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1. Distinguishing the combined vegetation and soil component of δ13C variation in speleothem records from subsequent degassing and prior calcite precipitation effects

Author

H. M. Stoll, C. Day, F. Lechleitner, O. Kost, L. Endres, J. Sliwinski, C. Pérez-Mejías, H. Cheng, and D. Scholz

Subjects
Environmental pollution, TD172-193.5, Environmental protection, TD169-171.8, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

The carbon isotopic signature inherited from soil and epikarst processes may be modified by degassing and prior calcite precipitation (PCP) before its imprint on speleothem calcite. Despite laboratory demonstration of PCP effects on carbon isotopes and increasingly sophisticated models of the governing processes, to date, there has been limited effort to deconvolve the dual PCP and soil–epikarst components in measured speleothem isotopic time series. In this contribution, we explore the feasibility, advantages, and disadvantages of using trace element ratios and δ44Ca to remove the overprinting effect of PCP on measured δ13C to infer the temporal variations in the initial δ13C of drip water prior to degassing and PCP. In nine examined stalagmites, the most widely utilized PCP indicators Mg/Ca and δ44Ca covary as expected. However, Sr / Ca does not show consistent relationships with δ44Ca so PCP is not the dominant control on Sr / Ca. From δ44Ca and Mg/Ca, our calculation of PCP as fCa, the fraction of initial Ca remaining in solution at the time the stalagmite layer is deposited, yields multiple viable solutions depending on the assumed δ44Ca fractionation factor and inferred variation in DMg. Uncertainty in the effective fractionation of δ13C during degassing and precipitation contributes to uncertainty in the absolute value of estimated initial δ13C. Nonetheless, the trends in initial δ13C are less sensitive to these uncertainties. In coeval stalagmites from the same cave spanning the 94 to 82 ka interval, trends in calculated initial δ13C are more similar than those in measured δ13C and reveal a common positive-anomaly initial δ13C during a stadial cooling event. During deglaciations, calculated initial δ13C implies a trend of greater respiration rates and higher soil CO2, although the higher interglacial drip water saturation favors more extensive PCP. Initial δ13C can be estimated for active and fossil speleothems from a range of settings, wherever there is confidence that Mg/Ca and/or δ44Ca provides a quantitative indication of past changes in PCP. Further study of Mg partitioning in speleothems will improve the robustness of Mg/Ca as a PCP proxy.

Published
2023
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2. Overview of ASDEX upgrade results in view of ITER and DEMO

Author

H. Zohm, E. Alessi, C. Angioni, N. Arden, V. Artigues, M. Astrain, O. Asunta, M. Balden, V. Bandaru, A. Banon Navarro, M. Bauer, A. Bergmann, M. Bergmann, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, A. Biancalani, R. Bielajew, R. Bilato, G. Birkenmeier, T. Blanken, V. Bobkov, A. Bock, L. Bock, T. Body, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, A. Bortolon, B. Böswirth, C. Bottereau, A. Bottino, H. van den Brand, M. Brenzke, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, J. Buchanan, A. Buhler, A. Burckhart, Y. Camenen, B. Cannas, P. Cano Megías, D. Carlton, M. Carr, P. Carvalho, C. Castaldo, A. Castillo Castillo, A. Cathey, M. Cavedon, C. Cazzaniga, C. Challis, A. Chankin, A. Chomiczewska, C. Cianfarani, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, L. Colas, G. Conway, S. Costea, D. Coster, T. Cote, A.J. Creely, G. Croci, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, I. Cziegler, O. D’Arcangelo, A. Dal Molin, P. David, C. Day, M. de Baar, P. de Marné, R. Delogu, P. Denner, A. Di Siena, M. Dibon, J.J. Dominguez-Palacios Durán, D. Dunai, M. Dreval, M. Dunne, B.P. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, S. Elgeti, A. Encheva, B. Esposito, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, D. Fajardo Jimenez, U. Fantz, M. Farnik, H. Faugel, F. Felici, O. Ficker, A. Figueredo, R. Fischer, O. Ford, L. Frassinetti, M. Fröschle, G. Fuchert, J.C. Fuchs, H. Fünfgelder, S. Futatani, K. Galazka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, D. Gallart Escolà, A. Gallo, Y. Gao, S. Garavaglia, M. Garcia Muñoz, B. Geiger, L. Giannone, S. Gibson, L. Gil, E. Giovannozzi, I. Girka, O. Girka, T. Gleiter, S. Glöggler, M. Gobbin, J.C. Gonzalez, J. Gonzalez Martin, T. Goodman, G. Gorini, T. Görler, D. Gradic, G. Granucci, A. Gräter, G. Grenfell, H. Greuner, M. Griener, M. Groth, O. Grover, A. Gude, L. Guimarais, S. Günter, D. Hachmeister, A.H. Hakola, C. Ham, T. Happel, N. den Harder, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, V. Hauer, T. Hayward-Schneider, B. Heinemann, P. Heinrich, T. Hellsten, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, M. Herschel, S. Heuraux, A. Herrmann, E. Heyn, F. Hitzler, J. Hobirk, K. Höfler, S. Hörmann, J.H. Holm, M. Hölzl, C. Hopf, L. Horvath, T. Höschen, A. Houben, A. Hubbard, A. Huber, K. Hunger, V. Igochine, M. Iliasova, J. Illerhaus, K. Insulander Björk, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, I. Ivanova-Stanik, S. Jachmich, W. Jacob, N. Jaksic, A. Jansen van Vuuren, F. Jaulmes, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, E. Joffrin, A. Kallenbach, J. Kalis, A. Kappatou, J. Karhunen, C.-P. Käsemann, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, A. Kendl, W. Kernbichler, E. Khilkevitch, M. Kircher, A. Kirk, S. Kjer Hansen, V. Klevarova, F. Klossek, G. Kocsis, M. Koleva, M. Komm, M. Kong, A. Krämer-Flecken, M. Krause, I. Krebs, A. Kreuzeder, K. Krieger, O. Kudlacek, D. Kulla, T. Kurki-Suonio, B. Kurzan, B. Labit, K. Lackner, F. Laggner, A. Lahtinen, P. Lainer, P.T. Lang, P. Lauber, M. Lehnen, L. Leppin, E. Lerche, N. Leuthold, L. Li, J. Likonen, O. Linder, H. Lindl, B. Lipschultz, Y. Liu, Z. Lu, T. Luda Di Cortemiglia, N.C. Luhmann, T. Lunt, A. Lyssoivan, T. Maceina, J. Madsen, A. Magnanimo, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, R. Maingi, O. Maj, E. Maljaars, V. Maquet, A. Mancini, A. Manhard, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, P. Manz, M. Maraschek, C. Marchetto, M. Markl, L. Marrelli, P. Martin, F. Matos, M. Mayer, P.J. McCarthy, R. McDermott, G. Meng, R. Merkel, A. Merle, H. Meyer, M. Michelini, D. Milanesio, V. Mitterauer, P. Molina Cabrera, M. Muraca, F. Nabais, V. Naulin, R. Nazikian, R.D. Nem, R. Neu, A.H. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, T. Nishizawa, M. Nocente, I. Novikau, S. Nowak, R. Ochoukov, J. Olsen, P. Oyola, O. Pan, G. Papp, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, C. Paz-Soldan, M. Peglau, E. Peluso, P. Petersson, C. Piron, U. Plank, B. Plaum, B. Plöckl, V. Plyusnin, G. Pokol, E. Poli, A. Popa, L. Porte, J. Puchmayr, T. Pütterich, L. Radovanovic, M. Ramisch, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, G. Raupp, A. Redl, D. Réfy, M. Reich, F. Reimold, D. Reiser, M. Reisner, D. Reiter, B. Rettino, T. Ribeiro, D. Ricci, R. Riedl, J. Riesch, J.F. Rivero Rodriguez, G. Rocchi, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, V. Rohde, G. Ronchi, M. Rott, M. Rubel, D.A. Ryan, F. Ryter, S. Saarelma, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, O. Samoylov, L. Sanchis Sanchez, J. Santos, O. Sauter, G. Schall, A. Schlüter, J. Scholte, K. Schmid, O. Schmitz, P.A. Schneider, R. Schrittwieser, M. Schubert, C. Schuster, N. Schwarz, T. Schwarz-Selinger, J. Schweinzer, F. Sciortino, O. Seibold-Benjak, A. Shabbir, A. Shalpegin, S. Sharapov, U. Sheikh, A. Shevelev, G. Sias, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, A. Sigalov, A. Silva, C. Silva, D. Silvagni, J. Simpson, S. Sipilä, A. Snicker, E. Solano, C. Sommariva, C. Sozzi, M. Spacek, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, A. Stegmeir, M. Stejner, D. Stieglitz, J. Stober, U. Stroth, E. Strumberger, G. Suarez Lopez, W. Suttrop, T. Szepesi, B. Tál, T. Tala, W. Tang, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Terranova, M. Teschke, E. Thorén, W. Tierens, D. Told, W. Treutterer, G. Trevisan, M. Tripský, P. Ulbl, G. Urbanczyk, M. Usoltseva, M. Valisa, M. Valovic, S. van Mulders, M. van Zeeland, F. Vannini, B. Vanovac, P. Varela, S. Varoutis, T. Verdier, G. Verdoolaege, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, T. Vierle, E. Viezzer, I. Voitsekhovitch, U. von Toussaint, D. Wagner, X. Wang, M. Weiland, D. Wendler, A.E. White, M. Willensdorfer, B. Wiringer, M. Wischmeier, R. Wolf, E. Wolfrum, Q. Yang, C. Yoo, Q. Yu, R. Zagórski, I. Zammuto, T. Zehetbauer, W. Zhang, W. Zholobenko, A. Zibrov, M. Zilker, C.F.B. Zimmermann, A. Zito, S. Zoletnik, the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team, and the ASDEX Upgrade Team

Subjects
tokamak, MHD stability, transport modelling, radiative exhaust, disruption physics, ELM free scenarios, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Experiments on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) in 2021 and 2022 have addressed a number of critical issues for ITER and EU DEMO. A major objective of the AUG programme is to shed light on the underlying physics of confinement, stability, and plasma exhaust in order to allow reliable extrapolation of results obtained on present day machines to these reactor-grade devices. Concerning pedestal physics, the mitigation of edge localised modes (ELMs) using resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) was found to be consistent with a reduction of the linear peeling-ballooning stability threshold due to the helical deformation of the plasma. Conversely, ELM suppression by RMPs is ascribed to an increased pedestal transport that keeps the plasma away from this boundary. Candidates for this increased transport are locally enhanced turbulence and a locked magnetic island in the pedestal. The enhanced D-alpha (EDA) and quasi-continuous exhaust (QCE) regimes have been established as promising ELM-free scenarios. Here, the pressure gradient at the foot of the H-mode pedestal is reduced by a quasi-coherent mode, consistent with violation of the high-n ballooning mode stability limit there. This is suggestive that the EDA and QCE regimes have a common underlying physics origin. In the area of transport physics, full radius models for both L- and H-modes have been developed. These models predict energy confinement in AUG better than the commonly used global scaling laws, representing a large step towards the goal of predictive capability. A new momentum transport analysis framework has been developed that provides access to the intrinsic torque in the plasma core. In the field of exhaust, the X-Point Radiator (XPR), a cold and dense plasma region on closed flux surfaces close to the X-point, was described by an analytical model that provides an understanding of its formation as well as its stability, i.e., the conditions under which it transitions into a deleterious MARFE with the potential to result in a disruptive termination. With the XPR close to the divertor target, a new detached divertor concept, the compact radiative divertor, was developed. Here, the exhaust power is radiated before reaching the target, allowing close proximity of the X-point to the target. No limitations by the shallow field line angle due to the large flux expansion were observed, and sufficient compression of neutral density was demonstrated. With respect to the pumping of non-recycling impurities, the divertor enrichment was found to mainly depend on the ionisation energy of the impurity under consideration. In the area of MHD physics, analysis of the hot plasma core motion in sawtooth crashes showed good agreement with nonlinear 2-fluid simulations. This indicates that the fast reconnection observed in these events is adequately described including the pressure gradient and the electron inertia in the parallel Ohm’s law. Concerning disruption physics, a shattered pellet injection system was installed in collaboration with the ITER International Organisation. Thanks to the ability to vary the shard size distribution independently of the injection velocity, as well as its impurity admixture, it was possible to tailor the current quench rate, which is an important requirement for future large devices such as ITER. Progress was also made modelling the force reduction of VDEs induced by massive gas injection on AUG. The H-mode density limit was characterised in terms of safe operational space with a newly developed active feedback control method that allowed the stability boundary to be probed several times within a single discharge without inducing a disruptive termination. Regarding integrated operation scenarios, the role of density peaking in the confinement of the ITER baseline scenario (high plasma current) was clarified. The usual energy confinement scaling ITER98( p,y ) does not capture this effect, but the more recent H20 scaling does, highlighting again the importance of developing adequate physics based models. Advanced tokamak scenarios, aiming at large non-inductive current fraction due to non-standard profiles of the safety factor in combination with high normalised plasma pressure were studied with a focus on their access conditions. A method to guide the approach of the targeted safety factor profiles was developed, and the conditions for achieving good confinement were clarified. Based on this, two types of advanced scenarios (‘hybrid’ and ‘elevated’ q -profile) were established on AUG and characterised concerning their plasma performance.

Published
2024
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3. Overview of the first Wendelstein 7-X long pulse campaign with fully water-cooled plasma facing components

Author

O. Grulke, C. Albert, J.A. Alcuson Belloso, P. Aleynikov, K. Aleynikova, A. Alonso, G. Anda, T. Andreeva, M. Arvanitou, E. Ascasibar, E. Aymerich, K. Avramidis, J.-P. Bähner, S.-G. Baek, M. Balden, J. Baldzuhn, S. Ballinger, M. Banduch, S. Bannmann, A. Bañón Navarro, L. Baylor, C.D. Beidler, M. Beurskens, C. Biedermann, G. Birkenmeier, T. Bluhm, D. Boeckenhoff, D. Boeyaert, D. Bold, M. Borchardt, D. Borodin, H.-S. Bosch, H. Bouvain, S. Bozhenkov, T. Bräuer, H. Braune, C. Brandt, S. Brezinsek, K.J. Brunner, C. Büschel, R. Bussiahn, A. Buzás, B. Buttenschoen, V. Bykov, I. Calvo, A. Cappa, F. Carovani, D. Carralero, A. Carls, B. Carvalho, D. Castaño-Bardawil, N. Chaudhary, I. Chelis, S. Chen, D. Cipciar, J.W. Coenen, G. Conway, M. Cornelissen, Y. Corre, P. Costello, K. Crombe, G. Cseh, B. Csillag, H.I. Cu Castillo, G. Czymek, H. Damm, R.J. Davies, C. Day, S. Degenkolbe, R. De Wolf, W. Dekeyser, A. Demby, P. Despontin, C.P. Dhard, A. Dinklage, F.A. d’Isa, T. Dittmar, M. Dreval, M. Drevlak, P. Drews, J. Droste, D. Dunai, C. Dyhring, P. van Eeten, E. Edlund, M. Endler, D.A. Ennis, F.J. Escoto, M.S. Espinosa, T. Estrada, D. Fehling, L. Feuerstein, J. Fellinger, Y. Feng, D.L.C. Fernando, S. Fischer, E.R. Flom, O. Ford, T. Fornal, J. Frank, H. Frerichs, G. Fuchert, G. Gantenbein, Y. Gao, K. Garcia, I. García-Cortés, J.M. García-Regaña, B. Geiger, J. Geiger, P. Geissler, M. Gerard, G. Godino-Sedano, T. Gonda, A. González, A. Goriaev, D. Gradic, M. Grahl, H. Greuner, E. Grigore, M. Gruca, J.F. Guerrero Arnaiz, V. Haak, L. van Ham, K. Hammond, B. Hamstra, X. Han, S.K. Hansen, J. Harris, D. Hartmann, D. Hathiramani, S. Hegedus, S. Heinrich, P. Helander, F. Henke, S. Henneberg, L. Henschke, M. Hirsch, U. Hoefel, K. Hoefler, S. Hoermann, K.-P. Hollfeld, A. Holtz, D. Höschen, M. Houry, J. Huang, M. Hubeny, K. Hunger, D. Hwangbo, K. Ida, Y. Igitkhanov, S. Illy, Z. Ioannidis, M. Jablczynska, S. Jablonski, B. Jabłoński, B. Jagielski, M. Jakubowski, J. Jelonnek, F. Jenko, J. Jin, A. Johansson, G. Jouniaux, S. Kajita, J.-P. Kallmeyer, U. Kamionka, W. Kasparek, C. Kawan, Ye. O. Kazakov, N. Kenmochi, W. Kernbichler, A.K. Kharwandikar, M. Khokhlov, C. Killer, A. Kirschner, R. Kleiber, C.C. Klepper, T. Klinger, J. Knauer, A. Knieps, M. Kobayashi, G. Kocsis, Y. Kolesnichenko, A. Könies, J. Kontula, P. Kornejew, S.A. Korteweg, J. Koschinsky, J. Koster, Y. Kovtun, A. Krämer-Flecken, M. Krause, T. Kremeyer, L. Krier, D.M. Kriete, M. Krychowiak, I. Ksia¸zek, M. Kubkowska, M.D. Kuczyński, D. Kulla, A. Kumar, T. Kurki-Suonio, I. Kuzmych, S. Kwak, V. Lancelotti, A. Langenberg, H. Laqua, H.P. Laqua, M.R. Larsen, S. Lazerson, C. Lechte, B. Lee, A. LeViness, M. Lewerentz, Y. Liang, L. Liao, A. Litnovsky, J. Liu, J. Loizu, R. Lopez-Cansino, L.D. Lopez Rodriguez, A. Lorenz, R. Lunsford, Y. Luo, V. Lutsenko, N. Maaziz, M. Machielsen, R. Mackenbach, D. Makowski, E. Maragkoudakis, O. Marchuk, M. Markl, S. Marsen, J. Martínez, N. Marushchenko, S. Masuzaki, D.A. Maurer, M. Mayer, K.J. McCarthy, P. McNeely, D. Medina Roque, J. Meineke, S. Meitner, S. vaz Mendes, A. Menzel-Barbara, B. van Milligen, A. Mishchenko, V. Moiseenko, A. Möller, S. Möller, D. Moseev, G. Motojima, S. Mulas, P. Mulholland, M. Nagel, D. Nagy, Y. Narbutt, D. Naujoks, P. Nelde, R. Neu, O. Neubauer, U. Neuner, D. Nicolai, S. Nielsen, C. Nührenberg, R. Ochoukov, G. Offermanns, J. Ongena, J.W. Oosterbeek, M. Otte, N. Pablant, N. Panadero Alvarez, A. Pandey, G. Partesotti, E.A. Pasch, R. Pavlichenko, E. Pawelec, T.S. Pedersen, V. Perseo, B. Peterson, F. Pisano, B. Plaum, G. Plunk, L. Podavini, N.S. Polei, P. Poloskei, S. Ponomarenko, P. Pons-Villalonga, M. Porkolab, J. Proll, M.J. Pueschel, A. Puig Sitjes, R. Ragona, K. Rahbarnia, M. Rasiński, J. Rasmussen, D. Refy, F. Reimold, M. Richou, J.S. Riemann, K. Riße, J. de la Riva Villén, G. Roberg-Clark, E. Rodriguez, V. Rohde, J. Romazanov, T. Romba, D. Rondeshagen, M. Rud, T. Ruess, T. Rummel, A. Runov, C. Ruset, N. Rust, L. Ryc, T. Rzesnicki, M. Salewski, E. Sánchez, L. Sanchis Sanchez, G. Satheeswaran, J. Schacht, E. Scharff, J. Schilling, G. Schlisio, K. Schmid, J.C. Schmitt, O. Schmitz, M. Schneider, M. Van Schoor, T. Schröder, R. Schroeder, B. Schweer, S. Sereda, B. Shanahan, G. Sias, S. Simko, L. Singh, Y. Siusko, C. Slaby, M. Śle¸czka, B.S. Smith, D.R. Smith, H. Smith, M. Spolaore, A. Spring, T. Stange, A. von Stechow, I. Stepanov, M. Stern, U. Stroth, Y. Suzuki, C. Swee, L. Syrocki, T. Szabolics, T. Szepesi, R. Takacs, H. Takahashi, N. Tamura, C. Tantos, J. Terry, S. Thiede, H. Thienpondt, H. Thomsen, M. Thumm, T. Thun, S. Togo, T. Tork, H. Trimino Mora, A. Tsikouras, Y. Turkin, L. Vano, S. Varoutis, M. Vecsei, J.L. Velasco, M. Verstraeten, M. Vervier, E. Viezzer, J. Wagner, E. Wang, F. Wang, M. Wappl, F. Warmer, T. Wegner, Y. Wei, G. Weir, N. Wendler, U. Wenzel, A. White, F. Wilms, T. Windisch, A. Winter, V. Winters, R. Wolf, G. Wurden, P. Xanthopoulos, H.M. Xiang, S. Xu, H. Yamada, J. Yang, R. Yi, M. Yokoyama, B. Zamorski, M. Zanini, M. Zarnstorff, D. Zhang, S. Zhou, J. Zhu, J. Zimmermann, A. Zocco, and S. Zoletnik

Subjects
stellarator, long-pulse operation, magnetic fusion confinement, divertor detachment, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

After a long device enhancement phase, scientific operation resumed in 2022. The main new device components are the water cooling of all plasma facing components and the new water-cooled high heat flux divertor units. Water cooling allowed for the first long-pulse operation campaign. A maximum discharge length of 8 min was achieved with a total heating energy of 1.3 GJ. Safe divertor operation was demonstrated in attached and detached mode. Stable detachment is readily achieved in some magnetic configurations but requires impurity seeding in configurations with small magnetic pitch angle within the edge islands. Progress was made in the characterization of transport mechanisms across edge magnetic islands: Measurement of the potential distribution and flow pattern reveals that the islands are associated with a strong poloidal drift, which leads to rapid convection of energy and particles from the last closed flux surface into the scrape-off layer. Using the upgraded plasma heating systems, advanced heating scenarios were developed, which provide improved energy confinement comparable to the scenario, in which the record triple product for stellarators was achieved in the previous operation campaign. However, a magnetic configuration-dependent critical heating power limit of the electron cyclotron resonance heating was observed. Exceeding the respective power limit leads to a degradation of the confinement.

Published
2024
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4. Divertor enrichment of recycling impurity species (He, N2, Ne, Ar, Kr) in ASDEX Upgrade H-modes

Author

A. Kallenbach, R. Dux, S.S. Henderson, C. Tantos, M. Bernert, C. Day, R.M. McDermott, V. Rohde, A. Zito, and the ASDEX Upgrade Team

Subjects
divertor, pumping, impurities, enrichment, ASDEX Upgrade, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Particle balance calculations are done for the seeding species N _2 , Ne, Ar, Kr as well as He with the aim of obtaining a realistic description of the divertor and core plasma impurity content. Experimental time traces of main plasma impurity densities are fitted by a single, time-independent parameter v $_{z,\textrm{in}}^\textrm{eff}$ . This parameter represents the product of the impurity inward pinch in the pedestal, used for the description of gross fueling here, and the enrichment factor between the sub-divertor gas reservoir and the upstream separatrix. v $_{z,\textrm{in}}^\textrm{eff}$ depends strongly on the first ionization energy as well as on the charge Z or mass of the impurity. The prevailing dependence of the enrichment values on the ionization energy suggests the importance of the relative impurity and deuterium ionization lengths in the divertor. Regression analysis of v $_{z,\textrm{in}}^\textrm{eff}$ yields an expression for the impurity concentrations in the core and the divertor of ASDEX Upgrade which allows the prediction of the corresponding impurity densities and their divertor enrichment within a factor of 2 with only engineering parameters as input. A simple wall model has been introduced to take into account wall storage and release of impurities, e.g. for conditions of pre-loaded walls due to seeding in previous discharges. Wall effects are observed for all species considered, but wall storage turns out to be more important for N and He compared to Ne, Ar, Kr. Similar enrichment values are obtained for ELMy H-modes and EDA/QCE no-ELM regimes. A factor of approximately 1.4 reduction in enrichment is observed for divertor conditions for pronounced detachment with Ar and N _2 . The obtained analytical model for the core and sub-divertor impurity densities is well suited for integration into a discharge flight simulator or a real time state observer.

Published
2024
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5. Recent progress of JT-60SA project toward plasma operation

Author

H. Shirai, K. Takahashi, E. Di Pietro, D. Abate, W. Abdel Maksoud, H. Abe, N. Aiba, T. Abe, M. Akimitsu, J. Ayllon-Guerola, T. Arai, J.-F. Artaud, N. Asakura, N. Ashikawa, L. Balbinot, P. Barabaschi, O. Baulaigue, E. Belonohy, A. Belpane, W. Bin, F. Bombarda, T. Bolzonella, F. Bonne, M. Bonotto, J. Botija, J. Buermans, S. Cabrera-Pérez, A. Cardella, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, J. Cavalier, M. Cavinato, M. Chernyshova, S. Chiba, S. Clement-Lorenzo, V. Cocilovo, S. Coda, R. Coelho, I. Coffey, B. Collin, V. Corato, A. Cucchiaro, T. Czarski, M. Dairaku, S. Davis, C. Day, E. Dela Luna, G. De Tommasi, P. Decool, L. Di Pace, M. Dibon, G. Disset, F. D’Lsa, A. Ejiri, Y. Endo, N. Ezumi, G. Falchetto, A. Fassina, P. Fejoz, A. Ferro, W. Fietz, L. Figini, T. Fornal, G. Frello, T. Fujita, T. Fukuda, K. Fukui, M. Fukumoto, H. Funaba, M. Furukawa, S. Futatani, L. Gabellieri, E. Gaio, K. Galazka, J. Garcia, J. Garcia-Dominguez, J. Garcia-Lopez, M. Garcia-Munoz, L. Garzotti, F. Gasparini, S. Gharafi, L. Giacomelli, G. Ginoulhiac, G. Giruzzi, L. Giudicotti, J. Gonzalez-Martin, R. Guillén-González, N. Hajnal, S. Hall, K. Hamada, K. Hanada, M. Hanada, K. Hasegawa, S. Hatakeyama, V. Hauer, N. Hayashi, T. Hayashi, R. Heller, J. Hidalgo-Salaverri, S. Higashijima, J. Hinata, S. Hiranai, J. Hiratsuka, R. Hiwatari, C. Hoa, H. Homma, A. Honda, M. Honda, K. Hoshino, H. Hurzlmeier, M. Iafrati, K. Ibano, H. Ichige, M. Ichikawa, M. Ichimura, K. Ida, S. Ide, H. Idei, M. Iguchi, T. Iijima, S. Iio, R. Ikeda, Y. Ikeda, T. Imai, R. Imazawa, S. Inagaki, M. Inomoto, S. Inoue, A. Isayama, S. Ishida, Y. Ishii, M. Isobe, F. Janky, E. Joffrin, A. Jokinen, S. Kado, S. Kajita, K. Kajiwara, Y. Kamada, I. Kamata, A. Kaminaga, K. Kamiya, D. Kanapienyte, Y. Kashiwa, M. Kashiwagi, K. Katayama, Y. Kawamata, G. Kawamura, K. Kawano, Y. Kazakov, K. Kimura, F. Kin, M. Kisaki, S. Kitajima, K. Kiyono, K. Kizu, Y. Ko, K. Kobayashi, M. Kobayashi, S. Kobayashi, Ta. Kobayashi, To. Kobayashi, G. Kocsis, A. Kojima, S. Kokusen, M. Komata, K. Komuro, S. Konishi, A. Kovacsik, I. Ksiazek, M. Kubkowska, G. Kühner, M. Kuramochi, K. Kurihara, T. Kurki-Suonio, A.B. Kurniawan, T. Kuwata, B. Lacroix, V. Lamaison, A. Lampasi, P. Lang, P. Lauber, K. Lawson, Q. LeCoz, A. Louzguiti, R. Maekawa, T. Maekawa, S. Maeyama, G. Maffia, P. Maget, J. Mailloux, I. Maione, A. Maistrello, K. Malinowski, A. Mancini, G. Marchiori, J.-L. Marechal, V. Massaut, S. Masuzaki, R. Matoike, G. Matsunaga, S. Matsunaga, A. Matsuyama, Ch Mayri, M. Mattei, M. Medrano, A. Mele, I. Meyer, F. Michel, T. Minami, Y. Miyata, J. Miyazawa, Y. Miyo, T. Mizuuchi, K. Mogaki, J. Morales, P. Moreau, T. Morisaki, S. Morishima, S. Moriyama, A. Moro, H. Murakami, M. Murayama, S. Murakami, K. Nagasaki, O. Naito, N. Nakamura, S. Nakamura, T. Nakano, Y. Nakashima, V. Nardino, E. Narita, Y. Narushima, K. Natsume, S. Nemoto, R. Neu, S. Nicollet, M. Nishikawa, S. Nishimura, T. Nishitani, M. Nishiura, T. Nishiyama, M. Nocente, Y. Nobuta, L. Novello, F. Nunio, S. Ochoa, K. Ogawa, T. Ogawa, Y. Ogawa, S. Ohdachi, Y. Ohmori, N. Ohno, Y. Ohtani, K. Ohtsu, M. Ohzeki, T. Oishi, J. Okano, K. Okano, Y. Onishi, M. Osakabe, T. Oshima, V. Ostuni, A. Owada, M. Oya, Y. Oya, T. Ozeki, M.M. Parody Guzmán, R. Pasqualotto, S. Pelli, E. Perelli, E. Peretti, G. Phillips, C. Piccinni, L. Pigatto, A. Pironti, A. Pizzuto, B. Plöckl, G. Polli, J.-M. Poncet, P. Ponsot, G. Pucella, M. Puiatti, D. Radloff, V. Raimondi, F. Ramos, P. Rancsik, D. Ricci, S. Ricciarini, N. Richermoz, E. Rincon, A. Romano, P. Rossi, P. Roussel, G. Rubino, H. Saeki, A. Sagara, S. Sakakibara, H. Sakamoto, Miki Sakamoto, Mizu Sakamoto, Y. Sakamoto, A. Sakasai, S. Sakata, R. Sakurai, B. Salanon, A. Salmi, G. Sannazzaro, R. Sano, A. Sanpei, T. Sasajima, S. Sasaki, H. Sasao, F. Sato, M. Sato, T. Sato, M. Sawahata, A. Scherber, S. Scully, J. Segado-Fernandez, M. Seki, N. Seki, S. Seki, Y. Shibama, Y. Shibata, T. Shikama, K. Shimada, M. Shimono, J. Shinde, T. Shinya, K. Shinohara, J. Shiraishi, S. Soare, A. Soleto, Y. Someya, S. Sonoda, C. Sozzi, E. Streciwilk-Kowalska, H. Strobel, M. Sueoka, A. Sukegawa, S. Sumida, H. Suzuki, Ma Suzuki, Mi Suzuki, S. Suzuki, T. Suzuki, Y. Suzuki, J. Svoboda, T. Szabolics, T. Szepesi, Y. Takase, M. Takechi, K. Takeda, Y. Takeiri, H. Takenaga, C. Taliercio, N. Tamura, Hiro Tanaka, Hito Tanaka, K. Tanaka, Y. Tanaka, K. Tani, H. Tanigawa, M. Tardocchi, A. Terakado, M. Terakado, T. Terakado, B. Teuchner, B. Tilia, H. Tobari, H. Tobita, K. Tobita, K. Toi, N. Toida, H. Tojo, M. Tokitani, T. Tokuzawa, V. Tormarchio, M. Tomine, A. Torre, T. Totsuka, K. Tsuchiya, N. Tsujii, D. Tsuru, H. Tsutsui, M. Uchida, Y. Ueda, J. Uno, H. Urano, K. Usui, H. Utoh, M. Valisa, M. Vallar, R. Vallcorba-Carbonel, J.-C. Vallet, J. Varela, J. Vega, M. Verrecchia, L. Vieillard, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, K. Wada, R. Wada, T. Wakatsuki, M. Wanner, F. Watanabe, K. Watanabe, S. Watanabe, T. Wauters, S. Wiesen, M. Wischmeier, M. Yagi, J. Yagyu, M. Yajima, S. Yamamoto, H. Yamanaka, K. Yamauchi, Y. Yamauchi, H. Yamazaki, K. Yamazaki, R. Yamazaki, S. Yamoto, S. Yanagi, K. Yanagihara, S. Yokooka, M. Yokoyama, T. Yokoyama, M. Yoshida, M. Yoshimura, N. Yoshizawa, K. Yuinawa, L. Zani, and P. Zito

Subjects
JT-60SA, superconducting tokamak, risk mitigation measures, integrated commissioning, maintenance and enhancement, international collaboration, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Superconducting (SC) tokamak JT-60SA plays an essential role in fusion research and development by supporting and complementing the ITER project, providing directions to the DEMO design activity and fostering next generation scientists and engineers. Since the short circuit incident at the terminal joints of equilibrium field coil #1 during the integrated commissioning (IC) in March 2021, both EU and JA implementing agencies (IAs) have examined how to ensure safe operation of JT-60SA by mitigating the risk of possible discharge occurrence inside the cryostat. Based on the experience of the global Paschen tests, the IAs have established a strategy of risk mitigation measures, which is a combination of (i) reinforcement of insulation, (ii) avoiding unnecessary voltage application to the coil systems and (iii) immediate de-energization of the coils when deteriorated vacuum conditions are detected. Thanks to the considerable efforts of the Integrated Project Team members, the IC restarted in May 2023. After confirmation of the SC state of the coil systems (TF, EF and CS), the coil energization test and the plasma operation phase 1 (OP-1) started. The first plasma was successfully achieved on 23 October 2023 with a limited value of voltage and current applied to the coils. The plasma configuration control was also confirmed with low plasma current and low auxiliary heating power conditions. Based on the IO–F4E–QST collaboration, activities of JT-60SA have been shared with the IO and provided an important lesson for ITER assembly and commissioning, and will provide an outstanding contribution to fusion research at large. After OP-1, maintenance & enhancement phase 1 (M/E-1) starts from January 2024, in which in-vessel components are installed, and heating and diagnostic systems are extensively upgraded to allow a high power heating experiment planned in OP-2. In order to make the best use of JT-60SA, a newly organized JT-60SA experiment team will refine the research plan for the future high heating power operation phase.

Published
2024
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6. Numerical simulation of neutral gas dynamics in the W7-X sub-divertor

Author

S. Varoutis, C. Tantos, H. Strobel, C. Day, C.P. Dhard, V. Haak, Y. Igitkhanov, D. Naujoks, and the W7-X Team

Subjects
Wendelstein 7-X, stellarator, particle exhaust, vacuum pumping, DSMC method, neutral gas dynamics, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

The present work presents a 2D and 3D modeling of the neutral gas flow in the sub-divertor region of the W7-X. The investigations have been done using the DIVGAS code. The complex 2D and 3D geometries of the divertor components in the sub-divertor region have been considered and the Standard and High-Iota magnetic configurations have been numerically simulated. The main objective of this study is to investigate the dynamics of neutral particles in the sub-divertor region including the effects due to geometry and toroidal and poloidal leakages located at the divertor targets and baffles on the achieved pumping efficiency. A sensitivity analysis has been performed for the effect of various geometrical and flow parameters on the pumping performance, under different plasma scenarios. The considered incoming fluxes in the sub-divertor range between 10 ^20 to 10 ^22 (H _2 s ^−1 ). The main conclusions, which can be extracted from the present numerical analysis could be summarized as follows; a large fraction of incoming neutral particle flux i.e. >70% on the low iota side and >40% for the high iota side is leaked back to the main divertor region, while higher incoming neutral fluxes facilitate the increase of the pumped flux as well as the decrease of the outflux. It has been estimated that a small fraction ∼3%–4% of the incoming neutral flux is being pumped via the turbo-molecular pumps. The closure of the toroidal leakages as well as the inclination of the pumping gap panel by 9 ^o facilitate the increase of the pumped flux, but considering the all the engineering constraints, the latter option seems to be more easy to be implemented. For low incoming neutral fluxes (∼10 ^20 H _2 s ^−1 ) and for the case of AEH section, free molecular flow conditions are estimated and therefore neutral-neutral collisions could be neglected. For higher incoming neutral fluxes and for both AEH and AEP sections neutral-neutral collisions play a significant role in the flow establishment. A comparison with available experimental measurements of the neutral pressure in the sub-divertor has been performed for Standard and High-Iota plasma discharges. The 3D DIVGAS simulations predict qualitatively the experimental data with relative deviation between 25 and 63%. All the above numerical findings will actively support the optimization of the W7-X particle exhaust, in view of the experimental campaign OP2.

Published
2024
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7. Divertor Tokamak Test facility project: status of design and implementation

Author

Francesco Romanelli, on behalf of DTT Contributors, D. Abate, E. Acampora, D. Agguiaro, R. Agnello, P. Agostinetti, M. Agostini, A. Aimetta, R. Albanese, G. Alberti, M. Albino, E. Alessi, S. Almaviva, M. Alonzo, R. Ambrosino, P. Andreoli, M. Angelone, M. Angelucci, C. Angioni, A. Angrisani Armenio, P. Antonini, D. Aprile, G. Apruzzese, M. Aquilini, G. Aragone, P. Arena, M. Ariola, G. Artaserse, L. Aucone, A. Augieri, F. Auriemma, J. Ayllon Guerola, N. Badodi, B. Baiocchi, L. Balbinot, C. Baldacchini, A. Balestri, T. Barberis, G. Barone, L. Barucca, M. Baruzzo, S. Begozzi, V. Belardi, F. Belli, A. Belpane, F. Beone, S. Bertolami, S. Bianucci, S. Bifaretti, S. Bigioni, W. Bin, P. Boccali, B. Boeswirth, E. Bogazzi, R. Bojoi, S. Bollanti, T. Bolzonella, F. Bombarda, M. Bonan, N. Bonanomi, A. Bonaventura, L. Boncagni, M. Bonesso, D. Bonfiglio, R. Bonifetto, D. Bonomi, D. Borgogno, T. Borzone, S. Botti, E. Boz, F. Braghin, M. Brena, S. Brezinsek, M. Brombin, A. Bruschi, S. Buonocore, P. Buratti, D. Busi, G. Calabrò, M. Caldora, G. Calvo, G. Camera, G. Campana, S. Candela, V. Candela, F. Cani, L. Cantone, F. Capaldo, S. Cappello, M. Caponero, S. Carchella, A. Cardinali, D. Carnevale, L. Carraro, C. Carrelli, V. Casalegno, I. Casiraghi, C. Castaldo, A. Castaldo, G. Castro, A. Carpignano, F. Causa, R. Cavazzana, M. Cavedon, M. Cavenago, M. Cecchini, S. Ceccuzzi, G. Celentano, L. Celona, C. Centioli, G.V. Centomani, S. Cesaroni, A.G. Chiariello, R. Chomicz, C. Cianfarani, F. Cichocki, M. Cinque, A. Cioffi, M. Ciotti, M. Cipriani, S. Ciufo, V. Claps, G. Claps, V. Coccorese, D. Coccorese, A. Colangeli, T. Coltella, F. Consoli, F. Cordella, D. Corradini, O. Costa, F. Crea, A. Cremona, F. Crescenzi, F. Crisanti, G. Cristofari, G. Croci, A. Cucchiaro, D. D’Ambrosio, M. Dal Molin, M. Dalla Palma, F. Danè, C. Day, M. De Angeli, V. De Leo, R. De Luca, E. De Marchi, G. De Marzi, G. De Masi, E. De Nardi, C. De Piccoli, G. De Sano, M. De Santis, G. De Tommasi, A. Del Nevo, A. Delfino, A. Della Corte, P. Deodati, S. Desiderati, E. Di Ferdinando, M.G. Di Florio, G. Di Gironimo, L.E. Di Grazia, V. Di Marzo, F. Di Paolo, E. Di Pietro, M. Di Pietrantonio, M. Di Prinzio, A. Di Silvestre, A. Di Zenobio, R. Dima, A. Domenichelli, A. Doria, G. Dose, S. Dubbioso, S. Dulla, I. Duran, M. Eboli, M. Elitropi, E. Emanuelli, B. Esposito, P. Ettorre, C. Fabbri, F. Fabbri, M. Fadone, M.M. Faggiano, F. Falcioni, M.V. Falessi, F. Fanale, P. Fanelli, A. Fassina, M. Favaretto, G. Favero, M. Ferraris, F. Ferrazza, C. Ferretti, A. Ferro, N. Ferron, C. Fiamozzi Zignani, L. Figini, F. Filippi, M. Filippini, A. Fimiani, M. Fincato, F. Fiorenza, D. Fiorucci, D. Flammini, F. Flora, N. Fonnesu, P. Franz, L. Frassinetti, A. Frattolillo, R. Freda, R. Fresa, A. Frescura, P. Frosi, M. Fulici, M. Furno Palumbo, V. Fusco, P. Fusco, L. Gabellier, P. Gaetani, E. Gaio, E. Gajetti, A. Galatà, J. Galdon Quiroga, D.L. Galindo Huertas, S. Gammino, G. Gandolfo, S. Garavaglia, J. Garcia Lopez, M. Garcia Muñoz, P. Gaudio, M. Gelfusa, G. Gervasini, L. Giannini, M. Giarrusso, C. Gil, F. Giorgetti, E. Giovannozzi, G. Giruzzi, L. Giudicotti, M. Gobbin, G. Gorini, G. Granucci, D. Grasso, T. Grasso, S. Grazioso, H. Greuner, G. Griva, G. Grosso, S. Guerini, J.P. Gunn, V. Hauer, J. Hidalgo Salaverri, M. Hoppe, M. Houry, M. Hoelzl, A. Iaboni, M. Iafrati, A. Iaiunese, V. Imbriani, D. Indrigo, P. Innocente, F. Koechl, B. Končar, A. Kryzhanovskyy, L. Laguardia, D.A. Lampasi, C. Lanchi, F. Lanzotti, A. Lanzotti, M. Laquaniti, F. Leone, J. Li, M. Libè, F. Lisanti, D. Liuzza, F. Locati, R. Lombroni, R. Lorenzini, P. Lorusso, L. Lotto, J. Loureiro, F. Lucca, T. Luda Di Cortemiglia, P. Maccari, G. Maddaluno, S. Magagnino, G. Manca, A. Mancini, P. Mandalà, B. Mandolesi, F. Mandrile, G. Manduchi, S. Manfrin, M. Manganelli, P. Mantica, G. Marchiori, N. Marconato, G. Marelli, A. Mariani, A. Marin, R. Marinari, M. Marinelli, F. Marino, P. Marino, D. Marocco, R. Marsilio, E. Martelli, P. Martin, F. Martinelli, G. Martini, R. Martone, A. Marucci, D. Marzullo, V. Masala, D. Mascali, F. Mascari, A. Masi, N. Massanova, S. Mastrostefano, M. Mattei, G. Mauro, S. Mauro, C. Meineri, L. Melaragni, A. Mele, P. Meller, S. Meloni, I. Menicucci, G. Messina, L. Mezi, G. Miccichè, M. Micheletti, S. Migliori, D. Milanesio, F. Milazzo, R. Milazzo, P. Minelli, S. Minucci, F. Mirizzi, M. Missirlian, D. Monarca, C. Monti, M. Mori, A. Moriani, L. Morici, A. Moro, F. Moro, P. Mosetti, R. Mozzillo, A. Murari, A. Muraro, D. Murra, P. Muscente, S. Musumeci, L. Muzzi, G.F. Nallo, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, E. Naselli, R. Neu, M. Nocente, M. Notazio, S. Nowak, E. Ocello, A. Oliva, V. Orsetti, A. Orsini, F.P. Orsitto, M. Ortino, M. Ottavi, G. Paccagnella, D. Pacella, I. Pagani, N. Paganucci, A. Pagliaro, V. Palazzolo, M. Palermo, S. Palomba, F. Panza, D. Paoletti, M. Parisi, R. Pasqualotto, S. Passarello, M. Passoni, T. Patton, L. Pelliccia, A. Peloso, A. Pepato, E. Perelli, A. Perencin, S. Peruzzo, A. Pesenti, N. Pedroni, P. Petrolini, V. Piergotti, A. Pidatella, L. Pigatto, M. Pillon, T. Pinna, S. Pipolo, S. Piras, C. Piron, L. Piron, A. Pironti, M. Pistilli, D. Placido, A. Pizzuto, P. Platania, A. Polimadei, F. Pollastrone, G.M. Polli, N. Pomaro, F. Pompili, C. Ponti, F. Porcelli, V. Prandelli, A. Previti, A. Princiotta, G. Pucino, F. Quaglia, A. Quercia, F. Raffaelli, G. Ramogida, G. Ranieri, B. Raspante, D. Ravarotto, G.L. Ravera, A. Reale, P. Rebesan, M. Recchia, D. Regine, F. Renno, B. Riccardi, D. Ricci, D. Rigamonti, M. Ripani, N. Rispoli, S. Roccella, G. Rocchi, H. Roche, M. Romanato, F. Romanelli, G. Romanelli, R. Romaniello, A. Romano, M. Romano, R. Romano, R. Rossi, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, S. Rubino, J. Rueda Rueda, A. Rufoloni, C. Salvia, P. Salvini, M. Scarpari, A. Salvitti, L. Salvò, S. Sandri, F. Santoro, A. Satriano, L. Savoldi, C. Scardino, G. Schettini, S. Schmuck, J. Scionti, M. Scisciò, M. Scungio, K. Sedlak, L. Senni, G. Sias, A. Sibio, A. Simonetto, L. Singh, A. Sirignano, C. Sozzi, I. Spada, S. Spagnolo, L. Spinicci, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, C. Stefanini, H. Strobel, F. Subba, F. Taccogna, B. Taheri, C. Tantos, A. Tarallo, M. Tarantino, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, P. Tarfila, A. Tenaglia, C. Terlizzi, D. Terranova, D. Testa, E. Testa, R. Testoni, V. Toigo, G. Torrisi, A. Trotta, G. Trovato, E. Tsitrone, A. Tuccillo, O. Tudisco, M. Turcato, S. Turtù, A. Uccello, M. Ugoletti, O. Uras, M. Uras, M. Utili, V. Vaccaro, F. Valentini, L. Valletti, M. Valisa, D. Van Eester, D. Vanzan, E. Vassallo, G. Vecchi, M. Vellucci, I. Venneri, G. Ventura, M. Veranda, L. Verdini, C. Verona, G. Verona Rinati, F. Veronese, N. Vianello, F. Viganò, O. Villano, R. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, V. Vitale, F. Vivio, G. Vlad, M. Wischmeier, H.S. Wu, I. Wyss, R. Zanino, B. Zaniol, F. Zanon, A. Zappatore, G. Zavarise, P. Zito, A. Zoppoli, M. Zucchetti, M. Zuin, and P. Zumbolo

Subjects
divertor, exhaust, plasma scenarios, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

An overview is presented of the progress since 2021 in the construction and scientific programme preparation of the Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility. Licensing for building construction has been granted at the end of 2021. Licensing for Cat. A radiologic source has been also granted in 2022. The construction of the toroidal field magnet system is progressing. The prototype of the 170 GHz gyrotron has been produced and it is now under test on the FALCON facility. The design of the vacuum vessel, the poloidal field coils and the civil infrastructures has been completed. The shape of the first DTT divertor has been agreed with EUROfusion to test different plasma and exhaust scenarios: single null, double null, X-divertor and negative triangularity plasmas. A detailed research plan is being elaborated with the involvement of the EUROfusion laboratories.

Published
2024
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8. Physics basis for the divertor tokamak test facility

Author

F. Crisanti, R. Ambrosino, M.V. Falessi, L. Gabellieri, G. Giruzzi, G. Granucci, P. Innocente, P. Mantica, G. Ramogida, G. Vlad, R. Albanese, E. Alessi, C. Angioni, P. Agostinetti, L. Aucone, F. Auriemma, B. Baiocchi, L. Balbinot, A. Balestri, T. Barberis, M. Baruzzo, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, D. Bonfiglio, S. Brezinsek, G. Calabrò, F. Cani, I. Casiraghi, A. Castaldo, C. Castaldo, M. Cavedon, S. Ceccuzzi, F. Cichocki, M. Ciotti, C. Day, C. De Piccoli, G. Dose, E. Emanueli, L. Frassinetti, L. Figini, V. Fusco, E. Giovannozzi, M. Gobbin, F. Koechi, A. Kryzhanovskyy, Y. Li, R. Lombroni, T. Luda, A. Mariani, P. Martin, C. Meineri, A. Murari, P. Muscente, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, R. Neu, M. Nocente, M. Notazio, S. Nowak, L. Pigatto, C. Piron, F. Porcelli, S. Roccella, G. Rubino, M. Scarpari, C. Sozzi, G. Spizzo, F. Subba, F. Taccogna, C. Tantos, D. Terranova, E. Tsitrone, A. Uccello, D. Van Eester, N. Vianello, P. Vincenzi, M. Wischmeier, and F. Zonca

Subjects
plasma, experiment, theory, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

This paper is dealing with the physics basis used for the design of the Divertor Tokamak Test facility (DTT), under construction in Frascati (DTT 2019 DTT interim design report (2019)) Italy, and with the description of the main target plasma scenarios of the device. The main goal of the facility will be the study of the power exhaust, intended as a fully integrated core-edge problem, and eventually to propose an optimized divertor for the European DEMO plant. The approach used to design the facility is described and their main features are reported, by using simulations performed by state-of-the-art codes both for the bulk and edge studies. A detailed analysis of MHD, including also the possibility to study disruption events and Energetic Particles physics is also reported. Eventually, a description of the ongoing work to build-up a Research Plan written and shared by the full EUROfusion community is presented.

Published
2024
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9. Exploring blog narratives of parental loneliness: A thematic network analysis

Author

R. Nowland, G. Thomson, L. Cross, K. Whittaker, P. Gregory, J.M. Charles, and C. Day

Subjects
Loneliness, Social isolation, Parents, Parenthood, Psychology, BF1-990
Abstract

UK-based national surveys and international longitudinal studies have shown that around a third of parents experience chronic or persistent loneliness. There is limited research about the experience of loneliness in parenthood, however blogs authored by parents, sharing their personal experiences about loneliness offer a potential rich data source. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyse blog narratives written by parents who had experienced loneliness to increase understanding of their experiences. One hundred and ninety-six relevant blog posts were identified, of which 157 had contact details to request permission to use the blog post in the study. Twenty-two parent bloggers gave their permission. Thematic network analysis was used to open code the blogs and 4 organising themes and subthemes emerged, which centred on a global theme of disconnection. Disconnection underpinned themes relating to a sense that being a parent was overwhelming, changes in identity linked to becoming a parent, difficulties in sharing feelings of loneliness with others, and a need for social connection. Findings point to parents being unprepared for the transition to parenthood, with implications for perinatal education and support, including further opportunities for parents to connect to reduce social isolation.

Published
2023
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10. 3D numerical study of neutral gas dynamics in the DTT particle exhaust using the DSMC method

Author

C. Tantos, S. Varoutis, V. Hauer, C. Day, and P. Innocente

Subjects
divertor tokamak test facility (DTT), vacuum pumping, DSMC method, particle exhaust, SolEdge2D-Eirene, pumped fluxes, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Recently the design of the divertor tokamak test (DTT) Facility divertor has been modified and consolidated. The new divertor design presents significant geometrical differences compared to the previous ITER-like one, including the presence of a more flattened dome shape. This paper presents a complete 3D numerical analysis of the neutral gas dynamics inside the DTT subdivertor area for the latest divertor design. The analysis has been performed based on the direct simulation Monte Carlo method by applying the DIVGAS simulator code. SOLEDGE2D-EIRENE plasma simulations have been performed for a deuterium plasma scenario at the maximum additional power in partially detached condition achieved by neon impurity seeding and the extracted information about the neutral particles has been imposed as incoming boundary conditions. The pumping efficiency of the DTT divertor is examined by considering various cases with respect to the pumping probability and the effect of the toroidal and poloidal leakages is quantified. The results show that a significant percentage of the incoming flux of neutrals returns back to the plasma site through the entry gaps (60% for deuterium and 40% for neon), and, consequentially, only a small percentage (∼2%–15%) of the incoming flux can be pumped out from the system. The toroidal leakages affect significantly the pumping performance of the divertor causing a significant decrease in the pumped flux (and also in the pressure at the pumping opening) about 37%–47% and 43%–56% for deuterium and neon respectively. It is discussed how many pumping ports are needed depending on the achievable pumping performance per port. The number can be reduced by closing the toroidal gaps. The analysis shows that enlarging the poloidal gaps by a factor of two causes a significant increase in the poloidal flux losses by a factor 1.7. It is also illustrated how the presence of the cooling pipes leads to conductance losses.

Published
2023
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11. Global scaling of the heat transport in fusion plasmas

Author

Sara Moradi, Johan Anderson, Michele Romanelli, Hyun-Tae Kim, JET contributors, X. Litaudon, S. Abduallev, M. Abhangi, P. Abreu, M. Afzal, K. M. Aggarwal, T. Ahlgren, J. H. Ahn, L. Aho-Mantila, N. Aiba, M. Airila, R. Albanese, V. Aldred, D. Alegre, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, A. Alfier, A. Alkseev, M. Allinson, B. Alper, E. Alves, G. Ambrosino, R. Ambrosino, L. Amicucci, V. Amosov, E. Andersson Sundén, M. Angelone, M. Anghel, C. Angioni, L. Appel, C. Appelbee, P. Arena, M. Ariola, H. Arnichand, S. Arshad, A. Ash, N. Ashikawa, V. Aslanyan, O. Asunta, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, M. D. Axton, C. Ayres, M. Bacharis, A. Baciero, D. Baião, S. Bailey, A. Baker, I. Balboa, M. Balden, N. Balshaw, R. Bament, J. W. Banks, Y. F. Baranov, M. A. Barnard, D. Barnes, M. Barnes, R. Barnsley, A. Baron Wiechec, L. Barrera Orte, M. Baruzzo, V. Basiuk, M. Bassan, R. Bastow, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, R. Baughan, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, B. Bazylev, J. Beal, P. S. Beaumont, M. Beckers, B. Beckett, A. Becoulet, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, K. Bell, F. Belli, M. Bellinger, É. Belonohy, N. Ben Ayed, N. A. Benterman, H. Bergsȧker, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, C. Besliu, M. Beurskens, B. Bieg, J. Bielecki, T. Biewer, M. Bigi, P. Bìlkovà, F. Binda, A. Bisoffi, J. P. S. Bizarro, C. Björkas, J. Blackburn, K. Blackman, T. R. Blackman, P. Blanchard, P. Blatchford, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, G. Bodnàr, O. Bogar, I. Bolshakova, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, F. Bonelli, J. Boom, J. Booth, D. Borba, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, A. Botrugno, C. Bottereau, P. Boulting, C. Bourdelle, M. Bowden, C. Bower, C. Bowman, T. Boyce, C. Boyd, H. J. Boyer, J. M. A. Bradshaw, V. Braic, R. Bravanec, B. Breizman, S. Bremond, P. D. Brennan, S. Breton, A. Brett, S. Brezinsek, M. D. J. Bright, M. Brix, W. Broeckx, M. Brombin, A. Brosawski, D. P. D. Brown, M. Brown, E. Bruno, J. Bucalossi, J. Buch, J. Buchanan, M. A. Buckley, R. Budny, H. Bufferand, M. Bulman, N. Bulmer, P. Bunting, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, A. Buscarino, A. Busse, N. K. Butler, I. Bykov, J. Byrne, P. Cahyna, G. Calabrò, I. Calvo, Y. Camenen, P. Camp, D. C. Campling, J. Cane, B. Cannas, A. J. Capel, P. J. Card, A. Cardinali, P. Carman, M. Carr, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, B. B. Carvalho, I. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, F. J. Casson, C. Castaldo, N. Catarino, J. Caumont, F. Causa, R. Cavazzana, K. Cave-Ayland, M. Cavinato, M. Cecconello, S. Ceccuzzi, E. Cecil, A. Cenedese, R. Cesario, C. D. Challis, M. Chandler, D. Chandra, C. S. Chang, A. Chankin, I. T. Chapman, S. C. Chapman, M. Chernyshova, G. Chitarin, G. Ciraolo, D. Ciric, J. Citrin, F. Clairet, E. Clark, M. Clark, R. Clarkson, D. Clatworthy, C. Clements, M. Cleverly, J. P. Coad, P. A. Coates, A. Cobalt, V. Coccorese, V. Cocilovo, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J. W. Coenen, I. Coffey, L. Colas, S. Collins, D. Conka, S. Conroy, N. Conway, D. Coombs, D. Cooper, S. R. Cooper, C. Corradino, Y. Corre, G. Corrigan, S. Cortes, D. Coster, A. S. Couchman, M. P. Cox, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, R. Craven, F. Crisanti, G. Croci, D. Croft, K. Crombé, R. Crowe, N. Cruz, G. Cseh, A. Cufar, A. Cullen, M. Curuia, A. Czarnecka, H. Dabirikhah, P. Dalgliesh, S. Dalley, J. Dankowski, D. Darrow, O. Davies, W. Davis, C. Day, I. E. Day, M. De Bock, A. de Castro, E. de la Cal, E. de la Luna, G. De Masi, J. L. de Pablos, G. De Temmerman, G. De Tommasi, P. de Vries, K. Deakin, J. Deane, F. Degli Agostini, R. Dejarnac, E. Delabie, N. den Harder, R. O. Dendy, J. Denis, P. Denner, S. Devaux, P. Devynck, F. Di Maio, A. Di Siena, C. Di Troia, P. Dinca, R. Dinca, B. Ding, T. Dittmar, H. Doerk, R. P. Doerner, T. Donné, S. E. Dorling, S. Dormido-Canto, S. Doswon, D. Douai, P. T. Doyle, A. Drenik, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, Ph. Duckworth, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, M. Dunne, I. Duran, F. Durodié, P. Dutta, B. P. Duval, R. Dux, K. Dylst, N. Dzysiuk, P. V. Edappala, J. Edmond, A. M. Edwards, J. Edwards, Th. Eich, A. Ekedahl, R. El-Jorf, C. G. Elsmore, M. Enachescu, G. Ericsson, F. Eriksson, J. Eriksson, L. G. Eriksson, B. Esposito, S. Esquembri, H. G. Esser, D. Esteve, B. Evans, G. E. Evans, G. Evison, G. D. Ewart, D. Fagan, M. Faitsch, D. Falie, A. Fanni, A. Fasoli, J. M. Faustin, N. Fawlk, L. Fazendeiro, N. Fedorczak, R. C. Felton, K. Fenton, A. Fernades, H. Fernandes, J. Ferreira, J. A. Fessey, O. Février, O. Ficker, A. Field, S. Fietz, A. Figueiredo, J. Figueiredo, A. Fil, P. Finburg, M. Firdaouss, U. Fischer, L. Fittill, M. Fitzgerald, D. Flammini, J. Flanagan, C. Fleming, K. Flinders, N. Fonnesu, J. M. Fontdecaba, A. Formisano, L. Forsythe, L. Fortuna, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, M. Fortune, S. Foster, T. Franke, T. Franklin, M. Frasca, L. Frassinetti, M. Freisinger, R. Fresa, D. Frigione, V. Fuchs, D. Fuller, S. Futatani, J. Fyvie, K. Gàl, D. Galassi, K. Galazka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, J. Gallagher, D. Gallart, R. Galvão, X. Gao, Y. Gao, J. Garcia, A. Garcia-Carrasco, M. Garca-Munoz, J.-L. Gardarein, L. Garzotti, P. Gaudio, E. Gauthier, D. F. Gear, S. J. Gee, B. Geiger, M. Gelfusa, S. Gerasimov, G. Gervasini, M. Gethins, Z. Ghani, M. Ghate, M. Gherendi, J. C. Giacalone, L. Giacomelli, C. S. Gibson, T. Giegerich, C. Gil, L. Gil, S. Gilligan, D. Gin, E. Giovannozzi, J. B. Girardo, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, S. Glöggler, J. Godwin, J. Goff, P. Gohil, V. Goloborod'ko, R. Gomes, B. Goncalves, M. Goniche, M. Goodliffe, A. Goodyear, G. Gorini, M. Gosk, R. Goulding, A. Goussarov, R. Gowland, B. Graham, M. E. Graham, J. P. Graves, N. Grazier, P. Grazier, N. R. Green, H. Greuner, B. Grierson, F. S. Griph, C. Grisolia, D. Grist, M. Groth, R. Grove, C. N. Grundy, J. Grzonka, D. Guard, C. Guérard, C. Guillemaut, R. Guirlet, C. Gurl, H. H. Utoh, L. J. Hackett, S. Hacquin, A. Hagar, R. Hager, A. Hakola, M. Halitovs, S. J. Hall, S. P. Hallworth Cook, C. Hamlyn-Harris, K. Hammond, C. Harrington, J. Harrison, D. Harting, F. Hasenbeck, Y. Hatano, D. R. Hatch, T. D. V. Haupt, J. Hawes, N. C. Hawkes, J. Hawkins, P. Hawkins, P. W. Haydon, N. Hayter, S. Hazel, P. J. L. Heesterman, K. Heinola, C. Hellesen, T. Hellsten, W. Helou, O. N. Hemming, T. C. Hender, M. Henderson, S. S. Henderson, R. Henriques, D. Hepple, G. Hermon, P. Hertout, C. Hidalgo, E. G. Highcock, M. Hill, J. Hillairet, J. Hillesheim, D. Hillis, K. Hizanidis, A. Hjalmarsson, J. Hobirk, E. Hodille, C. H. A. Hogben, G. M. D. Hogeweij, A. Hollingsworth, S. Hollis, D. A. Homfray, J. Horàcek, G. Hornung, A. R. Horton, L. D. Horton, L. Horvath, S. P. Hotchin, M. R. Hough, P. J. Howarth, A. Hubbard, A. Huber, V. Huber, T. M. Huddleston, M. Hughes, G. T. A. Huijsmans, C. L. Hunter, P. Huynh, A. M. Hynes, D. Iglesias, N. Imazawa, F. Imbeaux, M. Imrìŝek, M. Incelli, P. Innocente, M. Irishkin, I. Ivanova-Stanik, S. Jachmich, A. S. Jacobsen, P. Jacquet, J. Jansons, A. Jardin, A. Järvinen, F. Jaulmes, S. Jednoróq, I. Jenkins, C. Jeong, I. Jepu, E. Joffrin, R. Johnson, T. Johnson, Jane Johnston, L. Joita, G. Jones, T. T. C. Jones, K. K. Hoshino, A. Kallenbach, K. Kamiya, J. Kaniewski, A. Kantor, A. Kappatou, J. Karhunen, D. Karkinsky, I. Karnowska, M. Kaufman, G. Kaveney, Y. Kazakov, V. Kazantzidis, D. L. Keeling, T. Keenan, J. Keep, M. Kempenaars, C. Kennedy, D. Kenny, J. Kent, O. N. Kent, E. Khilkevich, H. T. Kim, H. S. Kim, A. Kinch, C. King, D. King, R. F. King, D. J. Kinna, V. Kiptily, A. Kirk, K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, G. Kizane, C. Klepper, A. Klix, P. Knight, S. J. Knipe, S. Knott, T. Kobuchi, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, I. Kodeli, L. Kogan, D. Kogut, S. Koivuranta, Y. Kominis, M. Köppen, B. Kos, T. Koskela, H. R. Koslowski, M. Koubiti, M. Kovari, E. Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, A. Krasilnikov, V. Krasilnikov, N. Krawczyk, M. Kresina, K. Krieger, A. Krivska, U. Kruezi, I. Ksiazek, A. Kukushkin, A. Kundu, T. Kurki-Suonio, S. Kwak, R. Kwiatkowski, O. J. Kwon, L. Laguardia, A. Lahtinen, A. Laing, N. Lam, H. T. Lambertz, C. Lane, P. T. Lang, S. Lanthaler, J. Lapins, A. Lasa, J. R. Last, E. Laszynska, R. Lawless, A. Lawson, K. D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, J. Leddy, S. Lee, X. Lefebvre, H. J. Leggate, J. Lehmann, M. Lehnen, D. Leichtle, P. Leichuer, F. Leipold, I. Lengar, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, A. Lescinskis, S. Lesnoj, E. Letellier, M. Leyland, W. Leysen, L. Li, Y. Liang, J. Likonen, J. Linke, Ch. Linsmeier, B. Lipschultz, G. Liu, Y. Liu, V. P. Lo Schiavo, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, R. C. Lobel, B. Lomanowski, P. J. Lomas, J. Lönnroth, J. M. López, J. López-Razola, R. Lorenzini, U. Losada, J. J. Lovell, A. B. Loving, C. Lowry, T. Luce, R. M. A. Lucock, A. Lukin, C. Luna, M. Lungaroni, C. P. Lungu, M. Lungu, A. Lunniss, I. Lupelli, A. Lyssoivan, N. Macdonald, P. Macheta, K. Maczewa, B. Magesh, P. Maget, C. Maggi, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, T. Makkonen, R. Makwana, A. Malaquias, A. Malizia, P. Manas, A. Manning, M. E. Manso, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, A. Manzanares, Ph. Maquet, Y. Marandet, N. Marcenko, C. Marchetto, O. Marchuk, M. Marinelli, M. Marinucci, T. Markovic, D. Marocco, L. Marot, C. A. Marren, R. Marshal, A. Martin, Y. Martin, A. Martín de Aguilera, F. J. Martínez, J. R. Martín-Solís, Y. Martynova, S. Maruyama, A. Masiello, M. Maslov, S. Matejcik, M. Mattei, G. F. Matthews, F. Maviglia, M. Mayer, M. L. Mayoral, T. May-Smith, D. Mazon, C. Mazzotta, R. McAdams, P. J. McCarthy, K. G. McClements, O. McCormack, P. A. McCullen, D. McDonald, S. McIntosh, R. McKean, J. McKehon, R. C. Meadows, A. Meakins, F. Medina, M. Medland, S. Medley, S. Meigh, A. G. Meigs, G. Meisl, S. Meitner, L. Meneses, S. Menmuir, K. Mergia, I. R. Merrigan, Ph. Mertens, S. Meshchaninov, A. Messiaen, H. Meyer, S. Mianowski, R. Michling, D. Middleton-Gear, J. Miettunen, F. Militello, E. Militello-Asp, G. Miloshevsky, F. Mink, S. Minucci, Y. Miyoshi, J. Mlynàr, D. Molina, I. Monakhov, M. Moneti, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, S. Mordijck, L. Moreira, R. Moreno, F. Moro, A. W. Morris, J. Morris, L. Moser, S. Mosher, D. Moulton, A. Murari, A. Muraro, S. Murphy, N. N. Asakura, Y. S. Na, F. Nabais, R. Naish, T. Nakano, E. Nardon, V. Naulin, M. F. F. Nave, I. Nedzelski, G. Nemtsev, F. Nespoli, A. Neto, R. Neu, V. S. Neverov, M. Newman, K. J. Nicholls, T. Nicolas, A. H. Nielsen, P. Nielsen, E. Nilsson, D. Nishijima, C. Noble, M. Nocente, D. Nodwell, K. Nordlund, H. Nordman, R. Nouailletas, I. Nunes, M. Oberkofler, T. Odupitan, M. T. Ogawa, T. O'Gorman, M. Okabayashi, R. Olney, O. Omolayo, M. O'Mullane, J. Ongena, F. Orsitto, J. Orszagh, B. I. Oswuigwe, R. Otin, A. Owen, R. Paccagnella, N. Pace, D. Pacella, L. W. Packer, A. Page, E. Pajuste, S. Palazzo, S. Pamela, S. Panja, P. Papp, R. Paprok, V. Parail, M. Park, F. Parra Diaz, M. Parsons, R. Pasqualotto, A. Patel, S. Pathak, D. Paton, H. Patten, A. Pau, E. Pawelec, C. Paz Soldan, A. Peackoc, I. J. Pearson, S.-P. Pehkonen, E. Peluso, C. Penot, A. Pereira, R. Pereira, P. P. Pereira Puglia, C. Perez von Thun, S. Peruzzo, S. Peschanyi, M. Peterka, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, A. Petre, N. Petrella, V. Petrzilka, Y. Peysson, D. Pfefferlé, V. Philipps, M. Pillon, G. Pintsuk, P. Piovesan, A. Pires dos Reis, L. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, R. Pitts, F. Pizzo, V. Plyusnin, N. Pomaro, O. G. Pompilian, P. J. Pool, S. Popovichev, M. T. Porfiri, C. Porosnicu, M. Porton, G. Possnert, S. Potzel, T. Powell, J. Pozzi, V. Prajapati, R. Prakash, G. Prestopino, D. Price, M. Price, R. Price, P. Prior, R. Proudfoot, G. Pucella, P. Puglia, M. E. Puiatti, D. Pulley, K. Purahoo, Th. Pütterich, E. Rachlew, M. Rack, R. Ragona, M. S. J. Rainford, A. Rakha, G. Ramogida, S. Ranjan, C. J. Rapson, J. J. Rasmussen, K. Rathod, G. Rattà, S. Ratynskaia, G. Ravera, C. Rayner, M. Rebai, D. Reece, A. Reed, D. Réfy, B. Regan, J. Regana, M. Reich, N. Reid, F. Reimold, M. Reinhart, M. Reinke, D. Reiser, D. Rendell, C. Reux, S. D. A. Reyes Cortes, S. Reynolds, V. Riccardo, N. Richardson, K. Riddle, D. Rigamonti, F. G. Rimini, J. Risner, M. Riva, C. Roach, R. J. Robins, S. A. Robinson, T. Robinson, D. W. Robson, R. Roccella, R. Rodionov, P. Rodrigues, J. Rodriguez, V. Rohde, F. Romanelli, M. Romanelli, S. Romanelli, J. Romazanov, S. Rowe, M. Rubel, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, L. Ruchko, M. Ruiz, C. Ruset, J. Rzadkiewicz, S. Saarelma, R. Sabot, E. Safi, P. Sagar, G. Saibene, F. Saint-Laurent, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, R. Salmon, F. Salzedas, D. Samaddar, U. Samm, D. Sandiford, P. Santa, M. I. K. Santala, B. Santos, A. Santucci, F. Sartori, R. Sartori, O. Sauter, R. Scannell, T. Schlummer, K. Schmid, V. Schmidt, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, K. Schöpf, D. Schwörer, S. D. Scott, G. Sergienko, M. Sertoli, A. Shabbir, S. E. Sharapov, A. Shaw, R. Shaw, H. Sheikh, A. Shepherd, A. Shevelev, A. Shumack, G. Sias, M. Sibbald, B. Sieglin, S. Silburn, A. Silva, C. Silva, P. A. Simmons, J. Simpson, J. Simpson-Hutchinson, A. Sinha, S. K. Sipilä, A. C. C. Sips, P. Sirén, A. Sirinelli, H. Sjöstrand, M. Skiba, R. Skilton, K. Slabkowska, B. Slade, N. Smith, P. G. Smith, R. Smith, T. J. Smith, M. Smithies, L. Snoj, S. Soare, E. R. Solano, A. Somers, C. Sommariva, P. Sonato, A. Sopplesa, J. Sousa, C. Sozzi, S. Spagnolo, T. Spelzini, F. Spineanu, G. Stables, I. Stamatelatos, M. F. Stamp, P. Staniec, G. Stankunas, C. Stan-Sion, M. J. Stead, E. Stefanikova, I. Stepanov, A. V. Stephen, M. Stephen, A. Stevens, B. D. Stevens, J. Strachan, P. Strand, H. R. Strauss, P. Ström, G. Stubbs, W. Studholme, F. Subba, H. P. Summers, J. Svensson, L. Swiderski, T. Szabolics, M. Szawlowski, G. Szepesi, T. T. Suzuki, B. Tàl, T. Tala, A. R. Talbot, S. Talebzadeh, C. Taliercio, P. Tamain, C. Tame, W. Tang, M. Tardocchi, L. Taroni, D. Taylor, K. A. Taylor, D. Tegnered, G. Telesca, N. Teplova, D. Terranova, D. Testa, E. Tholerus, J. Thomas, J. D. Thomas, P. Thomas, A. Thompson, C.-A. Thompson, V. K. Thompson, L. Thorne, A. Thornton, A. S. Thrysoe, P. A. Tigwell, N. Tipton, I. Tiseanu, H. Tojo, M. Tokitani, P. Tolias, M. Tomes, P. Tonner, M. Towndrow, P. Trimble, M. Tripsky, M. Tsalas, P. Tsavalas, D. Tskhakaya jun, I. Turner, M. M. Turner, M. Turnyanskiy, G. Tvalashvili, S. G. J. Tyrrell, A. Uccello, Z. Ul-Abidin, J. Uljanovs, D. Ulyatt, H. Urano, I. Uytdenhouwen, A. P. Vadgama, D. Valcarcel, M. Valentinuzzi, M. Valisa, P. Vallejos Olivares, M. Valovic, M. Van De Mortel, D. Van Eester, W. Van Renterghem, G. J. van Rooij, J. Varje, S. Varoutis, S. Vartanian, K. Vasava, T. Vasilopoulou, J. Vega, G. Verdoolaege, R. Verhoeven, C. Verona, G. Verona Rinati, E. Veshchev, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, E. Viezzer, S. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, I. Vinyar, B. Viola, A. Vitins, Z. Vizvary, M. Vlad, I. Voitsekhovitch, P. Vondràcek, N. Vora, T. Vu, W. W. Pires de Sa, B. Wakeling, C. W. F. Waldon, N. Walkden, M. Walker, R. Walker, M. Walsh, E. Wang, N. Wang, S. Warder, R. J. Warren, J. Waterhouse, N. W. Watkins, C. Watts, T. Wauters, A. Weckmann, J. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, C. Wellstood, A. T. West, M. R. Wheatley, S. Whetham, A. M. Whitehead, B. D. Whitehead, A. M. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, J. Wilkinson, J. Williams, M. Williams, A. R. Wilson, D. J. Wilson, H. R. Wilson, J. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, G. Withenshaw, A. Withycombe, D. M. Witts, D. Wood, R. Wood, C. Woodley, S. Wray, J. Wright, J. C. Wright, J. Wu, S. Wukitch, A. Wynn, T. Xu, D. Yadikin, W. Yanling, L. Yao, V. Yavorskij, M. G. Yoo, C. Young, D. Young, I. D. Young, R. Young, J. Zacks, R. Zagorski, F. S. Zaitsev, R. Zanino, A. Zarins, K. D. Zastrow, M. Zerbini, W. Zhang, Y. Zhou, E. Zilli, V. Zoita, S. Zoletnik, and I. Zychor

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

A global heat flux model based on a fractional derivative of plasma pressure is proposed for the heat transport in fusion plasmas. The degree of the fractional derivative of the heat flux, α, is defined through the power balance analysis of the steady state. The model was used to obtain the experimental values of α for a large database of the Joint European Torus (JET) carbon-wall as well as ITER like-wall plasmas. The fractional degrees of the electron heat flux are found to be α

Published
2020
Full Text
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13. De novo evolution of macroscopic multicellularity

Author

G. Ozan Bozdag, Seyed Alireza Zamani-Dahaj, Thomas C. Day, Penelope C. Kahn, Anthony J. Burnetti, Dung T. Lac, Kai Tong, Peter L. Conlin, Aishwarya H. Balwani, Eva L. Dyer, Peter J. Yunker, and William C. Ratcliff

Subjects
Multidisciplinary
Published
2023

14. Self-reported beta-lactam allergy in government and private hospitals in Cape Town, South Africa

Author

C Day, M Deetlefs, A O’Brien, J Smith, M Boyd, N Embling, S Patel, K Moody, T Ramabele, A Budge, T Tarwa, O Jim, T Maharaj, S Pandy, J-M Abrahams, A Panieri, S Verhage, M Van der Merwe, A Geragotellis, W Amanjee, C Joseph, Z Zhao, S Moosa, M Bunting, Y Pulani, P Mukhari, M De Paiva, G Deyi, R P Wonkam, N Mancotywa, A Dunge, T Msimanga, A Singh, O Monnaruri, B Molale, T A G Butler, K Browde, C Muller, J Van der Walt, R Whitelaw, D Cronwright, S Sinha, U Binase, I Francis, D Boakye, S Dlamini, M Mendelson, and J Peter

Subjects
General Medicine
Abstract

Background. Up to a quarter of inpatients in high-income countries (HICs) self-report beta-lactam allergy (BLA), which if incorrect,increases the use of alternative antibiotics, worsening individual health outcomes and driving bacterial resistance. In HICs, up to 95% ofself-reported BLAs are incorrect. The epidemiology of BLA in low- and middle-income African countries is unknown.Objectives. To describe the epidemiology and de-labelling outcomes of self-reported BLA in hospitalised South African (SA) patients.Methods. Point-prevalence surveys were conducted at seven hospitals (adult, paediatric, government and privately funded, district andtertiary level) in Cape Town, SA, between April 2019 and June 2021. Ward prescription records and in-person interviews were conductedto identify and risk-stratify BLA patients using the validated PEN-FAST tool. De-labelling was attempted at the tertiary allergy clinic atGroote Schuur Hospital.Results. A total of 1 486 hospital inpatients were surveyed (1 166 adults and 320 children). Only 48 patients (3.2%) self-reported a BLA,with a higher rate in private than in government-funded hospitals (6.3% v. 2.8%; p=0.014). Using the PEN-FAST tool, only 10.4% (n=5/48)of self-reported BLA patients were classified as high risk for true penicillin hypersensitivity. Antibiotics were prescribed to 70.8% (n=34/48)of self-reported BLA patients, with 64.7% (n=22/34) receiving a beta-lactam. Despite three attempts to contact patients for de-labelling atthe allergy clinic, only 3/36 underwent in vivo testing, with no positive results, and 1 patient proceeded to a negative oral challenge.Conclusion. Unlike HICs, self-reported BLA is low among inpatients in SA. The majority of those who self-reported BLA were low risk fortype 1 hypersensitivity, but outpatient de-labelling efforts were largely unsuccessful.

Published
2023

16. Using Colour as a Marker for Coral ‘Health’: A Study on Hyperspectral Reflectance and Fluorescence Imaging of Thermally Induced Coral Bleaching

Author

Jonathan Teague, Jack Willans, David A. Megson-Smith, John C. C. Day, Michael J. Allen, and Thomas B. Scott

Subjects
General Medicine, hyperspectral imaging, fluorescence, coral, health, bleaching
Abstract

Rising oceanic temperatures create more frequent coral bleaching events worldwide and as such there exists a need for rapid, non-destructive survey techniques to gather greater and higher definition information than that offered by traditional spectral based monitoring systems. Here, we examine thermally induced laboratory bleaching of Montipora capricornis and Montipora confusa samples, utilising hyperspectral data to gain an understanding of coral bleaching from a spectral standpoint. The data revealed several characteristic spectral peaks that can be used to make health determinations. The fluorescence peaks are attributed to fluorescent proteins (FPs) and Chlorophyll-a fluorescence. The reflectance peaks can be attributed to Chlorophyll absorption and accessory pigments such as Peridinin and Diadinoxanthin. Each characteristic spectral peak or ‘marker’ allows for observation of each aspect of coral health and hence, simultaneous monitoring of these markers using hyperspectral imaging techniques provides an opportunity to better understand the processes occurring during bleaching and the rates at which they occur relative to one another.

Published
2022

17. Immediate sequential bilateral cataract surgery: patient perceptions and preferences

Author

Jonathan Malcolm, Christopher Leak, Alexander C. Day, Helen Baker, and John C. Buchan

Subjects
Ophthalmology
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Recent national data suggests that less than 0.5% of NHS cataract patients undergo immediate sequential bilateral cataract surgery (ISBCS). Since ISBCS improves service efficiency, increasing its practice may help tackle the ever-growing burden of cataract in the UK, and reduce the COVID-19 cataract backlog. Surgeon attitudes are known to be a significant barrier to increasing the practice of ISBCS. However, little is known about patient perceptions of ISBCS. METHODS: Patients at cataract clinics across three NHS hospital sites were recruited to complete an investigator-led structured questionnaire. Open-ended and closed-ended questions were used to assess awareness of ISBCS, willingness to undergo ISBCS and attitudes towards ISBCS. RESULTS: Questionnaires were completed by 183 patients. Mean participant age was 70.5 (9.9) years and 58% were female. Forty-three percent were aware of ISBCS, chiefly via clinic staff. Just over a third would choose ISBCS if given the choice, and participants that perceived they were recommended ISBCS were more likely to opt for it. The most common motivator and barrier to uptake of ISBCS was convenience and the perceived risk of complications in both eyes respectively. Concerns related to the recovery period were common, including misunderstandings, such as the need to wear eye patches that obscure both eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that significantly more NHS patients would be willing to undergo ISBCS if given the choice. The reluctance of surgeons to recommend ISBCS and patient misunderstandings regarding the recovery period may be limiting its uptake.

Published
2022

18. Gene expression analysis of the <scp> Xenopus laevis </scp> early limb bud proximodistal axis

Author

Daniel T. Hudson, Jessica S. Bromell, Robert C. Day, Tyler McInnes, Joanna M. Ward, and Caroline W. Beck

Subjects
Limb Buds, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Gene Expression, Tretinoin, Extremities, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Xenopus Proteins, Mesoderm, Fibroblast Growth Factors, DNA-Binding Proteins, Xenopus laevis, Ectoderm, Animals, Developmental Biology
Abstract

Limb buds develop as bilateral outgrowths of the lateral plate mesoderm and are patterned along three axes. Current models of proximal to distal patterning of early amniote limb buds suggest that two signals, a distal organizing signal from the apical epithelial ridge (AER, Fgfs) and an opposing proximal (retinoic acid [RA]) act early on pattern this axis.Transcriptional analysis of stage 51 Xenopus laevis hindlimb buds sectioned along the proximal-distal axis showed that the distal region is distinct from the rest of the limb. Expression of capn8.3, a novel calpain, was located in cells immediately flanking the AER. The Wnt antagonist Dkk1 was AER-specific in Xenopus limbs. Two transcription factors, sall1 and zic5, were expressed in distal mesenchyme. Zic5 has no described association with limb development. We also describe expression of two proximal genes, gata5 and tnn, not previously associated with limb development. Differentially expressed genes were associated with Fgf, Wnt, and RA signaling as well as differential cell adhesion and proliferation.We identify new candidate genes for early proximodistal limb patterning. Our analysis of RA-regulated genes supports a role for transient RA gradients in early limb bud in proximal-to-distal patterning in this anamniote model organism.

Published
2022

20. RNA-seq analysis of synchronized developing pollen isolated from a single anther

Author

Liam Le Lievre, Sreejith P. Chakkatu, Shiny Varghese, Robert C. Day, Sarah M. Pilkington, and Lynette Brownfield

Subjects
Plant Science
Abstract

Pollen development, from unicellular microspores to anthesis, is a complex process involving the coordinated specification, differentiation and functions of different cell types. Key to understanding this development is identifying the genes expressed at precise stages of development. However, transcriptomic studies on pollen prior to anthesis are complicated by the inaccessible nature of pollen developing in the anther and the resistant pollen wall. To assist with understanding gene expression during pollen development we have developed a protocol to perform RNA-Seq on pollen isolated from a single anther (SA RNA-Seq). The protocol involves removing pollen from a single anther for analysis and viewing the remaining pollen to determine the developmental stage. The isolated pollen is chemically lysed and mRNA isolated from the lysate using an oligo-dT column before library preparation. Here, we report on the development and testing of our method and the generation of a transcriptome for three stages of pollen development from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and two stages from male kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis). This protocol enables the transcriptome of precise developmental stages of pollen to be analyzed, and uses a small number of plants, potentially facilitating studies that require a range of treatments or the analysis of the first generation of transgenic plants.

Published
2023

22. Supplementary Figure S5 from HER2 and EGFR Overexpression Support Metastatic Progression of Prostate Cancer to Bone

Author

Mark L. Day, Todd Morgan, Sunitha Nagrath, Dafydd Thomas, Evan Keller, Kathleen Woods Ignatoski, Andrew Chou, Steven James Wilson, Layla El-Sawy, Stephanie Daignault-Newton, Nallasivam Palanisamy, Christopher Hall, Lakshmi P. Kunja, Rajal Shah, Luke J. Broses, Alyssa Paul, Scott J. Dawsey, Molly Kozminsky, Guadalupe Lorenzatti Hiles, and Kathleen C. Day

Abstract

Tibia xenograft histology of lapatinib, and cetuximab+trastuzumab treated animals.

Published
2023

23. Data from HER2 and EGFR Overexpression Support Metastatic Progression of Prostate Cancer to Bone

Author

Mark L. Day, Todd Morgan, Sunitha Nagrath, Dafydd Thomas, Evan Keller, Kathleen Woods Ignatoski, Andrew Chou, Steven James Wilson, Layla El-Sawy, Stephanie Daignault-Newton, Nallasivam Palanisamy, Christopher Hall, Lakshmi P. Kunja, Rajal Shah, Luke J. Broses, Alyssa Paul, Scott J. Dawsey, Molly Kozminsky, Guadalupe Lorenzatti Hiles, and Kathleen C. Day

Abstract

Activation of the EGF receptors EGFR (ErbB1) and HER2 (ErbB2) drives the progression of multiple cancer types through complex mechanisms that are still not fully understood. In this study, we report that HER2 expression is elevated in bone metastases of prostate cancer independently of gene amplification. An examination of HER2 and NF-κB receptor (RANK) coexpression revealed increased levels of both proteins in aggressive prostate tumors and metastatic deposits. Inhibiting HER2 expression in bone tumor xenografts reduced proliferation and RANK expression while maintaining EGFR expression. In examining the role of EGFR in tumor-initiating cells (TIC), we found that EGFR expression was required for primary and secondary sphere formation of prostate cancer cells. EGFR expression was also observed in circulating tumor cells (CTC) during prostate cancer metastasis. Dual inhibition of HER2 and EGFR resulted in significant inhibition of tumor xenograft growth, further supporting the significance of these receptors in prostate cancer progression. Overall, our results indicate that EGFR promotes survival of prostate TIC and CTC that metastasize to bone, whereas HER2 supports the growth of prostate cancer cells once they are established at metastatic sites. Cancer Res; 77(1); 74–85. ©2016 AACR.

Published
2023

24. Supplementary Data from HER2 and EGFR Overexpression Support Metastatic Progression of Prostate Cancer to Bone

Author

Mark L. Day, Todd Morgan, Sunitha Nagrath, Dafydd Thomas, Evan Keller, Kathleen Woods Ignatoski, Andrew Chou, Steven James Wilson, Layla El-Sawy, Stephanie Daignault-Newton, Nallasivam Palanisamy, Christopher Hall, Lakshmi P. Kunja, Rajal Shah, Luke J. Broses, Alyssa Paul, Scott J. Dawsey, Molly Kozminsky, Guadalupe Lorenzatti Hiles, and Kathleen C. Day

Abstract

Supplemental materials, methods and figure legends.

Published
2023

25. Supplementary Methods, Figures 1 - 7 from HER2 Drives Luminal Breast Cancer Stem Cells in the Absence of HER2 Amplification: Implications for Efficacy of Adjuvant Trastuzumab

Author

Max S. Wicha, Hasan Korkaya, Daniel F. Hayes, Dafydd G. Thomas, Celina G. Kleer, Mark L. Day, Whitney A. Chadwick, Shawn G. Clouthier, Tahra K. Luther, Nader Tawakkol, Amber N. Heath, Nallasivam Palanisamy, Christopher L. Hall, April Davis, Stephanie Daignault, Kathleen Woods Ignatoski, Ahmed A. Quraishi, Tom F. Bersano-Begey, Scott J. Dawsey, Qin Zen, Fayaz Malik, Kathleen C. Day, and Suthinee Ithimakin

Abstract

PDF file - 491K, Supplementary Figure 3. Effect of trastazumab on stem cell marker expression. Supplementary Figure 2. Trastuzumab inhibits tertiary tumorsphere formation in luminal cell lines. Supplementary Figure 1. Representative FACS analysis demonstrating an overlap between HER2 expression and ALDH activity. Supplementary Figure 4. Trastuzumab treatment or HER2 gene knockdown reduces tumorsphere formation of MCF7 cells. Supplementary Figure 5. Rank mediated upreglation of HER2 expression in MCF7 cells. Supplementary Figure 6. Elevated HER2 expression in bone metastasis compared to matched primary luminal tumors is not due to HER2 gene amplification. Supplemental Figure 7. No significant differences in HER2 protein expression were found in matched primary tumors and bone metastasis in women with HER-positive breast cancer.

Published
2023

27. Data from ADAM15 Supports Prostate Cancer Metastasis by Modulating Tumor Cell–Endothelial Cell Interaction

Author

Mark L. Day, Kathleen C. Day, and Abdo J. Najy

Abstract

Using human tumor and cDNA microarray technology, we have recently shown that the ADAM15 disintegrin is significantly overexpressed during the metastatic progression of human prostate cancer. In the current study, we used lentiviral-based short hairpin RNA (shRNA) technology to down-regulate ADAM15 in the metastatic prostate cancer cell line, PC-3. ADAM15 down-regulation dramatically attenuated many of the malignant characteristics of PC-3 cells in vitro and prevented the s.c. growth of PC-3 cells in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. By inhibiting the expression of ADAM15 in PC-3 cells, we showed decreased cell migration and adhesion to specific extracellular matrix proteins. This was accompanied by a reduction in the cleavage of N-cadherin by ADAM15 at the cell surface. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed reduced cell surface expression of the metastasis-associated proteins αv integrin and CD44. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinase 9 secretion and activity were abrogated in response to ADAM15 reduction. In an in vitro model of vascular invasion, loss of ADAM15 reduced PC-3 adhesion to, and migration through, vascular endothelial cell monolayers. Using an SCID mouse model of human prostate cancer metastasis, we found that the loss of ADAM15 significantly attenuated the metastatic spread of PC-3 cells to bone. Taken together, these data strongly support a functional role for ADAM15 in prostate tumor cell interaction with vascular endothelium and the metastatic progression of human prostate cancer. [Cancer Res 2008;68(4):1092–9]

Published
2023

28. Repetitive Negative Thinking As a Transdiagnostic Prospective Predictor of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Neurodiverse First-Semester College Students

Author

Erin E. McKenney, Steven M. Brunwasser, Jared K. Richards, Talena C. Day, Bella Kofner, Rachel G. McDonald, Zachary J. Williams, Kristen Gillespie-Lynch, Erin Kang, Matthew D. Lerner, and Katherine O. Gotham

Subjects
Psychiatry and Mental health, Neurology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Neurology (clinical)
Published
2023

29. Uvite, CaMg3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH), a new, but long-anticipated mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup from San Piero in Campo, Elba Island, Italy

Author

Ferdinando Bosi, Cristian Biagioni, Federico Pezzotta, Henrik Skogby, Ulf Hålenius, Jan Cempírek, Frank C. Hawthorne, Aaron J. Lussier, Yassir A. Abdu, Maxwell C. Day, Mostafa Fayek, Christine M. Clark, Joel D. Grice, and Darrell J. Henry

Subjects
tourmaline, Geochemistry and Petrology, uvite, electron microprobe, Mossbauer spectroscopy, optical absorption spectroscopy, crystal-structure refinement, new mineral species, infrared spectroscopy
Abstract

Uvite, CaMg3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH), is a new mineral of the tourmaline supergroup. It occurs in the Facciatoia quarry, San Piero in Campo, Elba Island, Italy (42°45′04.55″N, 10°12′50.89″E) at the centre of a narrow (2–3 cm wide) vein composed of aggregates of dark brown to black tourmaline, penetrating (magnesite + dolomite)-rich hydrothermally altered metaserpentinite. Crystals are euhedral and up to 1 cm in size, brown with a vitreous lustre, conchoidal fracture and grey streak. Uvite has a Mohs hardness of ~7½, a calculated density of 3.115 g/cm3 and is uniaxial (–). Uvite has trigonal symmetry, space group R3m, a = 15.9519(10) Å, c = 7.2222(5) Å, V = 1597.3(1) Å3 and Z = 3. The crystal structure was refined to R1 = 1.77% using 1666 unique reflections collected with MoKα X-rays. Crystal-chemical analysis resulted in the empirical crystal-chemical formula $^X ({\rm Ca}_{0.61}{\rm Na}_{{0.35}} \square_{{0.04}})_{\Sigma 1.00}{}^{Y} \left( {{\rm Mg}_{1.50}{\rm Fe}^{2 + }_{0.47} {\rm Al}_{0.71}{\rm Fe}^{3 + }_{0.14} {\rm Ti}_{0.18}} \right)_{\Sigma 3.00}$${}^{Z} \left( {{\rm Al}_{4.54}{\rm Fe}^{3 + }_{0.18} {\rm V}^{3 + }_{0.02} {\rm Mg}_{1.27}} \right)_{\Sigma 6.00}{}^{T}\left[ {{\left( {{\rm Si}_{5.90}{\rm Al}_{0.10}} \right)}_{\Sigma 6.00}{\rm O}_{18}} \right]{\rm } \left( {\rm BO_3} \right)_3^{} {^{\rm O(3)}}\left( {\rm OH} \right)_3{}^{{\rm O}\left( 1 \right)} [\left( {\rm OH} \right)_{0.55}{\rm F}_{0.05}{\rm O}_{0.40}]_{\Sigma 1.00}$which recast in its ordered form for classification purposes is: $$\eqalign{& ^{\rm X} ({\rm Ca}_{0.61}{\rm Na}_{0.35}\squ _{0.04})_{\Sigma 1.00}{}^{\rm Y} \left( {{\rm Mg}_{2.35}{\rm Fe}^{2 + }_{0.47} {\rm Ti}_{0.18}} \right)_{\Sigma 3.00} \cr & {}^{\rm Z} \left( {{\rm Al}_{5.25}{\rm Fe}^{3 + }_{0.32} {\rm V}^{3 + }_{0.02} {\rm Mg}_{0.42}} \right)_{\Sigma 6.00}{}^{\rm T} \left[ {{\left( {{\rm Si}_{5.90}{\rm Al}_{0.10}} \right)}_{\Sigma 6.00}{\rm O}_{18}} \right]{\rm }\left( {\rm BO_3} \right)_3{}^{\rm V} \left( {\rm OH} \right)_3{}^{\rm W} [\left( {\rm OH} \right)_{0.55}{\rm F}_{0.05}{\rm O}_{0.40}]_{\Sigma 1.00}}$$ Uvite is a hydroxy-species belonging to the calcic-group of the tourmaline supergroup. The closest end-member compositions of valid tourmaline species are fluor-uvite and feruvite, to which uvite is related by the substitutions W(OH)– ↔ WF– and YMg2+ ↔ YFe2+, respectively. The occurrence of a solid-solution between uvite and magnesio-lucchesiite, according to the substitution ZMg2+ + W(OH)– ↔ ZAl3+ + WO2–, is supported by experimental data. The new mineral was approved by the IMA–CNMNC (IMA 2019-113). Uvite from Facciatoia formed by the reaction between B-rich fluids, released during the crystallisation process of LCT pegmatites, and the surrounding metaserpentinites, altered by contact metamorphism in the aureole of the Miocene Mt. Capanne monzogranitic pluton.

Published
2022

30. An evaluation of newborn hearing screening brochures and parental understanding of screening result terminology

Author

Erin M. Picou, Sarah N. McAlexander, Brittany C. Day, Karina J. Jirik, Alison Kemph Morrison, and Anne Marie Tharpe

Subjects
Speech and Hearing, Linguistics and Language, Language and Linguistics
Abstract

To assess the suitability of newborn hearing screening brochures by evaluating current state-level brochures and pregnant people’s understanding of screening result terminology. In Study 1, state-level brochures were evaluated based on readability, design, picture appropriateness, and use of the word “refer.” In Study 2, pregnant people completed a questionnaire that queried their understanding of and expected anxiety about three newborn hearing screening outcomes (“refer,” “did not pass,” and “pass”). In Study 1, 59 newborn hearing screening brochures were analysed. In Study 2, 43 pregnant people completed surveys during a prenatal appointment. Most of the brochures were found deficient on at least one element. Thirty percent of brochures used the word “refer” to indicate a hearing screening failure; yet, fewer than half of participants understood its meaning. Ratings of expected anxiety were highest in response to the term “did not pass.” Based on four study criteria of brochure suitability, 88% of available state-level newborn hearing screening brochures should be modified to make them readily understandable by a broad educational demographic. Discretion in use of the term “refer” should be made when indicating screening results, because the term is not readily understood.

Published
2022

32. Evolutionary potential mitigates extinction risk under climate change in the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher

Author

Erin Landguth, Kristen Ruegg, Brenna Forester, and Casey C. Day

Subjects
Genetics, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical), Biotechnology
Abstract

The complexity of global anthropogenic change makes forecasting species responses and planning effective conservation actions challenging. Additionally, important components of a species’ adaptive capacity, such as evolutionary potential, are often not included in quantitative risk assessments due to lack of data. While genomic proxies for evolutionary potential in at-risk species are increasingly available, they have not yet been included in extinction risk assessments at a species-wide scale. In this study, we used an individual-based, spatially explicit, dynamic eco-evolutionary simulation model to evaluate the extinction risk of an endangered desert songbird, the southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus), in response to climate change. Using data from long-term demographic and habitat studies in conjunction with genome-wide ecological genomics research, we parameterized simulations that include 418 sites across the breeding range, genomic data from 225 individuals, and climate change forecasts spanning 3 generalized circulation models and 3 emissions scenarios. We evaluated how evolutionary potential, and the lack of it, impacted population trajectories in response to climate change. We then investigated the compounding impact of drought and warming temperatures on extinction risk through the mechanism of increased nest failure. Finally, we evaluated how rapid action to reverse greenhouse gas emissions would influence population responses and species extinction risk. Our results illustrate the value of incorporating evolutionary, demographic, and dispersal processes in a spatially explicit framework to more comprehensively evaluate the extinction risk of threatened and endangered species and conservation actions to promote their recovery.

Published
2023

33. Emergence and maintenance of stable coexistence during a long-term multicellular evolution experiment

Author

Rozenn M. Pineau, David Demory, Eric Libby, Dung T. Lac, Thomas C. Day, Pablo Bravo, Peter J. Yunker, Joshua S. Weitz, G. Ozan Bozdag, and William C. Ratcliff

Subjects
Article
Abstract

The evolution of multicellular life spurred evolutionary radiations, fundamentally changing many of Earth’s ecosystems. Yet little is known about how early steps in the evolution of multicellularity transform eco-evolutionary dynamics, e.g., via niche expansion processes that may facilitate coexistence. Using long-term experimental evolution in the snowflake yeast model system, we show that the evolution of multicellularity drove niche partitioning and the adaptive divergence of two distinct, specialized lineages from a single multicellular ancestor. Over 715 daily transfers, snowflake yeast were subject to selection for rapid growth in rich media, followed by selection favoring larger group size. Both small and large cluster-forming lineages evolved from a monomorphic ancestor, coexisting for over ~4,300 generations. These small and large sized snowflake yeast lineages specialized on divergent aspects of a trade-off between growth rate and survival, mirroring predictions from ecological theory. Through modeling and experimentation, we demonstrate that coexistence is maintained by a trade-off between organismal size and competitiveness for dissolved oxygen. Taken together, this work shows how the evolution of a new level of biological individuality can rapidly drive adaptive diversification and the expansion of a nascent multicellular niche, one of the most historically-impactful emergent properties of this evolutionary transition.

Published
2023

34. Feasibility of Group-Based Implementation Facilitation for Video Telemental Health

Author

Anthony H. Ecker, Giselle Day, Amber B. Amspoker, Jennifer L. Bryan, Stephanie C. Day, Miryam Wassef, Kendra Weaver, and Jan Lindsay

Abstract

Video telehealth experienced rapid growth throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in many healthcare sectors, including mental health. The Veterans Health Administration’s video telehealth platform, VA Video Connect, has been widely used to reach veterans who may have experienced difficulty accessing care, such as those living in rural areas or other barriers (e.g., transportation). Implementing VVC requires a multifaceted approach, including training providers on technical skills, increasing access to equipment for providers and veterans, and integrating VVC within the culture and processes of the clinic unit. Prior successful VVC implementation efforts in rural areas have focused on simultaneous one-on-one provider and leadership engagement using implementation facilitation (IF). However, given the rapid need for VVC expansion in light of limits and dangers associated with in-person care during the pandemic, our team developed group facilitation to increase the reach of VVC implementation through IF. Group facilitation combined training in technical and policy elements of VVC with IF with groups of providers from clinic units. This approach was designed to rapidly disseminate the necessary knowledge to conduct VVC combined with collaborative problem solving as a team to improve the ability of the clinical team to sustain VVC. Attendees were asked for feedback on the session through multiple choice and open-ended questions. Participants (N = 26) reported being highly satisfied with the training and reported a high degree of confidence in their ability to use VVC. Based on evaluation data and interview feedback, providers and clinic leaders were satisfied with group facilitation. Group facilitation may be a helpful tool in rapidly training clinical teams to implement and sustain video telemental health.

Published
2023

36. Evaluating the legacy of multiple introductions of American martens on spatiotemporal patterns of genetic diversity

Author

Casey C Day, Jonathan H Gilbert, Philip J Manlick, Jennifer A Grauer, Jonathan N Pauli, Kim T Scribner, Bronwyn W Williams, and Patrick A Zollner

Subjects
Ecology, Genetics, Animal Science and Zoology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

Species reintroductions are successful when established populations maintain both demographic stability and genetic diversity. Such a result may be obtained by ensuring both structural habitat connectivity and genetic connectivity among reintroduced and remnant populations. Nevertheless, prezygotic barriers such as assortative mating can prevent the flow of genetic material between populations, even when migration between populations is high. Limited gene flow may be particularly relevant for reintroductions that were sourced either from captive-bred populations or from disparate locations in the wild. American martens (Martes americana) have been reintroduced repeatedly in the Upper Midwestern United States in an effort to establish self-sustaining populations. We quantified levels of genetic diversity within and spatial genetic variance among four marten populations during two time periods separated by 10 years. Spatially informed and naïve discriminant analysis of principal components were used to assign individuals to populations. Results indicate that heterozygosity declined and inbreeding coefficients increased between the two collection periods, while genetic structure among populations also increased. Data are consistent with assortative mating contributing to reapportioning of genetic variation. Population assignment tests show that migration among populations is apparent, but admixture (based on cluster membership probabilities) is low and declined over time. Specifically, martens may be successfully dispersing between populations but a lack of admixture indicates a lack of reproductive contributions to genetic diversity by migrants. Because marten reintroductions in this region are well-documented and well-monitored, lessons can be derived from results to inform future reintroductions. We encourage a careful balance of supplementing genetic diversity via augmentation while avoiding translocation of animals from disparate populations that may result in reproductive isolation of migrants. In combination with the maintenance of a functionally connected landscape, this strategy would maximize the likelihood of a successful reintroduction in terms both of demography and genetics.

Published
2021

37. Conceptual frameworks and key questions for assessing the contribution of marine protected areas to shark and ray conservation

Author

Andrew Chin, Fergus John Molloy, Darren Cameron, Jon C. Day, Jessica Cramp, Karin Leeann Gerhardt, Michelle R. Heupel, Mark Read, and Colin A. Simpfendorfer

Subjects
Ecology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are key tools in addressing the global decline of sharks and rays, with "marine parks" and "shark sanctuaries" of various configurations established to conserve shark populations. There is also a rapidly growing body of telemetry research used to assess MPA performance in shark protection. However, assessments of MPA efficacy in shark and ray conservation are compromised by inconsistent terminology, a lack of standardised approaches to assess how MPAs contribute to the overall conservation of sharks and rays, and ambiguity about integrating movement data into assessment processes. This paper presents a conceptual framework that standardises key terms and uses the concept of Portfolio Risk to fully describe how an MPA may contribute to shark and ray conservation. The framework also demonstrates how movement data can be integrated into the process and presents eight key questions that provide guidance for applying the framework. Understanding an MPA's contribution to shark and ray protection requires explicit consideration of the assessment scope, MPA type and purpose, the range of existing and potential threats, the species biology and ecology, and management and operational contexts. Ultimately, MPA contributions to shark and ray conservation differ according to a complex set of human and natural factors and interactions which should be carefully considered in MPA design, implementation and evaluation. Article Impact statement: Standardization of key terms and use of the portfolio risk concept describe how protected areas contribute to shark and ray conservation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Published
2022

39. Label-free fibre optic Raman spectroscopy with bounded simplex-structured matrix factorization for the serial study of serum in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Author

James J. P. Alix, Nick S. Verber, Chlöe N. Schooling, Visakan Kadirkamanathan, Martin R. Turner, Andrea Malaspina, John C. C. Day, and Pamela J. Shaw

Subjects
C-Reactive Protein, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Electrochemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Humans, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Biochemistry, Spectroscopy, Biomarkers, Analytical Chemistry
Abstract

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease in urgent need of disease biomarkers for the assessment of promising therapeutic candidates in clinical trials. Raman spectroscopy is an attractive technique for identifying disease related molecular changes due to its simplicity. Here, we describe a fibre optic fluid cell for undertaking spontaneous Raman spectroscopy studies of human biofluids that is suitable for use away from a standard laboratory setting. Using this system, we examined serum obtained from patients with ALS at their first presentation to our centre ( n = 66) and 4 months later ( n = 27). We analysed Raman spectra using bounded simplex-structured matrix factorization (BSSMF), a generalisation of non-negative matrix factorisation which uses the distribution of the original data to limit the factorisation modes (spectral patterns). Biomarkers associated with ALS disease such as measures of symptom severity, respiratory function and inflammatory/immune pathways (C3/C-reactive protein) correlated with baseline Raman modes. Between visit spectral changes were highly significant ( p = 0.0002) and were related to protein structure. Comparison of Raman data with established ALS biomarkers as a trial outcome measure demonstrated a reduction in required sample size with BSSMF Raman. Our portable, simple to use fibre optic system allied to BSSMF shows promise in the quantification of disease-related changes in ALS over short timescales.

Published
2022

40. Key principles for effective marine governance, including lessons learned after decades of adaptive management in the Great Barrier Reef

Author

Jon C. Day

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, Ocean Engineering, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

This paper reviews the concept of governance in protected areas, providing details about nine key principles of governance as they relate to marine protected areas (MPAs). Following a theoretical description of each principle, real-world examples of the principles are presented from the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) Marine Park, where marine governance has evolved over 45 years as part of adaptive management. Examples of good governance in the GBR include the intergovernmental arrangements that enable both federal and state governments to co-operate effectively across adjoining marine jurisdictions. In addition, the application of multiple layers of management adds to an effective integrated approach, considered to be the most appropriate for managing a large MPA. The nine governance principles discussed in the paper are applicable to all MPAs, but how they are applied will vary in dissimilar settings because of differing environmental, social, economic, cultural, and political contexts - clearly, one size does not fit all. The analogy of the nine principles being part of an interlaced or woven ‘lattice’ is also introduced. Collectively the lattice is stronger than any individual principle, and together all principles contribute to the totality of effective governance. The paper provides information for those involved in MPA management who are keen to understand marine governance and how it might apply to their MPA, recognising there will be differences in how the principles will apply.

Published
2022

42. Bridging the Know-Do Gap Using Integrated Knowledge Translation and Qualitative Inquiry: A Narrative Review

Author

Fiona J. Leggat, Melissa C. Day, Ross Wadey, Phoebe Sanders, and Stacy Winter

Subjects
Health (social science), Bridging (networking), Social Psychology, Knowledge translation, Flexibility (personality), Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Context (language use), Engineering ethics, Narrative review, Sociology, Bridge (interpersonal)
Abstract

The research-practice gap is an ongoing concern for sport and exercise science researchers. Despite ongoing efforts to ‘bridge’ the gap between research and practice, a know-do gap remains. Drawing...

Published
2021

43. Potential local adaptation in populations of invasive reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) across an urbanization gradient

Author

Stephen M. Hovick, Leah M. Weston, Kali Z. Mattingly, and Charles T. C. Day

Subjects
education.field_of_study, Natural selection, biology, stress tolerance, Ecology, Population, food and beverages, Phenotypic trait, Phalaris arundinacea, biology.organism_classification, wetland invader, root traits, Natural population growth, urban evolution, Trait, adaptive plasticity, education, Canary grass, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, QH540-549.5, Original Research, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Local adaptation, root mass ratio
Abstract

Urban stressors represent strong selective gradients that can elicit evolutionary change, especially in non‐native species that may harbor substantial within‐population variability. To test whether urban stressors drive phenotypic differentiation and influence local adaptation, we compared stress responses of populations of a ubiquitous invader, reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea). Specifically, we quantified responses to salt, copper, and zinc additions by reed canary grass collected from four populations spanning an urbanization gradient (natural, rural, moderate urban, and intense urban). We measured ten phenotypic traits and trait plasticities, because reed canary grass is known to be highly plastic and because plasticity may enhance invasion success. We tested the following hypotheses: (a) Source populations vary systematically in their stress response, with the intense urban population least sensitive and the natural population most sensitive, and (b) plastic responses are adaptive under stressful conditions. We found clear trait variation among populations, with the greatest divergence in traits and trait plasticities between the natural and intense urban populations. The intense urban population showed stress tolerator characteristics for resource acquisition traits including leaf dry matter content and specific root length. Trait plasticity varied among populations for over half the traits measured, highlighting that plasticity differences were as common as trait differences. Plasticity in root mass ratio and specific root length were adaptive in some contexts, suggesting that natural selection by anthropogenic stressors may have contributed to root trait differences. Reed canary grass populations in highly urbanized wetlands may therefore be evolving enhanced tolerance to urban stressors, suggesting a mechanism by which invasive species may proliferate across urban wetland systems generally., We tested whether populations of a ubiquitous wetland invader, reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), differed phenotypically across an urbanization gradient, suggesting evolutionary responses to common urban stressors. We found clear trait and trait plasticity variation among populations, suggesting reed canary grass may be evolving enhanced tolerance to anthropogenic stressors.

Published
2021

44. Alcohol Consumption and Incident Cataract Surgery in Two Large UK Cohorts

Author

Alexander C Day, Robert Luben, Praveen J Patel, UK Biobank Eye, Alasdair Warwick, Paul J. Foster, Abigail Britten, Peng T. Khaw, Shabina Hayat, David C Broadway, Anthony P Khawaja, Nicholas G. Strouthidis, Sharon Chua, and Kay-Tee Khaw

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Alcohol Drinking, medicine.medical_treatment, Lower risk, Cataract, 03 medical and health sciences, Postoperative Complications, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, business.industry, Proportional hazards model, Incidence, Confounding, Hazard ratio, Middle Aged, Cataract surgery, United Kingdom, Confidence interval, Ophthalmology, Cohort, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Female, Self Report, business, Body mass index, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract

To examine the association of alcohol consumption and type of alcoholic beverage with incident cataract surgery in 2 large cohorts.Longitudinal, observational study.We included 469 387 participants of UK Biobank with a mean age of 56 years and 23 162 participants of European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk with a mean age of 59 years.Self-reported alcohol consumption at baseline was ascertained by a touchscreen questionnaire in UK Biobank and a food-frequency questionnaire in EPIC-Norfolk. Cases were defined as participants undergoing cataract surgery in either eye as ascertained via data linkage to National Health Service procedure statistics. We excluded participants with cataract surgery up to 1 year after the baseline assessment visit or those with self-reported cataract at baseline. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the associations of alcohol consumption with incident cataract surgery, adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and diabetes status.Incident cataract surgery.There were 19 011 (mean cohort follow-up of 95 months) and 4573 (mean cohort follow-up of 193 months) incident cases of cataract surgery in UK Biobank and EPIC-Norfolk, respectively. Compared with nondrinkers, drinkers were less likely to undergo cataract surgery in UK Biobank (hazard ratio [HR], 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85-0.93) and EPIC-Norfolk (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84-0.97) after adjusting for covariables. Among alcohol consumers, greater alcohol consumption was associated with a reduced risk of undergoing cataract surgery in EPIC-Norfolk (P0.001), whereas a U-shaped association was observed in the UK Biobank. Compared with nondrinkers, subgroup analysis by type of alcohol beverage showed the strongest protective association with wine consumption; the risk of incident cataract surgery was 23% and 14% lower among those in the highest category of wine consumption in EPIC-Norfolk and UK Biobank, respectively.Our findings suggest a lower risk of undergoing cataract surgery with low to moderate alcohol consumption. The association was particularly apparent with wine consumption. We cannot exclude the possibility of residual confounding, and further studies are required to determine whether this association is causal in nature.

Published
2021

45. A sustainable ocean for all

Author

Catarina Frazão Santos, Tundi Agardy, Edward H. Allison, Nathan J. Bennett, Jessica L. Blythe, Helena Calado, Larry B. Crowder, Jon C. Day, Wesley Flannery, Elena Gissi, Kristina M. Gjerde, Judith F. Gobin, Clement Yow Mulalap, Michael Orbach, Gretta Pecl, Marinez Scherer, Austin J. Shelton, Carina Vieira da Silva, Sebastián Villasante, and Lisa Wedding

Subjects
SDG 14 - Life Below Water
Published
2022

46. Fiber optic Raman spectroscopy for the evaluation of disease state in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: An assessment using the mdx model and human muscle

Author

James J. P. Alix, Maria Plesia, Sarah A. Hool, Ian Coldicott, Catherine A. Kendall, Pamela J. Shaw DBE, Richard J. Mead, and John C. Day

Subjects
Mice, Inbred C57BL, Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Disease Models, Animal, Mice, Physiology, Physiology (medical), Mice, Inbred mdx, Animals, Humans, Neurology (clinical), Muscle, Skeletal, Spectrum Analysis, Raman
Abstract

INTRODUCTION/AIMS: Raman spectroscopy is an emerging technique for the evaluation of muscle disease. In this study we evaluate the ability of in vivo intramuscular Raman spectroscopy to detect the effects of voluntary running in the mdx model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We also compare mdx data with muscle spectra from human DMD patients.METHODS: Thirty 90-day-old mdx mice were randomly allocated to an exercised group (48-hour access to a running wheel) and an unexercised group (n = 15 per group). In vivo Raman spectra were collected from both gastrocnemius muscles and histopathological assessment subsequently performed. Raman data were analyzed using principal component analysis-fed linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA). Exercised and unexercised mdx muscle spectra were compared with human DMD samples using cosine similarity.RESULTS: Exercised mice ran an average of 6.5 km over 48 hours, which induced a significant increase in muscle necrosis (P = .03). PCA-LDA scores were significantly different between the exercised and unexercised groups (P DISCUSSION: Raman spectroscopy provides a readout of the biochemical alterations in muscle in both the mdx mouse and human DMD muscle.

Published
2022

47. In Vivo Fiber Optic Raman Spectroscopy of Muscle in Preclinical Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Author

Oliver A C Stevens, Gavin R. Lloyd, Maria Plesia, Richard J. Mead, John C. Day, Pamela J. Shaw, Gaynor Miller, James J.P. Alix, Ian Coldicott, Aneurin J. Kennerley, and Catherine Kendall

Subjects
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Physiology, muscle, Cognitive Neuroscience, Biochemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, symbols.namesake, 0302 clinical medicine, In vivo, Medicine, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Muscle weakness, Magnetic resonance imaging, Cell Biology, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Raman spectroscopy, symbols, Biomarker (medicine), biomarker, medicine.symptom, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Ex vivo, Research Article
Abstract

Neuromuscular diseases result in muscle weakness, disability, and, in many instances, death. Preclinical models form the bedrock of research into these disorders, and the development of in vivo and potentially translational biomarkers for the accurate identification of disease is crucial. Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy can provide a rapid, label-free, and highly specific molecular fingerprint of tissue, making it an attractive potential biomarker. In this study, we have developed and tested an in vivo intramuscular fiber optic Raman technique in two mouse models of devastating human neuromuscular diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (SOD1G93A and mdx, respectively). The method identified diseased and healthy muscle with high classification accuracies (area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC): 0.76-0.92). In addition, changes in diseased muscle over time were also identified (AUROCs 0.89-0.97). Key spectral changes related to proteins and the loss of α-helix protein structure. Importantly, in vivo recording did not cause functional motor impairment and only a limited, resolving tissue injury was seen on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Lastly, we demonstrate that ex vivo muscle from human patients with these conditions produced similar spectra to those observed in mice. We conclude that spontaneous Raman spectroscopy of muscle shows promise as a translational research tool.

Published
2021

49. Missed Opportunities in Preventing Acute Angle Closure-Needlessly Blind?

Author

Alexander C. Day and Gus Gazzard

Subjects
Ophthalmology, Acute Disease, Humans, Glaucoma, Angle-Closure, Intraocular Pressure, Original Investigation
Abstract

IMPORTANCE: If an anatomic narrow angle is not appropriately diagnosed and treated, it can result in acute angle-closure crisis (AACC) and lead to substantial vision loss. OBJECTIVE: To identify patients who presented with AACC and assess for factors that may have been associated with risk of developing it. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This population-based retrospective cohort study conducted from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2015, included a 20% nationwide sample of 1179 Medicare beneficiaries. Patients aged 40 years or older with AACC were identified with billing codes. A 2-year lookback period from the date of initial presentation of AACC was used to identify patients who had at least 1 eye care visit, received a diagnosis of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or suspected OAG, or received at least 1 medication associated with risk of AACC. Of the patients who had at least 1 eye care visit, those who underwent gonioscopy, received a diagnosis of an anatomic narrow angle before developing AACC, or both were identified. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Proportions of patients who had at least 1 eye care visit, had OAG or suspected OAG, received at least 1 medication associated with risk of AACC, underwent gonioscopy, or received a diagnosis of an anatomic narrow angle before development of AACC. RESULTS: A total of 1179 patients had a confirmed diagnosis of AACC. The mean (SD) age of patients with AACC was 66.7 (11.8) years (range, 40-96 years), 766 were women (65.0%), 57 were Asian (4.8%), 109 were Black (9.2%), 126 were Latino (10.7%), 791 were White (67.1%), and 96 were other race and ethnicity (8.1%). Of these patients, only 796 (67.5%) consulted an optometrist or ophthalmologist at least once during the 2-year lookback period. A total of 464 individuals (39.4%) had OAG or suspected OAG, and 414 (35.1%) had received at least 1 medication associated with increased risk of AACC before developing it. Of the 796 patients who consulted an optometrist or ophthalmologist in the lookback period, less than one-third underwent gonioscopy in the 2 years before developing AACC (n = 264 [33.2%]), and less than one-half of all patients undergoing gonioscopy received a diagnosis of an anatomic narrow angle (n = 113 [42.8%]). Most patients underwent gonioscopy in the 1 to 4 weeks preceding the AACC. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this group of Medicare patients, there appear to have been multiple opportunities for interventions that may have averted AACC. Interventions aimed at addressing risk factors associated with AACC and improving performance of gonioscopy might be associated with reduced risk for ocular morbidity.

Published
2022

50. Rapid identification of human muscle disease with fibre optic Raman spectroscopy

Author

James J. P. Alix, Maria Plesia, Gavin R. Lloyd, Alexander P. Dudgeon, Catherine A. Kendall, Channa Hewamadduma, Marios Hadjivassiliou, Christopher J. McDermott, Gráinne S. Gorman, Robert W. Taylor, Pamela J. Shaw, and John C. C. Day

Subjects
Muscles, food and beverages, Muscular Diseases/diagnosis, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Muscular Diseases, Fiber Optic Technology/methods, Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods, Electrochemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Fiber Optic Technology, Humans, Spectroscopy
Abstract

The diagnosis of muscle disorders ("myopathies") can be challenging and new biomarkers of disease are required to enhance clinical practice and research. Despite advances in areas such as imaging and genomic medicine, muscle biopsy remains an important but time-consuming investigation. Raman spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopy application that could provide a rapid analysis of muscle tissue, as it requires no sample preparation and is simple to perform. Here, we investigated the feasibility of using a miniaturised, portable fibre optic Raman system for the rapid identification of muscle disease. Samples were assessed from 27 patients with a final clinico-pathological diagnosis of a myopathy and 17 patients in whom investigations and clinical follow-up excluded myopathy. Multivariate classification techniques achieved accuracies ranging between 71-77%. To explore the potential of Raman spectroscopy to identify different myopathies, patients were subdivided into mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial myopathy groups. Classification accuracies were between 74-89%. Observed spectral changes were related to changes in protein structure. These data indicate fibre optic Raman spectroscopy is a promising technique for the rapid identification of muscle disease that could provide real time diagnostic information. The application of fibre optic Raman technology raises the prospect of in vivo bedside testing for muscle diseases which would significantly streamline the diagnostic pathway of these disorders.

Published
2022

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