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Cytochrome-c-oxidase (COX) subunit 4 (COX4) plays important roles in the function, assembly and regulation of COX (mitochondrial respiratory complex 4), the terminal electron acceptor of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. The principal COX4 isoform, COX4-1, is expressed in all tissues, whereas COX4-2 is mainly expressed in the lungs, or under hypoxia and other stress conditions. We have previously described a patient with a COX4-1 defect with a relatively mild presentation compared to other primary COX deficiencies, and hypothesized that this could be the result of a compensatory upregulation of COX4-2. To this end, COX4-1 was downregulated by shRNAs in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) and compared to the patient’s cells. COX4-1, COX4-2 and HIF-1α were detected by immunocytochemistry. The mRNA transcripts of both COX4 isoforms and HIF-1 target genes were quantified by RT-qPCR. COX activity and OXPHOS function were measured by enzymatic and oxygen consumption assays, respectively. Pathways were analyzed by CEL-Seq2 and by RT-qPCR. We demonstrated elevated COX4-2 levels in the COX4-1-deficient cells, with a concomitant HIF-1α stabilization, nuclear localization and upregulation of the hypoxia and glycolysis pathways. We suggest that COX4-2 and HIF-1α are upregulated also in normoxia as a compensatory mechanism in COX4-1 deficiency.

Vertebrates possess two paralogs of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunit 4: a ubiquitous COX4-1 and a hypoxia-linked COX4-2. Mammalian COX4-2 is thought to have a role in relation to fine-tuning metabolism in low oxygen levels, conferred through both structural differences in the subunit protein structure and regulatory differences in the gene. We sought to elucidate the pervasiveness of this feature across vertebrates. The ratio of COX4-2/4-1 mRNA is generally low in mammals, but this ratio was higher in fish and reptiles, particularly turtles. The COX4-2 gene appeared unresponsive to low oxygen in nonmammalian models (zebrafish, goldfish, tilapia, anoles, and turtles) and fish cell lines. Reporter genes constructed from the amphibian and reptile homologues of the mammalian oxygen-responsive elements and hypoxiaresponsive elements did not respond to low oxygen. Unlike the rodent ortholog, the promoter of goldfish COX4-2 did not respond to hypoxia or anoxia. The protein sequences of the COX4-2 peptide showed that the disulfide bridge seen in human and rodent orthologs would be precluded in other mammalian lineages and lower vertebrates, all of which lack the requisite pair of cysteines. The coordinating ligands of the ATP-binding site are largely conserved across mammals and reptiles, but in Xenopus and fish, sequence variations may disrupt the ability of the protein to bind ATP at this site. Collectively, these results suggest that many of the genetic and structural features of COX4-2 that impart responsiveness and benefits in hypoxia may be restricted to the Euarchontoglires lineage that includes primates, lagomorphs, and rodents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytochrome-c-oxidase (COX) subunit 4 (COX4) plays important roles in the function, assembly and regulation of COX (mitochondrial respiratory complex 4), the terminal electron acceptor of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. The principal COX4 isoform, COX4-1, is expressed in all tissues, whereas COX4-2 is mainly expressed in the lungs, or under hypoxia and other stress conditions. We have previously described a patient with a COX4-1 defect with a relatively mild presentation compared to other primary COX deficiencies, and hypothesized that this could be the result of a compensatory upregulation of COX4-2. To this end, COX4-1 was downregulated by shRNAs in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) and compared to the patient's cells. COX4-1, COX4-2 and HIF-1α were detected by immunocytochemistry. The mRNA transcripts of both COX4 isoforms and HIF-1 target genes were quantified by RT-qPCR. COX activity and OXPHOS function were measured by enzymatic and oxygen consumption assays, respectively. Pathways were analyzed by CEL-Seq2 and by RT-qPCR. We demonstrated elevated COX4-2 levels in the COX4-1-deficient cells, with a concomitant HIF-1α stabilization, nuclear localization and upregulation of the hypoxia and glycolysis pathways. We suggest that COX4-2 and HIF-1α are upregulated also in normoxia as a compensatory mechanism in COX4-1 deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]