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The applicability of camel hair is still conditioned by a gap in the knowledge about this raw material, which in turn hinders its supply chain, commercial possibilities, and the value that the product reaches in the market. The present research compares the physical-mechanical properties of Canarian camel hair versus Merino sheep wool, the world’s most popular proteinic fabric material, using a discriminant canonical analysis. The attributes that maximized differences between both types of animal-origin fibers were related to average fiber diameter, fineness, length staple, and residual dirt. Although slightly shorter than sheep wool, camel hair can reach a prominent fabric quality and spinning performance given its greater average diameter and its lower variation within small fragments along the snippet, as well as the higher distance from the tip to the finest point in the staple, which is an indicator for the breaking point. Such characteristics are known to increase bending rigidity during the manufacturing process. Residual dirt may be associated with the low-input, extensive exploitation of camels. The present paper provides a reference for maturing pre-process and manufacture techniques for the further valorization of camel hair in the present-day textile industry and, thus, engages income opportunities for this livestock production.

The variability of camel hair fibers physical-mechanical properties across sampling body areas and phaneroptics continue to be relatively unexplored topics in scientific literature. With the aim to valorize camel hair fibers, the present investigation has examined, through discriminant canonical analysis, fiber properties of Canarian camel hair regarding the body region sampled by comparing them with Merino sheep wool, world’s most demanded textile fiber. Additionally, camel hair attribute differences depending on phaneroptics such as coat or eye color and particularities have been determined. Diameter at the base of the fiber is higher for adult camels and increases from the mid-region to the back of the animal. Besides, the highest variability in both staple length and mean diameter was found for camel shoulder and hump fibers. Camel tail dock was the region with the finest fibers but also the one accounting for the highest percentage of residual dirt. Coat color and particularities were unlikely to significantly (p

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently, yak wool has got more and more attentions for its good quality and competitive price in textile industry. However, for its large dispersion and stiffness, there are still some difficulties in utilizing yak fibers, which also further limit the development of yak wool products. Aiming at this problem, in this article, yak wool was compared with cashmere and camel hair. Cashmere and camel hair are another two kinds of animal fibers, which have been studied for a long time and there have been mature manufacture techniques for some cashmere or camel hair products. By comparative analyzing the surface and cross-section morphologies, physical and chemical properties of these three kinds of fiber, the better ways to develop yak wool can be got. Findings show that among the three kinds of animal fibers, the scales of yak fibers arrange densest. Besides, it also has the highest strength and friction effect. As for the chemical properties, the functional groups of these fibers are similar but the acid and alkali resistances of yak wool are poorest.

Keratin, a fibrous protein, that is available from a variety of animal sources as a constituent of hair, nails, horns, hoofs, wool and feathers, has applications in pharmaceutics, cosmetics and as a fertilizer. Like many naturally-derived biomaterials, the intrinsic biological activity and biocompatibility of keratin render this polymer a potential candidate for applications in medicine, and for the fabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering. While several sources of keratin can be considered, the bioactivity of the keratins obtained can be quite different. In this study we discuss the processing and characterization of keratin from camel hair and goat cashmere. Specifically, the camel hair and cashmere were dissolved in an ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride), and the characteristics of the soluble and insoluble keratin were evaluated. The structure and properties of the raw material, soluble, and insoluble keratin were studied. Compared to the starting material, the soluble keratin showed chemical changes viz. decrease of cysteine, and minor structural changes. Preliminary in vitro biological properties performed by a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and scratch test showed good bioactivity in keratin from both sources. In particular, cell migration was observed to be faster when cells were cultured in the presence of soluble keratin extracted from camel hair and cashmere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effect of age on camel hair characteristics and their phenotypic correlations in Semnan province, 95 dromedary female camels (aged 1-20) were selected. Hair samples were taken from right flank in mid spring. Least square means were analyzed at different ages, and also 4 age groups by one-way and general liner model (GLM) using SAS software package. Analysis of variance indicated a significant effect of age group on staple length, fiber diameter, coefficient of variability of fiber diameter, interrupted and continuous medulla and non-medullated fibers in inner coat and yield percentage (P ≤ 0/05). The young camels had more inner coat and non-medullated fibers than other ages. The diameter least square means of 1-2 age group ( 18.54±1.47 ) was significantly different (P11 age groups (22.59±0.67, 23.19±0.57 and 24.5±0.61 , respectively). There was a significant difference (P

Tensile-relaxation is important in processing α-keratin hair fibers. This study proposed a composite structure model for camel guard hair, which composes of non-consistent crystalline phase with linked fibrils in amorphous matrix. The structure model was used to interpret the specific tensile-relaxation manners of camel hair under dry, wet, halide and reductant ions treated conditions. Based on the structure model, an analytical model was proposed to predict the relaxation of stretched camel hair using parallel ideal spring and dashpot in series with a spring. The disintegration of crystalline phase was assumed to become one more parallel of spring and dashpot in addition to the original model. In cycles of tensile-relaxation test, the modulus and viscosity of spring and dashpot were obtained from the first relaxation manner. The following relaxation decays were thereafter analytically predicted, and verified by experimental data. It was found a good agreement from the comparison with less than 10% of error, indicating the assumption and prediction of the analytical model reasonable and acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outstanding performance of natural camel hair has attracted much attention on the effective use of such specialty fiber to apparel textiles. In this paper, sodium bisulfide (SB) and lithium bromide (LB) solutions were used to process the camel guard hair before its slenderization. It is found that camel guard hair processed by SB solution shows the highest breaking elongation (~140%) due to the breakage of disulfide bonds (reflected by Raman spectra). LB ions result in the disruption of hair crystalline phase with slight benefit to the slenderization (determined by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry). IR spectra indicate that hydrogen bonds of camel guard hair act as fixation switch in the programmed tensile test. It is discovered that guard hair reveals the best water-induced shape memory with 90% of stretching shape recovery, whereas the value remained to be 70% and 60% for hair processed by LB and SB solutions after breaking partial crystalline phase and disulfide cross-links separately (polymer net-points). The poorer shape memory of processed guard hair benefits its slenderization for more stable fixation of stretched length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to study the occurrence of BHV-1 as a serious viral pathogen in the genitalia of she camels. Out of 120 female genitalia (vulva-vagina-cervix and uterus), 13 (10.83%) samples contained suspected viral agents which induced cytophathic effects on MDBK cell line. Five out of 13 suspected viral isolates could be completely neutralized using virus neutralization test (VNT). Seven out of 13 CPE positive viral agents were confirmed to be BHV-1 by PCR assay. IFAT revealed the presence of BHV-1in the epithelial lining of the vulva and vagina of BHV-1 positive tissue specimens. The percentage of positive serum reactors was 17 (14.16%). Gross examination of BHV-1 positive samples showed swollen endometrium and congested vulva with apparent laceration and papules. The vagina showed congested mucosa with multiple vesicles. Histopathlogical examination of the genitalia of the affected she camels revealed vulvitis, vaginitis, cervicitis and endometritis. In conclusion, the occurrence of the genital form of BHV-1 (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, IPV) in she camels was declared. Accordingly, the role played by BHV-1 in causation of infertility and abortion in she camels should be investigated. Also, attention must be paid toward the possibility of infected she camels to transmit such virus infection to farm animals in contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Toxoplasmosis is a major public health concern in many countries of the world. A crosssectional and follow up experimental study designs were used for seroepidemiological and bioassay studies, respectively from November 2012 to April 2013. The objectives were to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection, to assess risk factors and to isolate the parasite from camels in the Fentale district, Ethiopia. A direct agglutination test (DAT) and indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to test camel sera. Hearts and tongues (each 25 g) from 31 seropositive camels were bioassayed in mice. Associations between seroprevalence and potential risk factors (collected using a questionnaire survey) were analyzed using logistic regression. Results An overall T. gondii prevalence of 49.62% (220/455) by DAT and 40.49% (179/451) by indirect ELISA test were detected. Herd level seroprevalence of 96.77% (30/31) (95% CI: 83.30- 99.92) by DAT was recorded and it was significantly higher in areas where wild felids are present (P = 0.038). Multivariable logistic regression showed that the likelihood of acquiring T. gondii infection was significantly higher in camels in the Ilala pastoral association [PA] (82.26%) (Adjusted Odds ratio [aOR] = 10.8; P < 0.001) than camels in the Galcha PA (31.43%), in camels of ⩾ 8 years old (56.52%; aOR = 1.88; P = 0,033) than camels of ⩽ 4 years old (34.26%) and in areas where domestic cats are present (aOR = 4.16; P = 0.006). All camel owners were uneducated, handle aborted fetus with bare hands, and drink raw camel milk. DAT and ELISA tests had moderate agreement (Kappa = 0.41). Viable T. gondii were isolated from 16.13% (5/31) of DAT positive camels. One DAT positive but ELISA negative camel sample gave a cyst positive result. Conclusions T. gondii infection of camels in the study district is widespread. Age, presence of domestic cats and study PA are independent predictors of T. gondii seropositivity. Isolation of viable parasites from edible tissues of camels and the very poor knowledge of pastoralists about toxoplasmosis suggest the need for prevention of toxoplasmosis through bio-security measures, education and further investigation to unravel the impact of camel toxoplasmosis deserves consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frictional, compressional and thermal properties of handmade felts prepared from wool, rabbit hair, camel hair and their blends have been studied. Felts made from rabbit hair and its blends are smoother, warmer and softer as compared to those made from camel hair and sheep wool. Felts produced from sheep wool possess highest coefficient of friction and resiliency than those produced from camel hair. Frictional properties of felts are governed by fibre diameter, medullation content and compressibility of felt, whereas thermal behaviour is influenced by fibre diameter only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of blending camel kid hair with merino wool on performance of resultant yarn and fabric has been studied. Camel hair (CH) has been blended with merino wool (M) in three different ratios, viz. 25:75, 75:25 and 50:50 on khadi hand spinning system. Knitted fabric samples are then prepared on circular hand knitting machine. Properties of yarn and knitted fabric are also evaluated. It is found that the blending of merino wool with camel hair improves fineness and strength of yarn. Performance of CH75:M25 knitted fabric is found better in terms of strength and warmth, whereas CH25:M75 fabric shows higher abrasion resistance and better knitting performance and hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]