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Este trabajo forma parte de un proyecto amplio relativo al papel de la evaluación del alumnado considerado con necesidades educativas especiales, desde la perspectiva de los orientadores responsables de dicha evaluación, en el marco del derecho a la educación inclusiva. Dada la situación de cierre de las escuelas en respuesta a la pandemia de COVID-19, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar si los cambios generados en la evaluación psicopedagógica y otras prácticas de orientación están favoreciendo que los Equipos de Orientación Educativa y Psicopedagógica de la Comunidad de Madrid se sitúen en una línea más coherente con el derecho a la educación inclusiva. Para ello se conjugó el método descriptivo con el fenomenológico interpretativo, recogiendo la opinión de 60 orientadores a través de cuestionarios abiertos, y de otros 17 a través de entrevistas en profundidad. La información recogida fue analizada siguiendo el método de análisis temático. Los resultados muestran que, aunque para algunos las turbulencias de la pandemia no tuvieron la fuerza suficiente para suscitar reflexiones sobre su práctica profesional, para otros, constituyeron una oportunidad para dar un paso hacia un modelo de orientación educativo. En este sentido podemos decir que la crisis ha ofrecido oportunidades de aprendizaje, llevando en ocasiones a cuestionar el discurso dominante que encarnan las prácticas habituales. Cabe cuestionarse si la situación que se ha presentado en el curso 2020/2021 ha permitido dar continuidad a estas prácticas o si, por el contrario, la vuelta a la rutina las ha reducido a un mero paréntesis.

espanolEl estudio que se presenta tiene como objetivo principal “dar voz” a familias que tienen hijos con Trastornos del Espectro Autista para conocer el impacto que tiene en el proceso de ensenanza y aprendizaje de estos la situacion de confi-namiento generada por la COVID-19. Para ello, se ha contado con la participacion voluntaria de 19 progenitores con hijos TEA escolarizados en centros ordinarios des-de las etapas de educacion infantil hasta la educacion superior de dos comunidades autonomas. Como estrategia de recogida de informacion se han llevado a cabo cuatro grupos de discusion. Los resultados obtenidos muestran los apoyos prestados por la escuela a sus hijos y que han contribuido a su aprendizaje. Asimismo, han hecho hin-capie en las dificultades encontradas que lo han limitado, la participacion social de sus hijos como dimension fundamental para las familias, el impacto de las demandas realizadas por parte del centro en el bienestar familiar, asi como sus preocupaciones en relacion con la incorporacion de estos a la escuela. Como se mostrara, esta situacion ha puesto de manifiesto factores importantes tanto de las politicas como de las practicas de centro relevantes para los centros que se preocupan por la inclusion. EnglishThe main objective of the study is to “give voice” to families who have children with Autism Spectrum Disorders to understand the impact on the teaching and learning process that confinement has generated because of COVID-19. To this end, 19 parents who have children with ASD from two autonomous communities have been voluntarily participating. All of them are in ordinary schools from kindergarten to higher education. Four focus groups have been developed as an information collection strategy. The results obtained show the support provided to their children by the school and how this support has contributed to their learning. Furthermore, they underline the difficulties that have limited the learning process, and also the social participation of their children as a fundamental dimension for families. These results also show the impact of the demands made by schools on family well-being, as well as their concerns regarding the incorporation of their children into the school. As will be shown, this situ-ation has highlighted important factors in both policies and practices that are important for schools concerned with inclusion.

El objetivo de esta revisión se centra en poner de manifiesto aquellas ba rreras y facilitadores que actualmente, según distintos estudios llevados a cabo, están marcando el proceso de inclusión educativa en el alumnado con TEA. Para ello, 24 artículos han sido analizados, atendiendo a las voces de los principales implicados en esta temática: las familias, los diferentes profesionales educativos y el propio alumna do. Los resultados encontrados se analizarán no solo según promuevan o dificulten el proceso hacia una educación inclusiva, sino también según la perspectiva de las distintas voces; mostrando, a su vez, los puntos de encuentro entre estos, así como las posibles discrepancias. Para finalizar, se expondrán una serie de conclusiones derivadas de los resultados, las cuales evidenciarán lo lejos que todavía nos encontramos de ver este de recho satisfecho. A su vez, a través de la identificación de ciertas barreras clave, también aflorarán una serie de pautas de actuación útiles con el fin de promover una reflexión que pudiera derivar en un acortamiento entre lo que se dice que debería hacerse y lo que finalmente se lleva a cabo, This systematic review focuses on highlighting those barriers and facili tators that currently, according to different studies that had been carried out, are in the process of educational inclusion in students with ASD. For this, 24 articles have been analysed, taking into account the voices of those mainly involved in this issue: families, different educational professionals and the students themselves. In this way, the found results will be exposed not only according to how they promote or hinder the process of inclusive education, but also according to the perspective of the different voices; show ing the meeting points between these, as well as the possible discrepancies. Finally, a serie of conclusions derived from the results will be presented, which will show how far we still are from seeing this right satisfied. At the same time, and through the identifica tion of certain key barriers, a series of action guidelines will also be thrown in order to promote a reflexion that could lead to decrease the gap between what is said to be done and what is finally carried out, (EITEA) (EDU 2017-86739-R)

The aim of this study was to find out about attitudes toward inclusion and benefits perceived by families with children enrolled in schools attended by students with ASD at different educational stages (from kindergarten to high school). 323 families of classmates of students with ASD from different educational stages of 16 mainstream schools participated. The analysis of the attitudes, perceived benefits, relationship with the teacher, and relationship with the school was carried out through questionnaires. The results show positive attitudes toward the inclusive education of students with ASD in all families, but especially among families of children with SEN. All the families identified the benefit of inclusion. Attitudes are related to collaboration with the school and satisfaction with teachers, Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature

El objetivo de esta revisión se centra en poner de manifiesto aquellas barreras y facilitadores que actualmente, según distintos estudios llevados a cabo, están marcando el proceso de inclusión educativa en el alumnado con TEA. Para ello, 24 artículos han sido analizados, atendiendo a las voces de los principales implicados en esta temática: las familias, los diferentes profesionales educativos y el propio alumnado. Los resultados encontrados se analizarán no solo según promuevan o dificulten el proceso hacia una educación inclusiva, sino también según la perspectiva de las distintas voces; mostrando, a su vez, los puntos de encuentro entre estos, así como las posibles discrepancias. Para finalizar, se expondrán una serie de conclusiones derivadas de los resultados, las cuales evidenciarán lo lejos que todavía nos encontramos de ver este derecho satisfecho. A su vez, a través de la identificación de ciertas barreras clave, también aflorarán una serie de pautas de actuación útiles con el fin de promover una reflexión que pudiera derivar en un acortamiento entre lo que se dice que debería hacerse y lo que finalmente se lleva a cabo.

Este artículo tiene tres objetivos, después de proponer un mo-delo inicial de clima de convivencia en el aula: desarrollar dos medidas para probar su validez, probar su utilidad para analizar las diferencias entre las aulas y hacerlo en dos países diferentes. El modelo inicial incluye siete pa-trones de interacción que, si están presentes, favorecen la inclusión social de los estudiantes. El primer cuestionario evalúa el clima de clase percibido por el alumno y el segundo, el grado en que el alumno interactúa de acuer-do con el modelo. Los participantes fueron 2581 estudiantes de secundaria, 2038 de Costa Rica y 543 de España. Para probar el ajuste del modelo, se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios, de validación cruzada y multi-grupo. También se realizaron análisis de correlación y regresión para de-terminar la validez discriminante y concurrente utilizando como criterio una medida de integración social. Se utilizaron los análisis ANOVA para probar las diferencias entre las aulas (η2 entre .19 y .28). Los resultados, si-milares en ambos países, mostraron que ambos cuestionarios tenían una validez estructural adecuada (CFI entre .94 y .97), y una validez concurren-te y discriminante (r predictor-criterio entre .37 y .44; p < .0001). Debido a la naturaleza de su contenido, los cuestionarios se pueden utilizar para pla-nificar intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar la organización y evaluar su efica-cia., This paper has three objectives, after proposing an initial model of classroom coliving climate: to develop two measures to test its validity, to test their usefulness for analyzing differences between classrooms, and to do it in two different countries. The initial model includes seven interac-tion patterns that, if present, favor the students’ social inclusion. The first questionnaire assesses the classroom coliving climate perceived by the stu-dent, and the second, the degree in which the student interacts according to the model. Participants were 2581 Secondary-School students, 2038 from Costa Rica and 543 from Spain. To test model-fit, confirmatory fac-tor analyses, cross validation and multi-group analyses were carried out. Correlation and regression analyses were also carried out to determine dis-criminant and concurrent validity using as criteria a measure of social inte-gration. ANOVA analyses were used to test for differences between class-rooms (η2 between .19 and .28). Results, similar in both countries, showed that both questionnaires had adequate structural validity (CFI between .94 and .97), and discriminant and concurrent validity (rpredictors-criterion between .37 and .44; p < .0001). Due to the nature of their content, the question-naires can be used for planning interventions aimed at improving coliving, and for assessing their effectiveness, This work was carried out with funding from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project EDU2017-89036-P), from the Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, and from the Ministerio de Educación Pública of Costa Rica.

The present work developed in the Company of Attention to Teams located in the km 31/2 highway to Viñales, in the municipality Pinegrove of the River, county Pinegrove of the River, Cuba; he/she had as main objective to implement a guide I diagnose for the environmental administration; where they were analyzed the reduction of the negative environmental impacts, fundamentally those associated to the energy consumption, natural resources and generation of pollutants. The methodology used for the case study object, was through the empiric methods, everything it starting from the participant observation and the surveys; leaving for it of the methodology emitted by the (CITMA, 2011). as a result of the same one the existence of possibilities was demonstrated of reducing the residual pollutants and the decrease of the noise, with it is achieved it to increase the efficiency in the adoption of technician-organizational measures of character; also, the important paper was identified that plays in those purposes the direct participation of the operatives and intermediate bosses that work in the key positions. The carried out evaluation evidenced that the control and the administration of the Division, they derived in a strategy with premeditation directed to minimize the environmental impacts that are generated on the other hand. The investigation throws that all the impacts generated by the different areas of key results give a negative character; all are moderate except for the contamination of waters and floors for accidental vertimientos.

The objective of this work was to the characteristics of the planing tests on the wood of Pinus caribaea Morelet var. caribaea Barret and Golfari, Acacia mangium Willd, Gmelina arborea Roxb, Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merril and Eucalyptus saligna Sm. The study material was obtained in plantations located in the agroforestry companies Pinar del Rio, Macurije and Costa Sur in the provinces of Pinar del Rio and Artemisa, Cuba. The planning tests, the evaluation of defects and classification were carried out according to ASTM D-1666-2004 and DIN/ISO 1302:2002.ASTM D-1666-2004 and Norma DIN/ISO 1302. In general, the woods studied were classified as species with excellent workability, so they can be used in the production of products with higher added value.

Inklusive Bildung ist zu einem globalen Ziel geworden. Dieses Ziel wird durch die Anerkennung des Menschenrechts auf Bildung für alle und die Vision einer demokratischen Gesellschaft unterstützt, die Vielfalt in all ihren Facetten wertschätzt. Die Förderung angesichts der Vielfalt der Schüler*innen mit dem Ziel der Verbesserung des Lernens aller, bleibt für Lehrer*innen in allen nationalen Kontexten eine herausfordernde Aufgabe, da sowohl die gemeinsame Bildung für alle ausgeweitet als auch inklusive Bildung universell werden soll. Die erfolgreiche Unterstützung verschiedener Schüler*innen in ihren Lernprozessen gilt seit Jahrzehnten als das Herzstück einer ausgezeichneten Pädagogik. Dennoch finden wir in ganz Europa signifikante, persistente Unterschiede, sowohl hinsichtlich des Umfangs als auch der Qualität der inklusiven Schulbildung, die auf einer Reihe von institutionalisierten Strukturen und Kulturen beruhen und sich unter anderem in organisatorischen Rahmenbedingungen und Lehrmethoden heterogener Bildungssysteme niederschlagen. Aufbauend auf einer dreijährigen Zusammenarbeit im Rahmen des von der Europäischen Kommission finanzierten Comenius-Netzwerkprojekts „Teaching Diverse Learners in School Subjects“ (TdiverS), werden in diesem Beitrag Erkenntnisse über „inspirierende Praktiken“ der inklusiven Bildung, die in den sechs teilnehmenden Ländern – Deutschland, Island, Litauen, Luxemburg, Schweden und Spanien – gefunden wurden, zusammengefasst. Trotz erheblicher Unterschiede in den Bildungssystemen in Europa sind überall inklusive Bildungspraktiken zu finden. Bei den Schulhospitationen fanden wir inspirierende Inklusionspraktiken in allen Ländern, auch wenn diese durchaus sehr differente Niveaus der (inklusiven) Bildungssysteme aufweisen.

Este estudio tiene dos objetivos. Primero, estudiar la validez del modelo de clima motivacional de la familia como indicador de implicación parental, cuando se evalúa con el cuestionario de Clima Motivacional de la Familia para padres (CMF/P). Y, segundo, hacerlo en población española y cubana con el fin de determinar las diferencias en la percepción del CMF de los padres de ambos países. Participaron 892 padres, 400 españoles y 492 cubanos. Se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios, de validez cruzada y multigrupo, y análisis de fiabilidad. Los resultados muestran, tan-to en España como en Cuba, la validez del Modelo teórico que subyace al cuestionario. Las ayudas que ofrecen los padres sirviendo como ejemplo a sus hijos y la estructuración del trabajo escolar en casa por parte de los padres son los factores de mayor peso en la definición del CMF. Sin embargo, la cultura moderó la configuración del CMF en varios indicadores del Mo-delo, mostrando diferentes maneras de actuar entre padres españoles y cubanos en la configuración de un clima familiar motivador This study has two objectives. First, to study the validity of the family motivational climate model as an indicator of parental involvement, when it is evaluated with the Family Motivational Climate questionnaire for Parents (CMF / P). Second, to do it in the Spanish and Cuban popula-tion in order to determine the differences in the CMF perception of the parents of both countries. A total of 892 parents participated in the study, 400 from Spain and 492 from Cuba. Confirmatory factor analyses, cross-validation and multi-group analyses performed, as well as reliability analy-sis. The results show, both in Spain and in Cuba, the validity of the theo-retical model that underlies the questionnaire. The help offered by parents serving as an example to their children, and the way in which parents struc-ture the schoolwork at home are the most important factors in the defini-tion of the CMF. However, culture moderated the configuration of the CMF in several indicators of the Model, showing different ways of acting between Spanish and Cuban parents in the configuration of a family moti-vating climate

Background: Family quality of life (FQoL), just like individual quality of life, has become a priority outcome in the policies and services received by persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and their families. Conceptualizing, measuring, and theorizing FQoL has been the object of investigation in recent decades. The goal of this paper is to present a revision of the Spanish Family Quality of Life Scales, the CdVF-E &lt, 18 and the CdVF-E &gt, 18, and describe the FQoL of Spanish families with a member with IDD. Methods: The sample included a total of 548 families with a member under 18 years old and 657 families with a member over 18. Based on an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) firstly and a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) secondly, the two scales&rsquo, psychometric properties were explored. Results: The CdVF-ER &lt, 18 and the CdVF-ER &gt, 18 comprise 5 dimensions, containing 35 and 32 items, respectively, and they show good validity and reliability. The families obtained a high FQoL score, although some differences exist between the dimensions on which families with children under and over 18 score highest and lowest. Conclusion: The characteristics of the revised scales facilitate their use by professionals, administrations, and services.

This study focuses on student and faculty perceptions about inclusive instructional practices in teacher training degree programs in three different universities (two in Spain and one in the USA). We synthetize this framework into four dimensions: (a) identifying students’ needs and strengths, (b) accessibility to physical spaces and materials, (c) methodologies and strategies to engage students, and (d) valuing diversity as a resource. A mixed methodology (questionnaire and interviews) was used to collect the information. Six hundred fifty-three university students and 35 faculty from the different education colleges participated in this study. Findings reveal the perceptions of students and faculty regarding both effective practices for diverse inclusive university classrooms as well as barriers to inclusion that affect learning in the participating institutions. Results reflect serious discrepancies between students and faculty members. RESUMO: Este estudo foca as percepções dos alunos e do corpo docente sobre práticas instrucionais inclusivas em programas de formação de professores em três universidades diferentes (duas na Espanha e uma nos EUA). Sintetizamos essa estrutura em quatro dimensões: (a) identificação das necessidades e pontos fortes dos alunos, (b) acessibilidade aos espaços físicos e materiais, (c) metodologias e estratégias para engajar os alunos, e (d) valorização da diversidade como um recurso. Uma metodologia mista (questionário e entrevistas) foi utilizada para coletar as informações. Participaram deste estudo 653 estudantes universitários e 35 professores das diferentes faculdades de educação. Os resultados revelam as percepções dos alunos e do corpo docente tanto em relação às práticas efetivas para salas de aula universitárias inclusivas diversas quanto às barreiras à inclusão que afetam a aprendizagem nas instituições participantes. Os resultados refletem sérias discrepâncias entre alunos e docentes.

This article identifies the ways in which notions of student diversity and student voice are defined in five European countries. It also examines links between the two terms. It is noted that, often, the terms ‘diversity’ and ‘student voice’ are used without acknowledging differences in contexts. Using literature and policy documents from five countries (i.e. Austria, Denmark, England, Portugal and Spain), the article highlights similarities as well as differences in the various contexts. Through the analysis of the various texts, the paper concludes that diversity is conceptualised in five ways, although there is occasionally overlap of different conceptualisations in some of the countries. On the other hand, the term ‘student voice’ seems to be a term that is not used in some of the countries’ policies. Instead, other terms that relate to student voice, such as ‘participation’, are used. The paper discusses the implications of these varied understandings for the promotion of the inclusion of all students in schools. This article analyses the ways in which notions of student diversity and student voice are defined in five European countries, two terms directly related to notions of inclusion. In so doing, it examines links between the two terms, noting that, often, they are used in international research without acknowledging the ways that they are defined within particular national contexts. Using literature and policy documents from five countries (i.e. Austria, Denmark, England, Portugal and Spain), the article highlights similarities as well as differences in the various contexts. Through the analysis of these texts, the paper concludes that diversity is conceptualised in five ways, although there is occasionally overlap of different conceptualisations in some of the countries. Meanwhile, the term ‘student voice’ is a term that is not used in some of the countries’ policies. Instead, other terms that relate to student voice, such as ‘participation’, are used. The paper discusses the implications of these varied understandings for the promotion of the inclusion of all students in schools.

Las universidades son espacios a los que determinados estudiantes no acceden o en los que encuentran destacados obstáculos para permanecer. Avanzar hacia la construcción de univer-sidades donde todos puedan aprender y participar es una tarea inaplazable que muchas insti-tuciones desconocen cómo enfrentar. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo diseñar un sistema de in-dicadores que facilite a las instituciones universitarias la autoevaluación de las condiciones que ofrecen a sus estudiantes con respecto a la inclusión. Con una metodología basada en la revisión bibliográfica y la validación de indicadores por 18 expertos/as mediante el método Delphi, se presentan un total de 30 indicadores agrupados en seis dimensiones claves. Estas dimensiones hacen referencia a la cultura institucional, acceso equitativo, aprendizaje centrado en el alum-nado, bienestar y participación, movilidad y empleabilidad y logro académico. Para facilitar el uso del instrumento, se acompaña cada indicador de una breve descripción, una medida o es-cala de evaluación, la periodicidad con la que conviene ser medido y el posible nivel de desagre-gación. Como conclusión, se reconoce la adecuación del método Delphi para la validación de indicadores y se destaca la contribución de los instrumentos de evaluación como herramientas que permiten evidenciar las situaciones de desigualdad universitaria. Se subraya la urgencia de revertir el modelo universitario hacia un modelo enfocado en el diseño de estrategias que per-mitan avanzar hacia la verdadera inclusión, Universities are spaces that certain students struggle to access or where they find outstanding obstacles to remain. Moving towards the construction of universities where all can learn and participate in equal opportunities is an unplayable task that many institutions do not know how to face. This work aims to design a system of indicators that facilitates universities to self-assessing the conditions they offer their students with respect to inclusion. With a method-ology based on the literature review and validation of indicators by 18 experts using the Delphi method, a total of 30 indicators are presented grouped into six key dimensions. These dimen-sions refer to institutional culture, equitable access, student-centered learning, well-being and participation, mobility and employability and achievement. To facilitate the use of this instru-ment, each indicator is accompanied by a brief description, a measure and scale of evaluation, the periodicity with which it should be measured and the possible level of disaggregation. In conclusion, the adequacy of the Delphi method for the validation of indicators is recognized and the contribution of evaluation instruments is highlighted as tools that allow to demon-strate situations of university inequality. It is considered relevant the urgency of reversing the university model towards a model focused on the design of strategies that allow progress to-wards true inclusion

The culture of a country may influence parental involvement in a student’s learning, making it more or less adequate. To test this possibility, this study analyzes the cross-cultural validity of the learning-oriented Family Motivational Climate model (FMC) as an index of parental involvement in students’ academic job and the FMC questionnaire (FMC-Q), as a way of operationalizing it. A total of 583 Spanish and 448 Cuban students filled in the FMC-Q and the questionnaire of perceived motivational changes resulting from parental practices. Confirmatory, cross-validation, and multi-group factor analyses revealed that the model showed a good fit to the data, both in the Spanish and in the Cuban samples. Besides, FMC predicted the 74% of the variance of students’ motivational change. However, the results also revealed differences between the two samples in the FMC model set up, as Spanish and Cuban students did not put down the same significance to several indicators of the model. These facts imply the need to take cultural differences into account when designing interventions aimed at changing parental involvement practices, La cultura de un país puede influir en la participación de los padres en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes, consiguiendo que sea más o menos adecuada. Para poner a prueba esta posibilidad, este estudio analiza la validez transcultural del modelo de clima motivacional familiar (FMC), orientado al aprendizaje como índice de participación de los padres en el trabajo académico de los estudiantes, y del cuestionario FMC (FMC-Q), como modo de operacionalizarlo. Un total de 583 estudiantes españoles y 448 cubanos cumplimentaron el FMC-Q y el cuestionario de cambios motivacionales percibidos atribuidos a las prácticas de los padres. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios de validación cruzada y multigrupo revelaron que el modelo mostró un buen ajuste en los datos, tanto en las muestras españolas como en las cubanas. Además, el FMC predijo el 74% de la variación en el cambio motivacional de los estudiantes. Sin embargo, los resultados también mostraron diferencias en la configuración del modelo FMC en las dos muestras, ya que los estudiantes españoles y cubanos no atribuyeron la misma importancia a varios indicadores del modelo. Estos hechos implican que hay que tener en cuenta las diferencias culturales al diseñar intervenciones dirigidas a cambiar las prácticas de participación de los padres, Financial support was received from a Grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy Competitiveness (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, FPI 2014-2018.Edu2012-3782)

Despite the importance of empowerment and the support network of families who receive early intervention (EI) with a family-centered approach, there is little evidence of a relationship between these two variables and family characteristics that might influence this relationship. This study analyzes the correlations between the perception of empowerment of the families, the family supports used, and the socio-demographic factors of both the child and the family. The study consisted of 44 families who received family-centered EI services. Our results show that families mainly used formal supports, followed by informal supports, and, to a lesser extent, intermediate supports. This indicates that families with children who receive EI preferably use the support network based on EI programs, schools, and professionals. Along with this formal support network, primary caregivers rely on their partners, parents, or friends—that is, the informal support network. Family empowerment was not correlated with age, diagnosis, or the reason for referral to EI; on the other hand, it was related to the supports where the families with the lowest empowerment scores were those who made greater use of formal support over informal support. Early intervention professionals must know, from the first encounter, the type and level of support of each family to enhance the development of the child and promote empowerment in families.

Uno de los pilares sobre los que se sustenta la educación inclusiva exige, entre otras condiciones, el cuestionamiento del rol del profesorado de apoyo. En este marco, es necesario conocer las funciones que realizan los profesionales de apoyo en los centros y sus propuestas vinculadas con la educación inclusiva. El estudio que se presenta muestra este doble objetivo. Por un lado, identificar las tareas y funciones reales que viene realizando el profesorado de apoyo en los centros educativos y, por otro lado, describir las funciones y/o tareas que estos profesionales consideran tendrían que desempeñar para facilitar apoyos más eficaces desde la perspectiva inclusiva. El estudio se plantea desde una metodología mixta a través de cuestionarios y grupos de discusión. Los cuestionarios fueron cumplimentados por 119 docentes de centros públicos y concertados de la Comunidad de Madrid, de los que 37 participaron, además, en grupos de discusión. Entre las conclusiones más relevantes destacan que los maestros y maestras de apoyo demandan que el apoyo se realice dentro del aula y mayor tiempo de trabajo conjunto con los docentes, One of the pillars on which inclusive education is based demands, among other conditions, the questioning of the role of the supporting teaching staff. Within this framework, it is necessary to know the functions performed by support professionals in the schools and their proposals related to inclusive education. The study presented shows this double objective. On the one hand, to identify the “real” tasks and functions that have been carried out by support teachers in schools and, on the other hand, to describe the functions and/or tasks that these professionals consider they should perform in order to facilitate more effective support from an inclusive perspective. The study is based on a mixed methodology through questionnaires and discussion groups. The questionnaires were completed by 119 teachers from public and private schools in the Community of Madrid, 37 of whom also participated in discussion groups. Among the most relevant conclusions, it should be noted that support teachers demand support in the classroom and more time working together with teachers

One of the most important challenges that early intervention (EI) has faced in recent years is the transition process from child-based practices to familycentered programmes. This study's main objectives were: (a) To understand the changes identified by the staff in their professional knowledge and practices with families during the transition from a center-based programmes to family-centered practices; (b) To explore the parents' satisfaction with the family-centered practices; (c) To know how professionals perceive the transition from center-based to familycentered practices in EI. Participants were 11 families of children with intellectual disability and 11 professionals from six early intervention centres in Spain. Results showed that professionals valued familycentered services because it allowed them to gather relevant information about the families' strengths and resources. Families perceived their participation as a real empowerment for all family members and positive for their children. Implications for professional practice in EI are discussed.

The aim of this study is to define the barriers that university students have in the classroom, mainly referring to: spaces and resources, contents, methodology and participation. Therefore, we have taken as our starting point the proposal of the Universal Instruction Design (UID), developed at the University of Guelph (Canada) and adapted in Spain by Dalmau et al., (2015). Participants were 652 students belonging to three Teacher Training and Education Faculties participated in the study: two from Spain (Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) and one from the USA (Northern University Arizona). The data has been collected through a questionnaire designed ad hoc by the research team in the areas indicated. The results show the main barriers that students experience in the classroom. The discussion focuses on the need to introduce strategies in the professional development of university teacher training in order to design the content they teach in accordance with the principles of universal design for teaching., El objetivo de este estudio es delimitar las barreras que se encuentran los estudiantes universitarios en las aulas referidas principalmente a: espacios y recursos, contenidos, metodología y participación. Para ello, hemos partido de la propuesta del Diseño Universal de Instrucción (DUI) desarrollada en la Universidad de Guelph (Canadá) adaptada por Dalmau et al., (2015). Se ha contado con la participación de 652 estudiantes pertenecientes a tres Facultades de Formación de Profesorado y Educación, dos españolas (Universidad Complutense de Madrid y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) y una de EEUU (Universidad del Norte de Arizona). Los datos se han recogido a través de un cuestionario diseñado ad hoc por el equipo investigador en torno a los ámbitos señalados. os resultados muestran las principales barreras que los estudiantes experimentan en las aulas. La discusión se centra en la necesidad de introducir en el desarrollo profesional de los docentes universitarios formación en torno a estrategias que permitan diseñar los contenidos que imparten conforme a los principios del diseño universal para la enseñanza

El trabajo que se presenta analiza cómo se entiende el papel que las familias deben desempeñar en la transformación de los sistemas y entornos educativos para ser más inclusivos. Para ello, partiendo del significado de una educación inclusiva, y considerando esta como un derecho de todo el alumnado sin exclusiones, se justifica por qué las familias deben formar parte de este proceso, así como los beneficios que se derivan de su participación real en los centros escolares. Asimismo, a partir de experiencias de centros escolares que comparten los valores de la educación inclusiva, se muestra qué lugar han ocupado las familias en ellos. Finalmente, se realiza una reflexión en torno a qué tipo de participación por parte de las familias es necesario promover para acortar la distancia entre los valores declarados respecto a la inclusión y las acciones que se llevan a cabo, así como las oportunidades y espacios que se ofrecen a las mismas en los centros escolares., The paper analyses the role that families must play in transforming education systems and settings to be more inclusive. Therefore, based on the meaning of inclusive education, and considering this to be a right for all students without exclusions, the reason why families should be part of this process can be justified, as well as the benefits derived from their real participation in schools. Similarly, based on the experiences of centres that share the values of inclusive education, the place families have occupied is shown. Finally, we will reflect about what type of participation by families is necessary to promote in order to reduce the gap between the stated values with respect to inclusion and the action that are carried out, as well as the opportunities and spaces that are offered to families in schools., Este artículo se ha realizado en el marco del proyecto “Análisis y valoración del proceso de educación inclusiva del alumnado con Trastornos del Espectro del Autismo desde educación infantil hasta la universidad: la participación social como eje de análisis”, financiado por el Programa Estatal de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad. Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (EDU 2017-86739-R)