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The article examines the Impact of Customer Satisfaction on the Business Performance of SMEs in Nigeria. The relationship between customer satisfaction and business performance is an important relationship for the development and growth of any nation's economy. The survey design method was applying for the study with its population being drawn from customers and staff in the organization with its outcomes results showing a greater significant relationship between customer satisfaction and business performance but recommended that financial supports to SMEs' will increase customer satisfaction. The survey research design was used as the data used in this research were collected from primary sources i.e. both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were gathered through the use of a structured questionnaire and about one hundred (100) questionnaires were administered to select registered SMEs for responses within. This study concludes that customer satisfaction in business is positively affected by business performance. As profitability is the ability of an organization to earn a return on the resources invested which remains the main key to measure the overall position and performance of the business enterprise.

While a great deal is written about the challenges facing large multinational enterprises (MNEs) in today’s fast-changing world, there is less said about the how resilient they are to external threats. For example, of the Fortune 500 companies in 2020, only 17 did not exist 25 years ago—the other 487 have been around a long time and have adapted very effectively. In this paper I argue that the size and diversity of MNEs, coupled with their embeddedness in the institutions of capitalism, makes them “bastions of stability” in a sea of change. I discuss some of the ways they have adapted, and why this level of stability is largely a good thing.

Pushback for public–private partnerships (P3s) comes in part from their purported favoritism toward large firms. However, no study has empirically verified this claim. This paper examined the Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE) program to assess whether delivery methods play a role in the participation of minority- and women-owned firms in federally assisted transportation contracts. A sample of 134 contracts from the US Major Transportation Project Database served as the dataset to run linear regressions. Results revealed that P3 associates with higher DBE goals than design–bid–build (DBB). Plausible explanations include P3 being associated with a larger contract size, more public attention, more potential subcontracting opportunities with design included in the package, and intensified agency desire for greater diversity in DBE subcontracts. Moreover, the delivery method has an insignificant effect on DBE attainment. This paper also introduces the DBE envelope, a radar plot capable of graphically assessing DBE program implementation.

Introduction. The hotel business is traditionally considered a highly profitable area of foreign economic activity. The most significant risk factors are considered to be economic, political and social instability in countries and regions. In 2020, almost all global tourism and hotel businesses faced a serious challenge in their development – a severe crisis caused by the rapid spread of a pandemic of a new species of coronavirus (COVID-19) around the world. In the context of a global pandemic, to support the activities of the hotel business, it is necessary to clearly define the content and sequence of certain actions to achieve the goals, which determines the process of planning and forecasting the activities of the enterprise. Scenario planning is a fairly flexible process of describing possible future scenarios. This is part of strategic planning, which refers to the tools and technologies that manage future uncertainty. The purpose of the paper is to consider the scenario planning of the development of foreign economic activity of the hotel-type enterprise in conditions of economic uncertainty. The paper considers scenario planning as one of the most effective tools of strategic planning at the enterprise, which allows to forecast the development of events in the shortest possible time and update the planned indicators for its effective management. Results. In the course of this research the method of strategic planning is used – scenario planning, with the help of which all possible forecasts of events at the enterprise in crisis conditions are built. An analysis of hotel activities during the pandemic. The methods of scenario planning at the hotel business enterprise in the conditions of economic uncertainty are investigated. The difference between traditional and scenario approaches to strategic planning is clarified. Scenarios of possible events of the hotel business enterprise in the future in the conditions of a pandemic on the example of a scenario cross are developed. Conclusion. Scenario planning proved its effectiveness during the global pandemic, when hotel enterprises that applied scenario planning were ready for change and simply applied a different scenario, continuing to go with the flow. Scenarios for further development of foreign economic activity of the enterprise are determined.

Business can offer an upper hand to a venture through hazardous choices that pay off improve creative items, administrations and markets in a troublesome managerial condition and by moving proactively to command a serious market. This investigation means to inspect the connection among business enterprise and managerial innovation capacity by considering subfactors, for example, creativity, proactiveness and chance taking, just as to investigate the connection between managerial innovation capacity and management performance. The examination decides the degree to which policy account and management support for little and medium-sized ventures (SMEs) assume the job of directing factors. Structure/technique/approach: Data assortment was done in 820 SMEs. To check the speculations, Covariance Structure Analysis was led utilizing EQS6b. Discoveries/results: The discoveries demonstrate that enterprise affects key arranging, innovative work, and innovation commercialisation. This examination found that managerial innovation limits effectsly affect management performance. Furthermore, this examination affirmed that when business enterprise influences managerial innovation exercises, policy financial support and management support fill in as arbitrators. Useful ramifications: Small and medium-sized undertakings should upgrade their innovation capacity and extend inventive business enterprise and policy account to carry out seriousness, endure and show constant turn of events and development in an evolving situation. Inventiveness/esteem: The investigation furnishes SME with data they can use to build their attention to interior managerial innovation exercises, which are the first wellsprings of upper hand, and help advance innovative work (RD) and authoritative management for nonstop fortification of innovation capacity. The examination gives SME data they can use to expand their familiarity with inside managerial innovation exercises, which are the first wellsprings of upper hand, and help advance RD and authoritative management for consistent support of innovation capacity.

Business ethics has become an indispensable part of business practice, and in the long run, a prerequisite for successful business. Unethical business can damage the reputation of the organization, which can be the cause of many negative consequences for the organization. Ethics as a key element of successful business should enable the provision of true information, as well as a correct and honest attitude of the organization towards stakeholders, the social community and the environment in which it operates. Achieving these goals was a challenge for a large number of organizations in the business environment before the COVID-19 pandemic, and it is especially increased during this pandemic. Leadership has the most important role in creating the ethical culture of the organization. Because of that, it is very important for future managers to develop awareness of the importance of business ethics for the organization's business, as well as awareness of ethical decision-making in conditions of risk and major crises, as is the case with the pandemic. The paper analyzes the attitudes of students of management, as future managers, about business ethics in the organization's business operations during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research results showed that students are aware of the importance of business ethics, but not equally of all segments that it covers.

This research plans to discover: 1) understudy business enterprise goals studying Economic Education, 2) the impact of observations about pioneering learning, self viability, and inward locus of control on innovative expectations, 3) different elements that impact enterprising aims. This examination is causal acquainted research. The populace in this examination were understudies studying Economic Education who had taken business courses and enterprising practicum, to be specific class of 2018, and who had taken business enterprise courses and were taking business enterprise courses to be specific class of 2018. Tests in this examination were 131 respondents taken with stratified irregular inspecting proportionate procedure. The instrument utilized in this examination was a survey/poll. Information investigation strategies in this examination utilized various straight relapse investigation.

During the years 2000-2018, the number of enterprises conducting research and development activity in Poland was increasing systematically, thus the expenditures on research and development were increasing as well. The impact of R&D activity on the level of innovation of both enterprises and entire economies is related to objective and subjective structure of these expenditures which means that is not connected only with the value of the expenditures for its financing. The purpose of this paper is to present the level of expenditures on R&D in the business enterprise sector in Poland, in comparison to Eurozone countries and to analyze the convergence of value of these expenditures in Poland. The authors of the article used description and analysis of the statistical data obtained from the EUROSTAT and the GUS (General Statistical Office in Poland) statistics and estimation of econometric models and testing the occurrence of sigma and beta convergence. Based on the results we state that the key issue is to further activate Polish enterprises within the sphere of research and development, because Poland, in comparison with Eurozone countries, ranks within the group of countries with low expenditures on research and development and with structures characteristic of less prosperous economies. The study allowed determination of occurrence of sigma and beta convergence in Poland, in comparison with the Eurozone countries.

Ayurveda is one among the outstanding contribution of Brahma, dealing with diseases and terminate the suffering of humanity. In Ayurveda Acharya charka and Acharya Sushrut explained the concept of janapadodwans ragas. In the modern era, thousands of harmful toxins are present in the atmosphere and are inhaled by human beings. A natural disaster is a tragic incidence originating from environmental, geological and hydrological changes. It increases mortality and morbidity due to infectious disease. A pandemic is a global unfold of a new disease. The Spread of novel corona virus-SARS-Cov-2 used to be formally described through the world fitness business enterprise (WHO) on 11 March 2020 due to its surprising emergence and enlargement round the world our Acharyas has defined this pandemic condition due to contamination of soil, air, food and water. This causes infectious diseases in society. Human civilization has successfully fought with many infectious ailments due to allopathic drug remedy. Western allopathic medication presently tends to focus on symptoms and disease, mainly uses drugs and surgery however drugs due to the fact of their toxicity regularly weaken the physique however in accordance to Ayurveda if the body’s herbal protection device is strong then can more easily defend against disease. Hence in case of Covid-19 dreadful infectious disease in addition to Allopathic medicine, we should provide immunity-boosting modalities mentioned in the ancient texts of Ayurveda. In present no proper treatment available for covid-19; hence by comparing this pandemic condition to covid-19, we can study the positive factors and treat the patient according to Janapadodwans concept describing Ayurveda.

The main goal of our study is to theoretically and empirically contribute to the analysis of relation between institutional features and R&D in business enterprise sector and consequently on sustainable economic growth. We exploited the available measures of institutional quality from World Government Indicators of World Bank and data on R&D in business enterprise sector. We employed First-Differencing GMM method to estimate the model on the balanced panel data including the following European countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia and the Slovak Republic, for the time span of 2007-2017. The institutional features are statistically significant factor of R&D in business enterprise sector. We found that Government effectiveness and Control of corruption in particular are very important in supporting the R&D. These measures of institutional quality are key institutional determinants of R&D in business enterprise sector. R&D in business enterprise sector is one of the crucial parts of the overall R&D, and therefore policymakers have to develop favourable conditions for those activities in private firms. Institutional features should be an important variable in explanation of R&D intensity. The presented analysis empirically contributes to the body of knowledge on determinants of R&D for European countries that have to develop their institutions further in order to grow sustainably. This study is using contemporary methods for testing the underlying problem.

The Creative Industries (CI) is a major growth sector populated by an increasing number of entrepreneurs and small enterprises. Despite its recent success, relatively little is known about how such entities practice as businesses, research too often focused upon a narrow set of sub-sectors. With expectations to contribute toward both economic and cultural ecosystems, such enterprises are expected to balance the rigours of business management with highly esoteric practices founded upon creative intensity and temporary systems. This paper explores how creative firms balance business and creative practice. Focusing on the under researched Arts-based Creative Industries (ABCI), it uses a novel SME diagnostic to explore enterprise practices, dependencies and exposures in an environment of reduced funding and pressure for commercialisation. It proposes ABCI supplement resource limitations and demands for creative intensity through networks; techniques used by ABCI could be of value more widely to small businesses in an increasingly network-based economy. Similarly, these networks risk locking firms into unrealistic dependence on external sources of knowledge and funding with significant influence on business development.

In the Veblen-Commons view of the business enterprise as going concern, the primary goal of the enterprise is to engage in sequential acts of production through time. To that end, intangible assets...

Supplier diversity programs were created in the United States nearly 50 years ago to encourage private sector companies to provide business opportunities to underutilized minority business enterprises. In order to assess the experiences that minority business enterprise CEOs have with large purchasing organizations and their perceptions of justice and commitment of large purchasing organizations to the buyer–supplier relationship (BSR), this study utilizes survey data collected from 206 minority business enterprise CEOs who supply large purchasing organizations that espouse a strong commitment to supplier diversity. The theoretical framework of organizational justice is utilized to establish testable hypotheses. The results from hierarchical linear regression show minority business enterprise CEOs’ perception of large purchasing organizations’ commitment to the BSR is positively related to the distributive and informational dimensions of organizational justice. Surprisingly, the procedural dimension was found to have a significantly negative relationship. This research also found a significant, negative relationship between minority firm CEOs’ perception of distributive and informational justice and their perceptions of unethical behavior by large purchasing organizations.

Ethics has long been a catchphrase that has come to mean different things to different people. Business ethics, in particular, has been known to mutate according to the context and requirements of the business entity in question. This paper seeks to elucidate the concept and application of ethics within the context of a particular industry and uses a case study approach to investigate the workings of a company with a focus on the operations of a local company in terms of its alignment to ethical norms. The methodology used was content analysis of documents pertaining to the company’s operations. The findings revealed that the company did use an ethical approach in its business operations thereby proving that a business enterprise can succeed without having to resort to unethical practices to secure profits.

This article critically examines the institutional economics theory of social costs by way of reviewing The Dark Places of Business Enterprise: Reinstating Social Costs in Institutional-Economics (...

Das Werk beinhaltet die Darstellung der Ermittlung der betrieblichen Einkunftsart des Einkommensteuerrechts und in der Konsequenz die daraus resultierenden Gewinnermittlungsarten eines Unternehmers. Die Komplexität liegt in der Abgrenzung der Einkunftsarten der Land- und Forstwirte und deren der selbstständigen Arbeit zu den Einkünften aus Gewerbebetrieben, da die Einkünfte des Gewerbetreibenden der Auffangtatbestand der betrieblichen Einkünfte sind. Es gilt die einzelnen Tatbestände zu beurteilen und die dafür vorgesehene Einkunftsart zu ermitteln. Die Konsequenz der bestimmten Einkunftsart liegt vor allem in der subjektiven Wahl der Gewinnermittlungsart, da diese hinsichtlich der Eingrenzung der Gewinnermittlungsart von der jeweiligen Einkunftsart abhängig ist. Durch Verknüpfungen einzelner Gesetzgebungen haben die Bestimmungen der Einkunftsarten und Gewinnermittlungen im Einkommensteuerrecht Auswirkungen auf das Umsatzsteuerrecht hinsichtlich der Vorgehensweise der Abgabenverpflichtung der Mehrwertsteuer. Infolgedessen ist verdeutlicht, dass eine akkurate Betrachtungsweise und kreuzweise Begutachtung verschiedener Gesetze im Steuerrecht unabdinglich sind. This thesis examines the assessment of different income types within the income tax law and in consequence the resulting types of profit determination for companies. The complexity especially comes from the demarcation of income types for farmers and foresters as well as independent labor to revenues from commercial enterprises which covers all income that is not part of the earlier mentioned sort. The types of income must be decided on a case-to-case basis. The consequence of the income type comes from the subjective selection of the income determination type, as the income determination type limits the possible types of income. The determination of income types and the profit determination type has, due to the connection of various laws, effects in the value added tax law regarding the tax obligation procedure. Thereby, it is shown that, an exact approach and crosswise assessment of various tax laws is indispensable.