225 results on '"COLLATERALIZATION"'
Search Results
2. Income transfers and household debt. The advancing collateralization of social policy in the midst of restructuring crises.
- Author
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LAVINAS, LENA, ARAÚJO, ELIANE, and RUBIN, PEDRO
- Subjects
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INCOME , *SOCIAL policy , *CONSUMER credit , *BOND market , *CREDIT control ,DEVELOPED countries - Abstract
The aim of this article is to address how household debt and contemporary credit markets seem to be the defining elements in the reshaping of social policy both in develop-ing and developed countries. We start off by recalling how the implementation of income policies as the core of a new social protection paradigm has contributed to promote marketbased finance. We take Brazil as a case study to illustrate how this new connection between state guaranteed income policies and credit markets has unfolded resulting in increasing household debt. We show evidence that the connection between household debt and stateprovided monetary benefits is effective and significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. Financial Institution Type and Firm-Related Attributes as Determinants of Loan Amounts.
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Mallinguh, Edmund and Zoltan, Zeman
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INNOVATIONS in business ,COMMERCIAL real estate loans ,NEW product development ,FINANCIAL institutions ,ABSORPTIVE capacity (Economics) - Abstract
Access to formal credit remains critical for business operations, particularly for firms unable to generate sufficient funds internally. Using the World Bank's Enterprise Survey dataset, 2018, we analyzed 230 Kenyan firms that applied for loans. These loans are sourced from banks (private, commercial, or state-owned) or non-banking financial institutions. Specifically, the paper explores the effect of financial institution type and firm-related characteristics on loan amounts advanced. The results show that the preferred credit provider matters, with the sensitivity level varying among the three institutional types. Additionally, the collateralization value, the owner's equity proportion of fixed assets, and any existing credit facility correlate positively with the outcome variable. There is an inverse relationship between the largest shareholder's ownership and the loan amount. The study uses the new product (service) launches to measure innovation. The findings suggest that firms in the innovation process access higher loan amounts than their non-innovative peers. Be that as it may, the difference in amount effect size between the two groups is small based on Cohen's d rule. The paper highlights the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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4. The dynamics of monocytes in the process of collateralization
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Long‐Sheng Liao and Yong‐Ping Bai
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arteriogenesis ,collateral ,collateralization ,macrophage ,monocyte ,Geriatrics ,RC952-954.6 - Abstract
Abstract Collateralization is an important way for patients with coronary heart disease to supply blood flow to the ischemic area. At present, research on the mechanism of collateral circulation mainly focuses on the inflammatory response. Monocytes are the kernel of inflammatory response during arteriogenesis. Therefore, we reviewed the recent developments in this field in terms of the dynamic changes of monocytes during collateralization. We searched and scanned PubMed for the following terms until November 2018: collateral, collateralization, monocyte, macrophage, and arteriogenesis. Articles were obtained and examined to figure out the dynamics of monocytes in the progress of collateralization. Substantial research shows that recruitment, infiltration, and phenotypic transformation of monocytes can affect function in various ways, respectively. Mechanical or chemical factors that can produce effects on collateral development may be due partly to impact on dynamics of monocytes. Although mechanisms of dynamics of monocytes during arteriogenesis are not elucidated clearly, there is no doubt that deeper exploration of the underlying mechanisms will contribute to pharmaceutical development aiming for promoting collateral development.
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- 2019
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5. Analysis of Nonlinear Valuation Equations Under Credit and Funding Effects
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Brigo, Damiano, Francischello, Marco, Pallavicini, Andrea, Glau, Kathrin, editor, Grbac, Zorana, editor, Scherer, Matthias, editor, and Zagst, Rudi, editor
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- 2016
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6. Interpretation of Near-Infrared Imaging in Acute and Chronic Wound Care
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Jonathan Arnold and Valerie L. Marmolejo
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inflammation ,local ischemia ,collateralization ,hyperbaric oxygen therapy ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Vascular assessment is a critical component of wound care. Current routine noninvasive vascular studies have limitations which can give a false sense of security of the presence of adequate perfusion for healing. Near-infrared imaging modalities can serve as an additional diagnostic assessment of wounds in which adequate perfusion is a concern. Correct interpretation of near-infrared images obtained is critical as subtleties that exist in the acute and chronic wound population goes beyond the interpretation that increased signal is consistent with adequate perfusion for healing. The objective of this paper is to educate providers on the correct interpretation of this point-of-care imaging modality in day-to-day wound-care practice to guide clinical decision-making for rapid wound resolution.
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- 2021
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7. AN EQUILIBRIUM MODEL FOR AN OTC DERIVATIVE MARKET UNDER A COUNTERPARTY RISK CONSTRAINT
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KAZUHIRO TAKINO
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equilibrium pricing ,counterparty risk ,counterparty risk constraint ,collateralization ,threshold ,risk appetite ,Finance ,HG1-9999 - Abstract
In this study, we develop an equilibrium pricing model for an option contract with a counterparty risk, a collateral agreement, a counterparty risk constraint, and a threshold. Since we consider the option market to be an example of the derivatives market, we suppose that the buyer of an option has only countertparty risk of a seller defaulting. In addition, we consider a model where the buyer is allowed to enter into an option contract within an allocated amount of risk capital for counterparty risk, and requires (cash) collateral to the seller if the exposure exceeds the threshold. The counterparty risk is measured as a credit valuation adjustment. We provide an equilibrium pricing rule and an equilibrium volume formula by solving participants’ static utility-maximization problems. Based on numerical simulations, we verify the mechanisms through which collateralization, risk capital, and the threshold affect the size of the over-the-counter (OTC) option market. Finally, we analyze the influence of the buyer’s risk-aversion on the market, without collateralization. The results imply that the risk constraint might be a proxy for an investor’s attitude towards risk.
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- 2018
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8. The dynamics of monocytes in the process of collateralization.
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Liao, Long‐Sheng and Bai, Yong‐Ping
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MONOCYTES ,CORONARY disease ,BLOOD flow - Abstract
Collateralization is an important way for patients with coronary heart disease to supply blood flow to the ischemic area. At present, research on the mechanism of collateral circulation mainly focuses on the inflammatory response. Monocytes are the kernel of inflammatory response during arteriogenesis. Therefore, we reviewed the recent developments in this field in terms of the dynamic changes of monocytes during collateralization. We searched and scanned PubMed for the following terms until November 2018: collateral, collateralization, monocyte, macrophage, and arteriogenesis. Articles were obtained and examined to figure out the dynamics of monocytes in the progress of collateralization. Substantial research shows that recruitment, infiltration, and phenotypic transformation of monocytes can affect function in various ways, respectively. Mechanical or chemical factors that can produce effects on collateral development may be due partly to impact on dynamics of monocytes. Although mechanisms of dynamics of monocytes during arteriogenesis are not elucidated clearly, there is no doubt that deeper exploration of the underlying mechanisms will contribute to pharmaceutical development aiming for promoting collateral development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Congenital absence of left pulmonary artery with collateralization from all major coronary arteries
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Serdal Baştuğ, Abdullah Nabi Aslan, Cenk Sarı, and Engin Bozkurt
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atrial fibrillation ,chest pain ,collateralization ,coronary arteries ,pulmonary artery agenesis. ,Medicine ,Internal medicine ,RC31-1245 ,Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system ,RC666-701 - Abstract
Unilateral pulmonary artery agenesis (UPA) is a rarely-observed congenital anomaly with diverse clinical signs and symptoms. It is most often diagnosed in childhood due to the high mortality rate prior to adulthood. This report describes the case of a 71-year-old woman who presented with exertional chest pain, dyspnea and palpitations and who was diagnosed as having left pulmonary artery (LPA) agenesis, hypoplastic left lung supplied by collateralization from each of the three normal major coronary arteries, and atrial fibrillation.
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- 2016
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10. Absence of right common iliac vein causing suprapubic and scrotal varices in a young athletic man
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David T. Zelt, Saad Balamane, Michael Yacob, and Peter Brown
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Varicosities ,medicine.medical_specialty ,RD1-811 ,business.industry ,Primary care physician ,Right common iliac vein ,Right lower extremity ,Surgery ,Shunting ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,RC666-701 ,Case report ,medicine ,Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system ,Abdomen ,Differential diagnosis ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Varices ,Collateralization - Abstract
We have described the case of a 26-year-old man who had presented to his primary care physician with persistent, painful varices across his lower abdomen and bilateral tender scrotal varicoceles, which intensified with exercise. Thorough investigations revealed a congenitally atretic right common iliac vein with right-to-left collateralization of the femoral and internal iliac veins. This shunting resulted in the development of suprapubic and pelvic and gonadal varicosities, which provided a critical venous outflow pathway for his right lower extremity. Heightened vigilance is, hence, paramount if our patient requires future abdominal and urologic procedures. Moreover, the present case has highlighted the importance of considering deep system venous anomalies when determining the differential diagnosis for venous diseases.
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- 2021
11. Biomarkers of Technical Success After Embolectomy for Acute Stroke
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Albert J Yoo and Norman Ajiboye
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Technical success ,Ischemia ,Embolectomy ,medicine.disease ,Revascularization ,Stroke ,Treatment Outcome ,medicine ,Humans ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,Intensive care medicine ,Complication ,Collateralization ,Biomarkers ,Stent retriever ,Acute stroke - Abstract
Purpose of the ReviewStent retrievers and large-bore aspiration catheters have doubled substantial reperfusion rates compared to first-generation devices. This has been accompanied by a 3-fold reduction in procedural time to revascularization. To measure future thrombectomy improvements, new benchmarks for technical efficacy are needed. This review summarizes the recent literature concerning biomarkers of procedural success and harm and highlights future directions.Recent FindingsExpanded Treatment in Cerebral Ischemia (eTICI), which incorporates scores for greater levels of reperfusion, improves outcome prediction. Core laboratory–adjudicated studies show that outcomes following eTICI 2c (90%–99% reperfusion) are superior to eTICI 2b50 and nearly equivalent to eTICI 3. Moreover, eTICI 2c improves scale reliability. Studies also confirm the importance of rapid revascularization, whether measured as first pass effect or procedural duration under 30 minutes. Distal embolization is a complication that impedes the extent and speed of revascularization, but few studies have reported its per-pass occurrence. Distal embolization and emboli to new territory should be measured after each thrombectomy maneuver. Collaterals have been shown to be an important modifier of thrombectomy benefit. A drawback of the currently accepted collateral grading scale is that it does not discriminate among the broad spectrum of partial collateralization. Important questions that require investigation include reasons for failed revascularization, the utility of a global Treatment in Cerebral Ischemia scale, and the optimal grading system for vertebrobasilar occlusions.SummaryEmerging data support a lead technical efficacy endpoint that combines the extent and speed of reperfusion. Efforts are needed to better characterize angiographic measures of treatment harm and of collateralization.
- Published
- 2021
12. To ask or not to ask? Bank capital requirements and loan collateralization
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Hans Degryse, Sudipto Karmakar, and Artashes Karapetyan
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040101 forestry ,Economics and Econometrics ,050208 finance ,Collateral ,Strategy and Management ,Collateralized debt obligation ,05 social sciences ,Financial system ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Shock (economics) ,Loan ,Accounting ,Capital (economics) ,0502 economics and business ,Capital requirement ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Business ,Asset (economics) ,Collateralization ,Finance - Abstract
We exploit the 2011 EBA Capital exercise, a quasi-natural experiment that required a number of banks to increase their regulatory capital. This experiment makes secured lending for the affected banks more attractive vis-a-vis unsecured lending, because secured loans require less regulatory capital. Using loan-level data covering the universe of bank loans in Portugal, we identify how banks require collateral on new loans when facing higher capital requirements: relative to the control group, treated banks require loans to be collateralized more often after the shock. We find the affected banks partially shield their relationship borrowers. The increased collateralization also has economically relevant real effects. Treated banks reallocate funds towards sectors with greater asset tangibility. Firms and sectors borrowing to a greater degree from treated banks exhibit lower growth and tilt their investments towards tangible assets.
- Published
- 2021
13. Esophagectomy in the Setting of Left-Sided Portal Hypertension
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David N. Parente, Jarlath C. Bolger, and Jonathan C. Yeung
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Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,MEDLINE ,Rare entity ,Esophageal cancer ,medicine.disease ,Left sided ,Esophagectomy ,medicine ,Portal hypertension ,Surgery ,Radiology ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Collateralization - Abstract
Left-sided portal hypertension is a rare entity with considerable splenogastric collateralization. We report a case of esophagectomy in the setting of left-sided portal hypertension with resulting treatment of both the esophageal cancer and the portal hypertension.
- Published
- 2022
14. Evaluation of Celiac Trunk, Hepatic Artery Variations, and Their Collateral Arteries by Multi-Slice Computed Tomography
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Fatih Çankal, Mehmet Ali Güner, and Mustafa Kaya
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Common hepatic artery ,Left gastric artery ,business.industry ,Gallbladder ,celiac trunk ,Abdominal aorta ,hepatic artery ,Diaphragmatic breathing ,collateralization ,General Medicine ,Crus of diaphragm ,Anatomical variation ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,medicine.artery ,medicine ,Superior mesenteric artery ,business ,Nuclear medicine ,Artery ,Original Research - Abstract
Objectives Celiac Trunk (CT) is a vital artery and the first unmatched branch of the abdominal aorta, providing blood to upper abdominal structures, particularly the liver, stomach, and spleen. It is essential to know its anatomy in terms of pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, liver surgeries, and interventional radiological procedures such as chemoembolization. The aim of our study is to contribute to the literature with the measurements of distances between the diaphragmatic crus and vascular structures with their diameters, which have been studied insufficiently, and to detect the possible relationships between vascular variations and collateral branches. Methods Imaging findings of 200 patients (114 males and 86 females), who underwent Multi-Section Computed Tomography examination with various indications in our center between June 2016 and July 2020, were retrospectively analyzed. The statistical relations between CT and Hepatic Artery variations, collateral formations, age, and gender were evaluated with the Spearman's Rho Correlation Coefficient Test. Results The distance between the crus of diaphragm and CT was 4-60 mm (mean 24.3 mm), the distance between CT and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was 2.5-35 mm (mean 8.6 mm), CT diameter was 4.6-9.4 mm (mean 7.3 mm), and the main hepatic artery diameter was 2.4-5.8 mm (mean 4.1 mm). There was no correlation in our study between CT, Hepatic Artery variations, and their collaterals (r in range of -20,124-0.116, p>0.05). It can be said that in cases of the single accessory left hepatic artery originating from the left gastric artery, such as Michel's Type V and Type VIII, collaterals between common hepatic artery and SMA were relatively more frequent (p=0.1). Conclusion Our study contributed to the literature by measuring the distance between diaphragmatic crus-vascular structures, which has been little studied in the past. Frequencies of CT and Hepatic Artery variations that have been detected in our study are similar to the results of the previous studies with non-malignancy patient groups.
- Published
- 2021
15. Lymphoscintigraphic Investigations for Axillary Web Syndromes
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Mirela Mariana Roman, Nele Adriaenssens, Clarence Karler, Christine Eddy, Isabelle Veys, Assaf Zeltzer, Olivier Leduc, Romain Barbieux, Pierre Bourgeois, Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Anatomical Research and Clinical Studies, Surgical clinical sciences, Plastic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Rehabilitation Research
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Breast Neoplasms ,Axillary web syndrome ,Institutional ethics ,medicine.disease ,Lymphovascular ,Lymphatic System ,Breast cancer ,Lymphatic system ,Axilla ,medicine ,Humans ,In patient ,Female ,Radiology ,Lymphedema ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,Complication ,business ,Collateralization ,Lymphatic Diseases ,Lymphoscintigraphy ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
Background: Axillary web syndrome (AWS) is a frequent complication after surgery for breast cancer, but its lymphatic involvement is not definitively established. Here we report the results of lymphoscintigraphic investigations in patients with AWS. Methods and Findings: We conducted a retrospective, single-center review of lymphoscintigraphic investigations performed in 46 patients with AWS that was either clinically obvious or suspected. Of this group, 23 patients had two investigations with a mean interval of 19 weeks between them (range, 6-98 weeks). Results of the lymphoscintigraphic investigations, which were performed according to a well-standardized protocol, were classified into four patterns: normal; functional lymphatic insufficiency only (no lymphatic vascular morphologic abnormality); lymphovascular blockade without collateralization; and vascular collateralization and/or dermal backflow. Of the 46 patients, on the first lymphoscintigraphic investigation, four (8.6%) had a normal pattern, seven (15.2%) had functional lymphatic insufficiency only, four (8.6%) had lymphovascular blockade without collateralization, and 31 (67.3%) had vascular collateralization and/or dermal backflow. Among patients who underwent two investigations, four of the five who had only functional lymphatic insufficiency at the first investigation had developed vascular collateralization and/or dermal backflow by the second. The three patients who had lymphovascular blockade without collateralization at the first examination had also progressed to collateralization and/or dermal backflow at the second. None of the 15 patients who initially had vascular collateralization and/or dermal backflow showed any reversal at the second examination. Conclusions: Our analysis confirms the lymphatic nature of AWS and shows the lymphoscintigraphic patterns and evolutions of the lymphatic lesions with potential therapeutic implications. The retrospective review of our database is approved by the institutional ethics committee under number 2048.
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- 2022
16. Stablecoins: Does design affect stability?
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Gadzinski, Gregory, Castello, Alessio, and Mazzorana, Florie
- Abstract
• The article defines new categories of stablecoins depending on the protocol architecture. • Using community detection analysis, the article assesses if price dynamics are affected by theoretical designs. • Our results show that some non-custodial stablecoins, including algorithmic ones, display similar dynamics than successful well-established custodial-based tokens. • Our results suggest that the root causes of the recent bank runs that caused the loss of peg of several stablecoins do not depend entirely on the protocol design. Stablecoins recently emerged as a solution to mitigate cryptocurrency's volatility while preserving their advantages. Nowadays, various types of stablecoins with different protocol designs coexist. Whilst "custodial" stablecoins are secured by fiat money locked in funds, "non-custodial" stablecoins rely on cryptocurrency collateralization and/or algorithms to stabilize their value. The contribution of the article is twofold: we define new categories of stablecoins depending on the protocol architecture; secondly, using community detection analysis, we assess if price dynamics are affected by theoretical designs. Our results show that stablecoins' price dynamics do not seem to depend on protocol design: some non-custodial stablecoins, including algorithmic ones, display similar dynamics than successful well-established custodial based tokens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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17. Intracranial Aneurysms Involving Circle of Willis in a Child with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Associated Vasculitis- A Rare Case Report
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AMOL MADANLAL LAHOTI, ABHIJIT KISHOR TAORI, AVINASH PARASHURAM DHOK, JITESH SUBHASH RAWAT, and NIHAR UMAKANT CHANDAK
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collateralization ,early diagnosis ,hiv ,paediatric ,Medicine - Abstract
Intracranial Arterial Aneurysms (IAAs) are relatively rare in paediatric population and they account for at least 10%–15% of haemorrhagic strokes which occur during the first two decades of life. Here we present a unique and unusual case of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected child who presented with intracranial aneurysms with formation of collaterals and vasculopathy, demonstrating low viral count despite receiving adequate antiretroviral treatment. Intracranial vascular involvement, their complications and its incidence in these patients may become increasingly common as the management of human immunodeficiency virus infection continues to improve and afflicted patients survive for longer periods because of advancement in the antiretroviral treatment. Diagnosing aneurysm of cerebral circulation needs high degree of suspicion and correlation between clinical and radiological findings.
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- 2017
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18. Counterparty Credit Risk Framework
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Tim Xiao
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asset pricing ,credit risk modeling ,collateralization ,comvariance ,comrelation ,correlation, CDS - Abstract
This article presents a framework for capturing counterparty credit risk by accounting default correlation. We find that the CDS premium and the default correlations/comrelation have a negative relation. Intuitively, a protection seller who is positively correlated with the reference entity, i.e., a wrong way risk, should charge a lower premium for selling credit protection. Next, we also find that the impacts of the default correlations and comrelation are approximately linear. Finally, our study shows that the sensitivity slopes of the CDS premium to the default correlations and comrelation are negative. Slope measures the rate of change in the premium as a result of a change in the default dependence., https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.ID-74f411a6-60e2-4995-bc63-06d17c24ba27/tab/references
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- 2022
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19. Credit Default Swap Framework
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Tim Xiao
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valuation model ,credit risk modeling ,collateralization ,correlation, CDS ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY - Abstract
This article presents a framework for valuing a credit default swap (CDS) contract by taking counterparty credit risk into account. There are three sources of credit risk in CDS: the buyer, seller and reference entity. Our analysis shows that the effect of default dependencies on a CDS premium from large to small accordingly is i) the default correlation between the protection seller and the reference entity, ii) the default correlation between the protection buyer and the reference entity, and iii) the default correlation between the protection buyer and the protection seller. In particular, we find that the default correlation has substantial effects on the asset pricing and risk management., https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.ID-7202c1c1-cfd3-4192-9e0d-6c908e163e97/tab/references
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- 2022
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20. Implementing three-dimensional groundwater management in a Texas groundwater conservation district
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Gabriel Collins and Hilmar Blumberg
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rule of capture ,groundwater governance ,conservation ,dormant rights ,collateralization ,water market ,Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,TD201-500 - Abstract
The Guadalupe County Groundwater Conservation District has implemented a 3-dimensional water management solution that allocates pumping rights based on actual volumes in place under a tract. This new regime treats the aquifer as a “constant level lake” where rights holders are awarded the right to a percentage of the inflow (recharge) based on the volume of saturated sands underneath their property. Three-dimensional management can improve Texas groundwater governance by strengthening property rights, promoting conservation, and unlocking economic value by promoting water trading and collateralization. It is also cost-effective and can be rapidly implemented: the Guadalupe County Groundwater Conservation District created its initial 3-dimensional ruleset in approximately 4 months at a cost of roughly $15,000. Larger districts or districts that could not benefit from an existing property parcel map created by an appraisal district would face higher costs. Creating the type of property ownership maps used by local tax appraisal districts can cost as much as $100,000. Yet the intensive property tax regime in Texas means that even the least-populous counties typically already have such information available in digital form. Quantifying the available water volume beneath each property and making pumping rights transferrable between wells profoundly transforms groundwater management and confers clear vested rights to water in place. As such, it can provide economic recourse to smaller water holders even in areas where municipalities and other large pumpers enter the district. In short, this forward-looking, conservation-oriented new ruleset provides a way for Texas groundwater stewards to move past flat surface acreage-based allocations and move into an era where a handful of large pumpers in a district do not erode the property rights of smaller holders. Quantifying water in place involves averaging and making certain approximations and generalizations because of the inevitably complex nature of geologic formations. Over time, groundwater conservation districts and their constituent members will determine how deeply to engage that complexity. The bottom line is that 3-dimensional management offers an exponential degree of improvement over existing Texas groundwater management models. The Guadalupe County Groundwater Conservation District’s ruleset embraces a philosophy of iterative learning and improvement and acknowledges that employing models as tools of governance always involves approximations. It handles this by including the capacity to rapidly update and revise its approach as the district obtains additional data points and insights through operational implementation of its rules. Citation: Blumberg H, Collins G. 2016. Implementing three-dimensional groundwater management in a Texas groundwater conservation district. Texas Water Journal. 6(1): 69-81. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v7i1.7037.
- Published
- 2016
21. A Case of Carotid Artery Stenting for Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion with Collateral Flow by Ascending Pharyngeal Artery
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上行咽頭動脈 ,内頚動脈閉塞 ,distal patency ,collateralization ,internal carotid artery ,aberrant ascending pharyngeal artery ,側副血流 - Published
- 2021
22. Cross Currency Valuation and Hedging in the Multiple Curve Framework
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Alessandro Gnoatto and Nicole Seiffert
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Financial economics ,Collateral ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Context (language use) ,multiple curves ,Basel III ,FOS: Economics and business ,Econometrics ,Economics ,FX ,media_common ,Numerical Analysis ,Applied Mathematics ,91G30, 91B24, 91B70 ,Rehypothecation ,cross-currency basis ,FVA ,Mathematical Finance (q-fin.MF) ,Interest rate ,Valuation (logic) ,FX, cross-currency basis, multiple curves, FVA, CollVA, Basel III, Collateral ,Quantitative Finance - Mathematical Finance ,Currency ,Cash ,Cash flow ,CollVA ,Pricing of Securities (q-fin.PR) ,Arbitrage ,Quantitative Finance - Pricing of Securities ,Collateralization ,Finance - Abstract
We generalize the results of Bielecki and Rutkowski (2015) on funding and collateralization to a multi-currency framework and link their results with those of Piterbarg (2012), Moreni and Pallavicini (2017), and Fujii et al. (2010b). In doing this, we provide a complete study of absence of arbitrage in a multi-currency market where, in each single monetary area, multiple interest rates coexist. We first characterize absence of arbitrage in the case without collateral. After that we study collateralization schemes in a very general situation: the cash flows of the contingent claim and those associated to the collateral agreement can be specified in any currency. We study both segregation and rehypothecation and allow for cash and risky collateral in arbitrary currency specifications. Absence of arbitrage and pricing in the presence of collateral are discussed under all possible combinations of conventions. Our work provides a reference for the analysis of wealth dynamics, we also provide valuation formulas that are a useful foundation for cross-currency curve construction techniques. Our framework provides also a solid foundation for the construction of multi-currency simulation models for the generation of exposure profiles in the context of xVA calculations., Comment: 42 pages
- Published
- 2021
23. Share pledging and financial constraints in China
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Zhangxin (Frank) Liu, Zijian Cheng, and Yupu Sun
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040101 forestry ,Finance ,050208 finance ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) ,Instrumental variable ,Sample (statistics) ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Shareholder ,Expropriation ,Funding source ,Accounting ,0502 economics and business ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Endogeneity ,Emerging markets ,business ,China ,Collateralization ,Constraint (mathematics) - Abstract
We investigate the relationship between the intensity of share pledging activities and the level of financial constraint. Using a sample of Chinese publicly listed firms from 2003 to 2018, our main findings are fourfold. First, we document that the high financial constraint level may motivate insiders to use share pledging as an alternative funding source and an expropriation mechanism. Second, share collateralization can cause a subsequently more constrained financing condition. Third, investors may raise more concerns about the existence of share collateralization than the proportion of pledged shares in a firm. Fourth, we find evidence that share pledging made by the controlling shareholder is likely to mitigate financial constraints in the following year. Our results are robust to alternative measures of share pledging, an alternative definition of financial constraint, and an instrumental variable for dealing with endogeneity problems. Our findings provide insights into rationales behind and consequences of share pledging activities, which have important implications for financially constrained firms and regulators in emerging markets.
- Published
- 2020
24. Septal Collateralization to Right Coronary Artery in Alcohol Septal Ablation: Solution to a Dangerous Pitfall.
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Koljaja-Batzner, Angelika, Pfeiffer, Barbara, and Seggewiss, Hubert
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- 2018
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25. The impact of native leptomeningeal collateralization on rapid blood flow recruitment following ischemic stroke
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Atsushi Kanoke, Eric To, Teiji Tominaga, Yuandong Li, Jialing Liu, Ruikang K. Wang, Yosuke Akamatsu, Yasuo Nishijima, and Chih C Lee
- Subjects
Doppler OCT ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Computed Tomography Angiography ,Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial ,Collateral Circulation ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Independent predictor ,Brain Ischemia ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,Meninges ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,Stroke outcome ,Animals ,Medicine ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Brain ,Genetic Variation ,Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ,Original Articles ,Blood flow ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Stroke ,Disease Models, Animal ,Neurology ,Cerebrovascular Circulation ,Angiography ,Ischemic stroke ,Cardiology ,Disease Susceptibility ,Neurology (clinical) ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Collateralization ,Blood Flow Velocity ,Tomography, Optical Coherence ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
The leptomeningeal collateral status is an independent predictor of stroke outcome. By means of optical coherent tomography angiography to compare two mouse strains with different extent of native leptomeningeal collateralization, we determined the spatiotemporal dynamics of collateral flow and downstream hemodynamics following ischemic stroke. A robust recruitment of leptomeningeal collateral flow was detected immediately after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in C57BL/6 mice, with continued expansion over the course of seven days. In contrast, little collateral recruitment was seen in Balb/C mice during- and one day after MCAO, which coincided with a greater infarct size and worse functional outcome compared to C57BL/6, despite a slight improvement of cortical perfusion seven days after MCAO. Both strains of mice experienced a reduction of blood flow in the penetrating arterioles (PA) by more than 90% 30-min after dMCAO, although the decrease of PA flow was greater and the recovery was less in the Balb/C mice. Further, Balb/C mice also displayed a prolonged greater heterogeneity of capillary transit time after dMCAO in the MCA territory compared to C57BL/6 mice. Our data suggest that the extent of native leptomeningeal collaterals affects downstream hemodynamics with a long lasting impact in the microvascular bed after cortical stroke.
- Published
- 2020
26. Association between the triglyceride glucose index and coronary collateralization in coronary artery disease patients with chronic total occlusion lesions
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Hongya Han, Yujie Zhou, Yingxin Zhao, Ang Gao, Yan Liu, Jinxing Liu, Chengping Hu, and Yong Zhu
- Subjects
Blood Glucose ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,RC620-627 ,Triglyceride glucose index ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Collateral Circulation ,Subgroup analysis ,Clinical nutrition ,Coronary Artery Disease ,Coronary artery disease ,Endocrinology ,Insulin resistance ,Risk Factors ,Internal medicine ,Medicine ,Humans ,Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases ,Triglycerides ,Cardiac catheterization ,business.industry ,Research ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Confounding ,Odds ratio ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Prognosis ,Chronic total occlusion ,Coronary Occlusion ,Cardiology ,Female ,business ,Collateralization ,Coronary collateralization - Abstract
BackgroundRecent studies have substantiated the role of the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index in predicting the prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, while no relevant studies have revealed the association between the TyG index and coronary collateralization in the event of coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO). The current study intends to explore whether, or to what extent, the TyG index is associated with impaired collateralization in CAD patients with CTO lesions.MethodsThe study enrolled 1093 CAD patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for at least one CTO lesion. Data were collected from the Beijing Anzhen Hospital record system. The degree of collaterals was determined according to the Rentrop classification system. The correlation between the TyG index and coronary collateralization was assessed.ResultsOverall, 318 patients were included in a less developed collateralization (Rentrop classification 0-1) group. The TyG index was significantly higher in patients with impaired collateralization (9.3±0.65 vs. 8.8±0.53,PPConclusionsThe increased TyG index is strongly associated with less developed collateralization in CAD patients with CTO lesions and its risk assessment performance is better than single metabolic abnormality indicators.
- Published
- 2021
27. Blood flow modeling reveals improved collateral artery performance during mammalian heart regeneration
- Author
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Christopher K. Cook, Anca M. Pașca, Koen Nieman, Kristy Red-Horse, Brian C. Raftrey, Melody Dong, Aubrey M. Hands, Pamela E. Rios Coronado, Alison L. Marsden, Ana Natalia L. Sy-Quia, Martin R. Pfaller, Anson Seow, Mingming Zhao, Suhaas Anbazhakan, and Daniel Bernstein
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Fetus ,business.industry ,Regeneration (biology) ,Cardiac muscle ,Blood flow ,medicine.disease ,Coronary artery disease ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Internal medicine ,Occlusion ,medicine ,Cardiology ,business ,Collateralization ,Artery - Abstract
Collateral arteries are a vessel subtype that bridges two artery branches, forming a natural bypass that can deliver blood flow downstream of an occlusion. These bridges in the human heart are associated with better outcomes during coronary artery disease. We recently found that their rapid development in neonates supports heart regeneration, while the non-regenerative adult heart displays slow and minimal collateralization. Thus, inducing robust collateral artery networks could serve as viable treatment for cardiac ischemia, but reaching this goal requires more knowledge on their developmental mechanisms and functional capabilities. Here, we use whole-organ imaging and 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to identify the spatial architecture of and predict blood flow through collaterals in neonate and adult hearts. We found that neonate collaterals are more numerous, larger in diameter, and, even when similar in size/number, are predicted to more effectively re-perfuse an occluded coronary network when compared to adults. CFD analysis revealed that collaterals perform better in neonates because of decreased differential pressures along their coronary artery tree. Furthermore, testing of various collateral configurations indicated that larger, more proximal collaterals are more beneficial than many smaller ones, identifying a target architecture for therapeutic interventions. Morphometric analysis revealed how the coronary artery network expands during postnatal growth. Vessel diameters do not scale with cardiac muscle growth. Instead, the coronary tree expands solely by adding additional branches of a set length, a burst of which occurs during murine puberty. Finally, we compared mouse structural and functional data to human hearts. Surprisingly, fetal human hearts possessed a very large number of small, but mature, smooth muscle cell covered collaterals while angiogram data indicated adult patients with chronic coronary occlusions contained at least two. Comparing size ratios with modeled mouse data suggested low re-perfusion capabilities of the embryonic collaterals but higher functional benefits of those in diseased adults. Our unique interdisciplinary approach allowed us to quantify the functional significance of collateral arteries during heart regeneration and repair–a critical step towards realizing their therapeutic potential.
- Published
- 2021
28. Factors causing variability in formation of coronary collaterals during coronary artery disease
- Author
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B. Senthil Kumar and S. Balakrishnan
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Acute coronary syndrome ,Histology ,Unstable angina ,business.industry ,Collateral Circulation ,Heart ,Coronary Artery Disease ,medicine.disease ,Coronary Angiography ,Coronary arteries ,Coronary artery disease ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Internal medicine ,Coronary Circulation ,medicine ,Cardiology ,Humans ,Myocardial infarction ,Anatomy ,business ,Collateralization ,Cause of death ,Artery - Abstract
Coronary artery disease is one of the major cause of death worldwide. Coronary artery disease are narrowing of coronary arteries that prevents adequate blood supply to the heart muscles results in Acute coronary syndrome which includes unstable angina and myocardial infarction. The only remedy for it is to restore the perfusion through percutaneous Intervention and grafting which may sometime cause reperfusion injury and other complications. Coronary collaterals are small inter-arterial connections that act as natural bypass which provide blood flow to the vascular territory, when the artery supplying to it gets obstructed. Acute collateral recruitment can be done, as a remedy for these adverse cardiac events. Various methods of therapies have been focussed, for the promotion and sustenance of functional coronary collaterals. The determinants of human coronary collaterals give clear evidence for prognosis in coronary artery diseases and a new insight for further therapeutic promotion of coronary collaterals. This review mainly focus into various studies done on coronary collaterals and the affect of various demographic, morphological and cardiovascular risk factors in the formation of coronary collaterals during obstructive Coronary artery disease. Many studies prove that various independent variables like morphology of coronary artery, location of the lesion, duration of the occlusion, coronary dominance, biochemical factors, cardiac risk factors like diabetes, hypertension also affects collateral formation. The current update review gives a holistic view on coronary collaterals and findings of various authors on the affect of these independent variables on collateral formation.
- Published
- 2021
29. Implementing three-dimensional groundwater management in a Texas groundwater conservation district.
- Author
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Blumberg, Hilmar and Collins, Gabriel
- Subjects
GROUNDWATER management ,WATER management ,IRRIGATION management ,PUMPING machinery ,HYDRAULIC machinery - Abstract
The Guadalupe County Groundwater Conservation District has implemented a 3-dimensional water management solution that allocates pumping rights based on actual volumes in place under a tract. This new regime treats the aquifer as a "constant level lake" where rights holders are awarded the right to a percentage of the inflow (recharge) based on the volume of saturated sands underneath their property. Three-dimensional management can improve Texas groundwater governance by strengthening property rights, promoting conservation, and unlocking economic value by promoting water trading and collateralization. It is also cost-effective and can be rapidly implemented: the Guadalupe County Groundwater Conservation District created its initial 3-dimensional ruleset in approximately 4 months at a cost of roughly $15,000. Larger districts or districts that could not benefit from an existing property parcel map created by an appraisal district would face higher costs. Creating the type of property ownership maps used by local tax appraisal districts can cost as much as $100,000. Yet the intensive property tax regime in Texas means that even the least-populous counties typically already have such information available in digital form. Quantifying the available water volume beneath each property and making pumping rights transferrable between wells profoundly transforms groundwater management and confers clear vested rights to water in place. As such, it can provide economic recourse to smaller water holders even in areas where municipalities and other large pumpers enter the district. In short, this forward-looking, conservation-oriented new ruleset provides a way for Texas groundwater stewards to move past flat surface acreage-based allocations and move into an era where a handful of large pumpers in a district do not erode the property rights of smaller holders. Quantifying water in place involves averaging and making certain approximations and generalizations because of the inevitably complex nature of geologic formations. Over time, groundwater conservation districts and their constituent members will determine how deeply to engage that complexity. The bottom line is that 3-dimensional management offers an exponential degree of improvement over existing Texas groundwater management models. The Guadalupe County Groundwater Conservation District's ruleset embraces a philosophy of iterative learning and improvement and acknowledges that employing models as tools of governance always involves approximations. It handles this by including the capacity to rapidly update and revise its approach as the district obtains additional data points and insights through operational implementation of its rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
30. Susceptibility-diffusion mismatch correlated with leptomeningeal collateralization in large vessel occlusion stroke
- Author
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Min Jin, Wei-Jian Jiang, Ao-Fei Liu, Yi-Qun Zhang, Haifei Jiang, Chen Li, Fengyuan Man, Jiangxia Pang, and Chaojie Shi
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Medicine (General) ,diffusion-weighted imaging ,Acute ischemic stroke ,Arterial Occlusive Diseases ,Biochemistry ,Brain Ischemia ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,R5-920 ,large vessel occlusion ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,cardiovascular diseases ,Diffusion (business) ,Stroke ,Retrospective Studies ,business.industry ,Biochemistry (medical) ,prominent vessel sign ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,leptomeningeal collateralization ,Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,susceptibility-weighted imaging ,Susceptibility weighted imaging ,Cardiology ,business ,Collateralization ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Retrospective Clinical Research Report ,Sign (mathematics) ,Large vessel occlusion ,Diffusion MRI - Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between asymmetric prominent hypointense vessels (prominent vessel sign, PVS) on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and leptomeningeal collateralization in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion. Methods We retrospectively enrolled patients with M1 segment occlusion of the middle cerebral artery who underwent emergency magnetic resonance imaging and digital subtraction angiography within 24 hours from stroke onset. The extent of PVS on SWI was assessed using the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS). Leptomeningeal collateralization on digital subtraction angiography images was assessed using the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology (ASITN/SIR) scale. Spearman’s rank correlation test was performed to explore the correlation of ASITN/SIR scores with SWI-ASPECTS and SWI-diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) mismatch scores. Results Thirty-five patients were enrolled. There was no significant correlation between SWI-ASPECTS and ASITN/SIR scores. However, SWI-DWI mismatch scores were positively correlated with ASITN/SIR scores. Conclusion The range of PVS on SWI did not closely reflect the collateral status, while the range of SWI-DWI mismatch was significantly correlated with the leptomeningeal collateralization. In patients with acute anterior circulation stroke due to large vessel occlusion, larger SWI-DWI mismatch was associated with better leptomeningeal collaterals.
- Published
- 2021
31. Coronary Collateralization of a Tumor Located in the Aortopulmonary Window
- Author
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Pia Lanmueller, Christoph Knosalla, Roland Heck, Felix Hennig, and Gunda Leschber
- Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Coronary Vessel Anomalies ,Window (computing) ,Collateral Circulation ,Coronary Angiography ,Aortopulmonary Septal Defect ,Heart Neoplasms ,Coronary Circulation ,Medicine ,Humans ,Surgery ,Abnormalities, Multiple ,Female ,Radiology ,Cardiac Surgical Procedures ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Collateralization ,Aged - Published
- 2021
32. An impressive image of unilateral pulmonary artery agenesis associated with coronary collateralization in an adult
- Author
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Celalettin Korkmaz, Mehmet Akif Düzenli, Sefa Tatar, Ahmet Seyfeddin Gurbuz, and Yakup Alsancak
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,lcsh:Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system ,business.industry ,collateral ,congenital ,Case Reports ,agenesis ,lcsh:RC666-701 ,Internal medicine ,pulmonary artery ,medicine ,Cardiology ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Collateralization ,Pulmonary artery agenesis - Published
- 2020
33. CVA and vulnerable options pricing by correlation expansions
- Author
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Fabio Antonelli, Sergio Scarlatti, and Alessandro Ramponi
- Subjects
0211 other engineering and technologies ,General Decision Sciences ,Computational Finance (q-fin.CP) ,02 engineering and technology ,Management Science and Operations Research ,FOS: Economics and business ,Affine processes ,Counterparty credit risk ,Credit value adjustment ,Duhamel principle ,Vulnerable options ,Wrong way risk ,XVA ,Quantitative Finance - Computational Finance ,Econometrics ,Economics ,Call option ,Asset management ,Asset (economics) ,Settore SECS-S/06 - Metodi mat. dell'economia e Scienze Attuariali e Finanziarie ,021103 operations research ,business.industry ,Valuation of options ,Value (economics) ,Credit valuation adjustment ,business ,Collateralization ,Credit risk - Abstract
We consider the problem of computing the Credit Value Adjustment ({CVA}) of a European option in presence of the Wrong Way Risk ({WWR}) in a default intensity setting. Namely we model the asset price evolution as solution to a linear equation that might depend on different stochastic factors and we provide an approximate evaluation of the option's price, by exploiting a correlation expansion approach, introduced in \cite{AS}. We compare the numerical performance of such a method with that recently proposed by Brigo et al. (\cite{BR18}, \cite{BRH18}) in the case of a call option driven by a GBM correlated with the CIR default intensity. We additionally report some numerical evaluations obtained by other methods., Comment: 21 pages
- Published
- 2019
34. Bank assets, liquidity and credit cycles
- Author
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Ivan Petrella, Emiliano Santoro, and Federico Lubello
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Control and Optimization ,Leverage (finance) ,Collateral ,Applied Mathematics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Macroprudential policy ,Settore SECS-P/02 - POLITICA ECONOMICA ,Deposit rate ,Monetary economics ,Bank collateral ,Faculty of Social Sciences ,HG ,Vertical integration ,Banking ,Market liquidity ,Liquidity ,Loan ,Debt ,Economics ,Capital misallocation ,Collateralization ,media_common - Abstract
We study how bank collateral assets and their pledgeability affect the amplitude of credit cycles. To this end, we develop a tractable model where bankers intermediate funds between savers and borrowers. If bankers default, savers acquire the right to liquidate bankers’ assets. However, due to the vertically integrated structure of our credit economy, savers anticipate that liquidating financial assets (i.e., loans) is conditional on borrowers being solvent on their debt obligations. This friction limits the collateralization of bankers’ financial assets beyond that of real assets (i.e., capital). In this context, increasing the pledgeability of financial assets eases more credit and reduces the spread between the loan and the deposit rate, thus attenuating capital misallocation as it typically emerges in credit economies a la Kiyotaki and Moore (1997). We uncover a close connection between the collateralization of bank loans, macroeconomic amplification and the degree of procyclicality of bank leverage.
- Published
- 2019
35. PCI and CABG for Treating Stable Coronary Artery Disease
- Author
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Axel Haverich, Anno Diegeler, Pieter Kappetein, Holger H. Sigusch, Robert O. Bonow, Patrick W. Serruys, Eric J. Velazquez, Torsten Doenst, and Volkmar Falk
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Ischemia ,Percutaneous coronary intervention ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,medicine.disease ,Revascularization ,Coronary artery disease ,03 medical and health sciences ,surgical procedures, operative ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Internal medicine ,Conventional PCI ,medicine ,Cardiology ,cardiovascular diseases ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Myocardial infarction ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Collateralization ,Artery - Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are considered revascularization procedures, but only CABG can prolong life in stable coronary artery disease. Thus, PCI and CABG mechanisms may differ. Viability and/or ischemia detection to guide revascularization have been unable to accurately predict treatment effects of CABG or PCI, questioning a revascularization mechanism for improving survival. By contrast, preventing myocardial infarction may save lives. However, the majority of infarcts are generated by non-flow-limiting stenoses, but PCI is solely focused on treating flow-limiting lesions. Thus, PCI cannot be expected to significantly limit new infarcts, but CABG may do so through providing flow distal to vessel occlusions. All comparisons of CABG to PCI or medical therapy that demonstrate survival effects with CABG also demonstrate infarct reduction. Thus, CABG may differ from PCI by providing "surgical collateralization," prolonging life by preventing myocardial infarctions. The evidence is reviewed here.
- Published
- 2019
36. Prognosis of ischemic stroke patients with or without collateralization after carotid stenosis
- Author
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Abu Nasar Rizvi, Subash Kanti Dey, Ahsan Habib, Md. Shahidullah, and Anis Ahmed
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Stenosis ,business.industry ,General Arts and Humanities ,Internal medicine ,lcsh:R ,Ischemic stroke ,medicine ,Cardiology ,lcsh:Medicine ,medicine.disease ,business ,Collateralization - Abstract
The objective of this study was to see the association of the prognosis of ischemic stroke patients with or without collateralization after carotid stenosis. This study was conducted on 36 patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke who were going through digital subtraction angiography from March 2017 to March 2018. Collateralization status after unilateral or bilateral stenosis was evaluated. Modified ranking scale (mRS) score was measured on the first day of the stroke and after three months. The disability of ischemic stroke patients was compared between patients who developed collateralization and who had not. Among them, 61.6% developed collateralization. Among the patients who developed collateralization after three months, 90.9% patients had mRS scale of ≤2 and who not developed collateralization, 85.7% patients had mRS scale of ≤2. In both the groups, the p value was
- Published
- 2018
37. Credit-Default Swaps Trading in CCPs
- Author
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Rojas Cama F
- Subjects
Credit default swap ,Risk premium ,ComputingMethodologies_SYMBOLICANDALGEBRAICMANIPULATION ,finance ,Clearing ,TheoryofComputation_GENERAL ,Business ,Monetary economics ,Price discovery ,Collateralization ,MathematicsofComputing_DISCRETEMATHEMATICS - Abstract
This paper shows the influence of CCP’s collateralization on the pricing of the Credit Default Swaps (CDS). A narrowly variant in the way the CDS seller decides over the resources in the settlement comes with a substantial change on the elements that determine the price of the CDS.
- Published
- 2021
38. Using accounting‐based and loan‐related information to estimate the cure probability of a defaulted company
- Author
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Thorsten Ohliger and Christian Lohmann
- Subjects
company cure ,business.industry ,accounting information ,education ,cure probability ,collateralization ,Accounting ,Loan ,Accounting information system ,ddc:650 ,defaulted company ,Global Credit Data ,Default ,Business ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,Collateralization ,health care economics and organizations - Abstract
The cure of a defaulted company has important implications for the estimation of the loss given default. In this study, we estimate the probability of a defaulted company being cured using data on a large international sample of defaulted companies. More specifically, we examine whether historic accounting information on a defaulted company and loan-related information are associated with that company's probability of being cured. The main finding of our analysis is that both accounting-based and loan-related independent variables increase the validity of cure prediction models.
- Published
- 2021
39. Analysis of Stablecoins during the Global COVID-19 Pandemic
- Author
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Bruno Rodrigues, Eder J. Scheid, Clemens Jeger, and Burkhard Stiller
- Subjects
Cryptocurrency ,Currency ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Financial crisis ,Financial market ,Business ,Monetary economics ,Volatility (finance) ,Payment ,Speculation ,Collateralization ,media_common - Abstract
One of the major concerns with cryptocurrencies is their price instability, driven by market speculation, underlying technology, and applications. Stablecoins were introduced to address volatility and to provide means for an electronic payment and a value store remaining stable, often being supported by physical assets or fiat currency (e.g., gold or US dollars, respectively). However, different collateralization mechanisms exist and different assets are pegged with the coin that can affect their stability in different ways. This work overviews stablecoin stability mechanisms, the current stablecoin market landscape, and the performance of major stablecoins during the 2020 financial market crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results from this analysis indicate that stablecoins’ performance during the financial crisis and, in particular, the market crash present a direct relation with their specific behavior attributed to different design aspects, including their popularity.
- Published
- 2020
40. Chromogranin B is associated with impaired coronary collateralization and heart failure in patients with stable angina and chronic total occlusion
- Author
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Zhen-kun Yang, Lun Gen Lu, Rui Yan Zhang, Ying Shen, W.F. Shen, Feng-Hua Ding, and Xiao Qun Wang
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,Total occlusion ,Stable angina ,CHROMOGRANIN B ,Heart failure ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Cardiology ,In patient ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Collateralization - Abstract
Background Chromogranin B (CgB) is a member of granin family that can be cleaved into a number of bioactive peptides. Previous studies showed that CgB is produced in cardiomyocytes and is increased in heart failure animals and patients in proportion to disease severity. Chronic total occlusion (CTO) of coronary artery leads to sustained myocardial ischemia which predisposes to adverse cardiovascular outcomes including heart failure. Purpose In this study, we sought to investigate the association between CgB and coronary collateralization formation and heart failure in patients with stable angina and CTO. Methods A total of 720 subjects with stable angina and CTO of at least one major coronary artery were enrolled in this study. CgB was assayed using an ELISA kit and the degree of coronary collaterals supplying the distal aspect of a total occlusion from the contralateral vessel was graded according to Rentrop classification. Results These was a stepwise decrease in levels of CgB with increasing Rentrop grades of coronary collateralization (P=0.001). Compared with the good collateralization (Rentrop grade 2–3) group, CgB was significantly higher in subjects with poor coronary collateralization (Rentrop grade 0–1; 1222.95 [IQR 506.24–2710.24] pg/mL vs. 776.17 [IQR 276.24–2209.39] pg/mL, P Conclusions CgB is an independent predictor of poor coronary collateralization and is related to worse heart function in patients with stable angina and CTO. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Published
- 2020
41. Financial Institution Type and Firm-Related Attributes as Determinants of Loan Amounts
- Author
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Zoltán Zéman and Edmund Mallinguh
- Subjects
loan amount ,product innovation ,ddc:330 ,collateralization ,ownership structure ,fixed assets - Abstract
Access to formal credit remains critical for business operations, particularly for firms unable to generate sufficient funds internally. Using the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey dataset, 2018, we analyzed 230 Kenyan firms that applied for loans. These loans are sourced from banks (private, commercial, or state-owned) or non-banking financial institutions. Specifically, the paper explores the effect of financial institution type and firm-related characteristics on loan amounts advanced. The results show that the preferred credit provider matters, with the sensitivity level varying among the three institutional types. Additionally, the collateralization value, the owner’s equity proportion of fixed assets, and any existing credit facility correlate positively with the outcome variable. There is an inverse relationship between the largest shareholder’s ownership and the loan amount. The study uses the new product (service) launches to measure innovation. The findings suggest that firms in the innovation process access higher loan amounts than their non-innovative peers. Be that as it may, the difference in amount effect size between the two groups is small based on Cohen’s d rule. The paper highlights the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
- Published
- 2022
42. O-005 Vascular collateralization may not affect blood gas changes in peri-infarct vasculature in human ischemic stroke
- Author
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Ann M. Stowe, Joseph F. Frank, Benton Maglinger, Christopher J. McLouth, Keith R. Pennypacker, Amanda L Trout, Robert Christopher Spears, Justin F. Fraser, Stephen Grupke, and Jill Roberts
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,pCO2 ,Internal medicine ,Ischemic stroke ,Cardiology ,Medicine ,Arterial blood ,Thrombus ,business ,Peri infarct ,Stroke ,Collateralization ,Large vessel occlusion - Abstract
Introduction Ischemic stroke is a prevalent, devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. Despite extensive research using animal models, there remains significant gaps in understanding processes of stroke in human patients. To address this, we developed a protocol to obtain and to analyze blood immediately proximal in systemic circulation and distal to a thrombus in patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy (www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT03153683). Our goal for this project was to evaluate blood gas changes and acid/base balance during stroke and how these changes are affected by patient factors. Methods We analyzed blood samples from the first 62 patients in the BACTRAC registry. Bicarbonate, pO2, and pCO2 values of intracranial (distal) and systemic (proximal) arterial blood relative to the occlusive thrombus were analyzed. Changes were compared in patients according to vascular collateralization as measured by CTA collateral scores. Results Mean age was 68.9 years (25 – 95 years). 29 were male, 33 were female. 15 were current smokers (24%), and 47 were non-smokers (no smoking within the last 6 months; 76%). Overall, intracranial gas values differed significantly from systemic. Compared to systemic, mean intracranial pO2 was decreased (211.39 vs. 246.91, p Discussion and Conclusion A compensated metabolic acidosis is present in arterial blood gas samples immediately proximal and distal to thrombi in large vessel occlusive stroke. Vascular collateralization may not significantly affect the acid-base environment immediately distal to a large vessel occlusion. Disclosures R. Spears: None. C. McLouth: None. K. Pennypacker: None. J. Frank: None. B. Maglinger: None. A. Trout: None. J. Roberts: None. A. Stowe: None. S. Grupke: None. J. Fraser: None.
- Published
- 2020
43. Surgical collateralization: The hidden mechanism for improving prognosis in chronic coronary syndromes
- Author
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Torsten Doenst and Holger H. Sigusch
- Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Mechanism (biology) ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Coronary Stenosis ,Percutaneous coronary intervention ,Collateral Circulation ,Coronary Artery Disease ,medicine.disease ,Cardiac surgery ,Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ,Treatment Outcome ,Internal medicine ,Coronary Circulation ,Chronic Disease ,medicine ,Cardiology ,Humans ,Surgery ,Myocardial infarction ,Coronary Artery Bypass ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Collateralization - Published
- 2020
44. The Impact of Default Dependency and Collateralization on Asset Pricing and Credit Risk Modeling
- Author
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Tim Xiao and Xiao, Tim
- Subjects
Credit default swap ,comrelation ,Dependency (UML) ,Financial economics ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Economics ,Economics ,asset pricing ,credit risk modeling ,unilateral, bilateral, multilateral credit risk ,collateralization ,comvariance ,correlation ,finance ,Credit reference ,jel:E44 ,jel:G21 ,bepress|Business ,Credit history ,multilateral credit risk ,ddc:330 ,unilateral ,Capital asset pricing model ,bilateral ,health care economics and organizations ,Valuation (finance) ,Actuarial science ,[QFIN.CP] Quantitative Finance [q-fin]/Computational Finance [q-fin.CP] ,Financial instrument ,Financial market ,SocArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Economics ,Qualitative research--Methodology ,jel:G12 ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Economics|Finance ,jel:G33 ,Credit default swap index ,SocArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Economics|Finance ,bepress|Business|Finance and Financial Management ,iTraxx ,Arabixiv|Business|Finance and Financial Management ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences ,Credit derivative ,Credit crunch ,Arabixiv|Business ,Business ,SocArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences ,Credit valuation adjustment ,Collateralization ,Credit risk - Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive framework for valuing financial instruments subject to credit risk. In particular, we focus on the impact of default dependence on asset pricing, as correlated default risk is one of the most pervasive threats in financial markets. We analyze how swap rates are affected by bilateral counterparty credit risk, and how CDS spreads depend on the trilateral credit risk of the buyer, seller, and reference entity in a contract. Moreover, we study the effect of collateralization on valuation, since the majority of OTC derivatives are collateralized. The model shows that a fully collateralized swap is risk-free, whereas a fully collateralized CDS is not equivalent to a risk-free one. Supplemental material at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tim_Xiao/publication/337157228_The_Impact_of_Default_Dependency_and_Collateralization_on_Asset_Pricing_and_Credit_Risk_Modeling/links/5ef0a4fc299bf1faac6cada3/The-Impact-of-Default-Dependency-and-Collateralization-on-Asset-Pricing-and-Credit-Risk-Modeling.pdf, https:://ia801501.us.archive.org/12/items/default-dependency-collateralization-7/default-dependency-collateralization-7.pdf
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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45. The Valuation of Financial Derivatives Subject to Counterparty Risk and Credit Value Adjustment
- Author
-
Tim Xiao
- Subjects
G28 ,G18 ,Economics ,G24 ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Economics ,Arabixiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences ,SocArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Economics ,collateralization ,credit risk modeling ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Economics|Finance ,SocArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Economics|Finance ,credit value adjustment (CVA), credit risk modeling, financial derivative valuation, collateralization, margin and netting ,Arabixiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Economics|Finance ,ddc:330 ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences ,E44 ,financial derivative valuation ,G21 ,G32 ,G33 ,SocArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences ,Arabixiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Economics ,G12 ,credit value adjustment (CVA) ,margin and netting - Abstract
This article presents a generic model for pricing financial derivatives subject to counterparty credit risk. Both unilateral and bilateral types of credit risks are considered. Our study shows that credit risk should be modeled as American style options in most cases, which require a backward induction valuation. To correct a common mistake in the literature, we emphasize that the market value of a defaultable derivative is actually a risky value rather than a risk-free value. Credit value adjustment (CVA) is also elaborated. A practical framework is developed for pricing defaultable derivatives and calculating their CVAs at a portfolio level., https://ia601506.us.archive.org/34/items/derivative-cva-13-data/derivativeCVA%20-13-data.pdf
- Published
- 2020
46. Impact of coronary collateralization on long-term clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients after successful recanalization of chronic total occlusion
- Author
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Ying Shen, Zhen Kun Yang, Rui Yan Zhang, Weifeng Shen, Lin Lu, Xiao Qun Wang, Feng Hua Ding, Jian Hu, and Yang Dai
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,lcsh:Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system ,Time Factors ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Collateral Circulation ,Coronary collateral circulation ,Ventricular Function, Left ,Percutaneous coronary intervention ,Lesion ,Diabetes mellitus ,Internal medicine ,Coronary Circulation ,medicine ,Humans ,Prospective Studies ,Angiology ,Aged ,Original Investigation ,Ejection fraction ,business.industry ,Proportional hazards model ,Stroke Volume ,Recovery of Function ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Prognosis ,Chronic total occlusion ,Treatment Outcome ,Coronary Occlusion ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,lcsh:RC666-701 ,Conventional PCI ,Chronic Disease ,Cardiology ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Collateralization - Abstract
Background To assess the prognostic role of coronary collaterals in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusion (CTO). Methods Coronary collateralization was graded according to Rentrop scoring system in 198 type 2 diabetic patients and 335 non-diabetics with stable angina undergoing PCI for at least one CTO lesion. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was determined and major adverse cardio-cerebral events (MACCE) were recorded during follow-up. Results Poor collateralization was more common in patients with T2DM than in non-diabetics (40% vs 29%, p = 0.008). At 13.5 ± 4.1 months, the rate of composite MACCE (17.3% vs 27.6%, p = 0.034) and repeat revascularization (15.2% vs 25.5%, p = 0.026) was lower and the increase in LVEF (3.10% vs 1.80%, p = 0.024) was greater in patients with good collaterals than in those with poor collaterals for non-diabetic group. The associations were in the same direction for T2DM group (35% vs 44%; 30% vs 36%; 2.14% vs 1.65%, respectively) with a higher all-cause mortality in diabetic patients with poor collaterals (p = 0.034). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that coronary collateralization was an independent factor for time to MACCE (HR 2.155,95% CI 1.290–3.599, p = 0.003) and repeat revascularization (HR 2.326, 95% CI 1.357–3.986, p = 0.002) in non-diabetic patients, but did not enter the model in those with T2DM. Conclusions T2DM is associated with reduced coronary collateralization. The effects of the status of coronary collateralization on long-term clinical outcomes and left ventricular function appear to be similar in size in type 2 diabetic patients and non-diabetics after successful recanalization of CTO.
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- 2020
47. An alternative model of financing in agriculture on the example of foreign models
- Author
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Marta Baraniak and Uniwersytet Łódzki, Wydział Zarządzania, Katedra Zarządzania Finansami Przedsiębiorstwa
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value chain financing ,dochody rolnicze ,Latin Americans ,business.industry ,Financial instrument ,05 social sciences ,innovation activity ,Accounting ,02 engineering and technology ,fundusze europejskie ,agricultural income ,Product (business) ,020204 information systems ,0502 economics and business ,Value (economics) ,European funds ,działalność innowacyjna ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,finansowanie łańcucha wartości ,050211 marketing ,Business ,Collateralization ,gospodarstwo rolne ,Risk management ,farm - Abstract
The aim of the article is to present proposals for alternative financing of farms based on models used in countries outside the EU. At the outset, the preferences of Polish farmers in the area of financing innovative activities were diagnosed based on questionnaire interviews conducted in 2018 in the Łódź Voivodeship on a group of 150 farms that keep accounting books under the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) system. Based on the interviews (and a review of the literature on the subject), three basic sources of financing the innovative activity of farms were identified: own funds (income), bank loans, and European funds. As part of alternative financing of a gricultural entities, the author offers value chain financing (VCF), commonly used in Latin America, Asia, and Africa, and partly in Europe. The article presents the following categories of financial instruments that are components of the VCF: product financing, receivables financing, physical assets collateralization, risk mitigation products, and financial enhancement. The summary contains suggestions for the application of the VCF model in Poland and premises for further research. Celem artykułu jest zaproponowanie alternatywnego finansowania innowacyjnej działalności gospodarstw rolnych w oparciu o modele stosowane w państwach spoza UE. Na podstawie wywiadów kwestionariuszowych przeprowadzonych w 2018 r. w województwie łódzkim na grupie 150 gospodarstw rolnych prowadzących księgi rachunkowe w ramach systemu FADN oraz przeglądu literatury przedmiotu określono preferencje polskich rolników co do źródeł finansowania innowacyjnej działalności gospodarstw. Należą do nich przede wszystkim: środki własne (dochody), kredyty bankowe oraz fundusze europejskie. Jako alternatywne finansowanie podmiotów rolnych autorka proponuje value chain financing (VCF), system powszechnie stosowany w krajach Ameryki Łacińskiej, Azji, Afryce i częściowo w Europie. W artykule zaprezentowano następujące kategorie instrumentów finansowych będących składowymi VCF: finansowanie produktu, finansowanie wierzytelności, zabezpieczenie majątku rzeczowego, produkty ograniczające ryzyko i ulepszenia finansowe. W podsumowaniu zawarto sugestie dotyczące zastosowania modelu VCF w polskich realiach oraz przesłanki dalszych badań.
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- 2020
48. Debt Collateralization, Capital Structure, and Maximal Leverage
- Author
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Gregory Phelan and Feixue Gong
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Economics and Econometrics ,Leverage, margins, asset prices, default, securitized markets, asset-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations ,Leverage (finance) ,Capital structure ,Collateral ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Debt-to-GDP ratio ,Recourse debt ,education ,Financial system ,Monetary economics ,Debt ,Debt ratio ,Debt levels and flows ,health care economics and organizations ,media_common ,jel:D52 ,Collateralized debt obligation ,jel:D53 ,External debt ,jel:G12 ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,humanities ,jel:G11 ,Capital (economics) ,Internal debt ,Business ,Collateralization ,Senior debt - Abstract
We study how allowing agents to use debt as collateral affects asset prices, leverage, and interest rates in a general equilibrium, heterogeneous-agent model with collateralized financial contracts and multiple states of uncertainty. In the absence of debt collateralization, multiple contracts are traded in equilibrium, with some agents borrowing using risky debt and others borrowing with risk-free debt. When agents can use debt contracts as collateral to borrow from other agents, margin requirements decrease, asset prices increase, and the interest rate on risky debt decreases. We characterize equilibrium for N states and L levels of debt collateralization and prove that enough levels of debt collateralization creates an equilibrium featuring maximal leverage on all debt contracts. In the dynamic model, debt collateralization creates larger asset price volatility.
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- 2020
49. Abstract WMP120: Pre-stroke Statin Enhancement of Collateralization in Acute Ischemic Stroke
- Author
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Li He, Jiaying Zhu, and Mengmeng Ma
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Advanced and Specialized Nursing ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Statin ,business.industry ,medicine.drug_class ,Stroke severity ,medicine.disease ,Collateral circulation ,Stroke onset ,Internal medicine ,Cardiology ,Medicine ,cardiovascular diseases ,Neurology (clinical) ,Statin therapy ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Acute ischemic stroke ,Stroke ,Collateralization - Abstract
Background: Recent studies suggested that prior statin therapy could lower the initial stroke severity and improve stroke functional outcome in case of stroke onset. It was speculated that pre-stroke statin may enhance collateral circulation and result in favorable functional outcome. This study aimed to investigate the association of pre-stroke statin use with leptomeningeal collaterals in acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods: We prospectively and consecutively enrolled 239 acute ischemic stroke patients with acute infarction due to occlusion of the middle cerebral artery within 24 hours from May 2011 to April 2017. CTA imaging was performed for all patients to detect middle cerebral artery thrombus; regional leptomeningeal collateral score (rLMCS) was used to assess the degree of collateral circulation; admission NIHSS was used to measure stroke severity; modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 day was used to measure outcome. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: 239 patients met inclusion criteria. 54 patients use statin before stroke onset. Pre-stroke statin use was independently associated with good collateral circulations (rLMCS>10) (OR, 4.786; 95% CI, 1.195 - 19.171; P = 0.027). Pre-stroke statin use was not independently associated with lower stroke severity (NIHSS≤14) (OR, 1.955; 95%CI, 0.657- 5.816; P = 0.228), but pre-stroke statin use was independently associated with good outcome (mRS≤2) (OR, 3.868; 95%CI, 1.325 - 11.289; P = 0.013). Conclusion: Pre-stroke statin use seems enhance collateralization and improve clinical outcomes in patients with acute stroke. However, clinical controlled studies should be used to verify this claim.
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- 2020
50. Lenders’ selection capabilities, patent quality and the outcome of patent backed loans
- Author
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Federico Caviggioli, Giuseppe Scellato, and Elisa Ughetto
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Finance ,Security interest ,Economics and Econometrics ,050208 finance ,G21 - Banks ,Depository Institutions ,Micro Finance Institutions ,Mortgages ,Collateral ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Control (management) ,Outcome (game theory) ,Debt ,0502 economics and business ,Specialization (functional) ,Quality (business) ,business ,Collateralization ,050203 business & management ,media_common - Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the phenomenon of patent collateralization by empirically focusing on the factors that affect the outcome of the collateralization process. In particular, we want to examine to what extent patent quality, lenders’ characteristics, as well as lenders’ selection capabilities (i.e. in identifying high-quality patents) affect the likelihood of observing a security interest release. We identify the patents recorded in security agreements and their release from the USPTO Patent Assignment database. The final dataset is made up of a total of 8818 security interest agreement records, involving 133,110 patents pledged as collateral for debt between 2007 and 2010. We find evidence that a security interest is more likely to be released for patents with a higher technical merit and when the lenders are more experienced and are specialty finance companies. When considering other types of lenders (i.e. banks in particular) or less experienced lenders, the positive association between the security interest release and the technical merit of the pledged patent is lower. The evidence suggests that IP-backed loans represent an effective financial channel for those firms that control valuable intangible assets and that experience and specialization allow lenders to develop better selection capabilities.
- Published
- 2020
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