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Relational values are values of desirable relationships between people and nature and amongpeople (through nature). We report on the approach to capture relational values of nature’scontributions to people in the regional assessment for Europe and Central Asia of theIntergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES).We present a framework considering indicators along four relational value dimensions aboutpeople’s relationships with nature: security and sovereignty; health; equity and justice; andheritage, social identity and stewardship. The framework has been operationalized for threenature’s contributions to people (NCP): regulation of freshwater quality and quantity, foodand feed, and physical and psychological experiences derived from nature. We identify waysto empirically assess relational values of nature’s contributions to people at regional andcontinental scales with social-ecological indicators and proxies, ranging from biophysicalindicators to indicators that intersect socio-economic with biophysical data. We concludethat many of the identified indicators can be considered as useful proxies of relational valuesin a quantitative way. The analysis shows that relational values are essential to consider at thescience-policy interface as they are an important set of values that people hold about natureand that go beyond instrumental relations.

Two weeks after starting the oral contraceptive pill, a 16-year-old girl developed increasingly violent chorea and an evolving psychosis with prominent hallucinations, ideas of reference, and paranoia. An erythematous skin rash subsequently developed and Sydenham's chorea (SC) was diagnosed. Following neuroleptic medication and steroids, her chorea and psychosis subsided. This case illustrates that severe psychotic features can occur in SC. It is recommended that antistreptolysin O titres and antibasal ganglia antibodies are checked early in patients with evolving movement disorders and prominent neuropsychiatric features, as the window for modifying the course of this immune-mediated disorder may be narrow.

The 21st Century Catch Toolkit is a product of the INTERREG IVa 2 Seas project GIFS (Geography of Inshore Fishing and Sustainability). Work on the GIFS project was completed between January 2012 and September 2014 and was undertaken by a collaboration of six partners from four European countries bordering the Southern North Sea and English Channel. GIFS aimed to understand and capture the social, economic and cultural importance of inshore fishing to better inform fisheries policy, coastal regeneration strategies and sustainable community development. The project has involved a range of research projects, regeneration activities and case studies across southern England, northern France, Flanders and the southern Netherlands. GIFS partners have worked with local stakeholders and communities to explore the geographical diversity and similarities of fishing ports, harbours and people along the Channel and Southern North Sea. This toolkit is a product of that collaboration which provides useful findings and advice on how to value the social, economic and cultural importance of inshore fishing today.

The "21st Century Catch: Practical approaches for sustainable inshore fishing communities" Toolkit is a product of the INTERREG IVa 2 Seas project GIFS (Geography of Inshore Fishing and Sustainability). The partners have worked with local stakeholders and communities to explore the geographical diversity and similarities of fishing ports, harbours and people along the Channel and southern North Sea. This toolkit is a product of the collaboration and provides a set of methods to help assess the economic, social and cultural importance of inshore fishing while also describing practical approaches for the regeneration of coastal towns. These tools can be used at a range of spatial scales from the local community level to regional or national levels and draw on examples from empirical research, practical applications and creative arts. It describes the rationale behind each method used and gives guidance about where and in what circumstances they might be applicable. Advice is given on how to use the tools, their applicability at different spatial scales, what they can be used for and practical issues such as the resources to implement them (e.g. time and money). It has been developed for anyone interested in the way that inshore fishing is valued economically, socially, culturally and environmentally, and its role for sustainable community development., Le toolkit "21st Century Catch: Practical approaches for sustainable inshore fishing communities" est un produit du projet INTERREG IVa 2 Mers GIFS (Geographie, pêche maritime et durabilité). Les partenaires ont collaboré avec les parties prenantes locales et les communautés pour documenter la diversité géographique, mais aussi les ressemblances entre les ports de pêche et les villages de pêcheurs dans la Manche et dans le Sud de la Mer du Nord. Ce toolkit est un produit qui résulte de cette collaboration, et elle procure quelques méthodes pour la compréhension de l’importance économique, sociale et culturelle de la pêche maritime, ainsi que des méthodes pour la description de quelques approches pratiques pour la régénération des villages de pêcheurs. Les outils peuvent être utilisés à travers une large gamme de niveaux spatiaux: au niveau local, jusqu’au niveau régional et même national. Les outils se fondent sur des exemples issus de recherches empiriques, des applications pratiques et des arts créatifs. Nous décrivons l’idée sous-jacente de chaque méthode, et nous donnons un avis pour savoir comment et dans quelles conditions les outils s’appliquent. Nous conseillons donc comment il convient de les utiliser, et nous en expliquons l’applicabilité sur les différentes échelles spatiales. Nous expliquons aussi les démarches dans lesquelles les méthodes s’appliquent, et nous informons en outre sur les questions pratiques telles que les sources requises (la période, les frais). Le toolkit a été développé pour toute personne s’intéressant à la manière dont la pêche maritime se valorise sur le plan économique, social, culturel et environnemental, ou pour toute personne s’intéressant au rôle de la pêche maritime dans le développement de communautés durables.

Key findings:\ud \ud Finding 1: Shared values resulting from deliberative, group-based valuation are different from individual values. Case study evidence suggests that they are more informed, considered, confident and reflective of participants’ deeper-held, transcendental values. Deliberated, group-based monetary values may be a better reflection of real welfare impacts than non-deliberated individual values, if derived through a carefully designed and managed process. Although more research is needed to expand the currently small evidence base on deliberative monetary methods, group deliberation has the potential to significantly enhance elicitation of values.\ud \ud Finding 2: The ethical, moral and justice dimensions of many environmental issues necessitate approaches that allow for the elicitation of shared and plural values. Key ethical concerns include: 1) providing a space and opportunity for people to identify values that they may find difficult to articulate (e.g. spiritual, identity); 2) recognising that some values cannot be traded without discussion and negotiation (e.g. the legal or felt rights of local people, intrinsic values of other species); and 3) understanding that it is often difficult to isolate valuation from decision-making processes because people feel there are strong ethical or moral issues at stake that need to be debated (e.g. the justice of the process, fairness in the distribution of benefits or disbenefits, responsibility, and issues of sustainability and future generations).\ud \ud Finding 3: Catalyst and/or conflict points can play a key role in the emergence and articulation of values at a societal or community level that have not previously been outwardly or explicitly articulated. Catalyst and conflict points can be symbolic and are often linked to wider contested issues and meanings about who is involved in decision-making, whose voice counts and who receives the benefits or disbenefits of environmental change. These catalyst points can potentially be connected to feelings of powerlessness that give rise to concern and protest. By recognising transcendental societal and communal values (the deeper-held and overarching values held by society and communities), it becomes possible to make these values explicit and incorporate them in decision-making to better anticipate and manage conflicts.\ud \ud Finding 4: There is a diversity of ways in which shared, plural, cultural and social values are used, but they are rarely conceptualised. The UK NEAFO provides a clear theoretical framework that distinguishes and categorises different dimensions and types of shared values. The proposed range of value types was both identifiable and distinguishable within case study results. This suggests that the framework provides a useful basis for operationalizing shared values for decision-making.\ud \ud Finding 5: Shared and social values in the sense of value to society is conceptualised very differently by conventional economics and other disciplines. Neoclassical economists have generally undertaken valuation by equating social value with the aggregate of individual values. They consider values as fundamentally commensurable. In contrast, literature from other disciplines consistently considers values as plural, not just in the sense that multiple things have value, but also that there are multiple dimensions to value that cannot necessarily be captured in a single metric. Within mainstream economics, the difficulties associated with commensurability and aggregating values have long been recognised, but have also been neglected. An interesting area for future debate between economic and non-economic views on values may be the normative nature of value-aggregation.\ud \ud Finding 6: A mixed method approach is required to elicit the multiple dimensions of shared values and to translate deeper-held, transcendental values into contextual values and preferences. Monetary valuation is limited to quantifying values. Other methods are needed to understand their meaning or content, and the communal, societal and transcendental values that underpin them. Psychometric, non-analytical and interpretive methods (e.g. storytelling) can reveal those shared values. They can be combined with deliberative-analytical methods (e.g. deliberative monetary valuation and multi-criteria analysis) to provide a comprehensive valuation that can quantify values, understand their individual and shared meanings and significance, and better include ethical dimensions.\ud \ud Finding 7: Deliberative and social learning processes help people to understand the values held by others; they can lead to increased sharing of values and/or to greater acceptance of the decisions emerging from such processes. Deliberation clearly affects what values participants express compared to non-deliberated processes. There is also a growing body of theoretical and empirical research suggesting that deliberation has the potential to affect how people understand and shape the values of others. Although rarely considered in the economic literature, the concept of social learning helps to explain some of the processes involved in deliberation. The extent to which deliberation or social learning helps participants express and shape values will depend upon the frequency and depth of interactions and the timescale over which interactions occur. Only a shift in cultural values (e.g. less emphasis on material wealth), reflected in other societal institutions (e.g. changes in the indicators used to measure national progress) is likely to achieve sustainable outcomes in the long-term.\ud \ud Finding 8: Media analysis is a promising avenue for characterising different types of shared values at a large scale, as well as assessing the conflicts between the communal values of different sectors of society. There has been a marked increase in public interest in environmental issues over the last decade, which is reflected in their increased media coverage. Media content and discourse analysis is able to distinguish and characterise the plurality of cultural, societal and transcendental values and their interrelationships, and can offer a picture of the self- and other-regarding values that underpin environmental issues and conflicts. Social media can provide a further forum for understanding societal and communal values surrounding environmental issues.\ud \ud Finding 9: Aesthetic and spiritual values of ecosystems have a strong non-instrumental component. While they benefit human well-being, they should not simply be classified as just ‘services’ or ‘benefits’. Many spiritual discourses about nature resist talk of consequentialist benefits and economic analysis. These discourses counter assertions of the disenchantment of the world, which is associated with an instrumental environmental ethic and the commodification of nature. Allowing the possibility of enchantment can be a richer way of understanding our experience of nature and alerts us to the limitations of using economic models for valuation and informing decisions about these profound cultural ecosystem ‘services’. Faith communities have experience of using these non-utilitarian values in their own decision-making and provide models that could be adapted for use in environmental decision-making.\ud \ud Finding 10: Subjective well-being measures provide a useful means of assessing ‘intangible’ cultural ecosystem services and their benefits. Different user groups associate common elements of subjective well-being with environmental settings, providing opportunities for development of standardised measures. In the UK NEAFO, key facets of well-being associated with places in nature across different user groups included: engagement with nature (incorporating elements of connectedness, getting to know nature and the beauty of nature, and taking care of a place); therapeutic benefits (including physical and mental aspects of health); place identity (including a sense of place and belonging); spiritual value (in the sense of feeling connected or responsible to something larger than oneself); social bonding with others; and transformative and memorable experiences. Further empirical work with different user groups and environmental settings would allow for the continued development of a standardised tool for large-scale non-monetary assessment of cultural ecosystem services.

Aquest article resumeix el desenvolupament del programa INTERREG i la cooperació a la frontera franc-britànica en els últims vint anys. Això és seguit per una anàlisi de la forma transfronterera cooperació pot entendre recorrent a les discussions conceptuals de canviar la governança europea i les relacions de poder entre els diferents nivells de govern. Aquestes idees conceptuals proporcionen un context per a un examen en profunditat de la iniciativa INTERREG IIIA, a la frontera franc-britànica que es destaquen alguns dels principals problemes i les contradiccions de la cooperació transfronterera. This paper summarise the development of the INTERREG programme and co-operation on the Franco-British border over the last twenty years. This is followed by a consideration of how cross-border co-operation can be understood by drawing on conceptual discussions of changing European governance and the power relations between different tiers of government. These conceptual ideas provide a context for an in depth consideration of the INTERREG IIIA initiative on the Franco-British border which highlights some of the key problems and contradictions of cross border co-operation.