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The growth of the textile industry, including the Sasirangan textile industry, is increasing yearly, producing large amounts of liquid waste. Generally, this wastewater is discharged into the environment without treatment, becoming a source of environmental pollution. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce these pollutants. Various methods, not only physical and chemical but also biological methods, are available to remediate wastewater. Phytoremediation has provided an economical, environmentally friendly, and aesthetic solution to remediate wastewater. This study aimed to utilize the Water Hyacinth plant as a phytoremediator and determine its effect in reducing Total Suspended Solid and colors in the liquid waste of the Sasirangan textile industry. This research begins by preparing Water Hyacinth plants. Next, the characterization of Water Hyacinth roots using FTIR and SEM. Finaly, the acclimatization of water Hyacinth, followed by a phytoremediation process for 15 days. Based on the results of the characterization of Water Hyacinth roots with FTIR, it shows that Water Hyacinth roots contain functional groups O-H strain, C-H vibrations, C=O strain, C-H deformation, and C-O stretching. Observations with SEM showed that the roots of Water Hyacinth were extremely unstructured and had pores. However, it has cavities which are pores in cellulose. The significant decrease in Total Suspended Solid was at 9 days of phytoremediation, which was 54 mg/L (71.12% removal). The optimum color reduction within 9 days of phytoremediation was 81.5 PtCo (92.26% removal). The presence of these functional groups and pores, strengthened by the analysis of Total Suspended Solid and colors, showed that Water Hyacinth could reduce levels of Total Suspended Solids and colors in the Sasirangan textile wastewater.

Lignite is classified as a low-rank coal due to its low content of calories. Co-pyrolysis with biomass waste such as palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) here can be used to increase lignite’s economic value. The mixture of these two materials can produce an alternative energy source called hybrid coal (HC). This study aims to determine the optimum temperature for co-pyrolysis of lignite and EFB as well as characterize liquid (tar) and solid product (HC). Its kinetic study was evaluated as well. A raw material of 200 grams with a composition of 22.5% (w/w) EFB to lignite was put into a reactor to react at a temperature range of 300-450oC for 1 hour. To form hybrid coal briquettes (HCB),tapioca adhesive with a concentration of 6% (w/w) was added to the solid product (HC). The results showed that the tar yield increased with increasing temperature from 300 to 450oC. Similarly, the calorific value of HC increased by 14.50% as also occurred in other physical properties of HC. Meanwhile, the kinetic study revealed that the model was well-fitted to the data, and confirmed the obtained results. Thus, this research can support the development of affordable alternative energy to be implemented in large-scale production.

Microalgae as source of renewable energy are very potential due to high biomass productivity and lipid content. The nutritious culture for microalgae cultivation, however, should be concerned to be affordable and feasible. Here, the utilization of peat swamp culture for microalgal cultivation was studied in comparison to the nutritious pure water. The effects of photoperiod and nitrogen sources on biomass were conducted as well. Compared to the commercial microalgae, the microalgae isolated from peat swamp showed excellent performance with the faster growth time of 10 days as well as higher biomass and its productivity of 1.72 g L−1 and 0.16 g L−1 d−1, respectively. Even for the commercial microalgae, the cultivation process using the peat swamp water led to increase in biomass by 17.2% and its productivity by 10% compared to that using the nutritious pure water. The proposed kinetic model with a modification to the modified Gompertz model showed an excellent prediction with the experimental data as R2 of 0.985 was obtained. The model could well envisage the initial biomass and lag phase compared to the original model. Hence, the model is deemed beneficial for the research development for implementation in high scale of microalgal cultivation.

Salah satu bahan bakar minyak alternatif yang dapat menjadi salah satu sumber energi pengganti fosil adalah biodiesel. Bahan baku biodiesel yang paling banyak digunakan saat ini adalah minyak nabati, yaitu minyak sawit. Namun, bahan baku ini sangat terkendala dengan masa panen dan juga merupakan komoditas pangan. Oleh sebab itu, pada generasi ke empat ini, minyak yang berasal dari mikroalga memiliki peluang yang besar untuk menjadi bahan baku bahan bakar minyak. Minyak mikroalga memiliki kandungan asam lemak sekitar 68% pada Nannochloropsis.sp. Konversi minyak mikroalga Nannochloropsis s.p menjadi biodiesel menggunakan metode transesterifikasi secara In-Situ dengan bantuan katalis H2SO4. Penelitian ini berfokus pada pengaruh variasi rasio molar massa mikroalga:methanol (1:3; 1:5; 1:7; 1:9; dan 1:11) dengan konsentrasi katalis (%berat) sebanyak 10% terhadap berat minyak mikroalga. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, maka variasi rasio molar minyak mikroalga:methanol yang terbaik adalah 1:11 dengan kadar Free Fatty Acid (FFA) sebesar 0,315 mgNaOH/g dan yield crude biodiesel yang dihasilkan sebanyak 35%.Kata kunci: Mikroalga, Nannochloropsis s.p, biodiesel, In-Situ Transesterifikasi, Katalis Homogen, dan H2SO4

Komposit merupakan material yang terbentuk dari kombinasi antara dua atau lebih material pembentuknya yang terdiri dari matriks (perekat atau pengikat dan pelindung) dan filler (penguat). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan cara pembuatan komposit berbasis serat alam daun pandan laut sebagai pengisi serta menentukan karakteristik fisik komposit berbasis serat alam daun pandan laut. Pembuatan komposit melalui 4 tahapan yaitu pembuatan serbuk daun pandan laut, pembuatan fraksi selulosa, pembuatan matriks limbah plastik polyethylene terephthalate (PET), dan pembuatan atau pencetakan komposit. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian komposit memiliki kadar air yaitu 4,4% - 5,53%, densitas 0,50 g/cm 3 - 0,53 g/cm 3 , porositas 11,67% - 18,03%, daya serap air 13,03% - 60,12% dan biodegradabilitas 3,18%/hari -3,68%/hari. Penentuan karakterisasi komposit terbaik yang diperoleh yaitu jenis KPL 2 (20% filler selulosa daun pandan laut : 80% matriks pellet polyethylene terephthalate ) karena memiliki kadar air, densitas, dan porositas yang sesuai SNI 01-4449-2006, sedangkan daya serap biodegradabilitas sesuai standar JIS A5905-2003. Kata Kunci : Pandan laut, komposit, selulosa, serat alam, casing .

The Mn-Fe layered double hydroxide using chloride in the interlayer anion was successfully synthesized using chemical co-precipitation methods. The Mn-Fe LDH was then applied as adsorbent for arsenic removal from synthetic acid mine drainage. The adsorbent characterizations of SEM and XRD analysis showed that the Mn-Fe LDH had many different functional groups and a high specific surface area for the adsorption processes. The morphological structure of Mn-Fe LDH by the SEM-EDS analysis method shows a round shape structure with a particle size of about 1 μm, and the XRF analysis method shows that the Mn and Fe elements dominate more than other components. Batch adsorption experimental conducted using the Mn-Fe LDH with the interlayer anion of chloride as an adsorbent to study the effect of contact time, equilibrium pH, and temperature on the arsenic removal. The Mn-Fe LDH showed high adsorption uptake capacity and selectivity for the arsenic in the synthetic acid mine drainage. The adsorption and ion exchange between interlayer chloride anions in Mn-Fe LDH and As (V) solution was the main adsorption mechanism. Therefore, the Mn-Fe LDH can be used as an adsorbent in water and wastewater treatment. In contrast, this research has the potential to be processed and developed into advanced materials.

Generally, biomass consists of various amounts of minerals. These minerals influence the biomass characteristics and behavior during their use in a thermochemical process such as pyrolysis. The conversion during pyrolysis and its final product will be affected. This research was carried out to study the impact of washing treatment in water and acid solutions on the rice husk as the raw material for pyrolysis. Also, the effect of acid strength (citric acid as the weak acid while nitric acid as the strong acid) and its concentration (1, 5, and 10 wt.%) was investigated. The results confirmed from the thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG) analysis, surface analysis (SEM), and spectra (FTIR) analysis describe the treatment using water caused less change on the rice husk surface structure and its thermal degradation. However, it seems hard to reduce the minerals (proved from XRF analysis). Meanwhile, the treatment using acids solution resulted in lower mineral composition than the rice husk without treatment. This result is more visible for demineralization using a 5 wt.% nitric acid solution. However, for a higher concentration (washing treatment using 10 wt.% solutions of nitric acid), the degradation on rice husk structure was more occurred.

A large amount of Cassava peel as biomass waste is generated by agricultural activities, and it led to a new pursuit to exploit the utilization of biomass waste. This research aimed to study the potential of Cassava peel as raw material for bioethanol production. This study was performed in 2 main processes, acid hydrolysis, and fermentation. The experiment was initiated by conducting acid hydrolysis (100°C and 60 min) on Cassava peel’s starch using sulfonated carbon catalyst palm oil empty fruit bunch (5%-w/v) to produce 13.53 g/L glucose. The glucose contained hydrolysates then continued to ferment at 30°C. The effect of fermentation time (h), pH, and shaking rate (rpm) of cassava peel’s starch fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae was analyzed. The best result was found at pH 4.5 and 50 rpm for a 24 h reaction with 3.75 g/L of bioethanol concentration. This study revealed that Cassava peel is a promising feedstock for biofuel production.

Rice husk (RH) is an agricultural waste that contains cellulose. Rice husk fiber (RHF) can be used as a source of fiber in the manufacture of magnetic nanoparticle biocomposite. The purpose of this study is to synthesize and characterize magnetic nanoparticle biocomposite used as an adsorbent and evaluate its performance on the adsorption of Mn2+ ions and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) in peat water. Rice husk fiber was delignified to eliminate lignin levels. Furthermore, the biocomposite was made through the solvothermal method with and without the addition of hexanediamine. The products produced are two types of adsorbents, namely magnetic nanoparticle biocomposite with an amino group (RHB-MH) and rice husk fiber biocomposite without an amino group (RHB-M). These biocomposites were used to adsorb Mn2+ ions in peat water. Evaluations were carried out at pH 5, 6, 7, and 8 with an optimum adsorption time of 60 minutes. The solutions at the time of adsorption were evaluated to determine the optimum conditions of the adsorption process carried out. The observation of magnetic nanoparticle biocomposite based on the analysis of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows magnetic nanoparticles formed on the surface of rice husk fiber with a diameter of 30-50 nm. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the delignification of rice husk increased Crystallinity Index (CrI) by 64.98% and reduced silica content by 78%. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectrometer show absorption peak at 570 cm-1 for Fe-O bonds and Fe3O4 peak around 1627 cm−1, indicating the presence of N-H bending. The optimum condition for Mn2+ adsorption was achieved at pH 5 and 60-minutes duration with an adsorption capacity of 54.7 mg/g and 190.78 mg/g for RHB-M and RHB-MH. The TSS reduction achieved the effectiveness of 60.2% and 90.3% for BSP-M and BSP-MH, respectively.

The high number of natural organic matter contain in wetland water may cause its water has brown color and not consumable. In other hand, intrusion of sea water through wetland aquifer create water become saline, notably on hot season. Coagulation is effective method to applied for removing of natural organic matter. However, it could not be used for salinity removal. Hence combination of coagulation and pervaporation process is attractive method to removing both of natural organic matter and conductivity of wetland saline water. The objective of this works is to investigate optimum coagulant doses for removing organic matter by coagulation process as pretreatment and to analysis performance of coagulation-pervaporation silica-pectin membrane for removing of organic matter and conductivity of wetland saline water. Coagulation process in this work carried out under varied aluminum sulfate dose 10-60 mg.L-1. Silica-pectin membrane was used for pervaporation process at feed temperature ~25 °C (room temperature). Optimum condition of pretreatment coagulation set as alum dose at 30 mg.L-1 with maximum removal efficiency 81,8 % (UV254) and 40 % (conductivity). In other hand, combining of coagulation-pervaporation silica-pectin membrane shows both of UV254 and salt rejection extremely good instead without pretreatment coagulation of 86,8 % and 99,9 % for UV254 and salt rejection respectively. Moreover, water flux of silica-pectin membrane pervaporation with coagulation pretreatment shown higher 17,7 % over water flux of wetland saline water without pretreatment coagulation. Combining of coagulation and pervaporation silica-pectin membrane is effective to removing both of organic matter and salinity of wetland saline water at room temperature.

A sulfonated carbon acid catalyst (C–SO3H) was successfully generated from palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) carbon via hydrothermal sulfonation via the addition of hydroxyethylsulfonic acid and citric acid. The C–SO3H catalyst was identified as containing 1.75 mmol g−1 of acid and 40.2% sulphur. The surface morphology of C–SO3H shows pores on its surface and the crystalline index (CrI) of PEFB was decreased to 63.8% due to the change structure as it became carbon. The surface area of the carbon was increased significantly from 11.5 to 239.65 m2 g−1 after sulfonation via hydrothermal treatment. The identification of –SO3H, COOH and –OH functional groups was achieved using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The optimal catalytic activity of C–SO3H was achieved via hydrolysis reaction with a yield of 60.4% of total reducing sugar (TRS) using concentrations of 5% (w/v) of both C–SO3H and cassava peel starch at 100 °C for 1 h. The stability of C–SO3H shows good performance over five repeated uses, making it a good potential candidate as a green and sulfonated solid acid catalyst for use in a wide range of applications.

The sulfonated carbon solid acid catalyst (C-SO3H) was successfully generated from palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) carbon via hydrothermal sulfonation by addition of hydroxyethylsulfonic acid and citric acid. The C-SO3H was identified contain of 1.75 mmol/g of acidity and 40.2% of sulphur. The surface morphology of C-SO3H showed pores with diameters of 3-6 µm and crystalline index (CrI) of material was decreased to 63.8% due to changed structure become carbon. The surface area of carbon was increased significantly from 11.5 to 239.65 m2 g- 1 after hydrothermal treatment. The identification of functional groups of -SO3H, COOH and -OH were detected by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR). The optimum catalytic activity of C-SO3H was achieved via hydrolysis reaction with 60.4% of total reducing sugar (TRS) yield. The both concentrations of C-SO3H and cassava peel starch are 5% (w v- 1) at 100 oC for 1 h. Stability of C-SO3H showed good performance for 4th repeated used; it showed insignificant of activity that decreased only of 6%. Thus, the C-SO3H is a candidate for green and potential sulfonated solid acid catalyst for wide range applications.

Biodegradable foam is a packaging material intended as a substitute for styrofoam. Materials used in this study were mahuli banana (Musa acuminata) stem and nagara tubers (Ipomoea batatas L) with aim to find out the best composition material for the best physical characteristics of biodegradable foam. Prior to use in the process of making biodegradable foam, mahuli banana stem and nagara tuber were firstly pulverized to a size of 100 mesh. Then, the mahuli banana stem and nagara tubers powders were mixed with compositions of 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20; and as controls pure material was utilized. Another treatment was the addition of PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) as much as 10%v/v and no addition of PVA (UNPVA). The process of making biodegradable foam began with plasticizing on a hotplate at 150oC for 3 minutes, thermopressing, and drying in a microwave. The biodegradable foam (bio-foam) characteristics were tested with DSC and SEM as well as for its hardness and biodegradation. Based on the results of hardness test, DSC, SEM and biodegradation, the best physical characteristic was obtained from 60:40 composition with the addition of PVA. The hardness test of bio-foam with PVA and UNPVA was 4.02 MPa and 3.59 MPa, respectively. The melting point of bio-foam with the addition of PVA was 166.50 oC with heating flow of -12.38 MW whereas the melting point of bio-foam without UNPVA addition was 166.45 oC with heating flow of -16.07 MW. The result of SEM test showed that bio-foam mixed with PVA had a smaller pore compared to UNPVA. The structure of bio-foam with a smaller pore produced biodegradable foam with higher compressive strength. Biodegradation test results showed that both samples were completely degraded after ± 2 months of being deposited in the soil.

Utilization of heterogeneous catalyst in the biodiesel production process can minimize the cost of separation process and subsequently reduce the biodiesel price. This study aims at developing a low-priced heterogeneous catalyst CaO/SiO2 prepared from cheap and abundant wastes of eggshell and peat clay for the production of biodiesel from wasted cooking oil. CaO catalyst was capable to produce biodiesel with the yield of 78%. The presence of silica as a support generated from waste of peat clay improved the biodiesel yield to 91%. The optimum reaction time was 60 min and the biodiesel yield increased with temperature. A reaction mechanism during transesterification process was proposed based upon the characterization analysis. The mechanism suggested that the silica contributed in the esterification reaction and the CaO played a positive role in biodiesel production via transesterification. The kinetic study confirmed the proposed mechanism. The pre-exponential factor (A) and activation energy (Ea) were 5.44 × 108 min−1 and 66.27 kJ/mol. The proposed reaction mechanism and kinetic study lead to an essential step of biodiesel production for further research development or application at a larger scale.

Chitosan, the de-acetylated chitin derivative, was evaluated for its ability to be used as a natural coagulant for Martapura groundwater treatment. This study is used chitosan derived from original fish scales of Kalimantan called Papuyu (Anabas testudineus) for the treatment of iron ion-containing Martapura groundwater through coagulation-flocculation method. The reduction efficiency of iron ion removed by coagulation-flocculation processes using chitosan from Papuyu fish scales is the primary evaluating parameter. The obtained chitosan have been characterized and analyzed by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Fluroscence (XRF) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using of the chitosan from Papuyu fish scales as coagulant at neutral pH and room temperature led to decreasing the groundwater iron concentration become 3.43 mg/L (around 71% removal). The result was then compare to the coagulation-flocculation treatment using the commercial chitosan from shrimps shell (93% deacetylated). Moreover, its found the coagulation-flocculation treatment using the chitosan from fish scales as coagulant more favor than the commercial one.

This study aims to separate aluminum metal in aluminum coated plastic waste so that it is known the obtained aluminum characteristics, to study the effects of temperature on the yield of solids and aluminum, and to get the kinetic parameters that describe the effects of temperature on pyrolysis process rate. Plastic waste was cleaned, dried, cut, and weighed as much as 100 grams. Pyrolysis lasted in room temperature in 2 hours after the pyrolysis temperature was reached, i.e. 450 o C. The formed smoke was condensed and weighed every 10 minutes from the first droplet until the pyrolysis time was completed. The remaining solids in the reactor were taken after the pyrolysis was completed and reactor temperature reached room temperature. The aluminum mixture was subsequently melted, molded and cooled. Experiments were repeated in various pyrolysis temperature variations (500°C, 550°C, 600°C and 650°C). The results show that the increase of pyrolysis temperature will decrease the yield of solids, while the aluminum yield remains. The obtained aluminum metal is 5.3% against the initial plastic mass in purity of 95.80%. The kinetic model representing plastic pyrolysis process is a single reaction model with the value of kinetic parameters of pre-exponential factor (A) 18.2689 min -1 and the activation energy value (E) 40 . 2310 kJ/mole. Keywords: aluminum, pyrolysis, plastic wastes, temperature, kinetic parameter

Industri pelapisan logam disamping memiliki konstribusi bagi perekonomian Indonesia, namun dalam prosesnya menghasilkan limbah cair yang memberikan dampak negatif bagi lingkungan karena mengandung logam berat. Salah satu teknik pengolahan limbah cair yaitu adsorpsi menggunakan asam humat dari ekstraksi sampah organik yang dijadikan adsorben. Kelebihan proses adsorpsi ini ialah pengerjaannya mudah, biaya relatif murah, relatif aman dari kontaminasi zat-zat kimia, serta tidak memberikan polusi berarti bagi lingkungan. Ekstraksi asam humat dari sampah organik berlangsung secara bertahap menggunakan proses ekstraksi dengan 1 L NaOH dengan variasi pelarut 0,1 N dan 0,5 N. Karakterisasi sebelum dan sesudah ekstraksi menggunakan Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction ( XRD), dan Scanning Electron Microscope ( SEM), masing-masing untuk mengetahui gugus fungsional, struktur kristal, serta struktur morfologi pada asam humat. Proses adsorpsi menggunakan asam humat sebagai adsorben dilakukan secara batch dengan massa adsorben 1 g/L, kecepatan pengadukan 150 rpm, temperatur ruang dan pH 6,7–7,0 selama 1 jam. Analisa setelah adsorpsi menggunakan metode Atomic Absorption Spectrofotometer (AAS) untuk uji kadar timbal (Pb (II)). Hasil adsorpsi timbal (Pb) pada kedua variasi pelarut adsorben dengan pH awal 6,7–7,0 memiliki keefektifan masing-masing mencapai hampir 98%. Kata kunci: a dsorben, asam humat, ekstraksi, sampah organik. Abstract . Removal of Lead (II) of Synthetic Wastewater Using Humic Acid Extracted from Organic Waste As Adsorbent. Metal plating Industry mining productions contribute to the growth of the Indonesian economy, but during the processes usually create a negative environmental impact such as heavy metals. The adsorption method is one of various methods for wastewater treatment. The humic acid as adsorbent in the adsorption method had been extracted from organic waste. The advantages of this method are simple, cheap and secure from chemical contaminant. The extraction of humic acid from organic waste takes place gradually using 1 L NaOH with a variety of solvents of 0.1 N and 0.5 N. The humic acid before and after treatment was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The adsorption process was carried out in batch experiment with mass adsorbent of 1 g/L, stirring speed of 150 rpm, room temperatur, pH around 6.7–7.0 for 1 hour. The result showed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) analysis characterize that adsorption lead (II) in several adsorbent concentrations at pH 6.7–7.0 7 has effectiveness 98%. Keywords: a dsorbents, extraction, humic acid, organic waste.

Biodiesel is one of the potential alternative energies produced from a variety of vegetable oils. The utilization of a CaO/SiO2 catalyst generated from eggshell and palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) waste for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil was investigated. The optimum silica yield extracted from PEFB was 68.2% using 10% NaOH (w/v) at 80 °C for 1 h. Methanol with a mol ratio of 14 to waste cooking oil was used. The presence of a silica support in the CaO catalyst increased the yield of biodiesel from 78% to 96%. Three runs of the catalyst led to only a 1% reduction in biodiesel yield. The utilization of activated PEFB as a support showed a potential result with a biodiesel yield of 83%. The prospective heterogeneous catalysts were also characterized by using XRD, SEM, BET and FT-IR. The developed CaO/SiO2 stands out as a promising catalyst for biodiesel production due to the utilization of abundant and cheap waste materials. Moreover, a significant yield of biodiesel was obtained using the catalyst; hence, it is feasible to be developed on a larger scale.

Sugarcane bagasse is one of the by-products in the sugar industry which contains 60% of cellulose. Cellulose can be used as a matrix for biocomposite. The purpose of this research was to produce amine-functionalized sugarcane bagasse fiber magnetic nanoparticle biocomposites (SBB). The SBB was produced from sugarcane bagasse (SB) by solvothermal reaction. The SB was dried and blended into small size (±60 mesh), then lignin was removed with 1% NaOH (w/v) through the delignification. The biocomposites was made by adding delignified SB (SB-D) into a mixture of ethylene glycol, FeCl3.6H2O, and hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) in solution, and then heated for 6 h at 200 °C. HMDA as an amine source was applied different concentrations (5, 7, and 9 mL). The surface morphology of biocomposites was covered by the magnetic nanoparticles along SB-D which contained amine of about 17.78 mmol/g. The Fe content of SBB was 98.34% which had specific peaks for magnetite at 36°, 43°, and 57° which were measured by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR) identified N–H bending vibration on SBB at 1640 cm−1. The iron content and amine group on the surface may affect high adsorption capacity for a wide range of biological pollutants.

Detergent wastewater contains high phosphate concentrations, so that if the wastewater is directly disposed of into a ditch or river then the wastewater can cause water pollution and eutrophication. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are synthetic materials with positively charged pyruvate type coatings of mixed metal hydroxides by chemical precipitation method. The purpose of this study is to find out the efficiency of Mg–Al(NO3) LDH on phosphate-containing detergent wastewater adsorption. The morphological structure of LDH by the SEM-EDS analysis method shows a loose lamellar structure with a particle size of about 1 μm, and the composition of Mg–Al(NO3) LDH by the XRF analysis method shows that the Mg and Al elements dominate more than other elements. Batch adsorption experimental conducted for detergent wastewater, which is where in this study the phosphate content was of ca. 51.50 mg / L. The equilibrium time of the adsorption process using Mg–Al(NO3) LDH is achieved after 60 minutes. The mole ratio of Mg : Al composition of LDH in the adsorption process has slightly affects the decrease in phosphate shown by a mole ratio of 1 : 1, 2 : 1 and 3 : 1 using Mg–Al (NO3) LDH as adsorbent at dose of 1 g, stirring rate of 100 rpm, 60 minutes, and at room temperature that is equal to 4.15 mg/L, 4.14 mg/L and 4.08 mg/L, respectively. Mg–Al(NO3) LDH is a promising adsorbent for phosphate removal in detergent wastewater.

The biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in this data collection process was focused on the utilization of the heterogeneous catalyst of CaO/silica. The CaO was obtained from eggshell after preparation process and the silica was successfully extracted from peat clay using sodium hydroxide with various molarities. The CaO/silica catalyst was formed by the impregnation of the CaO catalyst on the support of silica. The FTIR, SEM and XRD characterization for the various formed catalysts were presented. The generated catalysts were further used for the production of biodiesel. The GCMS chromatogram with the type of methyl esters for each data was presented. The data presented here are related to the previous research article [1].

This research focuses on the study of biocomposite nanoparticles of Eleocharis dulcis (ED) as potentials biosorbent to reduce the concentration of lead (II) ion containing Sasirangan textile industry wastewater. Eleocharis dulcis, locally named as Purun Tikus, has been developing becomes the biocomposites nanomaterial and valuables material in this research. Batch experiments were carried out to considering the kinetic of biosorption of lead onto the adsorbent, evaluating the effects of lead ion equilibrium concentration, equilibrium pH, and temperature on the adsorption of lead (II). Kinetic data of lead (II) biosorption onto EDB and EDB-MH revealed that equilibrium time was reached within 2 h, and the isotherm data showed that the Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity of the EDB-M and EDB-MH at pHe of 6±0.2, room temperature were 150.43 mg/g and 180.92 mg/g, respectively. The thermodynamic of lead (II) biosorption onto the adsorbent implied the biosorption was spontaneous and endothermic indicating by increased in temperature would increased in adsorption capacity.

Aktivitas pertambangan emas di Kalimantan berpotensi menghasilkan limbah yang termasuk dalam Bahan Beracun Berbahaya (B3) seperti merkuri. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi pencemaran ini salah satunya adalah dengan metode adsorpsi. Serat purun tikus mengandung selulosa yang cukup tinggi yaitu sekitar 40,92% sehingga dapat dijadikan sebagai adsorben. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah m empelajari kemampuan serat purun tikus sebagai adsorben alami , mempelajari proses pengolahan biokomposit serat purun tikus dengan material nanopartikel besi oksida ,dan m engetahui pengaruh hasil penambahan nanopartikel besi oksida untuk membuat biokomposit serat purun tikus dalam upaya menurunkan kandungan logam berat Hg, Total Suspended Solid (TSS)dan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) pada limbah cair pertambangan emas . Serat purun tikus (PT) didelignifikasi menggunakan larutan 1% NaOH kemudian PT-D ini dibuat menjadi biokomposit dengan magnet besi oksida nanopartikel menggunakan metode one-pot solvothermal reaction. Biokomposit ini divariasi menjadi dua jenis yaitu tanpa penambahan gugus amina (PT-M) dan dengan penambahan gugus amina (PT-MA). Karakterisasi yang dilakukan terdiri dari uji Scanning Electron Microscopic(SEM) dan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD ). Proses adsorpsi dilakukan selama 8 jam dengan kecepatan pengadukan 150 rpm. Analisa setelah adsorpsi menggunakan metode AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) untuk uji kadar Hg, metode titrimetri untuk COD, dan metode gravimetri untuk TSS.Hasil adsorpsi merkuri (Hg), COD, dan TSS paling optimum pada pH 7 dengan keefektifan masing-masing sebesar 65,04%, 80%, dan 81,25%. Kapasitas adsorpsi maksimum PT-D, PT-M, dan PT-MA terhadap Hg masing-masing sebesar 6,504 mg/g, 6,984 mg/g, dan 6,911 mg/g. Penambahan magnet besi oksida nanopartikel dapat memperbesar kemampuan adsorben serat purun tikus. Kata Kunci : adsorpsi, biokomposit, merkuri, PT, COD, TSS Abstract- Activity of gold mining in Kalimantan potentially can give waste that include into “Bahan Beracun Berbahaya (B3)” such as mercury. An effort to make out this contamination is adsorption method. Eleocharis dulcis contain high amount of cellulose, about 40,92% so it can be used as an adsorbent. The purpose of this research are studying the capability of eleocharis dulcis as a natural adsorbent, studying the process of biocomposite making from eleocharis dulcis with iron oxide nanoparticle, and studying the influent of result iron oxide nanoparticle added to biocomposite in order to make a lower amount of heavy metal mercury (Hg), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) dan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in waste water of gold mining. Eleocharis dulcis (PT) through delignification process use 1% NaOH solution and then the PT-D is made to become biocomposite with iron oxide nanoparticle apply “one-pot solvothermal reaction” method. The biocomposite have two variation: without amina cluster added (PT-M) and with amina cluster added (PT-MA). It’s characterization are consist of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Adsorption process is applied for 8 hours with mixing rate is 150 rpm. Analysis after adsorption process including three methods: AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ) method for Hg analysis, titrimetric method for COD, and gravimetric method for TSS. The result of adsorption process for mercury (Hg), COD, and TSS are optimally at pH 7 which the value of their effectiveness are 65,04%, 80%, and 81,25%. The maximum amount of Hg adsorption capacity for PT-D, PT-M, and PT-MA respectively are 6,504 mg/g, 6,984 mg/g, and 6,911 mg/g. The addition of iron oxide nanoparticle can increase adsorben capability of eleocharis dulcis. Keywords : adsorption, biocomposite, mercury, PT, COD, TSS

Pada proses produksi industri kain Sasirangan, proses pewarnaan menghasilkan limbah cair berupa logam berat timbal (Pb). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui waktu kesetimbangan, dan efisiensi penurunan konsentrasi logam Pb pada limbah cair Sasirangan dengan proses batch dan kontinu ditinjau dari waktu kontak, dosis adsorben dan ukuran adsorben cangkang kelapa sawit. Proses karbonisasi berlangsung selama 4 jam pada suhu 105 o C. Cangkang kelapa sawit yang digunakan sebagai adsorben diaktivasi menggunakan kalium hidroksida ( KOH ) 25% (b/v) selama 24 jam dengan variasi ukuran 355 µm dan 710 µm. Proses adsorpsi dilakukan dengan konsentrasi awal Pb sebesar 151 mg/L, pH 5, kecepatan pengadukan 200 rpm, dan suhu kamar pada variasi waktu tertentu. Analisa yang dilakukan yaitu Brunauer-Emmett-Teller ( BET ) untuk mengetahui luas permukaan adsorben dan Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) untuk mengetahui kadar logam di dalam limbah setelah dilakukannya proses adsorpsi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa s urface area berdasarkan analisa BET adsorben dari cangkang kelapa sawit sebelum dan setelah aktivasi sebesar 10,125 m 2 /gram dan 16,314 m 2 /gram. Eksperimental proses adsorpsi secara batch menunjukkan bahwa adsorben cangkang kelapa sawit efektif dalam mengadsorpsi kandungan logam Pb dengan waktu kesetimbangan 24 jam, dosis optimum 2,5 g/L, dan ukuran adsorben 355 µm dengan penurunan konsentrasi dan kadar Pbteradsorb 1,41 mg/L dan 98,47 %. Efisiensi penurunan kandungan logam Pb pada proses adsorpsi batch sebesar 99,07 %, sedangkan dengan proses adsorpsi secara kontinu sebesar 95,23 %.

Research has been carried out about raw water treatment of PDAM Bandarmasih by hydrotalcite (Mg/Al) + chitosan (shell of haruan and papuyu fish) adsorbent reviews of decreasing dye value (PtCo), iron (Fe), and turbidity. This research intended to produce drinking water from utilization of fish shell that were still underutilized into chitosan to be matched with hydrotalcite (Mg/Al) with variations of 1, 2 and 3 grams with a duration of 24 hours. The results showed that the decrease in dyestuff value were 96.78%, 95.03% and 92.98%. Persentage decrease in iron (Fe) were 94.38%, 93.78 and 91.87% and percent of turbidity reduction were 97.98%, 79.76% and 76.56%. Best decrease in variations of hydrotalcite (Mg/Al) + chitosan was 1 gram for a duration of 24 hours which resulted in a decrease in dyestuff, iron and turbidity of 11 PtCo, 0.047 mg/L, 0.76 NTU where the results were appropriate in the drinking water requirements in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia no:492/MENKES/PES/IV/2010.

Floating wetlands are innovative systems that rarely used in South Kalimantan Indonesia so their performance using local species of plant are still scarcely known. To gain initial information on their performance and potential in removing pollutants, especially organic content, an experiment have been conducted in laboratory scale. This study used local plants (Echinodorus palaefolius and Limnocharis flava) with a plant height of approximately ±30 cm and ±15 cm, grown with a distance of 15 cm x 15 cm, which was floated into a plastic-coated plywood reactor with a size of 80 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm. Water samples are taken from Kerukan River (Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan Indonesia) which is flowed continuously to the reactor with a flow rate of 0.002 L/s. After 30 days, floating wetland planted with E. palaefolius can reduce organic material (BOD, COD) by 82.19%; 77.22% and floating wetland planted with L. flava can reduce BOD and COD respectively by 78.83% and 72.75%. This show that floating wetland very potential to use as an organic pollutant removal from river water.

Penggunaan minyak goreng yang berulang- ulang dapat merubah struktur fisik dan kimia tersebut sesuai dengan komposisi dan jenis minyak. Beberapa perubahan yang terjadi pada minyak setelah penggorengan yaitu perubahan warna dan terurainya komponen penyusun minyak menjadi senyawa lain yaitu Free Fatty Acid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemakaian campuran adsorben dalam mengurangi kadar FFA dan warna pada minyak jelantah. Adsorben yang digunakan berupa sekam padi dan serabut kelapa yang sudah diaktivasi. Adsorben dibuat dengan membakar masing-masing bahan yaitu sekam dan serabut kelapa dan diaktivasi menggunakan H 3 PO 4 1 M. Adsorben yang diperoleh digunkan untuk mengadsorpsi minyak jelantah sebanyak 5, 10 dan 20% dari berat minyak dengan variasi komposisi campuran sekam dan serabut kelapa dengan perbandingan 30:70 ; 70:30 ; 50:50 ; 100:0 dan 0:100. Adsorben yang telah disiapkan dimasukkan ke dalam gelas beker yang berisi minyak jelatah kemudian dilakukan proses adsorpsi minyak menggunakan pemanas dan magnetic stirrer. Proses adsorpsi berlangsung secara batch selama 60 menit pada suhu 80 o C dengan kecepatan pengadukan 100 rpm. Setelah disaring, minyak jelantah dianalisa kadar FFA, warna, densitas dan kadar air. Hasil penelitian yang maksimum untuk kondisi yang dijalankan didapatkan dengan menggunakan berat adsorben sebanyak 20% dari berat minyak dengan perbandingan komposisi sekam dan serabut kelapa 30:70 dengan kadar FFA 0,294% dan warna 295 PtCo dengan penurunan sebesar 57,07% serta penurunan nilai warna sebesar 37,04%. Kata kunci : adsorbsi, sekam padi, serabut kelapa, FFA, dan warna minyak Cooking oils that used frequently will be destructed the physical and chemical of its composition and structure. The treatment of waste cooking oil is challenging due to the pressure of undesirable component such as FFA and colour degradation. This research aims are investigated the ability of mixed adsorbent from rice husk and coir coconut fiber to reduce FFA and colour of waste cooking oil. The adsorbent was activated with H 3 PO 4 1 M. This adsorben use about 5, 10, and 20% of weight waste cooking oil with composition mixing adsorbent of rice husk and coir coconut fiber 30:70 ; 70:30 ; 50:50 ; 100:0 and 0:100 have prepared. Adsorben put into beaker glass of waste cooking oil then batch adsorption proccess was going on about 1 hour use heater and magnetic stirrer with mixing speed 100 rpm and temperature 80 o C, then filtered and analyzed in order of FFA, colour, density, and water content. As the result, the best dose adsorben for maximum reduce FFA was 20% of weight waste cooking oil with composition mixing adsorbent of rice husk and coir coconut fiber 30:70 which gave FFA was 0,294% and value of colour was 295 PtCo.The effectivity reduce for FFA was 57,07% and value of colour was 37,04%. Keywords : Adsorption, Rice Husk, Coir Coconut Fiber, FFA, and Colour

The synthesis of biocomposites from rice husk (RH) fiber and magnetic nanoparticle was made by solvothermal reaction. Rice husk dried was blended to small size (60 mesh), then through delignification process to eliminate lignin by 1% w/v NaOH solution. Delignified rice husk was put into hydrothermal reactor, afterward was carried out by one-pot solvothermal at 200 °C for 6 h in the presence of 1,6-hexanediamine, FeCl3.6H2O and ethylene glycol. The process was produced two types of biocomposites, without amino group (RHB-M) and with amino group (RHB-MH). The characterization results shown by FE-SEM, magnetic nanoparticle have been formed on the surface of RH fiber with diameter size around 30–50 nm could be obtained. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed treatment of ED delignification was increased crystalinity index (CrI) about 16.77% and reduced silica content about 78%. The iron content may affect the adsorbent by enhanching the high-adsorption of sorbent capacity for reactivity toward a wide range of organic pollutan.

Chitosan, the de-acetylated chitin derivative, was evaluated for its ability to be used as a coagulant for Martapura groundwater treatment. This study is used chitosan derived from original fish scales of Kalimantan called Papuyu (Anabas testudineus) for the treatment of iron ion-containing Martapura groundwater throught coagulation-flocculation method. The reduction efficiency of iron ion removed by coagulation-flocculation processes using chitosan from Papuyu fish scales is the main evaluating parameter. The obtained chitosan have been characterized and analyzed by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using of the chitosan from Papuyu fish scales as coagulant at neutral pH and room temperature led to decreasing the groundwater iron concentration become 3.43 mg/L (around 71% removal). The result was then compare to the coagulation-flocculation treatment using the commercial chitosan from shrimps shell (93% deacetylated). Moreover, its found the coagulation-flocculation treatment using the chitosan from fish scales as coagulant more favor than the commercial one.

Gelatin is a biopolymer that can be obtained from the partial hydrolysis of collagen skin tissue of chicken leg. This study aims to utilize gelatin of chicken leg skin in combination with soy protein isolate (SPI) as raw material for edible film production. The experiment was initiated by extracting gelatin and edible film was prepared by mixtures of SPI in ethanol solution and gelatin solution (containing 1% chitosan, w/v) with different weight ratio for SPI : gelatin (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5) then heated at 70 °C for 45 min and added 10% glycerol. Furthermore printed and dried in oven for 24 h at 60 °C. The yield of preparation of gelatin from chicken leg skin was obtained about 40.3%. Higher concentration of gelatin in solution gives a transparent color and smooth surface of edible film. Base on mechanical properties analysis, the composition of 1:3 has the best result of tensile strength and elongation at break about 4.80 MPa and 113.37%, respectively. The antibacterial activity test showed low antibacterial activity with a 0.3 cm inhibit zone.