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O objetivo deste artigo é refletir, de uma perspectiva decolonial, e a partir das histórias de vida das comunidades uigures exiladas, sobre os mecanismos de colonialidade do poder, do conhecimento e do ser e da apropriação de recursos naturais e humanos que o governo central da República Popular da China (RPC) se aplica à Região Autônoma do Uigur de Xinjiang (XUAR). Através de uma problematização das categorias impostas, tentaremos refletir sobre as políticas subalternizantes do governo do Partido Comunista Chino (PCC) na RPC, investigando suas origens num nível historiográfico e ideológico, enfatizando a natureza colonial e extrativista de algumas medidas invisíveis e proibicionistas em relação às características de identidade do povo uigur. As histórias dos sobreviventes são construídas em torno de eixos que nutrem não apenas um espaço acadêmico, mas constituem sua própria entidade neste estudo: a migração é entendida a partir de um conceito de corpos com sentimentos e emoções, subalternizados pelo sistema; a violência que esses corpos recebem, religião, morte, adquirem aqui uma dimensão física e ontológica que se reflete em todas as histórias de vida, nos olhares e cicatrizes das pessoas entrevistadas, em suas vozes e lágrimas.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el programa de construcción estatal chino en los últimos dos siglos, con la anexión definitiva de territorios periféricos centroasiáticos a sus fronteras, partiendo del concepto de “civilité” expuesto por Norbert Elias cual “expresión y símbolo de una formación social que abarca a las más diversas nacionalidades”. La expansión territorial china, consecuencia de la conquista por parte de la República Popular China (RPCh) a mediados del siglo XX de la mayoría de los territorios ya anexionados por los Qing, ha legado al Estado chino contemporáneo con complejidades étnicas y políticas. Se reflexionará pues acerca de si la sinización fue un fenómeno real, si resaltar la etnicidad no-Han en la historia socavó la unidad del país, y sobre la legitimación de las conquistas Qing en Asia central y su narrativización como “unificación” por parte de la RPCh. Se analizará el tema desde una perspectiva decolonial, incidiendo en las relaciones hegemónicas y desiguales que se establecen entre China y las poblaciones no-sínicas que viven dentro de sus fronteras, y haciendo especial hincapié en el caso del pueblo uigur. The aim of this article is to analyze Chinese State-construction program within thew last hundred years, with the definitive annexation of Central Asian peripheral territories to its frontiers; in doing this, we will use Norbert Elias’ “civilité” concept as our starting point, as the “expression and symbol of a social formation that encompasses the most diverse nationalities”. Chinese territorial expansion, a consequence of the conquest by the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the mid-20th century of most of the territories already annexed by the Qing, has left the contemporary Chinese state with ethnic and political complexities. We will therefore reflect on whether sinicization was a real phenomenon, whether highlighting the non-Han ethnicity in history undermined the unity of the country, and on the legitimation of the Qing conquests in Central Asia and its narrativization as "unification" by the PRC. The issue will be analyzed from a decolonial perspective, focusing on the hegemonic and unequal relations that are established between China and the non-Sinic populations that live within its borders. We will pay special attention to the Uyghur case.

SommarioL’ipertrigliceridemia è una condizione patologica identificata da una concentrazione plasmatica di trigliceridi superiore a 150 mg/dL. Le ipertrigliceridemie primarie hanno alla base mutazioni genetiche, mentre le forme secondarie hanno un’origine multifattoriale, spesso in un contesto poligenico predisponente. L’ipertrigliceridemia è un fattore di rischio per patologie cardiovascolari aterotrombotiche e pancreatite acuta. Le terapie volte a migliorare questa condizione comprendono sia l’adozione di un corretto stile di vita, sia trattamenti farmacologici per ridurre i livelli circolanti di trigliceridi.

The molecular pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases is known to be influenced by dysfunctional ectopic adipose tissue. In addition to lifestyle improvements, these conditions may be managed by novel nutraceutical products. This study evaluatedthe effects of 11 Cameroonian medicinal spice extracts on triglyceride accumulation, glucose uptake, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and interleukin secretion in SW 872 human adipocytes after differentiation with 100 µM oleic acid. Triglyceride content was significantly reduced by all spice extracts. Glucose uptake was significantly increased by Tetrapleura tetraptera, Aframomum melegueta and Zanthoxylum leprieurii. Moreover, Xylopia parviflora, Echinops giganteus and Dichrostachys glomerata significantly reduced the production of ROS. Concerning pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, we observed that Tetrapleura tetraptera, Echinops giganteus, Dichrostachys glomerata and Aframomum melegueta reduced IL-6 secretion. In addition, Xylopia parviflora, Monodora myristica, Zanthoxylum leprieurii, and Xylopia aethiopica reduced IL-8 secretion, while Dichrostachys glomerata and Aframomum citratum increased it. These findings highlight some interesting properties of these Cameroonian spice extracts in the modulation of cellular parameters relevant to cardiometabolic diseases, which may be further exploited, aiming to develop novel treatment options for these conditions based on nutraceutical products.

The Uyghur population is mired in constant conflict with the authorities of the Chinese central government. This is due to the participation of part of the population –especially younger people- in local organizations associated with Islamic terrorism and often-violent activities that these groups perform against the State. Islam (such as laws, customs, and demonstrations) is the element that the PRC instrumentally employs in legitimizing its violent and restrictive policies against the Uyghur people, in order to maintain its power over the territory and its natural resources. This is also done while publicly presenting the measures as “War on Terror” and “Modernization” of the Uyghur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang. In the framework of decolonial studies, this research provides a detailed overview of the current religious colonialism of the PRC, and how religion and “War on Terror” became State tools of political repression. On the other hand, it aims to present Uyghurs’ territorial religious manifestations as one re-existence instrument, in opposition to the epistemicides that Beijing is committing. La población uigur está en conflicto constante con las autoridades del gobierno central chino. Esto se debe a la participación de parte de la población, especialmente de los más jóvenes, en organizaciones locales asociadas con el terrorismo islamista y actividades a menudo violentas que estos grupos realizan contra el Estado. El islam (entendido como leyes, costumbres y manifestaciones) es el elemento que la RPCh emplea instrumentalmente para legitimar sus políticas violentas y restrictivas contra el pueblo uigur, para mantener su poder sobre el territorio y sus recursos naturales. Esto también se hace mientras se presentan públicamente estas medidas como “Lucha contra el terrorismo” y “Modernización” de la Región Autónoma Uigur de Xinjiang. En el marco de los estudios decoloniales, esta investigación proporciona una descripción detallada del colonialismo religioso actual de la República Popular China, y cómo la religión y la “Lucha al terrorismo” se convirtieron en herramientas estatales de represión política. Por otro lado, su objetivo es presentar las manifestaciones religiosas territoriales de los uigures como un instrumento de reexistencia, en oposición al epistemicidio que Beijing está cometiendo.

Desde hace tiempo la narrativa de la historia ambiental ha sido diseñada desde parámetros eurocéntricos en cuanto a su mirada al territorio como objeto de apropiación antrópica. El Capitaloceno como Sistema Global de destrucción ambiental se ha cimentado en ese eje epistemológico. Asistimos al reto de la mirada al reconocimiento de las aportaciones realizadas pero también hacia la construcción una narrativa decolonial con la que construir nuevos sujetos de nuestras epistemes y de los procesos de diseño comunitario de procesos hacia la sustentabilidad comunitaria. Para este relato tomamos en consideración las tramas en las que se ha construido la historia ambiental tanto en el ámbito de producción académica europea como norteamericano (de McNeill a Hughes, transitado por R. Grove) para concluir con una propuesta de reconceptualización de la propuesta decolonial aplicado al campo de los estudios socioambientales.

UID/HIS/04209/2019 DL 57/2016/CP1453/CT0048 POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007460 publishersversion published

Reseña

La propuesta para este capítulo es la de analizar cómo, a partir de las fronteras imperiales establecidas bajo el período del Gobierno Qing, las poblaciones “bárbaras”/ fronterizas han sido incluidas –más o menos forzosamente– en una definición –más o menos amplia– de “China”. Tras una sucinta introducción histórica sobre el territorio, mi objetivo es el de empezar a hacer hincapié en la influencia, a nivel cultural, lingüístico, identitario y religioso, de la región que –tras su anexión al Imperio Qing– ha pasado a denominarse Xinjiang, en relación con los actores políticos y sociales circunstantes, y tratando de puntualizar unas especificidades históricas de la región, en un contexto eurasiático más amplio., The proposal for this chapter is to analyze how, from the imperial borders established under the Qing government period, the “barbarian”/border populations have been included –more or less forcedly, –in a –more or less broad– definition of “China.” After a succinct historical introduction about the territory, my goal is to begin to emphasize the cultural, linguistic, identity and religious influence of the region that –after its annexation to the Qing Empire –has been renamed Xinjiang, in relation to the surrounding political and social actors, and trying to point out some historical specificities of the region, in a wider Eurasian context.

Background Medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy is one of the key biomarkers to detect early neurodegenerative changes in the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is active research aimed at identifying automated methodologies able to extract accurate classification indexes from T1-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI). Such indexes should be fit for identifying AD patients as early as possible. Subjects A reference group composed of 144 AD patients and 189 age-matched controls was used to train and test the procedure. It was then applied on a study group composed of 302 MCI subjects, 136 having progressed to clinically probable AD (MCI-converters) and 166 having remained stable or recovered to normal condition after a 24 month follow-up (MCI-non converters). All subjects came from the ADNI database. Methods We sampled the brain with 7 relatively small volumes, mainly centered on the MTL, and 2 control regions. These volumes were filtered to give intensity and textural MRI-based features. Each filtered region was analyzed with a Random Forest (RF) classifier to extract relevant features, which were subsequently processed with a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. Once a prediction model was trained and tested on the reference group, it was used to compute a classification index (CI) on the MCI cohort and to assess its accuracy in predicting AD conversion in MCI patients. The performance of the classification based on the features extracted by the whole 9 volumes is compared with that derived from each single volume. All experiments were performed using a bootstrap sampling estimation, and classifier performance was cross-validated with a 20-fold paradigm. Results We identified a restricted set of image features correlated with the conversion to AD. It is shown that most information originate from a small subset of the total available features, and that it is enough to give a reliable assessment. We found multiple, highly localized image-based features which alone are responsible for the overall clinical diagnosis and prognosis. The classification index is able to discriminate Controls from AD with an Area Under Curve (AUC) = 0.97 (sensitivity ≃ 89% at specificity ≃ 94%) and Controls from MCI-converters with an AUC = 0.92 (sensitivity ≃ 89% at specificity ≃ 80%). MCI-converters are separated from MCI-non converters with AUC = 0.74(sensitivity ≃ 72% at specificity ≃ 65%). Findings The present automated MRI-based technique revealed a strong relationship between highly localized baseline-MRI features and the baseline clinical assessment. In addition, the classification index was also used to predict the probability of AD conversion within a time frame of two years. The definition of a single index combining local analysis of several regions can be useful to detect AD neurodegeneration in a typical MCI population.

Medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy is one of the key biomarkers to detect early neurodegenerative changes in the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is active research aimed at identifying automated methodologies able to extract accurate classification indexes from T1-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI). Such indexes should be fit for identifying AD patients as early as possible.

The Software Package AIRY (acronym for Astronomical Image Restoration in interferometrY) is a software tool designed to perform simulation and/or deconvolution of images of Fizeau interferometers as well as of any kind of optical telescopes. AIRY is written in IDL and is a Software Package of the CADS Problem Solving Environment (PSE): it is made of a set of modules, each one representing a specific task. We present here the last version of the software, arrived at its sixth release after 10 years of development. This version of AIRY summarizes the work done in recent years by our group, both on AIRY and on AIRY-LN, the version of the software dedicated to the image restoration of LINC-NIRVANA (LN), the Fizeau interferometer of the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). AIRY v.6.0 includes a renewed deconvolution module implementing regularizations, accelerations, and stopping criteria of standard algorithms, such as OSEM and Richardson-Lucy. Several modules of AIRY have been improved and, in particular, the one used for the extraction and extrapolatioThe Software Package AIRY (acronym for Astronomical Image Restoration in interferometrY) is a software tool designed to perform simulation and/or deconvolution of images of Fizeau interferometers as well as of any kind of optical telescopes. AIRY is written in IDL and is a Software Package of the CAOS Problem Solving Environment (PSE): it is made of a set of modules, each one representing a speci_c task. We present here the last version of the software, arrived at its sixth release after 10 years of development. This version of AIRY summarizes the work done in recent years by our group, both on AIRY and on AIRY-LN, the version of the software dedicated to the image restoration of LINC-NIRVANA (LN), the Fizeau interferometer of the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). AIRY v.6.0 includes a renewed deconvolution module implementing regularizations, accelerations, and stopping criteria of standard algorithms, such as OSEM and Richardson-Lucy. Several modules of AIRY have been improved and, in particular, the one used for the extraction and extrapolation of the PSF. In addition, AIRY has modules dedicated to the simulation of interferometric images and utility modules for data reading, writing, and visualization. After a description of the implemented reconstruction methods and of the whole set of modules, we provide several example projects in order to give to the astronomical community a powerful tool for the preparation of the observations and for the real data deconvolution.n of the PSF. In addition, AIRY has modules dedicated to the simulation of interferometric images and utility modules for data reading, writing, and visualization. After a description of the implemented reconstruction methods and of the whole set of modules, we provide several example projects in order to give to the astronomical community a powerful tool for the preparation of the observations and for the real data deconvolution.

Un nuevo desafío ha surgido desde principios del siglo XXI, a saber, cómo acomodar la diversidad cultural en el contexto de los nuevos procesos interculturales y el orden internacional. Para lograr este objetivo, es esencial abordar la creación histórica de identidades sociales, religiosas y culturales. Que las identidades específicas, especialmente las identidades religiosas, a menudo se perciben hoy como riesgos de seguridad —en particular, la amenaza global del terrorismo—, es sólo uno de los desafíos que este proyecto enfrenta. Tales percepciones crean inseguridad en las sociedades contemporáneas. Sin embargo, un análisis crítico del proceso de construcción identitaria puede socavar la ecuación, tan a menudo trazada, entre religión y riesgo. El proyecto interdisciplinario que se propone aborda cuestiones de importancia histórica y actual. Consideraré la estructura, las condiciones de vida y las prácticas religiosas de las comunidades uigures. También, analizaré la relación simbiótica-conflictiva de lxs uigures con el grupo étnico dominante —han—, y sus procesos internos o externos frente a la imposición de patrones culturales y educativos por parte del Estado chino. Este primer elemento del proyecto requiere trabajo entre diferentes comunidades uigures, con un enfoque especial en las comunidades exiliadas fuera de la República Popular de China. Este proyecto de investigación se enfoca, asimismo, en el impacto socioambiental de la política de subalternización del Estado-Nación chino en la Región Autónoma Uigur de Xinjiang y sobre su población indígena, lxs uigures. Propongo un análisis crítico y contrastivo de las narrativas históricas oficiales, desde la inclusión oficial en el siglo XVIII del territorio periférico de Xinjiang en el Imperio Qing, hasta contemporáneas historias orales de vida de uigures desde el exilio. Además de este primer elemento, también considero cómo las identidades se han construido históricamente en un territorio que se enfrenta a constante presión social y ambiental en el contexto de la geopolítica global, un escenario que genera un conflicto de identidad entre han-uigur/chinouigur. Estas tensiones sociopolíticas locales y regionales, en el último tercio del siglo XX, forzaron o alentaron la emigración uigur de Xinjiang y de China, lo que condujo a la creación de comunidades en el exilio., A new challenge has arisen at the beginning of the twenty-first century, namely, how to accommodate cultural diversity in the context of new intercultural processes and the international order. To achieve this aim, it is essential to address the historical creation of social, religious and cultural identities. That specific identities, especially religious identities, are often perceived today as security risks (in particular the global threat of terrorism), is only one of the challenges this project faces. Such perceptions create insecurity in contemporary societies. Yet a critical analysis of the identity construction process can undermine the equation, so often drawn, between religion and risk. My proposed interdisciplinary project deals with questions of both historical and current significance. I will consider the structure, living conditions and religious practices of Uyghur communities. I will also consider Uyghurs’ symbiotic-conflictual relationship with the dominant ethnic group (Han), and their internal or external processes vis-à-vis the imposition of cultural and educational patterns by the Chinese State. This first element of the project requires work among different Uyghur communities, with a special focus on exiled communities outside the People Republic of China. My proposed research project focuses on the socio-environmental impact of subalternizing politics of the Chinese nation-state in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and among its indigenous population, the Uyghurs. I propose a critical and contrastive analysis of official historical narratives —from the official inclusion in the 18th century of the peripheral Xinjiang territory into the Qing Empire, to contemporary oral life histories of Uyghurs from exile. Besides this first element, I also consider how identities have been historically constructed in a territory facing social and environmental pressure in the context of global geopolitics, a scenario engendering Han-Uyghur/Chinese-Uyghur identity conflict. These local and regional sociopolitical tensions have, in the final third of the twentieth century, forced or encouraged Uyghur emigration from Xinjiang and from the PRC, leading to the creation of distant exile communities., Tesis Univ. Granada., Proyectos: “Procesos emergentes y agencias del común: praxis de la investigación social colaborativa y nuevas formas de subjetivación política”, 2014 (Referencia: CSO2014-56960-P); “Naturaleza gobernada. Un enfoque ecológico, institucional y cultural del manejo comunitario de recursos (Siglos XIII-XXI)”, 2016 (Referencia: HAR2015-64076-P), y “Contribuciones de la resistencia civil para la prevención de la violencia, la construcción de la paz y la transformación de conflictos en los Territorios Palestinos y Colombia”, 2016 (Referencia: HAR2015-74378-JIN), proyectos de I+D, del programa estatal de fomento de la investigación científica y técnica de excelencia, y el proyecto “Percepción y apropiación asimétrica del Golfo de California (siglos XVIXXI): Historia Ambiental, conflictos ecológico-distributivos y sustentabilidad” (Referencia: CB 258615) del Programa SEP-CONACYT del Gobierno de México