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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the joints for which no curative treatment exists. Intra-articular injection of stem cells is explored as a regenerative approach, but rapid clearance of cells from the injection site limits the therapeutic outcome. Microencapsulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can extend the retention time of MSCs, but the outcomes of the few studies currently performed are conflicting. We hypothesize that the composition of the micromaterial's shell plays a deciding factor in the treatment outcome of intra-articular MSC injection. To this end, we microencapsulate MSCs using droplet microfluidic generators in flow-focus mode using various polymers and polymer concentrations. We demonstrate that polymer composition and concentration potently alter the metabolic activity as well as the secretome of MSCs. Moreover, while microencapsulation consistently prolongs the retention time of MSC injected in rat joints, distinct biodistribution within the joint is demonstrated for the various microgel formulations. Furthermore, intra-articular injections of pristine and microencapsulated MSC in OA rat joints show a strong material-dependent effect on the reduction of cartilage degradation and matrix loss. Collectively, this study highlights that micromaterial composition and concentration are key deciding factors for the therapeutic outcome of intra-articular injections of microencapsulated stem cells to treat degenerative joint diseases.

Abstract Engineered living microtissues such as cellular spheroids and organoids have enormous potential for the study and regeneration of tissues and organs. Microtissues are typically engineered via self‐assembly of adherent cells into cellular spheroids, which are characterized by little to no cell–material interactions. Consequently, 3D microtissue models currently lack structural biomechanical and biochemical control over their internal microenvironment resulting in suboptimal functional performance such as limited stem cell differentiation potential. Here, this work report on stimuli‐responsive cell‐adhesive micromaterials (SCMs) that can self‐assemble with cells into 3D living composite microtissues through integrin binding, even under serum‐free conditions. It is demonstrated that SCMs homogeneously distribute within engineered microtissues and act as biomechanically and biochemically tunable designer materials that can alter the composite tissue microenvironment on demand. Specifically, cell behavior is controlled based on the size, stiffness, number ratio, and biofunctionalization of SCMs in a temporal manner via orthogonal secondary crosslinking strategies. Photo‐based mechanical tuning of SCMs reveals early onset stiffness‐controlled lineage commitment of differentiating stem cell spheroids. In contrast to conventional encapsulation of stem cell spheroids within bulk hydrogel, incorporating cell‐sized SCMs within stem cell spheroids uniquely provides biomechanical cues throughout the composite microtissues’ volume, which is demonstrated to be essential for osteogenic differentiation.

In situ light-induced poststiffening of the microgels offers elasticity-based control over stem cell lineage commitment. B Tissue Engineering b Autonomous self-assembly of stimuli-responsive cell-adhesive microgels and adhesive cells produce biochemical and biophysical programmable living composite microtissues. Steering Stem Cell Fate within 3D Living Composite Tissues Using Stimuli-Responsive Cell-Adhesive Micromaterials (Adv. Sci. 10/2023). [Extracted from the article]