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Today's personal computers are designed and sold by Apple, IBM Corp., and others, but researchers had developed ideas and techniques they use by the mid of 1970s. This article discusses nine of those early ideas, the people who had them, and labs where they worked. The personal computer industry had a foundation to build on. The first years were like a fast-forward replay of the computer and word processing industries, assemblers, high-level languages, operating systems, superscalar CPU, and modern applications, were implemented as soon as falling cost allowed. The similarity of today's systems to the Alto, is an indication that the computer industry has consumed much of the intellectual capital developed at MIT, SRI, and PARC. Vannevar Bush, a prominent researcher at MIT developed a device called memex, which keeps an account of all books, records, and communications. Interactive computer bloomed at MIT in the 1950s, beginning with Jay Forrester's Whirlwind computer.

The article focuses on the process of automatically intermixing Arabic writing with text in European or other languages. The predominant language of the Middle East is Arabic. The societies of the Middle East are now aggressively modernizing themselves in the field of computers. Until recently, human interaction with computers in the languages of the Middle East has been hindered by the unusual properties of the native alphabets. Scores of companies are producing computer applications in the Middle East today. A design for Arabic word processing is probably best conceived in the context of Arabic desktop publishing. Automatic layout algorithms can be made remarkably competent; certainly 99.9 percent of all mixed directional text can be laid out correctly by the computer without any kind of directional indications from the typist. The technology of word processing in the Middle East is right now at the exciting phase where the peculiarities of the native scripts are yielding to sophisticated system design. Improved interaction with computers will surely bring economic and cultural gains to the societies of the Middle East, and such developments are bound to hold significance for all.

Evaluates the interfaces of an off-line document-preparation system on interactive page-presentation programs of structured documents on computers. Assessments on the functions of typesetting system formats documents; Procedures on making an on-line information data; Relevance of noninteractive document compilers on the evolution of data processing.

An application of computer-aided typesetting is introduced. A working method is described for publishing ALGOL by computerized translation from Hardware into Reference representation, computerized planning of typographical layout and computerized control of a typesetting machine. The point is made that experts in science, technology, and programming are guaranteed a correct ALGOL documentation without spending valuable time and power on typographic considerations and proofreading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Mathematical texts can be computerized in many ways that capture differing amounts of the mathematical meaning. At one end, there is document imaging, which captures the arrangement of black marks on paper, while at the other end there are proof assistants (e.g., Mizar, Isabelle, Coq, etc.), which capture the full mathematical meaning and have proofs expressed in a formal foundation of mathematics. In between, there are computer typesetting systems (e.g., ▪ and Presentation MathML) and semantically oriented systems (e.g., Content MathML, OpenMath, OMDoc, etc.). The MathLang project was initiated in 2000 by Fairouz Kamareddine and Joe Wells with the aim of developing an approach for computerizing mathematical texts and knowledge which is flexible enough to connect the different approaches to computerization, which allows various degrees of formalization, and which is compatible with different logical frameworks (e.g., set theory, category theory, type theory, etc.) and proof systems. The approach is embodied in a computer representation, which we call MathLang, and associated software tools, which are being developed by ongoing work. Three Ph.D. students (Manuel Maarek (2002/2007), Krzysztof Retel (since 2004), and Robert Lamar (since 2006)) and over a dozen master''s degree and undergraduate students have worked on MathLang. The project''s progress and design choices are driven by the needs for computerizing real representative mathematical texts chosen from various branches of mathematics. Currently, MathLang supports entry of mathematical text either in an XML format or using the ▪ editor. Methods are provided for adding, checking, and displaying various information aspects. One aspect is a kind of weak type system that assigns categories (term, statement, noun (class), adjective (class modifier), etc.) to parts of the text, deals with binding names to meanings, and checks that a kind of grammatical sense is maintained. Another aspect allows weaving together mathematical meaning and visual presentation and can associate natural language text with its mathematical meaning. Another aspect allows identifying chunks of text, marking their roles (theorem, definition, explanation, example, section, etc.), and indicating relationships between the chunks (A uses B, A contradicts B, A follows from B, etc.). Software tool support can use this aspect to check and explain the overall logical structure of a text. Further aspects are being designed to allow adding additional formality to a text such as proof structure and details of how a human-readable proof is encoded into a fully formalized version (so far this has only been done for Mizar and started for Isabelle). A number of mathematical texts have been computerized, helping with the development of these aspects, and indicating what additional work is needed for the future. This paper surveys the past and future work of the MathLang project. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An interview with Kurt Akeley and Pat Hanrahan, graphics-programming veterans, is presented. Both agree that graphics processing unit has solved the problem with regards to the availability of computing power at the least amount. Akeley and Hanrahan elaborate on the issue of exposing silicon graphics incorporated machines that have programmable microcode engines.

This article presents time saving tips when using the Mac operating system. The AutoCorrect feature in Word X and 2004 automatically fixes common spelling mistakes, but it can be used to avoid repetitive typing of commonly used words or phrases. It can also be used to quickly type symbols without opening the Insert: Symbol dialog box again. In Word 2004, the Comments pane has been replaced by the Reviewing pane and it is available only from the Reviewing Pane button on the Reviewing toolbar. But it is possible to bring it to the regular toolbar. AppleWorks 6 allows users to listen for errors. To add a Speak Text button to the button bar, choose AppleWorks: Preferences: Button Bar and drag the Speak Text button from the Word Processing group onto the Button Bar. Select the text and click on the button to hear it read aloud. When copying text from e-mail or the Web into AppleWorks documents, strange line breaks may creep in. Nisus Writer Express offers a useful feature called Document Manager, which keeps track of documents. One can start all documents in Document Manager by setting the appropriate option in Nisus' General Preferences, but it is easier to go down to the Autosave option in the same box and set it to save every minute. The application will save new documents into Document Manager by default.

Focuses on a computerized typesetting language for scientists. Device-independent files; Pull-down menus of symbols; Scientific word processing software packages.

The article reports on developments in electronic image processing and publishing. According to the author, more developed software and machines enable high quality graphics and typeset documents to be produced using only a personal computer. Other developments in desktop publishing and the computer models equipped with these capabilities are highlighted in the article.

The article reports that "The New York Times" has closed down its Linotypes and switched to automated typesetting and new high-speed methods of making printing plates. Sections like Weekend, Living, and SportsMonday have been added to its national and international news. The editorial and sales staff have also undergone reorganization so that no talent is wasted. With readers and advertisers showing interest in New York, "The New York Times" tested readership interest to small groups of homes in Chicago, Illinois, Cleveland, Ohio and Detroit, Michigan.

The article focuses on the problem faced by temporary-help firms with typists trying to pass themselves off as word processors. Temporary-help firms are having trouble meeting the demand for word processing personnel. But agencies also realize that incompetent staffers can cost them clients. Terence Adderley, president of Kelly Services Inc., is convinced that good word processing operators are in the labor market and the only problem is finding them. So he bought from Kee Inc., a small computer maker, a testing device that functions a simulator. Kelly's 550 offices received the new machines. By switching keyboards and diskettes, they can grade an operator's performance on six of the most popular word processing models.

The article focuses on the Bureau of International Commerce of the U.S. Department of Commerce's report on EDP markets in France, Sweden and Italy, in connection with the Departments Global Marketing Program for EDP. The French EDP market is growing at an annual rate of 20 percent. It is therefore expected to rise from its 1969 level of $387 million, when the value of all French EDP installations was estimated at $1,8 billion, to $900 million by the end of 1974. French EDP imports are also expected to grow from about $85 million in 1969 $30 million from the U.S. to $264 million in 1974. Swedish purchases of $54 million of EDP equipment in 1969 will reach $112 million by 1973. U.S. makers of computer terminals and peripherals now hold about 80 percent of the Italian market for their equipment. Products with the highest sales potential in Sweden include: small and medium scale computers, data transmission equipment, CRT terminals, computerized typesetting systems, and disk memories.

The article reports on the development of electronic typesetting in production and printing processes in the U.S. It highlights the application of computerized typesetting in assembling and sorting McGraw-Hill Book Cos.' "Electronics Buyers' Guide for 1965," a directory of electronic manufacturers. It explains that apart from its savings in printing and production, the new typesetting process is also beneficial in arranging computer-sorted data and making corrections and editions.

An introduction to the issue is presented discussing the periodical's photocomposition manager James Cianelli, focusing on the computerized typesetting system he constructed.

The article reports on the move of the "New York Post" publisher Dorothy Schiff to suspend the newspaper publication temporarily when union printers refuse to permit computerized typesetting.

This section offers news briefs in the U.S. in 1963. A line of ultra-pure spectrographic-grade chemicals was introduced by U.S. Testing Co. in July 1963. The U.S. Post Office is planning to start the testing of an air mail extractor on August 1, 1963. International Business Machines Corporation reportedly includes additional automatic operation to its computerized typesetting program.

Publishing Needs Spur Enhanced Word Processing User interest in desktop publishing has spurred the addition of many of the latest features found in word-processing packages. Graphics, side-by-side columns and advanced [...]

Present advice on word processing. Details on automated text-entry systems in Word 97 and 2000 and WordPerfect 8 and 9; Instructions on splitting lines of text, creating instant heading styles and creating a personalized toolbar.

By Caroline Halliday Buyers who want to add fonts to their LaserJet-compatible printers can be overwhelmed by the choices. Options include font cartridges and many types of soft fonts. Font […]

Obstacles to hospitals implementing computerized physician order entry (CPOE), including high costs and physician resistance, can be addressed by strong hospital and physician leadership and a focus on the patient [...]

Provides information on computer typesetting. Spreadsheet, as one of the most corrupting game to run on a computer; Significance of Professor Donald Knuth's invention of computer typesetting; Information on the P22 type foundry.

Page-Description Language Increases Power, Sophistication of Laser Printers When low-cost laser printers first hit the market in 1984, they offered PC users a promising tool for producing top-quality documents. Unfortunately, [...]