yoda, Ken, Zavalaga, Carlos B., Zino, Francis J., and Dias, Maria P.

Abstract

Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the world’s oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with individual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species.

Published
2023
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22. Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds

Author

Cambridge Conservation Initiative, Fondation Prince Albert II de Monaco, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Clark, Bethany L., Carneiro, Ana P. B., Pearmain, Elizabeth J., Rouyer, Marie-Morgane, Clay, Thomas A., Cowger, Win, Phillips, Richard A., Manica, Andrea, Hazin, Carolina, Eriksen, Marcus, González-Solís, Jacob, Adams, Josh, Albores-Barajas, Yuri V., Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna, Alho, Maria Saldanha, Araujo, Deusa Teixeira, Arcos, José Manuel, Arnould, John P. Y., Barbosa, Nadito J. P., Barbraud, Christophe, Beard, Annalea M., Beck, Jessie, Bell, Elizabeth A., Bennet, Della G., Berlincourt, Maud, Biscoito, Manuel, Bjørnstad, Oskar K., Bolton, Mark, Booth Jones, Katherine A., Borg, John J., Bourgeois, Karen, Bretagnolle, Vincent, Bried, Joël, Briskie, James V., Brooke, M de L., Brownlie, Katherine C., Bugoni, Leandro, Calabrese, Licia, Campioni, Letizia, Carey, Mark J., Carle, Ryan D., Carlile, Nicholas, Carreiro, Ana R., Catry, Paulo, Catry, Teresa, Cecere, Jacopo G., Ceia, Filipe R., Cherel, Yves, Choi, Chang-Yong, Cianchetti-Benedetti, Marco, Clarke, Rohan H., Cleeland, Jaimie B., Colodro, Valentina, Congdon, Bradley C., Danielsen, Jóhannis, De Pascalis, Federico, Deakin, Zoe, Dehnhard, Nina, Dell'Omo, Giacomo, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Dilley, Ben J., Dinis, Herculano A., Dubos, Jerome, Dunphy, Brendon J., Emmerson, Louise M., Fagundes, Ana Isabel, Fayet, Annette L., Felis, Jonathan J., Fischer, Johannes H., Freeman, Amanda N. D., Fromant, Aymeric, Gaibani, Giorgia, García, David, Gjerdrum, Carina, Gomes, Ivandra Soeli Gonçalves Correia, Forero, Manuela G., Granadeiro, José P., Grecian, W James, Grémillet, David, Guilford, Tim, Hallgrimsson, Gunnar Thor, Halpin, Luke R., Hansen, Erpur Snær, Hedd, April, Helberg, Morten, Helgason, Halfdan H., Henry, Leeann M., Hereward, Hannah F. R., Hernandez-Montero, Marcos, Hindell, Mark A., Hodum, Peter J., Imperio, Simona, Jaeger, Audrey, Jessopp, Mark, Jodice, Patrick G. R., Jones, Carl G, Jones, Christopher W., Jónsson, Jón Einar, Kane, Adam, Kapelj, Sven, Kim, Yuna, Kirk, Holly, Kolbeinsson, Yann, Kraemer, Philipp L., Krüger, Lucas, Lago, Paulo, Landers, Todd J., Lavers, Jennifer L., Le Corre, Matthieu, Leal, Andreia, Louzao, Maite, Madeiros, Jeremy, Magalhães, Maria, Mallory, Mark L., Masello, Juan F., Massa, Bruno, Matsumoto, Sakiko, McDuie, Fiona, McFarlane Tranquilla, Laura, Medrano, Fernando, Metzger, Benjamin J., Militão, Teresa, Montevecchi, William A., Montone, Rosalinda C., Navarro-Herrero, Leia, Neves, Verónica C., Nicholls, David G., Nicoll, Malcolm A .C., Norris, Ken, Oppel, Steffen, Oro, Daniel, Owen, Ellie, Padget, Oliver, Paiva, Vítor H., Pala, David, Pereira, Jorge M., Péron, Clara, Petry, Maria V., de Pina, Admilton, Pina, Ariete T Moreira, Pinet, Patrick, Pistorius, Pierre A., Pollet, Ingrid L., Porter, Benjamin J., Poupart, Timothée A., Powell, Christopher D. L., Proaño, Carolina B., Pujol-Casado, Júlia, Quillfeldt, Petra, Quinn, John L., Raine, Andre F., Raine, Helen, Ramírez, Iván, Ramos, Jaime A., Ramos, Raül, Ravache, Andreas, Rayner, Matt J., Reid, Timothy A., Robertson, Gregory J., Rocamora, Gerard J., Rollinson, Dominic P., Ronconi, Robert A., Rotger, Andreu, Rubolini, Diego, Ruhomaun, Kevin, Ruiz, Asunción, Russell, James C., Ryan, Peter G., Saldanha, Sarah, Sanz-Aguilar, Ana, Sardà-Serra, Mariona, Satgé, Yvan G., Sato, Katsufumi, Schäfer, Wiebke C., Schoombie, Stefan, Shaffer, Scott A., Shah, Nirmal, Shoji, Akiko, Shutler, Dave, Sigurðsson, Ingvar A., Silva, Mónica C., Small, Alison E., Soldatini, Cecilia, Strøm, Hallvard, Surman, Christopher A., Takahashi, Akinori, Tatayah, Vikash R. V., Taylor, Graeme A., Thomas, Robert J., Thompson, David R., Thompson, Paul M., Thórarinsson, Thorkell L., Vicente-Sastre, Diego, Vidal, Eric, Wakefield, Ewan D., Waugh, Susan M., Weimerskirch, Henri, Wittmer, Heiko U., Yamamoto, Takashi, Yoda, Ken, Zavalaga, Carlos B., Zino, Francis J., Dias, Maria P., Cambridge Conservation Initiative, Fondation Prince Albert II de Monaco, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Clark, Bethany L., Carneiro, Ana P. B., Pearmain, Elizabeth J., Rouyer, Marie-Morgane, Clay, Thomas A., Cowger, Win, Phillips, Richard A., Manica, Andrea, Hazin, Carolina, Eriksen, Marcus, González-Solís, Jacob, Adams, Josh, Albores-Barajas, Yuri V., Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna, Alho, Maria Saldanha, Araujo, Deusa Teixeira, Arcos, José Manuel, Arnould, John P. Y., Barbosa, Nadito J. P., Barbraud, Christophe, Beard, Annalea M., Beck, Jessie, Bell, Elizabeth A., Bennet, Della G., Berlincourt, Maud, Biscoito, Manuel, Bjørnstad, Oskar K., Bolton, Mark, Booth Jones, Katherine A., Borg, John J., Bourgeois, Karen, Bretagnolle, Vincent, Bried, Joël, Briskie, James V., Brooke, M de L., Brownlie, Katherine C., Bugoni, Leandro, Calabrese, Licia, Campioni, Letizia, Carey, Mark J., Carle, Ryan D., Carlile, Nicholas, Carreiro, Ana R., Catry, Paulo, Catry, Teresa, Cecere, Jacopo G., Ceia, Filipe R., Cherel, Yves, Choi, Chang-Yong, Cianchetti-Benedetti, Marco, Clarke, Rohan H., Cleeland, Jaimie B., Colodro, Valentina, Congdon, Bradley C., Danielsen, Jóhannis, De Pascalis, Federico, Deakin, Zoe, Dehnhard, Nina, Dell'Omo, Giacomo, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Dilley, Ben J., Dinis, Herculano A., Dubos, Jerome, Dunphy, Brendon J., Emmerson, Louise M., Fagundes, Ana Isabel, Fayet, Annette L., Felis, Jonathan J., Fischer, Johannes H., Freeman, Amanda N. D., Fromant, Aymeric, Gaibani, Giorgia, García, David, Gjerdrum, Carina, Gomes, Ivandra Soeli Gonçalves Correia, Forero, Manuela G., Granadeiro, José P., Grecian, W James, Grémillet, David, Guilford, Tim, Hallgrimsson, Gunnar Thor, Halpin, Luke R., Hansen, Erpur Snær, Hedd, April, Helberg, Morten, Helgason, Halfdan H., Henry, Leeann M., Hereward, Hannah F. R., Hernandez-Montero, Marcos, Hindell, Mark A., Hodum, Peter J., Imperio, Simona, Jaeger, Audrey, Jessopp, Mark, Jodice, Patrick G. R., Jones, Carl G, Jones, Christopher W., Jónsson, Jón Einar, Kane, Adam, Kapelj, Sven, Kim, Yuna, Kirk, Holly, Kolbeinsson, Yann, Kraemer, Philipp L., Krüger, Lucas, Lago, Paulo, Landers, Todd J., Lavers, Jennifer L., Le Corre, Matthieu, Leal, Andreia, Louzao, Maite, Madeiros, Jeremy, Magalhães, Maria, Mallory, Mark L., Masello, Juan F., Massa, Bruno, Matsumoto, Sakiko, McDuie, Fiona, McFarlane Tranquilla, Laura, Medrano, Fernando, Metzger, Benjamin J., Militão, Teresa, Montevecchi, William A., Montone, Rosalinda C., Navarro-Herrero, Leia, Neves, Verónica C., Nicholls, David G., Nicoll, Malcolm A .C., Norris, Ken, Oppel, Steffen, Oro, Daniel, Owen, Ellie, Padget, Oliver, Paiva, Vítor H., Pala, David, Pereira, Jorge M., Péron, Clara, Petry, Maria V., de Pina, Admilton, Pina, Ariete T Moreira, Pinet, Patrick, Pistorius, Pierre A., Pollet, Ingrid L., Porter, Benjamin J., Poupart, Timothée A., Powell, Christopher D. L., Proaño, Carolina B., Pujol-Casado, Júlia, Quillfeldt, Petra, Quinn, John L., Raine, Andre F., Raine, Helen, Ramírez, Iván, Ramos, Jaime A., Ramos, Raül, Ravache, Andreas, Rayner, Matt J., Reid, Timothy A., Robertson, Gregory J., Rocamora, Gerard J., Rollinson, Dominic P., Ronconi, Robert A., Rotger, Andreu, Rubolini, Diego, Ruhomaun, Kevin, Ruiz, Asunción, Russell, James C., Ryan, Peter G., Saldanha, Sarah, Sanz-Aguilar, Ana, Sardà-Serra, Mariona, Satgé, Yvan G., Sato, Katsufumi, Schäfer, Wiebke C., Schoombie, Stefan, Shaffer, Scott A., Shah, Nirmal, Shoji, Akiko, Shutler, Dave, Sigurðsson, Ingvar A., Silva, Mónica C., Small, Alison E., Soldatini, Cecilia, Strøm, Hallvard, Surman, Christopher A., Takahashi, Akinori, Tatayah, Vikash R. V., Taylor, Graeme A., Thomas, Robert J., Thompson, David R., Thompson, Paul M., Thórarinsson, Thorkell L., Vicente-Sastre, Diego, Vidal, Eric, Wakefield, Ewan D., Waugh, Susan M., Weimerskirch, Henri, Wittmer, Heiko U., Yamamoto, Takashi, Yoda, Ken, Zavalaga, Carlos B., Zino, Francis J., and Dias, Maria P.

Abstract

Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the world's oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with individual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species.

Published
2023

23. Rodent predation and specialised avian habitat requirements drive extinction risk for endemic island songbirds in the south-west Pacific

Author

Nance, Alexandra H., Mitchell, William F., Dawlings, Finella, Cook, Carly N., and Clarke, Rohan H.

Abstract

Island endemic birds represent approximately 90% of contemporary avian extinctions globally. Introduced predators and land-use change are key drivers of population decline in this group. Where multiple threats may compound the impacts on species, the implementation of complementary approaches to threat assessment can be especially valuable. Using Norfolk Island (NI) in the south-west Pacific as an exemplar, we assessed daily nest survival rates for five endemic songbirds (NI Robin Petroica multicolor, NI Gerygone Gerygone modesta, Slender-billed White-eye Zosterops tenuirostris, NI Whistler Pachycephala pectoralis xanthoprocta and NI Fantail Rhipidura albiscapa pelzelni), monitoring 135 nests over four breeding seasons. To understand the factors associated with suitable breeding habitat, we also conducted ecological niche modelling in Maxent for all species. Depredation was the primary driver of nest failure across all species (80% of failed nests), with invasive rats (Rattus sp.) being the most common predator (61% of depredated nests) and a key predictor of nest survival. Gerygones and Fantails exhibited the highest nest survival and were also categorised as habitat generalists using ecological niche modelling. Conversely, the three species that exhibited lower nest survival (Robin, White-eye and Whistler) had specialised habitat requirements, highlighting the potential for cumulative impacts. Our data suggest that invasive rodent control within intact forested sites is a critical management action for this system, followed by strategic habitat restoration and increased connectivity. Our study provides essential ecological information for five poorly understood island songbirds and identifies key management strategies for a regional avian hotspot.

Published
2023
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28. A general deep learning model for bird detection in high‐resolution airborne imagery

Author

Weinstein, Ben G., primary, Garner, Lindsey, additional, Saccomanno, Vienna R., additional, Steinkraus, Ashley, additional, Ortega, Andrew, additional, Brush, Kristen, additional, Yenni, Glenda, additional, McKellar, Ann E., additional, Converse, Rowan, additional, Lippitt, Christopher D., additional, Wegmann, Alex, additional, Holmes, Nick D., additional, Edney, Alice J., additional, Hart, Tom, additional, Jessopp, Mark J., additional, Clarke, Rohan H., additional, Marchowski, Dominik, additional, Senyondo, Henry, additional, Dotson, Ryan, additional, White, Ethan P., additional, Frederick, Peter, additional, and Ernest, S. K. Morgan, additional

Published
2022
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30. Predicting the Foraging Habitats of Sympatrically Breeding Gadfly Petrels in the South Pacific Ocean

Author

Halpin, Luke R., Mott, Rowan, Clay, Thomas A., Humphries, Grant R. W., Chatwin, Trudy A., Carlile, Nicholas, and Clarke, Rohan H.

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, Ocean Engineering, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

Gadfly petrels (genus Pterodroma) are one of the most threatened groups of birds. They are exceptionally well adapted to forage over enormous areas to maximize chances of encountering prey. Their wide-ranging travel, extensive use of oceanic habitats beyond national jurisdictions (the high seas), and limited information on their at-sea distributions and foraging ecology pose several management challenges. Here, we examined the foraging distributions and habitat preferences of three gadfly petrels that breed on Phillip Island (Norfolk Island Group), in the southwest Pacific Ocean, and tested the ability of species distribution models (SDMs) to predict important marine habitats. GPS loggers were deployed in 2018 and 2019 on chick-provisioning black-winged petrels (P. nigripennis) and white-necked petrels (P. cervicalis) and in 2020 on Kermadec petrels (P. neglecta), and hidden Markov models (HMMs) were used to estimate behavioral states across 387 foraging trips. SDMs were built using six algorithms and the predictive performance of models constructed using conventional random cross-validation (CV) was compared to those constructed with spatially independent CV. All three species demonstrated dual-foraging strategies with short trips closer to the colony and longer, presumably self-provisioning, trips with maximum distances from the colony of several thousand kilometers for black-winged and white-necked petrels. Foraging areas of each species were distinctly partitioned across the Tasman Sea during long trips, but there was high overlap during short trips. Black-winged and white-necked petrels exhibited area-restricted search foraging behavior throughout their foraging ranges which spanned almost the entire Tasman Sea and into the western Pacific, whereas the foraging range of Kermadec petrels was restricted closer to the colony. Approximately half of each species’ foraging range extended into the high seas. Response curves and variable importance between the two SDM CV approaches were similar, suggesting that model fitting was robust to the CV approach. However, evaluation using spatially independent CV indicated that generalizability of ensemble SDMs to new data ranged from poor to fair for all three species. This suggests that the maximal-area foraging strategy of gadfly petrels (whereby they search opportunistically for resources across expansive oceanic habitats) results in weak or wide associations with environmental features making predicting important habitats extremely challenging.

Published
2022
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31. Chromosome-length genome assembly and linkage map of a critically endangered Australian bird:the helmeted honeyeater

Author

Robledo-Ruiz, Diana A., Gan, Han Ming, Kaur, Parwinder, Dudchenko, Olga, Weisz, David, Khan, Ruqayya, Lieberman Aiden, Erez, Osipova, Ekaterina, Hiller, Michael, Morales, Hernán E., Magrath, Michael J. L., Clarke, Rohan H., Sunnucks, Paul, Pavlova, Alexandra, Robledo-Ruiz, Diana A., Gan, Han Ming, Kaur, Parwinder, Dudchenko, Olga, Weisz, David, Khan, Ruqayya, Lieberman Aiden, Erez, Osipova, Ekaterina, Hiller, Michael, Morales, Hernán E., Magrath, Michael J. L., Clarke, Rohan H., Sunnucks, Paul, and Pavlova, Alexandra

Abstract

Background: The helmeted honeyeater (Lichenostomus melanops cassidix) is a Critically Endangered bird endemic to Victoria, Australia. To aid its conservation, the population is the subject of genetic rescue. To understand, monitor, and modulate the effects of genetic rescue on the helmeted honeyeater genome, a chromosome-length genome and a high-density linkage map are required. Results: We used a combination of Illumina, Oxford Nanopore, and Hi-C sequencing technologies to assemble a chromosome-length genome of the helmeted honeyeater, comprising 906 scaffolds, with length of 1.1 Gb and scaffold N50 of 63.8 Mb. Annotation comprised 57,181 gene models. Using a pedigree of 257 birds and 53,111 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, we obtained high-density linkage and recombination maps for 25 autosomes and Z chromosome. The total sex-averaged linkage map was 1,347 cM long, with the male map being 6.7% longer than the female map. Recombination maps revealed sexually dimorphic recombination rates (overall higher in males), with average recombination rate of 1.8 cM/Mb. Comparative analyses revealed high synteny of the helmeted honeyeater genome with that of 3 passerine species (e.g., 32 Hi-C scaffolds mapped to 30 zebra finch autosomes and Z chromosome). The genome assembly and linkage map suggest that the helmeted honeyeater exhibits a fission of chromosome 1A into 2 chromosomes relative to zebra finch. PSMC analysis showed a ∼15-fold decline in effective population size to ∼60,000 from mid- to late Pleistocene. Conclusions: The annotated chromosome-length genome and high-density linkage map provide rich resources for evolutionary studies and will be fundamental in guiding conservation efforts for the helmeted honeyeater.

Published
2022

34. Chromosome-length genome assembly and linkage map of a critically endangered Australian bird: the helmeted honeyeater

Author

Robledo-Ruiz, Diana A, primary, Gan, Han Ming, additional, Kaur, Parwinder, additional, Dudchenko, Olga, additional, Weisz, David, additional, Khan, Ruqayya, additional, Lieberman Aiden, Erez, additional, Osipova, Ekaterina, additional, Hiller, Michael, additional, Morales, Hernán E, additional, Magrath, Michael J L, additional, Clarke, Rohan H, additional, Sunnucks, Paul, additional, and Pavlova, Alexandra, additional

Published
2022
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35. Emergency conservation interventions during times of crisis: A case study for a threatened bird species in the Australian Black Summer bushfires

Author

Selwood, Katherine E., primary, Antos, Mark, additional, Bramwell, Mick, additional, Lee, Adam, additional, Lynch, Michael, additional, Magrath, Michael J. L., additional, Maute, Kimberly, additional, Melvin, Fiona, additional, Mott, Rowan, additional, Perri, Marc, additional, Whiteford, Craig, additional, and Clarke, Rohan H., additional

Published
2021
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38. A global model of bird detection in high resolution airborne images using computer vision

Author

Weinstein, Ben, Garner, Lindsey, Saccomanno, Vienna R., Steinkraus, Ashley, Ortega, Andrew, Brush, Kristen, Yenni, Glenda, McKellar, Ann E., Converse, Rowan, Lipitt, Christopher D., Wegmann, Alex, Holmes, Nick D., Edney, Alice J., Hart, Tom, Jessopp, Mark J., Clarke, Rohan, Markowski, Dominik, Senyondo, Henry, Dotson, Ryan, White, Ethan P., Frederick, Peter, and S.K Morgan Ernest

Subjects
drones, UAV, deep learning, bird detection, computer vision
Abstract

Bird Detection Datasets Each dataset is organized into train and test splits, generally with 90% of images in train. Whereever possible the train/test split does not cross individual flights or locations. The general format is a csv with the columns: image_path, xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, label The coordinates relative to the image origin, there is no geographic projection in the images. Bird Detection Models Usinghttps://github.com/weecology/BirdDetector and the deepforest python packagehttps://deepforest.readthedocs.io/. A single model for future use was trained using all training and test data together. (Bird.pt). Using the deepforest python package ``` from deepforest import main import torch m = main.deepforest() m.model.load_state_dict(torch.load()) ``` More information can found [biorxiv link].

Published
2021
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39. Double‐tagging scores of seabirds reveals that light‐level geolocator accuracy is limited by species idiosyncrasies and equatorial solar profiles

Author

Halpin, Luke R., primary, Ross, Jeremy D., additional, Ramos, Raül, additional, Mott, Rowan, additional, Carlile, Nicholas, additional, Golding, Nick, additional, Reyes‐González, José Manuel, additional, Militão, Teresa, additional, De Felipe, Fernanda, additional, Zajková, Zuzana, additional, Cruz‐Flores, Marta, additional, Saldanha, Sarah, additional, Morera‐Pujol, Virginia, additional, Navarro‐Herrero, Leia, additional, Zango, Laura, additional, González‐Solís, Jacob, additional, and Clarke, Rohan H., additional

Published
2021
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40. Options for reducing uncertainty in impact classification for alien species

Author

Clarke, David A., Palmer, David J., McGrannachan, Chris, Burgess, Treena I., Chown, Steven L., Clarke, Rohan H., Kumschick, Sabrina, Lach, Lori, Liebhold, Andrew M., Roy, Helen E., Saunders, Manu E., Yeates, David K., Zalucki, Myron P., McGeoch, Melodie A., Clarke, David A., Palmer, David J., McGrannachan, Chris, Burgess, Treena I., Chown, Steven L., Clarke, Rohan H., Kumschick, Sabrina, Lach, Lori, Liebhold, Andrew M., Roy, Helen E., Saunders, Manu E., Yeates, David K., Zalucki, Myron P., and McGeoch, Melodie A.

Abstract

Impact assessment is an important and cost-effective tool for assisting in the identification and prioritization of invasive alien species. With the number of alien and invasive alien species expected to increase, reliance on impact assessment tools for the identification of species that pose the greatest threats will continue to grow. Given the importance of such assessments for management and resource allocation, it is critical to understand the uncertainty involved and what effect this may have on the outcome. Using an uncertainty typology and insects as a model taxon, we identified and classified the causes and types of uncertainty when performing impact assessments on alien species. We assessed 100 alien insect species across two rounds of assessments with each species independently assessed by two assessors. Agreement between assessors was relatively low for all three impact classification components (mechanism, severity, and confidence) after the first round of assessments. For the second round, we revised guidelines and gave assessors access to each other’s assessments which improved agreement by between 20% and 30% for impact mechanism, severity, and confidence. Of the 12 potential reasons for assessment discrepancies identified a priori, 11 were found to occur. The most frequent causes (and types) of uncertainty (i.e., differences between assessment outcomes for the same species) were as follows: incomplete information searches (systematic error), unclear mechanism and/or extent of impact (subjective judgment due to a lack of knowledge), and limitations of the assessment framework (context dependence). In response to these findings, we identify actions that may reduce uncertainty in the impact assessment process, particularly for assessing speciose taxa with diverse life histories such as Insects. Evidence of environmental impact was available for most insect species, and (of the non-random original subset of species assessed) 14 of those with evidence wer

Published
2021

41. Pinpointing Drivers of Extirpation in Sea Snakes: A Synthesis of Evidence From Ashmore Reef

Author

Somaweera, Ruchira, primary, Udyawer, Vinay, additional, Guinea, Michael L., additional, Ceccarelli, Daniela M., additional, Clarke, Rohan H., additional, Glover, Michelle, additional, Hourston, Mathew, additional, Keesing, John, additional, Rasmussen, Arne Redsted, additional, Sanders, Kate, additional, Shine, Richard, additional, Thomson, Damian P., additional, and Webber, Bruce L., additional

Published
2021
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42. Options for reducing uncertainty in impact classification for alien species

Author

Clarke, David A., primary, Palmer, David J., additional, McGrannachan, Chris, additional, Burgess, Treena I., additional, Chown, Steven L., additional, Clarke, Rohan H., additional, Kumschick, Sabrina, additional, Lach, Lori, additional, Liebhold, Andrew M., additional, Roy, Helen E., additional, Saunders, Manu E., additional, Yeates, David K., additional, Zalucki, Myron P., additional, and McGeoch, Melodie A., additional

Published
2021
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46. Emergency conservation interventions during times of crisis: A case study for a threatened bird species in the Australian Black Summer bushfires.

Author

Selwood, Katherine E., Antos, Mark, Bramwell, Mick, Lee, Adam, Lynch, Michael, Magrath, Michael J. L., Maute, Kimberly, Melvin, Fiona, Mott, Rowan, Perri, Marc, Whiteford, Craig, and Clarke, Rohan H.

Subjects
RARE birds, BIRD conservation, WILDFIRES, ENDANGERED species, EMERGENCY management, SUMMER, NATIONAL parks & reserves, CRISES
Abstract

Emergency conservation interventions will be increasingly necessary to prevent extinctions or severe population bottlenecks as extreme events become more frequent. We detail the emergency extraction of the endangered Eastern Bristlebird (Dasyornis brachpterus) during the unprecedented 2019–2020 Australian Black Summer bushfires, an intervention that led to the rapid establishment of a temporary ex situ insurance population sourced from an area under immediate threat from bushfire (Croajingolong National Park, Victoria). The intervention was triggered, coordinated, and implemented within a 4‐week period, with re‐release to the wild within 2 months. We present this case study within a framework for emergency conservation interventions, based on the emergency management phases of preparation, response, and recovery, with the addition of an evaluation phase. The preparation phase involved compiling existing knowledge and capacity to facilitate the operation. The response phase consisted of (a) initiation and planning of the intervention (coordination) and (b) implementation, that is, the translocation of 15 birds from an area under threat of bushfire to a captive institution (>500 km). The recovery phase saw the insurance population re‐released to unburnt habitat after the bushfire had ceased. The evaluation phase incorporated lessons learnt from the other three phases as part of an adaptive management approach. We reflect on the Eastern Bristlebird emergency conservation intervention to explore how we can better prepare for, respond to, and recover from the large range of emergencies faced by biodiversity around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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47. Are we adequately assessing the demographic impacts of harvesting for wild‐sourced conservation translocations?

Author

Mitchell, William F., Boulton, Rebecca L., Sunnucks, Paul, and Clarke, Rohan H.

Subjects
CONSERVATION projects (Natural resources), ENDANGERED species, GOVERNMENT accountability, EUGENICS, A priori
Abstract

Translocation, the human‐mediated movement of organisms from one area to another, is a popular tool in conservation management. Wild‐caught individuals are more likely to persist following release than those sourced from captive breeding. However, this benefit of obtaining individuals from wild populations must be carefully weighed against the potential harm to the viability of source populations. In this structured review, we assess the peer‐reviewed primary literature that addresses wild‐sourced translocation programs. We aim to determine what proportion of studies make a priori estimates of the impact of harvesting on source populations, what proportion provide quantitative evidence of demographic trends in source populations following harvest, and which methods are being used to assess impacts of harvesting on source populations. Of 292 articles reviewed, we identified just 32 instances (11%) where impact on the source population was estimated. The proportion of studies that assess impacts on source populations in a given year has not increased over time. However, studies that make explicit a priori comparisons of alternative harvesting strategies are becoming more frequent. We propose a standardized framework for reporting on management of translocation source populations. Published summaries of wild‐sourced translocations should include clear conservation goals, a description of the methods used to assess potential impact, an a priori justification based on evidence for the chosen harvesting strategy, an estimated timeline for recovery and a summary of postremoval population trends to assess the efficacy of a priori impact assessment. Routinely reporting impacts of harvesting on source populations will inform management when source sustainability is uncertain, improve transparency and increase the likelihood of successful conservation for many threatened species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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48. Slavery Inquiry Report, Jesus College Cambridge

Author

Mottier, Veronique, Athol, Robert, Edwards, Michael, Grower, Julius, Robson, Elly, Jeppesen, Christopher, Fennell, Shailaja, Fenton-Glynn, Claire, Morieux, Renaud, Clarke, Rohan, and Taneja, Preti

Abstract

In November 2019, Jesus College, Cambridge became the first College in Cambridge or Oxford to publish the results of its ongoing inquiry into the ways in which the College benefitted from slavery and colonial violence. The uploaded Report presents the results of the first phase of the work carried out by the Legacy of Slavery Working Party (LSWP), Chaired by Veronique Mottier. The work of the LSWP was carried out by Veronique Mottier, Robert Athol, Michael Edwards, Julius Grower, Elly Robson, Christopher Jeppesen, Claire Fenton-Glynn, Shailaja Fennell, Renaud Morieux, Preti Taneja and Rohan Clarke, and scrutinised by External Member Prof. Verene Shepherd from the University of Mona/Jamaica. The Inquiry aims to examine the place of Jesus College in relation to the wider dynamics of slavery, colonial administration, colonial violence, racial science and long-term financial and social legacies including institutional exclusions and under-representation. Note that the College Inquiry runs parallel to, but is independent from, the wider Cambridge University Legacies of Enslavement Inquiry, for more information, see: https://www.v-c.admin.cam.ac.uk/projects/legacies-of-enslavement

Published
2019

49. Video monitoring reveals novel threat to Critically Endangered captive-bred and released Regent Honeyeaters

Author

Taylor, Gemma, Ewen, John G., Clarke, Rohan H., Blackburn, Tim M., Johnson, Glen, and Ingwersen, Dean

Abstract

Nest predation is a primary cause of nest failure in open-cup nesting woodland birds and low reproductive success is a common reason why reintroduced species fail to establish in the wild. We used video monitoring to record the breeding outcomes and identify the causes of nest failure in a reintroduced population of the Critically Endangered Regent Honeyeater. We intensively monitored 28 nesting attempts of 13 pairs during the 2015 breeding season, and found that the probability of individual nest success was 0.21 (from egg laying to fledging). We report for the first time Sugar and Squirrel Gliders depredating Regent Honeyeater nests. In addition to losses attributed to predation, a high proportion of chicks died in the nest from unknown causes. Our results show that rates of nest initiation and success are low in reintroduced Regent Honeyeaters, and future reintroductions should attempt to mitigate the threat of nest predation. Other sources of nest failure and barriers to nest initiation and egg laying are priority areas for future research.

Published
2018
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