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Aim: Wild bees still face striking shortfalls in knowledge of biodiversity in key regions of the world. This includes Europe, where despite a long tradition of data gathering, the continental scale distribution patterns of wild bees have not been systematically analysed to date. This study aims to characterise large-scale biodiversity patterns to: (i) understand spatial–temporal heterogeneity in large-scale databases, (ii) locate genuine diversity hotspots and their relationship with biogeographical patterns or habitats of interests and (iii) identify understudied species and areas to further design conservation actions for most at risk species in key regions. Location: Europe. Taxon: Bees. Methods: We present a continental and standardised study of bee taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity patterns in Europe, using a large compilation of occurrence records of nearly three million validated occurrence records for 1515 wild bee species. Results: Southern and eastern Europe suffer from the largest gaps in data availability while northern and western regions benefit from better historical coverage. Our models show that higher wild bee diversity in Europe is hosted in xeric, warm areas, as highlighted by a clear latitudinal gradient. However, phylogenetic diversity is predicted to be more homogenous across Europe than taxonomic diversity, suggesting that policies and strategies targeted to protect species richness may differ from those targeting greater phylogenetic diversity. Main conclusions: This study represents a significant advance in the characterisation of wild bee distribution patterns across Europe and is an important stepping stone towards the design of more targeted survey efforts and conservation actions of this key group of pollinators. This, in turn, will provide the data necessary to improve the spatiotemporal coverage in a context of ongoing and future Europe-wide monitoring schemes, to ultimately develop cost-effective, coordinated and evidence-based co, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

La carte „Les fiefs des comtes de Luxembourg au 13ème siècle“ représente l’essai d’une visualisation cartographique des fiefs actifs des comtes de Luxembourg entre 1200 et 1310. La carte a comme but la visualisation de la présence, le nombre et le type de fiefs., Mit dieser Karte wird der Versuch einer kartographischen Darstellung der aktiven Lehen der Grafen von Luxemburg zwischen 1200 und 1310 unternommen. Die Karte soll Präsenz, Häufigkeit und Art von Lehnsgütern der Grafen von Luxemburg visualisieren., This map is an attempt at a cartographic representation of the active fiefs of the Counts of Luxembourg between 1200 and 1310. The map is intended to visualise the presence, frequency and type of feudal estates of the Counts of Luxembourg.

Urban density is central to urban research and planning and can be defined in numer- ous ways. Most measures of urban density however are biased by arbitrary chosen spatial units at their denominator and ignore the relative location of elementary urban objects within those units. We solve these two problems by proposing a new graph-based density index which we apply to the case of buildings in Belgium. The method includes two main steps. First, a graph-based spatial descending hierarchical clustering (SDHC) delineates clusters of buildings with homogeneous inter-building distances. A Moran scatterplot and a maximum Cook’s distance are used to prune the minimum spanning tree at each iteration of the SDHC. Second, within each clus- ter, the ratio of the number of buildings to the sum of inter-building distances is cal- culated. This density of buildings is thus defined independently of the definition of any basic spatial unit and preserves the built-up topology, i.e. the relative position of buildings. The method is parsimonious in parameters and can easily be transferred to other punctual objects or extended to account for additional attributes.

We argue that there is no one-fits-all “smart city” recipe to address the sustainability and socio-economic challenges of our ever-urbanizing world. If smartness is the ability to deliver useful information to citizens and urban actors in order to adapt their behaviors and policies dynamically and interactively in view of a particular social, economic or environmental objectives, we here suggest that each city should not prioritize the same type of information and infrastructure. Because large cities are often seen as centers of innovation and modernity, it is very tempting for urban investors to propose, and for policy makers to follow these investment paths and develop information systems irrespective of the characteristics and size of the city. This potential mismatch may limit the uptake or the most relevant and useful information needed for a city to develop more sustainably and equally. We suggest that smart cities cannot ignore scaling effects nor the evident deviations to these laws. We hence propose to cross tabulate a smart city typology of infrastructure and information with a set of urban archetypes based on key dimensions of cities, including their spatial forms and extents but also their relative positioning within their regional setting, within the urban hierarchy and within their path-dependent trajectories. We see this cross-tabulation as a first step to anchor (big) data realities and smart city practices in geographic knowledge and urban complexity theory. We advocate that tailor-made smart city policies are necessary to monitor and manage cities given their geodiversity.

Mit dieser Karte wird der Versuch einer kartographischen Darstellung der aktiven Lehen der Grafen von Luxemburg zwischen 1200 und 1310 unternommen. Die Karte wurde im Rahmen der Masterarbeit „Lehnsrecht, Lehnspolitik und Lehnshof der Grafen von Luxemburg im 13. Jahrhundert“ erstellt und soll Präsenz, Häufigkeit und Art von Lehnsgütern der Grafen von Luxemburg visualisieren., La carte „Les fiefs des comtes de Luxembourg au 13ème siècle“ représente l’essai d’une visualisation cartographique des fiefs actifs des comtes de Luxembourg entre 1200 et 1310. La carte a été créée dans le cadre du mémoire de Master « Lehnsrecht, Lehnspolitik und Lehnshof der Grafen von Luxemburg im 13. Jahrhundert » et a comme but la visualisation de la présence, le nombre et le type de fiefs., The map "The fiefs of the counts of Luxembourg in the 13th century" represents an attempt at a cartographic visualisation of the active fiefs of the counts of Luxembourg between 1200 and 1310. The map was created within the framework of the Master thesis "Lehnsrecht, Lehnspolitik und Lehnshof der Grafen von Luxemburg im 13. Jahrhundert" and aims to visualise the presence, number and type of fiefs.

We determine the functional form and scaling law of radial artificial land use profiles in 300 European functional urban areas (FUAs). These profiles, starting from a fully artificial surface in the city center, decrease exponentially, the faster the smaller the city. More precisely, the characteristic decrease distance scales like the square root of total population, meaning that the artificial surface of cities is proportional to their population. This also means that the amount of artificial land per capita is independent of city size, and that larger cities are not more or less parsimonious in terms of land use than smaller ones.

Cet article est un extrait du Rapport sur la situation économique et sociale de la Grande Région 2013/2014 pour le Comité économique et social de la Grande Région (CESGR) (IBA/OIE, 2014, p.3-10). Les cartes montrent la densité de population dans la Grande-Région au 1er janvier 2013, la population en âge de travailler au 1er janvier 2012 ainsi que l'évolution de la population totale 2000-2013 en % (zones d'emploi Lorraine 1999-2011), calculés par l'Observatoire Interrégional du marché de l'emploi OIE., This article is an extract from the Report on the Economic and Social Situation of the Greater Region 2013/2014 for the Economic and Social Committee of the Greater Region (CESGR) (IBA/OIE, 2014, p.3-10). The maps show the population density in the Greater Region on 1 January 2013, the population of working age on 1 January 2012 and the evolution of the total population 2000-2013 in % (Lorraine employment areas 1999-2011), calculated by the Interregional Labour Market Observatory IOE., Dieser Artikel ist ein Auszug aus dem Bericht zur wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Lage der Großregion 2013/2014 für den Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuss der Großregion (WSAGR) (IBA/OIE, 2014, S.3-10). Die Karten zeigen die Bevölkerungsdichte in der Großregion am 1. Januar 2013, die Bevölkerung im erwerbsfähigen Alter am 1. Januar 2012 sowie die Entwicklung der Gesamtbevölkerung 2000-2013 in % (Beschäftigungszonen Lothringen 1999-2011), die von der Interregionalen Arbeitsmarktbeobachtungsstelle IBA berechnet wurden.

Cette contribution a pour objet les pratiques du quotidien transfrontalières qu'exercent les habitants de Sarre, de Lorraine, du Luxembourg, de Rhénanie-Palatinat et de Wallonie. Elle traitera divers aspects d'activités non remises en cause et pratiquées régulièrement dans un pays autre que celui de résidence. Il conviendra d'intégrer dans cette analyse la dimension de la mobilité physique régulière dans une perspective transnationale dans la mesure où les pratiques du quotidien transfrontalières représentent des activités routinières associées à un mouvement circulaire (pendulaire) qui s'étend au-delà de territoires nationaux voisins. Dans cette optique, il faut souligner que la Grande Région SaarLorLux connaît déjà des phénomènes de mobilité transfrontaliers prononcés : mobilité dans le contexte d'emploi et dans le contexte de migration résidentielle., This contribution deals with the daily cross-border practices of the inhabitants of Saarland, Lorraine, Luxembourg, Rhineland-Palatinate and Wallonia. It will deal with various aspects of unquestioned activities that are regularly carried out in a country other than the country of residence. The dimension of regular physical mobility in a transnational perspective will have to be integrated into this analysis insofar as cross-border everyday practices represent routine activities associated with a circular (pendular) movement that extends beyond neighbouring national territories. From this point of view, it should be emphasised that the Greater Region SaarLorLux is already experiencing pronounced cross-border mobility phenomena: mobility in the context of employment and in the context of residential migration., Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit grenzüberschreitenden Alltagspraktiken, die von den Einwohnern des Saarlandes, Lothringens, Luxemburgs, Rheinland-Pfalz und Walloniens ausgeübt werden. Er wird verschiedene Aspekte von Aktivitäten behandeln, die nicht in Frage gestellt werden und die regelmäßig in einem anderen Land als dem des Wohnsitzes ausgeübt werden. In diese Analyse sollte die Dimension der regelmäßigen physischen Mobilität aus einer transnationalen Perspektive einbezogen werden, da grenzüberschreitende Alltagspraktiken Routinetätigkeiten darstellen, die mit einer kreisförmigen (Pendel-)Bewegung verbunden sind, die sich über benachbarte nationale Gebiete hinaus erstreckt. In dieser Hinsicht ist zu betonen, dass die Großregion SaarLorLux bereits ausgeprägte grenzüberschreitende Mobilitätsphänomene kennt: Mobilität im Kontext der Beschäftigung und im Kontext der Wohnortmigration.

Dans la Grande Région, on estime environ à 1 000 les constructions nouvelles d'églises ou rénovations complètes d'églises anciennes durant le 20e siècle. Une croissance forte et par poussées de la population du fait de l'industrialisation ; les destructions provoquées par les deux guerres ainsi que les déplacements de population qu'elles ont engendrés, ont eu aussi des répercussions sur la construction des églises. Les évolutions au sein de l'Eglise elle-même jouent également un rôle dans l’architecture, notamment le débat sur la liturgie instaurée depuis le début du 20e siècle qui s'est terminé par une réforme au concile de Vatican II et dont l'influence a été plus ou moins grande dans les différentes régions., In the Greater Region SaarLorLux, it is estimated that around 1,000 new churches were built or old ones completely renovated during the 20th century. Strong population growth due to industrialisation, the destruction caused by the two wars and the resulting displacement of people also had an impact on church building. Developments within the Church itself also play a role in the architecture, especially the debate on the liturgy which began at the beginning of the 20th century and ended with a reform at the Second Vatican Council, and which had a greater or lesser influence in the different regions., In der Großregion SaarLorLux wurden im 20. Jahrhundert schätzungsweise 1.000 neue Kirchen gebaut oder alte Kirchen komplett renoviert. Ein starkes und schubweises Bevölkerungswachstum durch die Industrialisierung, die Zerstörungen durch die beiden Kriege und die damit verbundene Vertreibung der Bevölkerung haben sich auch auf den Kirchenbau ausgewirkt, insbesondere die Liturgie-Debatte seit Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts, die mit einer Reform auf dem Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzil endete und in den verschiedenen Regionen mehr oder weniger großen Einfluss hatte.

The behavioural ecological approach to anthropology states that the density and distribution of resources determine optimal patterns of resource use and also sets its constraints to grouping, mobility and settlement choice. Central Place Foraging (CPF) models have been used for analysing foraging behaviours of hunter-gatherers and to draw a causal link from the volume of available resources in the environment to the mobility decisions of hunter-gatherers. In this study we propose a spatially explicit agent-based CPF mode. We explore its potential for explaining formation of settlement patterns and test its robustness to the configuration of space. Building on a model assuming homogeneous energy distributions we had to add several new parameters and an adaptation mechanism for foragers to predict the length of their stay, together with a heterogeneous environment configuration. The validation of the model shows that the spatially explicit CPF is generally robust to spatial configuration of energy resources. The total volume of energy has a significant effect on constraining sedentism as predicted by aspatial model and thus can be used on different environmental conditions. Still the spatial autocorrelation of resource distribution has a linear effect on optimal mobility decisions and needs to be considered in predictive models. The effect on settlement choice is not substantial and is more determined by other characteristics of settlement location. This limits the CPF models in analysing settlement pattern formation processes.

We definitely live in an increasingly urban World for half of humanity now lives in cities. Cities provide wealth but also negatively impact the environment and the health of citizens. Arguably the benefits and costs of cities relate to both their size, in population terms, and their internal structure, in terms of the relative spatial arrangement of built-up and natural land. Much of urban research focusses on very large cities and urban cores. Yet 3 urban human out of 4 live in cities of less than 4 million inhabitants (according to the global GHSL dataset). Similarly, 3 out of 4 in a typical (European) city do not live in its core but beyond (using a 7-8km radius to define core for a city like London or Paris). To address urban sustainability issues and design adaptation policies, these 75% certainly count and, we can argue, also deserve specific attention because of the relative proximity between urban and non-urban (natural) use that smaller cities and suburban (non-core) areas may permit. In this respect, it is key to understand how the internal structure of cities, in particular the form and density of built-up areas and the interwoven green space emerge out of the core up until the fringe. It is also key to understand whether the form of cities, especially density gradients and the share of urbanised/non-urbanised land change with city size. In this talk we draw lessons from 2 research approaches to urban forms: one theoretical that uses spatial micro-economic simulations, and one empirical that uses spatially detailed land use datasets. Our theoretical simulations relate individual behaviour to urban forms while our empirics relate urban forms to city size. Both have in common a radial perspective to cities, i.e. explicitly or implicitly assuming that the accessibility trade-off to a given centre is a key determinant of locations and land uses. In both cases, we look at urbanisation and green space structures and at pollution exposure as an example of impac

Dans la Grande Région SaarLorLux, qui se compose de la Lorraine, du Luxembourg, de la Rhénanie-Palatinat, de la Sarre et de la Wallonie, les débuts de la bière remontent à l’occupation romaine. Au début, la bière était surtout brassée dans les monastères. L’attestation la plus ancienne d’un type de brasserie monastique se trouve en Lorraine et date de 771 av. J-C., au Luxembourg que vers 1300. Dans les deux régions, les institutions religieuses étaient les principaux types de brasserie jusqu’à l’industrialisation. Les premières attestations d’une brasserie municipale remontent au 12e siècle ; au début, ces brasseries ne représentaient aucune concurrence pour les monastères. Dans la Wallonie aussi, les exploitations brassicoles monastiques se développaient jusqu’à ce que l’occupation française et donc la sécularisation portent un coup d’arrêt aux entreprises à partir de 1794. Aujourd'hui, la plupart des brasseries restantes dans la Grande Région font partie de groupes interna-tionaux. Il existe encore quelques brasseries indépendantes, telles qu’en Rhénanie-Palatinat et dans la Sarre, où l'un des plus grands groupes brassicoles d’Allemagne, le Groupe Karlsberg, domine l’industrie. Outre ces entreprises nationales, depuis les années 1980, les microbrasseries commencent à voir le jour avec une portée exclusivement locale. Elles permettent à ce que les techniques de brassage locales ne se perdent., In the Greater Region SaarLorLux, which consists of Lorraine, Luxembourg, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland and Wallonia, the beginnings of beer date back to the Roman occupation. At first, beer was brewed mainly in monasteries. The oldest evidence of a monastic brewery is found in Lorraine, dating from 771 BC, and in Luxembourg only from around 1300. In both regions, religious institutions were the main type of brewery until the industrialization. The first evidence of a municipal brewery dates back to the 12th century; in the beginning, these breweries did not compete with the monasteries. In Wallonia, too, monastic breweries developed until the French occupation, and hence secularisation, brought the business to a halt from 1794. Today, most of the remaining breweries in the Greater Region are part of international groups. There are still a few independent breweries, such as in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, where one of Germany's largest brewing groups, the Karlsberg Group, dominates the industry. In addition to these national companies, since the 1980s, microbreweries have begun to emerge with an exclusively local scope. They ensure that local brewing techniques are not lost., In der Großregion SaarLorLux, die aus Lothringen, Luxemburg, Rheinland-Pfalz, dem Saarland und der Wallonie besteht, gehen die Anfänge des Bieres auf die römische Besatzung zurück. Zunächst wurde Bier vor allem in den Klöstern gebraut. Der älteste Beleg für eine Art Klosterbrauerei findet sich in Lothringen und stammt aus dem Jahr 771 v. Chr., in Luxemburg erst um 1300. In beiden Regionen waren bis zur Industrialisierung religiöse Einrichtungen die Haupttypen von Brauereien. Die ersten Belege für eine städtische Brauerei stammen aus dem 12. Jahrhundert; anfangs stellten diese Brauereien keine Konkurrenz für die Klöster dar. Auch in der Wallonie entwickelten sich klösterliche Brauereibetriebe, bis die französische Besatzung und damit die Säkularisierung den Unternehmen ab 1794 einen Strich durch die Rechnung machte. Heute gehören die meisten der verbliebenen Brauereien in der Großregion zu internationalen Konzernen. Es gibt noch einige unabhängige Brauereien, wie z.B. in Rheinland-Pfalz und im Saarland, wo einer der größten Brauereikonzerne Deutschlands, der Karlsberg-Konzern, die Industrie dominiert. Neben diesen nationalen Unternehmen entstehen seit den 1980er Jahren auch Mikrobrauereien, die ausschließlich auf lokaler Ebene tätig sind. Sie sorgen dafür, dass die lokalen Brautechniken nicht verloren gehen.

L'étude examine les agglomérations commerciales dans les régions frontalières internes de la Grande Région SaarLor-Lux sur la base de nos propres enquêtes menées entre 2010 et 2012. Elle permet de quantifier et de typifier l'offre commerciale en fonction de la taille et de la composition des centres commerciaux. Le territoire couvert est formé du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg et des agglomérations belges, alle-mandes et françaises inscrites dans l’isochrone 20 minutes-voiture au départ de la frontière luxem-bourgeoise. Dans cet isochrone, sont notamment reprises les villes suivantes et leur agglomération : Trèves et Bitburg en Rhénanie-Palatinat, Sarrebruck en Sarre, Metz, Thionville et Longwy en Lorraine ainsi que Arlon et Bastogne en Wallonie. Un seul nodule est localisé au-delà de cette zone : Le Fashion Outlet Zweibrücken de Zweibrucken. Il apparait dans la base de données en raison de son large rayonnement et de sa capacité à recruter des clients jusqu'au Luxembourg., Die Studie untersucht die Handelsagglomerationen in den inneren Grenzregionen der Großregion SaarLor-Lux auf der Grundlage unserer eigenen Erhebungen, die zwischen 2010 und 2012 durchgeführt wurden. Sie ermöglicht eine Quantifizierung und Typisierung des kommerziellen Angebots nach Größe und Zusammensetzung der Einkaufszentren. Der Erfassungsbereich umfasst das Großherzogtum Luxemburg und die belgischen, deutschen und französischen Ballungsräume, die innerhalb der 20-Minuten-Fahrzeit-Isochrone ab der luxemburgischen Grenze liegen. In dieser Isochrone sind insbesondere die folgenden Städte und ihre Ballungsräume enthalten: Trier und Bitburg in Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarbrücken im Saarland, Metz, Thionville und Longwy in Lothringen sowie Arlon und Bastogne in Wallonien. Nur ein Knoten ist außerhalb dieses Gebiets lokalisiert: das Fashion Outlet Zweibrücken in Zweibrücken. Es erscheint in der Datenbank aufgrund seiner großen Reichweite und seiner Fähigkeit, Kunden bis nach Luxemburg zu rekrutieren., The study examines the commercial agglomerations in the inner border regions of the Greater SaarLor-Lux Region on the basis of our own surveys conducted between 2010 and 2012. It quantifies and typifies the commercial offer according to the size and composition of shopping centres. The territory covered is made up of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Belgian, German and French conurbations within a 20-minute drive from the Luxembourg border. This isochrone includes the following cities and their conurbations: Trier and Bitburg in Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarbrücken in Saarland, Metz, Thionville and Longwy in Lorraine as well as Arlon and Bastogne in Wallonia. Only one nodule is located beyond this zone: the Fashion Outlet Zweibrücken in Zweibrucken. It appears in the database because of its wide reach and its ability to recruit customers as far away as Luxembourg.

Daily mobility has been shown to contribute to the wellbeing of older adults, as it promotes healthy and independent living. However, very little is known about how the complex relationships between locations, geographic environments and daily mobility relate to wellbeing. In the current paper, we rely on the concept of ‘motility’– defined as potential mobility– and the concept of ‘movement’– defined as actual mobility– to take a step forwards in disentangling the relationship between mobility and wellbeing. We further examine how both motility and movement relate to two complementary definitions of wellbeing: hedonic wellbeing as a measurement of happiness, and eudaimonic wellbeing as the actualisation of an individual’s human potential. To investigate this relationship, we draw up a conceptual framework stressing pathways linking mobility to wellbeing, which we empirically test using structural equation modelling on a stratified sample of 470 older adults. We first quantitatively confirm that motility is defined by access, competences, appropriation and attitudes to modes of transportation. We then observe that motility has direct effects on eudaimonic wellbeing and, to a lesser extent, on hedonic wellbeing. Part of the motility effects on wellbeing are mediated by movement. Separating mobility into motility and movement stresses the independent and complementary role that potential and realised mobility play in shaping older adults’ wellbeing. © Urban Studies Journal Limited 2019.

Given its central position in Western Europe, France is the European country where cross-border commuting is most intense. Over 350000 residents cross the national border everyday to go to work. Cross-border commuting raises a lot of concerns for planners on both side of each border, especially for provisioning transport infrastructure and local public services but also because it impacts land and housing markets, especially when salary differentials are high. While there is a lot of research about the daily functioning of specific borders (e.g. France-Switzerland or France-Luxembourg), generalization is lacking and spatial heterogeneities impede our understanding of the very determinants of cross-border commuting, such as the role of benefits differentials, transport costs and distance, or the relative availability of jobs at residential places and across the border. Further, these effects are most likely mediated differently by the socio-demographic characteristics of workers, their employment sector, and the quality of their residential environment at large. This suggests that an individual approach and a spatially detailed approach is needed, which contrasts sharply with the fact that most European-wide studies of cross-border commuting are conducted at very aggregated spatial scales (NUTS 2 or 3).

Purpose: Understanding the geographical and environmental triggers for active transport among older adults is crucial to promote healthy and independent lifestyles. While transportation research has long considered trip purpose as a major determinant of transport mode choices, “place and health” research has paid little attention to it, and even less in connection with environmental determinants. To avoid an oversimplification of how neighborhood built environments influence utilitarian walking, it is critical to account simultaneously for trip purposes, the locations of visited places, and the related exposure to surrounding environments. Methods: Based on a cohort of 471 older adults in Luxembourg, this study examines the influence of trip purposes on utilitarian walking, and the potential interaction effects with characteristics of multiple geographic environments and distance to the place of residence. Information related to demographics, health status, and regularly visited destinations was collected in 2015 and 2016. Associations between trip purpose, environment, distance, and walking were analyzed using multilevel logistic regressions, accounting for demographics, neighborhood self-selection, and health status. Results: After accounting for environmental attributes, distance, and confounding factors, trip purpose remained a strong correlate of walking among older adults. Associations between distance and walking strongly differed by trip purpose (Wald Chi 2 test p < 0.001). Access to amenities, public transport stops, and street connectivity were associated with walking, although no interaction with trip purpose was observed. Conclusion: Trip purposes based on free-time activities–including visits to family and friends, and restaurants and cafés–seem to be less influenced by the barrier effect of distance on walking. While place and health studies increasingly address both the “where” and “when” of travel behaviors, the current study additionally stresses th

How urban characteristics change with total population, their scaling behavior, has become an important research field since one needs to better understand the challenges of urban densification. Yet urban scaling research is largely disconnected from intra-urban structure, and this seriously limits its operationalization. In contrast, the monocentric model of Alonso provides a residential choice-based theory to urban density profiles. However, dedicated comparative static analyses do not completely solve how the model scales with population. This article bridges this gap by simultaneously introducing power laws for land, income and transport cost in the Alonso model. We show that the equilibrium urban structure of this augmented model matches recent empirical findings about the scaling of European population density profiles and satisfactorily represents European cities. This result is however not compatible with the observed scaling power of housing land profiles, and challenges current empirical understanding of wage and transport cost elasticities with population. Our results call for revisiting theories about land development and housing processes as well as the empirics of agglomeration benefits and transport costs.

Cities constitute the main source of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Urban areas exhibit a variety of land use profiles and carbon metabolisms. Yet it is important to assess to what extent they can cope with their own emissions. We address this issue by examining how the internal spatial organization of cities can impact the flow of anthropogenic CO2 between their major sources - human activities - ; and their main storage infrastructures, with a focus here on urban green spaces and forests. Is it better to have a dense core with a peripheric green belt? Large green patches within the core centre? Or small and fragmented green spaces? The objective of the present work is to tests whether the internal spatial organization of urban areas - in terms of green infrastructure characteristics and land use types - matters for evaluating carbon sequestration potentials within urban areas. Or whether they can simply be considered as single objects with a quantity of carbon emissions and a carbon sink capacity derived directly from aggregated land use data. We present a spatially explicit urban carbon flow model. Using land use data, an emission inventory and sequestration potentials from the vegetation we allocate a carbon budget to each spatial unit within the urban systems. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are accounted from different land use categories using the TNO CAMS dataset. The potential of carbon sequestration by the urban forest is set using estimates from the literature. Urban carbon flows are then simulated for all Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) of European cities using the Urban Atlas 2012 database. Most studies on carbon dioxide uptake into vegetation at city or metropolitan scales estimate carbon stocks or aggregated carbon flows, while spatially explicit urban carbon flow analyses are made on spatially limited areas - i.e. neighbourhood level. Also, the homogenous land use data and emissions inventory at the continental level allows for a comparison of the diff

Settlement patterns are one of the main products of the Stone Age archaeological research. Their emergence processes can be explained by different models of settlement and mobility choices done by past inhabitants. In current study we explore central place foraging (CPF) model of huntergatherers as a tool for exploring formation of settlement patterns. CFP model is used for describing mobility choices of hunter-gatherer groups. It implies the groups settle at a central location and make logistic forays to surrounding areas foraging for required resources. The central location is chosen by it’s optimal position in relation to those resources and the group is willing to leave the current base location if a better alternative arises. We introduce a spatially explicit Agent-Based Model (ABM) of the CPF and explore how heterogeneous environment influences the settlement pattern formation. The motivation to move in CFP comes from changes in the environment. An important part of the change is the depletion of existing resources by the hunter-gatherers themselves. We are using the ABM model to explore how depletion process influences the dispersal of huntergatherer groups in the environment and which conditions and strategies will result in higher concentration and clustering of the population.

Settlement patterns have been one of the central products of Stone Age archaeological research. Because of long time spans and very scarce information, scientific explanations of the patterns are usually limited to just defining the areas of the phenomena of interest. Any further deductions about past communities tend to be without additional proof and thus presented as hypotheses in scientific literature. In this paper we introduce a study that seeks to create a general framework for modeling the emergence of settlement patterns. The central concept for modeling is the human / social perception of the environment and how it is related to potential residential space – places that can be used for human habitation. We hypothesize that the human perception can be used to simulate the processes of emergence of immigration and seasonal mobility. The first goal of the research is to identify possible knowledge sources (eg. paleoecology, geography, geology, anthropology) that give information about residential mobility of pre-agricultural societies. The second goal is to translate selected knowledge to algorithmic representation and evaluate its usability for modeling. The purpose of which is to find the determining factors in the emergence of the settlement patterns and to distinguish between emerging and irreducibly complex phenomena.