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Objective The aim of this study was to report our experience in the surgical treatment of compound depressed fractures over the venous sinuses with special highlights on the prediction and dealing with intraoperative sinus injury. Materials and Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all patients who underwent surgery for compound depressed fractures overlying the dural venous sinuses in our hospital between January 2019 and December 2021. Results A total of 34 patients were included in our study. The mean age of the patients was 19.85 years, most of our patients were males 27 (79.4%), and isolated head trauma was the most common mode of trauma (76.5%). The superior sagittal sinus (SSS) was distinguished as the most commonly involved venous sinus below the fractures in 28 patients (82.4%). An intraoperative tear in the sinus was found in 17 patients (50%), which was easily controlled with different methods. In two patients who had a severe head injury with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of ≤8 associated with a fissure fracture crossing the sinus, there was a complete tear of the sinus followed by massive bleeding, which required sinus ligation. We lost both of them in following days. Conclusion In experienced tertiary neurotrauma centers, compound depressed fractures over the venous sinuses should be surgically elevated in most cases, taking into consideration that bleeding from the sinus can be controlled in most cases, and complete tear of the sinus with massive bleeding is the least scenario faced in reality and is usually associated with a severe head injury. If expert opinion favors the conservative approach, then close follow-up for months is recommended due to the high possibility of sinus thrombosis and intracranial hypertension, especially in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant and devastating brain cancer characterized by its ability to rapidly and aggressively grow, infiltrating brain tissue, with nearly universal recurrence after the standard of care (SOC), which comprises maximal safe resection followed by chemoirradiation (CRT). The metabolic triggers leading to the reprogramming of tumor behavior and resistance are an area increasingly studied in relation to the tumor molecular features associated with outcome. There are currently no metabolomic biomarkers for GBM. Studying the metabolomic alterations in GBM patients undergoing CRT could uncover the biochemical pathways involved in tumor response and resistance, leading to the identification of novel biomarkers and the optimization of the treatment response. The feature selection process identifies key factors to improve the model's accuracy and interpretability. This study utilizes a combined feature selection approach, incorporating both Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and Minimum Redundancy–Maximum Relevance (mRMR), alongside a rank-based weighting method (i.e., MetaWise) to link metabolomic biomarkers to CRT and the 12-month and 20-month overall survival (OS) status in patients with GBM. Our method shows promising results, reducing feature dimensionality when employed on serum-based large-scale metabolomic datasets (University of Florida) for all our analyses. The proposed method successfully identified a set of eleven serum biomarkers shared among three datasets. The computational results show that the utilized method achieves 96.711%, 92.093%, and 86.910% accuracy rates with 48, 46, and 33 selected features for the CRT, 12-month, and 20-month OS-based metabolomic datasets, respectively. This discovery has implications for developing personalized treatment plans and improving patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effect of interfacial reaction phase growth on the properties of titanium-steel clad plate, the rolled titanium-steel clad plate was heat treated at 1000 °C for 1-10 h. Then, the microstructure and reaction phase generation growth mechanism of the composite interface under different holding times were analyzed. And the mechanical properties of the bonding interface of the composite plate were tested by nanoindentation test, hardness test and tensile test. The results showed that when heated at 1000 °C for various holding durations, there was no new alteration in the interface microstructure. TiC, Fe2Ti, and FeTi compounds were generated at the interface bond as the holding duration rises due to the accelerated diffusion of elements at the interface. These compounds accumulated at the interfacial junction with a staggered distribution. According to the diffusion thermodynamics and experimental results, the mechanism of the formation and growth of the compound at the bonding interface was constructed. The reaction phase was not altered by the lengthened holding period, but it did encourage compound development and result in a thicker reaction layer. The tensile strength of the titanium-steel composite plate steadily declined as the thickness of the reaction layer rose, which caused interfacial delamination and a dramatic shift in the tensile curve of the composite plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) were used to optimize the back propagation（BP） neural network to establish the prediction model of Mooney viscosity of ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) compound, and the error of the prediction results was compared and analyzed. The results showed that the predicted va-lues of the BP neural network model optimized by the two algorithms all maintained a high degree of fit and correlation with the measured values. Compared with the single BP neural network, the accuracy of the GA-BP neural network prediction model increased by 58.9% and the accuracy of the PSO-BP model increased by 3.57%, which indicated that the prediction accuracy of the prediction model optimized by the two algorithms, especially the BP neural network prediction model optimized by GA, improved significantly Mooney viscosity of EPDM compound.

The I-V characteristics of heterostructures n-GaAs – p-(ZnSe)1–x–y(Ge2)x(GaAs1–δBiδ) exhibit a characteristic quadratic law - J~V2 I-V curve, followed by a sharp pre-breakdown current growth, which well explains the observed straight branch of the I-V characteristics and this regularity remains unchanged at different temperatures. The analysis of the I-V characteristics of n‑GaAs‑p‑(ZnSe)1‑x‑y(Ge2)x(GaAs1–δBiδ) heterostructures with an extended intermediate solid solution layer shows that the drift mechanism of charge transport predominates under forward bias conditions.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) possess a significant ability to renew themselves, which gives them a strong capacity to form tumors and expand to encompass additional body areas. In addition, they possess inherent resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapies used to treat many forms of cancer. Scientists have focused on investigating the signaling pathways that are highly linked to the ability of CSCs to renew themselves and maintain their stem cell properties. The pathways encompassed are Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, STAT3, NF-κB, PI-3K/Akt/mTOR, sirtuin, ALDH, MDM2, and ROS. Recent studies indicate that directing efforts towards CSC cells is essential in eradicating the overall cancer cell population and reducing the likelihood of tumor metastasis. As our comprehension of the mechanisms that stimulate CSC activity, growth, and resistance to chemotherapy advances, the discovery of therapeutic drugs specifically targeting CSCs, such as small-molecule compounds, holds the potential to revolutionize cancer therapy. This review article examines and analyzes the novel anti-CSC compounds that have demonstrated effective and selective targeting of pathways associated with the renewal and stemness of CSCs. We also discussed their special drug metabolism and absorption mechanisms. CSCs have been the subject of much study in cancer biology. As a possible treatment for malignancies, small-molecule drugs that target CSCs are gaining more and more attention. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current state of key small-molecule compounds, summarizes their recent developments, and anticipates the future discovery of even more potent and targeted compounds, opening up new avenues for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-speed dry milling process for high-strength steel is widely used in the aerospace field, which can achieve good machining quality and accuracy while reducing the use of cutting fluid. However, unsuitable milling parameters can cause excessive vibration of the machine tool and even chattering of the milling system, which in turn affects the machining process. Thus, it is necessary to find the milling parameters boundaries of high-speed dry milling for high-strength steel. In this paper, based on the nonlinear milling force model, the regenerative effect and modal coupling are taken into account to establish a three-dimensional dynamic model for high-speed dry milling of high-strength steel, and the stability lobe diagram (SLD) is obtained by using the compound Simpson integration method (CoSIM), which is proved to be accurate and effective by numerical and experimental verification. The method fits using additional known time points and their responses, resulting in more accurate SLDs. Numerical validation results demonstrate that the method has higher prediction accuracy and convergence speed while maintaining higher computational rates. The study conducts experimental verification through multiple sets of high-speed dry milling experiments, demonstrating that the anticipated SLD findings are largely congruent with experimental outcomes. Consequently, the model and solution approach demonstrate significant potential in the selection of milling parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medical device industry is constantly innovating in the search for materials that demonstrate superior performance, better intrinsic characteristics, profitability, and a positive impact on potential patients. The thermoplastic polymer resin Pebax® 5533D is one of the most widely used commercial materials for manufacturing medical device parts due to its easy processability. However, its mechanical and thermal properties require improvements to mitigate identified manufacturing defects, such as a decrease in material flexibility, high susceptibility to moisture, and thermal degradation during processing. Therefore, this study integrated different materials, such as plasticizers and filler additives, to produce a polymer compound prototype formula as a solution technique to enhance the current material's performance. Modifying mechanical and rheological properties allows to evaluate the impacts on the polymeric material's flexibility and thermal behavior. This was achieved by processing mixed additives using injector-molding equipment to obtain equal-molded samples of every formula. In addition, material characterization was performed to determine the variations in the samples' crystallization, flexural strength, and moisture content. Calcium stearate was determined to be the most significant component serving as a mechanical resistance modifier and thermal stabilizer alongside calcium chloride as a moisture content reducer combined with Pebax® 5533D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The I-V characteristics of heterostructures n-GaAsp-(ZnSe)1-x-y(Ge2)x(GaAs1-δBiδ) exhibit a characteristic quadratic law - J~V² I-V curve, followed by a sharp pre-breakdown current growth, which well explains the observed straight branch of the I-V characteristics and this regularity remains unchanged at different temperatures. The analysis of the I-V characteristics of n-GaAs-p-(ZnSe) 1-x-y(Ge2)x(GaAs1-δBiδ) heterostructures with an extended intermediate solid solution layer shows that the drift mechanism of charge transport predominates under forward bias conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the dielectric behaviour and electrical conduction properties of Y6-xBa4Ybx(SiO4)6O2 (YBaSiO: xYb) compounds. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was utilized to obtain the surface microstructure of the compound. The micrographs showed both the circular and elongated shape of grains and their random distribution. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to confirm the presence of bond formations in the compounds. From the spectra, it was observed that the peaks at 690 cm−1 and a band from 850 cm−1 to 998 cm−1 are due to the stretching frequency of Y-O molecules and Si-O molecules, respectively. The peak centred at 1464 cm−1 is of vibration modes of Ba2+ions. These peaks confirmed the formation of oxy-apatite compounds. Both the dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss, decreases with increasing values of frequency due to reduction in the polarization effects on the higher side of frequency. This is because the dipole orientation lags with the rapidly reversing alternating current (ac) field. The value of dielectric loss was found to range between, 0 – 3.5 in frequency ∼ 100 Hz and 0 – 0.5 in frequency ∼ 100,000 Hz, up to temperature 500 °C. The impedance value decreases and hence a. c. conductivity increases, at higher frequencies. The increment in ac values followed the universal power law. The Nyquist plot showed that the area under the curves reduces and hence indicates negative temperature coefficient of resistance i.e., NTCR behaviour of compounds. The obtained results suggest the utilization of compound in electrical devices as power loss component, solid oxide fuel cells, and capacitors etc.

In this research, a comprehensive study of the effect of doping silicon with gold on the optical properties and morphology of silicon layers was carried out. For this purpose, the methods of Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used. The results of the study showed that the transition from original silicon to gold-doped silicon leads to significant changes in the optical properties and morphology of the layers. Raman spectra showed characteristic peaks in the regions of 144, 304, 402, 464, 522, 948 and 973 cm–1, associated with the violation of long-range order of the crystal lattice and the interaction of gold with silicon. The intensity and position of the peaks in the spectra allowed us to draw conclusions about structural changes, including a decrease in crystallinity and the formation of amorphous and nanocrystalline structures in the samples after treatment at 1373 K. New peaks in the Raman spectra associated with Au-Au stretching and the formation of new bonds Si-Au, confirm the processes in silicon layers when alloyed with gold. SEM studies provided information on the structure, chemical composition and arrangement of n-Si-Au and p-Si-Au samples. The spherical arrangement of gold atoms on the surface of single-crystalline silicon was experimentally established, which indicates the diffusion of gold and the formation of gold silicate, which introduces a positive charge to the interface. Morphological changes included an increase in the number of agglomerates with nanocrystals smaller than 7–9 nm and an increase in the transparency of the layer. These results indicate the possibility of improving the photosensitivity of heterostructures with a Si–Au composite layer due to the quantum-size and plasmonic effects of inclusions containing silicon and gold nanoparticles.

South Sumatra, a province in Indonesia, is inhabited by several tribes. The geographical landscape surrounded by primary and secondary forests is a natural resource for the local communities in dealing with medical problems. They use plants as traditional medicine from generation to generation. The used parts include roots, stems, leaves, and sap that are biologically active to treat some diseases from moderate to deadly diseases. Based on literature studies, there are 250 plant species from 79 families processed by local communities in South Sumatra in some ethnobotanical activities. The dominant plant families are Fabaceae (5.6%), Asteraceae (4.8%), Euphorbiaceae (4.4%), Poaceae (4.4%), Myrtaceae (3.6%), Rubiaceae (3.6%), Rutaceae (3.6%), Solanaceae (3.6%), and Piperaceae (3.2%). Among many methods, boiling is the most common method in processing medicinal plants as it is considered more effective in extracting the bioactive compounds.

The article examines the mythopoetic concept of the ‘world’ (Old Norse heimr) and its derivatives — toponyms with the suffix -heimr in the Poetic Edda. It involves a thorough analysis of their meanings and their significance in the Eddic mythopoetic framework. The methodology for studying this lexical unit and its derivatives is based on a thesaurus description of folk terminology, alongside an exploration of polysemy within epic texts and lexicological investigations of key concepts in the Rigveda. Employing an integrated approach, the analysis considers various factors such as statistical distribution, grammatical case paradigms, syntactical functions of predicates, etymology to understand semantic motivations, mythology to reveal connections to mythological elements, poetic devices like alliteration and repetitions, and the relationship between linguistic signs and referents in the extralinguistic world. The predominance of singular forms (28) over plural forms (8) suggests two significant points: the existence of multiple worlds in the Eddic mythopoetic model initially, and an evolutionary progression from a collection of similar objects towards a unified whole. This semantic evolution is exemplified by the transition from ‘dwellings of giants’ (plural iǫtna heimar) to ‘Dwelling of giants’ = ‘World of Giants’ (singular Iǫtun-heimr). The Old Norse term heimr is associated with the universal world model depicted as a world tree (nine worlds = nine roots of Iggdrasill in Völuspá). It contributes to the construction of the Eddic chronotope in which the world tree, along with its roots (representing worlds), is described as located “under the earth,” signifying its origin. It also demonstrates temporalization, being linked with the temporal concept of age (Old Norse ƍld) and exhibits anthropocentric orientation.

The transcriptome profile is a representative phenotype-based descriptor of compounds, widely acknowledged for its ability to effectively capture compound effects. However, the presence of batch differences is inevitable. Despite the existence of sophisticated statistical methods, many of them presume a substantial sample size. How should we design a transcriptome analysis to obtain robust compound profiles, particularly in the context of small datasets frequently encountered in practical scenarios? This study addresses this question by investigating the normalization procedures for transcriptome profiles, focusing on the baseline distribution employed in deriving biological responses as profiles. Firstly, we investigated two large GeneChip datasets, comparing the impact of different normalization procedures. Through an evaluation of the similarity between response profiles of biological replicates within each dataset and the similarity between response profiles of the same compound across datasets, we revealed that the baseline distribution defined by all samples within each batch under batch-corrected condition is a good choice for large datasets. Subsequently, we conducted a simulation to explore the influence of the number of control samples on the robustness of response profiles across datasets. The results offer insights into determining the suitable quantity of control samples for diminutive datasets. It is crucial to acknowledge that these conclusions stem from constrained datasets. Nevertheless, we believe that this study enhances our understanding of how to effectively leverage transcriptome profiles of compounds and promotes the accumulation of essential knowledge for the practical application of such profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fungal diseases are not an exception to the current antibiotic resistance situation. Antimicrobial stewardship programs and high drug screening are two of the measures that are being used. Today, fungal infections are severe health problems. Utilizing plant-based natural compounds that are effective against various human pathogenic fungi is one method for preventing the issues associated with fungal infection. In this research, extracts are used as an option to treat patients with Candida albicans infection. The research aimed to examine the antifungal properties of an ethanol extract from Parameria laevigata (Juss.) Moldenke stem bark against C. albicans isolated from patients. Methods: This research used a microdilution method. C. albicans from patients diagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis. The test sample is 70% and 96% ethanol extracted from P. laevigata stem bark. Data analysis used One-way ANOVA with a P value of 0.000. Results: The result showed that PLE-70 can inhibit the growth of C. albicans with the highest %inhibition for ATCC 14053, CP-1, CP-2, CP-3, and CP-4, respectively 36.39%; 37.51%; 38.66%; 45.78%; 84.87%. PLE-96 can inhibit the growth of C. albicans with the highest %inhibition for ATCC 14053, CP-1, CP-2, CP-3, and CP-4 respectively 17.49%; 17.77%; 29.27%; 34.12%; 38.42%. Conclusion: It was concluded that the ethanol extract from P. laevigata stem bark can inhibit C. albicans isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—Ultrafine ZnO–ZnS powder with d-metal oxide additions, namely, V2O5, MnO, Fe2O3, CoO, NiO, and CuO are studied. The alloying of the ZnO–ZnS system with d metals changes the morphology of the synthesized powders. The particle size distribution obeys a lognormal law. An addition of d metal oxide upon the synthesis of ZnO–ZnS composite shifts the maximum of the particle-size distribution to the larger sizes. The more probable particle size in the samples alloyed with iron and cobalt (530 nm) exceeds that of unalloyed samples (320 nm) by more than 1.6 times. All the synthesized samples are found to be characterized by excess oxygen. The zinc, sulfur, and oxygen contents in the unalloyed ZnO–ZnS compositions is 48.0, 12.8, and 39.2 at %, respectively. The synthesis of the ZnO–ZnS composition together with transition metal oxides does not change the hexagonal and cubic symmetry of zinc sulfide and hexagonal symmetry of the zinc oxide. The presence of iron leads to an increase in the coherent domain size of the ZnS phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a comprehensive study of the effect of doping silicon with gold on the optical properties and morphology of silicon layers was carried out. For this purpose, the methods of Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used. The results of the study showed that the transition from original silicon to gold-doped silicon leads to significant changes in the optical properties and morphology of the layers. Raman spectra showed characteristic peaks in the regions of 144, 304, 402, 464, 522, 948 and 973 cm-1, associated with the violation of long-range order of the crystal lattice and the interaction of gold with silicon. The intensity and position of the peaks in the spectra allowed us to draw conclusions about structural changes, including a decrease in crystallinity and the formation of amorphous and nanocrystalline structures in the samples after treatment at 1373 K. New peaks in the Raman spectra associated with Au-Au stretching and the formation of new bonds Si-Au, confirm the processes in silicon layers when alloyed with gold. SEM studies provided information on the structure, chemical composition and arrangement of n-Si-Au and p-Si-Au samples. The spherical arrangement of gold atoms on the surface of single-crystalline silicon was experimentally established, which indicates the diffusion of gold and the formation of gold silicate, which introduces a positive charge to the interface. Morphological changes included an increase in the number of agglomerates with nanocrystals smaller than 7-9 nm and an increase in the transparency of the layer. These results indicate the possibility of improving the photosensitivity of heterostructures with a Si-Au composite layer due to the quantum-size and plasmonic effects of inclusions containing silicon and gold nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Nymphaea plants were traditionally used to treat diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction. The present study investigated the effects of an ethanolic extract of Nymphaea pubescens Willd. (commonly named water lily, WL) and its main compound 1 (quercetin 3-methyl ether 3'-O-β-xylopyranoside) on vascular function in rats. Materials and methods: The vasorelaxant effects of the WL extract and its main compound 1 and their underlying mechanisms of action were evaluated on isolated mesenteric arteries from Wistar rats. Blood pressure and heart ratewere measured in anesthetized rats after infusion (i.v) of vehicle, WL extract, and compound 1 (at 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1mg/kg). Nifedipine was used as a positive control. Results: Both WL extract and compound 1 induced vasorelaxant effects (with EC50 of 0.08 ± 0.01mg/mL and 42.8 ± 6.3 µM, respectively) that were reduced by endothelium removal. A significant decrease in these relaxations was observed with L-NAME but not with apamin--charybdotoxin or indomethacin. In the endotheliumdenuded condition, WL extract-induced relaxation was enhanced by 4-aminopyridine and glibenclamide, while iberiotoxin and ODQ (1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one) had no effect. In contrast, compound 1-induced relaxation was not changed by any of these inhibitors. Both WL extract and compound 1 enhanced sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation and inhibited receptor-operated Ca2+ channels.Only the WL extract was able to reduce PE-induced contraction (p < 0.001). As compared to the vehicle, the infusion of WL extract and compound 1 lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Interestingly, the hypotensive effect of the compound was similar to that of nifedipine. The rebound tachycardia found at the highest dose of nifedipine was not observed with the WL extract or compound 1 (p < 0.05). Conclusion and discussion: Our study demonstrated a vasorelaxant effect of the WLextract and itsmain compound quercetin 3-methyl ether 3'-O-β-xylopyranoside, relying on the potentiation of the NO-cGMP pathway and calcium inhibitory effects. These vasorelaxant effects were associated with a potent hypotensive effect, providing pharmacological evidence for the traditional use of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The increasing need for sustainable alternatives to synthetic insecticides has driven the analysis of extracts from Solanum habrochaites, a wild tomato, through fractionated column chromatography. Potential bioactive compounds for pest management, a clean and promising biotechnological solution, have been reported from this plant. The objective is to provide detailed gas chromatography data, including peaks, structural formulas, and retention indices for the extracts of S. habrochaites aerial parts. Column chromatographic analysis was conducted with five fractions (F1, F2, F5, F3, and F4) of S. habrochaites extracts. Long-chain hydrocarbons such as hexadecanoic acid and docosano were identified in the F1 fraction; fatty acid esters, including hexadecanoate and octadecenoate ethyls in the F2 and methyl ketones, with tridecan-2-one as the major component in the F5, while no identifiable compounds were disclosed in the F3 and F4 fractions. The column chromatography provided valuable insights into compounds in the F1, F2, and F5 fractions of S. habrochaites extracts, highlighting fatty acid esters, long-chain hydrocarbons, and methyl ketones. The bioactive compounds, from extracts of this plant, including the first record of the docosanoate, hexadecanoate and octadecanoate ethyls in S. habrochaites and Solanaceae, reinforces their promising biological application in different areas of science.

In order to promote the virtuous cycle of economic society, minimize the harm of red mud and manganese slag and maximize the efficiency of processing and utilization of red mud and manganese slag; in order to analyze the influence of red mud and manganese slag on the performance of matrix asphalt, this paper conducts multiple groups of compound proportion tests after fully mixing red mud and manganese slag, and finally determines the optimal compound proportion of 1：1.5. The red mud manganese slag compound modified asphalt binder was prepared by adding the powder-oil ratio of 0, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15%, 18%, 21% and 24% to the matrix asphalt by the external mixing method. Through the determination of three indexes of modified asphalt binder, the modification effect of different dosage on matrix asphalt is analyzed. From a large number of experimental data, it is concluded that when the mixing ratio is 15%, the three indexes of modified asphalt binder are the best. In this paper, the grey correlation theory is used to analyze the correlation between the dosage of the compound modifier and the penetration, ductility and softening point of the matrix asphalt. It is concluded that the addition of the compound modifier has the most obvious influence on the penetration at 10 ℃, followed by the penetration at 20 ℃, the softening point, the penetration at 25 ℃, the penetration at 30 ℃, the penetration at 15 ℃, the delay at 5 ℃ and the delay at 15 ℃. The adsorption process of red mud compound manganese slag and asphalt was qualitatively simulated by molecular dynamics theory, and the interaction energy between red mud compound manganese slag modified asphalt binder and matrix asphalt was quantitatively calculated, and the modification mechanism of modified asphalt was analyzed.

A systematic analytical approach has been developed to comprehensively characterize the creep damage material properties of coatings on thin-layer substrates. This involves conducting creep tests using a compound, two-material, miniaturized thin plate specimen (MTPS) with an inverse approach. For demonstration, independent creep tests were performed on miniature specimens of the substrate (P91 steel) and the coating (CoNiCrAlY) at 650 °C, as well as on compound substrate-coating specimens. The reference stress method, coupled with finite element analysis, was utilized to obtain conversion parameters for strain data from the miniature specimen tests. Analytical solutions for the Kachanov creep damage model specific to the two-material substrate-coating system were adopted for inverse optimization. The MTPS testing method and the associated inverse approach have proven effective in accurately determining the complete three-stage creep constants within the coating-substrate system. Results obtained for the P91–CoNiCrAlY coated system have shown a clear demonstration of the accuracy and capability of the method in identifying the full sets of uniaxial creep damage properties, i.e. A, n, m, B, χ, and φ, provided the feasible experimental data are available.

The study and description of toponyms is one of the oldest topics in linguistics (Levinson, 2003) and philology. It is an area of study that explains the history of a region and describes topographical features of the landscape. Place names encode multiple pieces of information that a linguistic and anthropological analysis helps to reveal. The objective of this article is to describe the toponyms of the Yucatec Maya of Kopchen, Quintana Roo, focusing on their meanings through the description of their lexical-morphological and phonological properties. The ethnography of communication (Gumperz and Hymes 1964) is used here, employing semi-structured interviews for the elaboration of the corpus. This article shows that the morphemes that form the native Mayan toponyms reveal information directly related to the place, in contrast to the toponyms that come from Spanish. All toponyms are multimorphemic; lexical morphemes refer to different categories of words. The head of a toponym was crucial in determining endocentric constructions and exocentric constructions. Morphologically, only the feminine gender or individualizing mark (i)x and the suffix -il are observed in toponyms. However, at the clausal level there are more inflectional morphemes in toponyms. Phonologically, toponyms borrowed from Spanish adapt to the phonological rules of Yucatec Maya with vowel lengthening and then receiving tones. The loanwords become more and more complex according to the different productions of the speakers. This article reveals several points that help the literature in general to broaden its knowledge about toponymy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT: The development of large-scale and intensive breeding models has led to increasingly prominent oxidative stress issues in animal husbandry production. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is an important extract with a variety of biological activities. It is an effective antioxidant drug and shows different antioxidant capacities due to its different chemical structures. Therefore, it is a new research target to determine the proportion of chlorogenic acid isomers with high antioxidant activity to resist the damage caused by oxidative stress. In this experiment, the antioxidant activities of the chlorogenic acid monomer and its compounds were compared by a series of in vitro antioxidant indexes. Based on the above experiments, it was found that LB and LC have superior antioxidant abilities (P < 0.05). Subsequently, 300 healthy 1-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) male broilers with no significant difference in body weight (about 44 g) were randomly selected and randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 10 chickens in each replicate. One group was the control group, 1 group was the model group, and the remaining 3 groups were the experimental groups. At 37 d of age, animals in the control group were injected with normal saline, and animals in the other 4 groups were injected with 1 mL/kg 5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through the chest muscle before the supplementation. The control group (control) and the model group (PC) were fed a standard diet. The remaining 3 groups included the CGA group, LB group (CIB), and LC group (CIC). In these groups, 50 g/t chlorogenic acid, LB compound, or LC compound were added to the basal diet, respectively, and the other feeding conditions remained consistent. The addition of the LB complex to the diet could significantly improve the growth performance and antioxidant performance of broilers (P < 0.05), upregulate the expression of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway-related genes in liver and jejunum (P < 0.05), regulate the disordered intestinal flora, and alleviate the damage caused by oxidative stress. These results suggested for the first time that the LB complex exhibited superior effects in vitro and vivo.

The chosen of ligands directly affects the self-assembly behaviors of uranyl compounds, and plays a critical role in the structure and function of the compounds. In this work, several ligands were selected to assembled with uranyl ions by hydrothermal method, and three uranyl coordination polymers(CPs) based on viologen functional groups were synthesized. The main skeleton of the CPs is one-dimensional(1D) chain structure. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 exhibit obvious fluorescence properties. In addition, compound 2 exhibit significantly reversible photochromic/thermochromic properties. Ultraviolet-visible spectrum and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR) spectrum indicate that the reversible color change is due to the generation of viologen radicals from viologen ligands after irradiation. This research has realized the assembly and synthesis of several uranyl CPs based on viologen ligands, and lead to design and development of more functional materials containing depleted uranium.

Trichomonas gallinae is a protozoan parasite that is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, and infects captive and wild bird species throughout the world. Although metronidazole has been the drug of choice against trichomoniasis for decades, most Trichomonas gallinae strains have developed resistance. Therefore, drugs with new modes of action or targets are urgently needed. Here, we report the development and application of a cell-based CCK-8 method for the high-throughput screening and identification of new inhibitors of Trichomonas gallinae as a beginning point for the development of new treatments for trichomoniasis. We performed the high-throughput screening of 173 anti-parasitic compounds, and found 16 compounds that were potentially effective against Trichomonas gallinae. By measuring the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) and median cytotoxic concentration (CC50), we identified 3 potentially safe and effective compounds against Trichomonas gallinae: anisomycin, fumagillin, and MG132. In conclusion, this research successfully established a high-throughput screening method for compounds and identified 3 new safe and effective compounds against Trichomonas gallinae, providing a new treatment scheme for trichomoniasis.

Sonneratia is an important mangrove plant, and its fruit has been used as traditional medicine and food in southeast China. With recent research focusing on its compounds and activities, an increasing number of compounds with novel structures and excellent antitumor, antioxidant, and other activities have been discovered. This review covered the compounds and activities of six species of the genus Sonneratia and their endophytes. To date, 116 compounds of Sonneratia have been reported, including 26 terpenoids, 9 flavonoids, 17 phenols, 9 lignans, 27 acid lipids, 16 steroids, and 12 other compounds. The main activities of the compounds in Sonneratia are antioxidant, antitumor, liver protection, antibacterial, and antidiabetic. Research on the compounds of endophytes from Sonneratia was first reported in 2009, and 56 compounds have been isolated, which mainly include sesquiterpenes, peptides, phenanthropyran ring-structured acids, pyrones, and anthracene derivatives. Individual compounds have been produced in Sonneratia and their endophytes that have the same structural fragments, and their interactions with small molecules and sources require further study. Recent advances in the bioactivities and compounds in the Sonneratia genus and their endophytes were summarized in this review, which is useful for the future isolation and discovery of active compounds and research regarding chemical ecology from the perspective of secondary metabolites.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) possess a significant ability to renew themselves, which gives them a strong capacity to form tumors and expand to encompass additional body areas. In addition, they possess inherent resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapies used to treat many forms of cancer. Scientists have focused on investigating the signaling pathways that are highly linked to the ability of CSCs to renew themselves and maintain their stem cell properties. The pathways encompassed are Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, STAT3, NF-κB, PI-3K/Akt/mTOR, sirtuin, ALDH, MDM2, and ROS. Recent studies indicate that directing efforts towards CSC cells is essential in eradicating the overall cancer cell population and reducing the likelihood of tumor metastasis. As our comprehension of the mechanisms that stimulate CSC activity, growth, and resistance to chemotherapy advances, the discovery of therapeutic drugs specifically targeting CSCs, such as small-molecule compounds, holds the potential to revolutionize cancer therapy. This review article examines and analyzes the novel anti-CSC compounds that have demonstrated effective and selective targeting of pathways associated with the renewal and stemness of CSCs. We also discussed their special drug metabolism and absorption mechanisms. CSCs have been the subject of much study in cancer biology. As a possible treatment for malignancies, small-molecule drugs that target CSCs are gaining more and more attention. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current state of key small-molecule compounds, summarizes their recent developments, and anticipates the future discovery of even more potent and targeted compounds, opening up new avenues for cancer treatment.

AbstractPoets with style in every era have given their speech a kind of identity with innovation. One of these innovations is the creation of new compounds. Shafii‌ Kedakani is one of the poets who use compound words in his poetry with remarkable frequency. Some of these words are created by poets and some others have a history of use in ancient or contemporary Persian poetry. In this article, the attention and emphasis is on the derivative and compound words that the poet has made and used according to the language of his poetry. Considering the importance of word formation in poetry, it is necessary to analyze this feature in the poetry of prominent poets of Persian language. Shafii Kodkani is one of the selected poets of contemporary poetry, whose poems allow such an exploration. The basis of the upcoming research is the methods of composition in the two categories of nouns and adjectives and its effect in improving the poems of this poet. This research was done in a descriptive-analytical way. The scope of the study is the seventeen books of Shafi'i Kadkani's poetry, which were finally collected in three collections. The construction of compound and derivative nouns and adjectives in Shafi'i Kadkani's poetry is done in one of the following ways: the derivative noun or adjective is the result of adding a derivational verb to the base morpheme. The frequency and variety of compound and derivative nouns and adjectives used in Shafi'i Kadkani's poetry includes 85 nouns and 93 adjectives.

For a long time, specialized languages have been an important and popular area of linguistic research. So far, research works have been based on defining and dividing certain specialized languages in order to describe their complex structure or processes which influence them. This approach is also applied in the analysis of technical vocabulary which is considered as an integral part of every specialized language. In the world of continuous changes people need new terms for current phenomena, processes and products. In this particular aspect, word formation has a specific role as it provides people with the opportunity to fill in the gaps in onomastics. This statement is also true when it comes to medical language where many medical terms function as multiple nominal compounds. Maciej Choromański presents those areas of research in his monograph. In the theoretical part, the author provides the characteristics of the main rules of word formation processes and points at the issue of forming compounds. Then, the description of specialized languages and medical language is given. The empirical part is devoted to the analysis of multiple nominal compounds in medical nomenclature of contemporary German. The author’s research includes morphological, spatial, semantical and orthographical criteria. Describing all aspects mentioned above, allows the following monograph to be considered not only as a set of clues about the word formation system, but also as a reference to the context of specialized language. This work can serve as a valuable complement to current publications on that topic.

This paper examines Chinese nominal compounds with respect to their internal structure, thematic relations, generation process, and constraint mechanism from the perspective of predicate implicitness. Findings reveal that constituent functions in these compounds vary based on their structural positions, closely aligning morphological and syntactic structures. Predicate implicitness necessitates hierarchical adjunction, disallowing cross-layered adjunction. Corresponding relations exist between theta-roles, semantic relations, syntactic, and morphological structures. The study delineates differences between agentive and non-agentive compounds and explores how syntactic structure influences morphological structure. It also delves into theta-roles, argument structure, and linear order, arguing that constituent word order adheres to the Prominence and Locality Principles, dictated by their syntactic hierarchy positions.

The incorporation of thermoplastics with pigments imparts diverse aesthetic qualities and properties to colored thermoplastic products. The selection of pigment type and content, along with specific processing conditions, plays a pivotal role in influencing color properties and overall product performance. This study focuses on optimizing these parameters to ensure the desired color quality and product functionality. Two types of polypropylene copolymer (PPCP) with different melt flow rates (MFRs) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) were compounded with ultramarine blue pigment masterbatch (MB) in concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 wt.% using a twin-screw extruder. The compounding process was conducted at a constant screw speed of 200 rpm and a die temperature of 210 °C. The effects of screw speed and die temperature were investigated at a constant MB of 3 wt.%. Colored samples were fabricated by injection molding. Microscopic analysis revealed a well-dispersed pigment within the PPCP matrix when using the MB. Rheological properties, assessed through the power law index, confirmed effective pigment dispersion, facilitated by shear thinning behavior and controlled shear rate via the manipulation of screw speed and die temperature. The effects of masterbatch contents and processing conditions on color spaces were evaluated using CIELAB and CIELCH, with one-way ANOVA employed to identify statistical significance. Higher opacity in high-MFR PPCP and ABS resulted in increased lightness and color strength, surpassing low-MFR PPCP by 15–40% at equivalent MB contents. Masterbatch content emerged as a significant factor influencing the color spaces of all colored thermoplastics. Further analysis, including Fisher pairwise comparisons of one-way ANOVA, revealed that screw speed influenced the redness and hue of low-MFR PPCP, whereas die temperature affected the lightness and hue of high-MFR PPCP and ABS. Interestingly, the blueness and chroma of colored thermoplastics were minimally affected by both screw speed and die temperature. Notably, regardless of processing conditions, the flexural properties of colored thermoplastics remained comparable to the neat polymer when incorporated with ultramarine blue pigment masterbatch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichomonas gallinae is a protozoan parasite that is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, and infects captive and wild bird species throughout the world. Although metronidazole has been the drug of choice against trichomoniasis for decades, most Trichomonas gallinae strains have developed resistance. Therefore, drugs with new modes of action or targets are urgently needed. Here, we report the development and application of a cell-based CCK-8 method for the high-throughput screening and identification of new inhibitors of Trichomonas gallinae as a beginning point for the development of new treatments for trichomoniasis. We performed the high-throughput screening of 173 anti-parasitic compounds, and found 16 compounds that were potentially effective against Trichomonas gallinae. By measuring the median inhibitory concentration (IC 50) and median cytotoxic concentration (CC 50), we identified 3 potentially safe and effective compounds against Trichomonas gallinae : anisomycin, fumagillin, and MG132. In conclusion, this research successfully established a high-throughput screening method for compounds and identified 3 new safe and effective compounds against Trichomonas gallinae , providing a new treatment scheme for trichomoniasis. [Display omitted] • A high-throughput screening method was developed for compounds against T. gallinae. • High-throughput screening method based on CCK-8 was superior to resazurin method. • Fumagillin, anisomycin and MG132 are potential candidate drugs against T. gallinae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ensuring the safety of food contact materials has become a pressing concern in recent times. However, detecting hazardous compounds in such materials can be a complex task, and traditional screening methods may not be sufficient. Non-targeted screening technologies can provide comprehensive information on all detectable compounds, thereby supporting the identification, detection, and risk assessment of food contact materials. Nonetheless, the non-targeted screening of food contact materials remains a challenging issue. This paper presents a detailed review of non-targeted screening technologies relying on high-resolution mass spectrometry for plastic-based and paper-based food contact materials over the past five years. Methods of extracting, separating, concentrating, and enriching compounds, as well as migration experiments related to non-targeted screening, are examined in detail. Furthermore, instruments and devices of high-resolution mass spectrometry used in non-targeted screening technologies for food contact materials are discussed and summarized. The research findings aim to provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for the risk management of food contact materials and the development of relevant regulations and standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The aim of the review is to characterize the bioactive compounds present in Aloe vera and to consider the possibilities of its application in the food industry. Materials and methods. Data collection involved searching multiple databases, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SpringerLink, and Wiley Online Library. The search queries encompassed a wide range of terms, such as bioactive compound; Aloe vera; potential application of Aloe vera in the food industry; antiinflammatory, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, and antiseptic properties of Aloe vera's bioactive compounds. Results and discussion. The discussion outlines the chemical composition, bioactive compounds of Aloe vera plant, and potential applications of Aloe vera in the food industry. Aloe vera is rich in various components, including polysaccharides (55%), sugars (17%), minerals (16%), proteins (7%), lipids (4%), and phenolic compounds (1%). This plant contains numerous bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, mono- and polysaccharides (mannose-6-phosphate, acemannan and glucomannan), polyphenols, coumarin, proanthocyanidin, alkaloids, anthraquinone derivatives, aloe-emodin, aloin, aloesin, saponin, chromones, β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, enzyme bradykinase, and steroids, making it a valuable pharmaceutical and cosmetic raw material. Aloe vera demonstrates diverse health benefits having emollient, purgative, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-helmenthic, antifungal, and antiseptic properties. Depending on the purpose of using, leaves of Aloe vera could be processed by whole-leaf processing, mechanically filleted or manual filleted processing to obtain Aloe vera gel. After that, the gel could be used for production of juice, concentrate and powder products. The products of Aloe vera are natural functional ingredients or additives for the fortification of food products from vegetable sources to improve food quality, prolong the shelf life of vegetables and fruits, improve acceptability of food, enhance the growth of probiotics cultures, and could be also used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The main areas of Aloe vera applications in the food industry include edible coatings production, fruits preservation, and beverages, dairy, confectionary, and sport nutrition products processing. Conclusion. The products from Aloe vera plant and its bioactive compounds can act as a promising human health, prolong the shelf life of vegetable and fruits, and enhance the growth of probiotics cultures. Safety should be considered when using Aloe vera products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effect of surfactant compound on droplet size characteristics in fog field, an experimental platform was independently built in this paper. Anionic surfactant AES, amphoteric surfactant LAB-35 and non-ionic surfactant AEO-9 were selected for binary monomer re-combination, and different ratios of surfactant compound solution were used for experiments. The droplet sizes D10 , D50 , D90 , Dv and Δs were analyzed under different pressures. The results show that when the nozzle diameter is constant, the droplet size of surfactant compound solution decreases with the increase of spray pressure, and the droplet size distribution is more uniform with the increase of spray pressure. In the range of 5∶1-1∶5 ratio of AES and AEO-9 compound solution, the spray droplet particle size is smaller than that of AES and AEO-9 monomer solution. AES and LAB-35, AEO-9 and LAB-35 compounds are all easy to reduce the spray droplet size of LAB-35 monomer solution.

This paper considers the number and gender variants found in three types of Spanish compounds: batefuego(s), aviones espía(s), and educación afectivo/afectiva-sexual. Research was conducted using a self-compiled sample of 353 compounds. Inner inflection is used traditionally as a criterion of phrasehood. However, the data reveal that alternations occur unsystematically, often affecting the same compound without changing its meaning, which makes it difficult to consider it a product of morphological rules in one case and a syntactic construction in another. It is concluded that the existence of alternations in the realization of gender and number must have a place in the synchronic description of Spanish compounding.

Under the dual carbon target, the realization of CO2 photocatalytic/electrocatalytic reduction is a forward-looking strategy to alleviate the greenhouse effect and improve the utilization of carbon resources. However, as processes involving multiproton coupling, such as electron transfer, carbon-carbon coupling and hydrogenation, improving the conversion yield of CO2 and the selectivity of single product still face major challenges. Due to the good binding energy between Cu and CO, copper-based catalysts have great prospects in improving the efficiency of CO2 reduction. Taking nano-copper-based catalysts as the starting point, the effects of catalyst morphology, element doping and composite with other materials on CO2 reduction process were discussed in this review, when copper ions with different valence states were used as photo/electrocatalysts. The effects of different morphologies, doped elements and composite catalysts on catalysts containing Cu2+, Cu+ and Cu0 in the reaction process, and on the selectivity of reduction products and the corresponding Faraday efficiency were mainly discussed. Finally, some suggestions for research of copper based catalysts were put forward, including the mechanism analysis of Cu ion valence state on the formation of multi-carbon products, the preparation of high efficiency and single selectivity catalyst, and the use of advanced technology to control the types of products.

Billions of people worldwide have experienced irreversible kidney injuries, which is mainly attributed to the complexity of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Consequently, there is an urgent need for uncovering the mechanisms of nephrotoxicity caused by compounds. In the present study, a network-based methodology was applied to explore the mechanisms of nephrotoxicity induced by specific compounds. Initially, a total of 42 nephrotoxic compounds and 60 kinds of syndromes associated with nephrotoxicity were collected from public resources. Afterward, network localization and separation algorithms were used to map the targets of compounds and diseases into the human interactome. By doing so, 199 statistically significant nephrotoxic networks displaying the interaction between compound targets and disease genes were obtained, which played pivotal roles in compounds-induced nephrotoxicity. Subsequently, enrichment analysis pinpointed core Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways that highlight commonalities in nephrotoxicity induced by nephrotoxic compounds. It was found that nephrotoxic compounds primarily induce nephrotoxicity by mediating the advanced glycosylation end products-receptor for advanced glycosylation end products signaling pathway in diabetic complications, human cytomegalovirus infection, lipid and atherosclerosis, Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus infection, apoptosis, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathways. These results provide valuable insights for preventing drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, the approaches we used are also helpful in conducting research on other kinds of toxicities.

Plant essential oils are widely used in food, medicine, cosmetics, and other fields because of their bacteriostatic properties and natural sources. However, the bacteriostatic range of unilateral essential oils is limited, and compound essential oil has become an effective way to improve the antibacterial properties of unilateral essential oils. In this study, based on the analysis of the antibacterial properties of Chinese cinnamon bark oil and oregano oil, the proportion and concentration of the compound essential oil were optimized and designed, and the antibacterial activity of the compound essential oil was studied. The results showed that the antibacterial activity of Chinese cinnamon bark oil was higher than that of oregano oil. The compound essential oil prepared by a 1:1 ratio of Chinese cinnamon bark oil and oregano oil with a concentration of 156.25 ppm showed an excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The GC-MS results showed that cinnamaldehyde was the main antibacterial component of Chinese cinnamon bark essential oil, and carvacrol and thymol in oregano oil were the main antibacterial components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-occurring extreme heat, drought, and moisture events are increasing under global warming and pose serious threats to ecosystem and food security. However, how to effectively link compound agrometeorological disasters (CADs) with climate change has not been well assessed. In this study, we focus on the comprehensive influence of large-scale climate factors on CADs rather than extreme meteorological elements. The results indicate that there are two main CADs of spring maize in Shenyang, Northeast China (NEC), including concurrent drought and cold damage (DC) and drought in multiple growth periods (MD). The related circulation anomalies at mid–high latitudes are identified as four patterns, namely, the Northeast Asia Low (NEAL) and Ural High (UH) patterns affecting DC, the Baikal High and Okhotsk Low (BHOL), and the Northeast Asia High (NEAH) patterns leading to MD. The vertical profile and water vapor transport anomalies further demonstrate the influence mechanism of large-scale circulation on compound heat–moisture stresses. This study highlights the role of atmospheric circulation, which can provide effective predictors for these synergistic agrometeorological disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compound effects of drought and heat are regarded as one of the greatest hazards in relation to climate change. We study characteristics of dry–hot seasons in Europe in an ensemble of CORDEX regional climate models (RCMs). Evaluation against the E‐OBS gridded data set for 1976–2005 showed that the RCMs were able to reproduce the spatial pattern of the dry–hot season length but the simulated seasons tended to start later and interannual variability of their length was underestimated. Bias was larger (smaller) in the case of maximum (minimum) length over the 30‐year period compared to the median length. Changes in the dry–hot seasons were then analyzed for three time slices (2006–2035, 2036–2065, and 2066–2095) and low and high greenhouse gas concentration pathways. Distinct prolongation (compared to the 1976–2005 simulated climate) was projected for 2036–2065 in the Mediterranean and Western Europe (10–30 days), regardless of the concentration pathway. The dry–hot seasons length was similar in the 2036–2065 and 2066–2095 time slices under the low concentration pathway but major extensions were found under the high concentration scenario over large parts of Europe (20–50 days). The projected spatial patterns of changes in the dry–hot seasons length depend primarily on the driving global climate model. Although the extensions are predominantly driven by increasing temperature, simulated precipitation changes modulate the resulting pattern by amplifying (reducing) the dry–hot seasons length in Southern (Northern) Europe. Plain Language Summary: As already observed in recent years, climate change is bringing more frequent and intense heat waves. In combination with drought, these have serious negative impacts on ecosystems and society. Using a group of climate models, we study characteristics of dry–hot seasons (several months long periods that are prone to heat waves and drought) in the European climate of the 21st century. We show that distinct prolongation of dry–hot seasons may occur already in the near future, especially over the Mediterranean and Western Europe. If global greenhouse gas emissions peak in the mid‐21st century and begin to decline thereafter, further extensions of dry–hot seasons projected toward the end of the century remain relatively minor. On the other hand, the climate change scenario based on extensive use of fossil fuels through the 21st century suggests major changes in European hydroclimate due to rising temperatures, amplified by rainfall decline mainly in southern regions. Key Points: Distinct prolongation of future dry–hot seasons is projected across Europe, especially in the Mediterranean and Western EuropeEffects of earlier onset and/or later termination on the dry–hot seasons extensions vary across the domainUncertainties are primarily related to simulation of future spatio‐temporal precipitation patterns in climate models [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animacy is an intrinsic semantic property of words referring to living things. A long line of evidence shows that words with animate referents require lower processing costs during word recognition than words with inanimate referents, leading among others to a decreased N400 amplitude in reaction to animate relative to inanimate objects. In the current study, we use this animacy effect to provide evidence for access to the semantic properties of constituents in German noun-noun compounds. While morphological decomposition of noun-noun compounds is well-researched and illustrated by the robust influence of lexical constituent properties like constituent length and frequency, findings for semantic decomposition are less clear in the current literature. Bymanipulating the animacy of compound modifiers and heads, we are able to manipulate the relative ease of lexical access strictly due to intrinsic semantic properties of the constituents. Our results show additive effects of constituent animacy, with a higher number of animate constituents leading to gradually attenuated N400 amplitudes. We discuss the implications of our findings for current models of complex word recognition, as well as stimulus construction practices in psycho-and neurolinguistic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Etlingera acanthodes A.D. Poulsen is a ginger endemic to Sulawesi, and there is no research on its essential oils. The Essential oil information of E. acanthodes is the first reported and has a high novelty. The objective of the study is to analyze the component of E. acanthodes essential oils, which are endemic to Sulawesi. The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves, stems, flowers, and rhizomes of E. acanthodes A.D. Poulsen. The samples were analyzed by GC-MS method using the Agilent Technologies 7890 Gas Chromatograph with Auto Sampler. Data analysis of essential oils of GC-MS results were determined based on comparing mass spectra from the NIST 2005 v.2.0 library and Wiley 7 library 2003. The oils of E. acanthodes contain terpenoids, phenolic, steroids, and other compounds. Phenolic compounds (39.56%) predominate in leaves, other compounds (41.25%) on stems, diterpenes hydrocarbons (77.3%) in flowers, and other compounds (43.5%) and steroids (40.4%) on rhizomes. The five main compounds of E. acanthodes are Neophytadiene; (+)- De-O-Methylcentrolobine; Cholest-5-En-3-Ol, 23-Ethyl-,(3. Beta.23S)-; 9,12- Octadecadienoic Acid, Phenol, 2-ethyl-. The analysis found several compounds that can be used for industry and medicine in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's era, there are numerous problems with energy depletion, therefore how to efficiently convert and store energy is a big challenge. Carbon is widely used in electrode materials because its good tailorability, inexpensiveness and versatility. Melamine formaldehyde resin (MF) containing large amounts of nitrogen (N) and amino groups, which can be used as carbon source and nitrogen source to the electrode material, and obtain superior electrochemical performance. However, the carbon residue rate of MF carbonization is low and the pore structure is underdeveloped. So, in-depth study is needed to improve this phenomenon. Starting from the preparation of MF, this paper introduces the carbonization methods, pore-forming methods, doping methods and composites with metal or other carbon materials to prepare electrode materials with better performance and longer life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent years, MXenes (2D transition metal carbides, carbon nitrides and nitrides) and its precursor MAX phases have been widely investigated in electrochemical research. In this research, we successfully prepared a core-shell structured compound——Ti 3 C 2 @Ti 2 SnC/CNFs (MXene@TSC/C) as an anode material for lithium ion battery via electrospinning method. Results showed that this type of compound has a specific capacity of 288.9 mAh·g−1 at the current density of 0.4 A g−1 after 300 cycles, accompany with a retention rate of capacity of 105.4% in the rate performance test. These performances were benefit from the core-shell structured CNFs and Ti 3 C 2 MXenes. This work supported a novel way to improve the electrochemical property of MXene and MAX phases, which was expected to further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of the ocean is essential for the exploitation of marine resources and the sustainable development of human society. In order to assess both the health and the resources of the marine environment, a variety of chemical and biological sampling is needed. Traditionally, marine samples are collected on site and transported to a laboratory for analysis. Analytical methods are often tedious, and it is difficult to know the in situ real-time status. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the development of in situ chemical and biological sensors for the typical compounds in the ocean, including methane, radon, ferrous ion, carbon dioxide, microorganisms, pollutants, nutrients and seafood. Different types of sensors for each compound are highlighted, such as novel electrochemical and optical sensors. Commercial status of different sensors is introduced, and performance of representative sensors is compared and discussed deeply. The advantages and disadvantages of each sensing technique are analyzed and evaluated in detail. Finally, future prospects and work directions are presented, such as the deployment of these in situ sensors on fixed and/or moving platforms, development of microfluidic sensors and exploration of new antifouling materials and methods. This paper could serve as a resource for developing more advanced in situ chemical sensors and biosensors for marine scientific research, as well as related practical applications for monitoring marine resource exploration and exploitation and for environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), mainly derived from fish oil and algae oil, is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid of the omega-3 family. Algal oil, compared with fish oil, is preferred for its higher purity of DHA and also safety. Therefore, algal oil is widely used in food and health care products. It interacts and synergies with the ingredients in food. This article reviews the physiological functions of DHA algal oil, including promoting brain and eye nerve development, enhancing immunity, anti-oxidation and anti-cancer effects. Besides, the article also summarizes the application of DHA algal oil in milk, yoghurt and milk powder, and explores the effects and mechanism of its interaction with food ingredients, like probiotics, prebiotics, phosphatidylserine and lecithin. This would provide a theoretical basis for wider and deeper use of DHA algal oil in food and health products industry.

The nutritional composition and dietary fiber content of pine pollen fiber, oat fiber, and pine pollen-oat fiber products and their physicochemical properties, and correlation were analyzed to investigate the effects of pine pollen (compound) fiber composition on their physicochemical properties. The results indicated that, except for the moisture content, the proximate composition of pine pollen-oat compound fiber was between that of pine pollen fiber and oat fiber. The water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-holding capacity (OHC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC), nitrite scavenging capacity (NSC), and metal ion adsorption capacity (MIAC) of three fiber products ranged from 3.04 to 5.14 g/g, 2.18 to 3.65 g/g, 0.04 to 0.20 mmol/L, 15.50 to 28.79 mg/g, 1.95% to 26.22%, and 15.58 to 19.16 mg/g, respectively. The results of principle component analysis and pearson correlation analysis showed that WHC, CEC, and NSC of fiber products were significantly positively correlated with their crude protein, crude fat, and total soluble sugar (TSS) contents (P