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Aglianico grapes are known for their high content of proanthocyanidins (PAs), which are responsible for the astringency of wines derived from this cultivar. However, the accumulation of PAs and their genetic control during berry development remain largely unexplored. This work aimed to monitor astringency causing PAs in Aglianico berries and correlate them with the expression of 14 key genes. Berries were collected during ripening and dissected in skins and seeds. PAs were fractionated and the content of total phenolics, flavans, anthocyanins, tannins reactive towards salivary proteins and tannin structural composition were evaluated. The results provided evidence that PAs were more abundant in seeds than in skins as expected, with differences in the structural composition between tissues, which did not varied during ripening. Expression analysis showed that Aglianico is able to accumulate polyphenols due to its ability to modulate key genes in a tissue-specific manner.

In the post-genomic era, one of the major challenges is the identification of alleles directly responsible for phenotype variation among different genotypes within the same species. Tomato is a model crop for understanding the development and ripening of climacteric fleshy fruits, and it is also known to be an important source of health-promoting compounds. In addition, cultivated tomato germplasm shows a high phenotypic variation despite its very low genetic diversity. Toward the identification of sequence variations responsible for stress tolerance, high fruit quality and long shelf life, we re-sequenced the genomes of two traditional landraces grown in the Campania region (Southern Italy). Crovarese, belonging to the Corbarino type (COR), and Lucariello (LUC) are typically grown under low water regimes and produce highly appreciated fruits, which can be stored up to 4-8 months. We generated 65.8M and 56.4M of paired-end 30-150 bp reads with an average insert size of 380 bp (± 52bp) and 364 bp (± 49bp) for COR and LUC, respectively. A referenceguided assembly was performed using 'Heinz 1706' as a reference genome. We estimated a mean coverage depth of ~15X for COR and 13X for LUC. Comparing the genomes of COR and LUC with that of 'Heinz 1706' we found a similar distribution of SNPs (68.8% vs. 69.9%, respectively), small deletions (8.9% vs. 8.6%) and small insertions (22.1% vs. 21.3%). Through a de novo assembly of the unmapped reads we identified 29 and 36 new contigs in COR and LUC, respectively. The new contigs could be assigned to the chromosomes thanks to the use of a splitread approach. On average, the contigs inserted in COR were 654bp, whereas those inserted in LUC were 616bp. Using custom RNA-seq data, a total of 43054 and 44576 gene loci were annotated in COR and LUC, corresponding to 62369 and 65094 transcripts, respectively. Among the genes showing a similar structure in COR and LUC compared to 'Heinz 1706', we identified ~2000 and 1700 SNPs causing potentially disruptive effects on the function of 1371 and 1201 genes in COR and LUC, respectively. Interesting GO categories highly represented in genes affected by sequence changes were identified. Major variations were present in stress-responsive genes as well as in fruit quality and development-related genes. From a practical perspective, the identified SNPs and InDels are candidate polymorphisms to track DNA variations associated to key traits of economic interest.

The objective of this work was to evaluate if cryostorage of Phaseolus vulgaris L. seeds induced variations in regenerated plants at the phenotypic and molecular levels. A series of agricultural traits was measured on plants grown from control, non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved seeds, and the genetic stability of plants of the second generation was analysed at selected microsatellite loci. The phenotype of the second generation plants was evaluated as well. No statistically significant phenotypic differences were observed for the parameters measured, neither in the first nor in the second generations. Averaging both treatments, about 76% of the seeds had germinated 10 days after sowing. At harvest we recorded plants with about 73 cm in height, 13 stem internodes, 25 fruits, 103 grains and 4 grains per fruit. One hundred seeds weighted about 26 g. The genetic analyses performed on the second generation plants using six nuclear Simple Sequences Repeats (SSR) markers revealed no changes in microsatellite length between control and cryopreserved samples, implying that there was no effect of seed liquid nitrogen exposure on genome integrity. The phenotypic and molecular results reported here confirm that cryostorage is an efficient and reliable technique to conserve P. vulgaris seeds and regenerate true-to-type plants.

Obiettivo. La tracciabilità dei prodotti alimentari tra- mite la caratterizzazione varietale delle produzioni agricole è uno degli aspetti di maggior rilievo nel cam- po della valorizzazione del patrimonio agroalimentare italiano e della tutela del consumatore. Le moderne tecniche di biologia molecolare offrono strumenti ana- litici di grande ef cacia nell’identi cazione varietale. Tra i prodotti caratteristici dell’agricoltura italiana, la patata precoce, coltivata tipicamente in Campania, Pu- glia, Sicilia e Sardegna, riveste un ruolo di primaria importanza, ma è oggetto di frodi alimentari tramite il supplemento di materiale proveniente dall’Africa set- tentrionale o da Cipro. L’obiettivo di questa ricerca è stato l’ottenimento di un ngerprinting molecolare di varietà di patata comunemente utilizzate per la produ- zione extrastagionale. Metodi. Il materiale genomico è stato estratto dai tu- beri di 22 varietà, raccolte nelle zone di origine, e ana- lizzato con otto microsatelliti e cinque combinazioni di primer AFLP. Risultati. Dal confronto dei pro li allelici è risultato che il numero minimo di loci SSR necessario per di- stinguere le varietà analizzate è stato cinque (STI0032, STG0001, STI0012, STM5127 e STM1106). L’analisi AFLP, invece, ha permesso di individuare 83 frammen- ti speci ci per le quattro varietà maggiormente colti- vate nei cicli extrastagionali e, in particolare, 34 per Sieglinde, 23 per Spunta, 15 per Elvira e 11 per Agria. Conclusione. In conclusione, è stato possibile svilup- pare nuovi marcatori molecolari speci ci di varietà di patata precoce, utili per la tracciabilità molecolare e per garantire la veridicità delle indicazioni presenti sulle etichette dei prodotti.