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1. Dairying enabled Early Bronze Age Yamnaya steppe expansions

Author

Wilkin, Shevan, Ventresca Miller, Alicia, Fernandes, Ricardo, Spengler, Robert, Taylor, William T.-T., Brown, Dorcas R., and Reich, David

Subjects
Steppes -- Environmental aspects, Dairy industry -- Environmental aspects, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

During the Early Bronze Age, populations of the western Eurasian steppe expanded across an immense area of northern Eurasia. Combined archaeological and genetic evidence supports widespread Early Bronze Age population movements out of the Pontic-Caspian steppe that resulted in gene flow across vast distances, linking populations of Yamnaya pastoralists in Scandinavia with pastoral populations (known as the Afanasievo) far to the east in the Altai Mountains.sup.1,2 and Mongolia.sup.3. Although some models hold that this expansion was the outcome of a newly mobile pastoral economy characterized by horse traction, bulk wagon transport.sup.4-6 and regular dietary dependence on meat and milk.sup.5, hard evidence for these economic features has not been found. Here we draw on proteomic analysis of dental calculus from individuals from the western Eurasian steppe to demonstrate a major transition in dairying at the start of the Bronze Age. The rapid onset of ubiquitous dairying at a point in time when steppe populations are known to have begun dispersing offers critical insight into a key catalyst of steppe mobility. The identification of horse milk proteins also indicates horse domestication by the Early Bronze Age, which provides support for its role in steppe dispersals. Our results point to a potential epicentre for horse domestication in the Pontic-Caspian steppe by the third millennium bc, and offer strong support for the notion that the novel exploitation of secondary animal products was a key driver of the expansions of Eurasian steppe pastoralists by the Early Bronze Age. Analysis of ancient proteins suggests that Early Bronze Age dairying and horse domestication catalysed eastern Yamnaya migrations., Author(s): Shevan Wilkin [sup.1] [sup.2] , Alicia Ventresca Miller [sup.1] [sup.3] , Ricardo Fernandes [sup.1] [sup.4] [sup.5] , Robert Spengler [sup.1] , William T.-T. Taylor [sup.1] [sup.6] , Dorcas R. [...]

Published
2021
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2. Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe

Author

Haak, Wolfgang, Lazaridis, Iosif, Patterson, Nick, Rohland, Nadin, Mallick, Swapan, Llamas, Bastien, Brandt, Guido, Nordenfelt, Susanne, Harney, Eadaoin, Stewardson, Kristin, Fu, Qiaomei, Mittnik, Alissa, Bánffy, Eszter, Economou, Christos, Francken, Michael, Friederich, Susanne, Pena, Rafael Garrido, Hallgren, Fredrik, Khartanovich, Valery, Khokhlov, Aleksandr, Kunst, Michael, Kuznetsov, Pavel, Meller, Harald, Mochalov, Oleg, Moiseyev, Vayacheslav, Nicklisch, Nicole, Pichler, Sandra L., Risch, Roberto, Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo, Roth, Christina, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Wahl, Joachim, Meyer, Matthias, Krause, Johannes, Brown, Dorcas, Anthony, David, Cooper, Alan, Alt, Kurt Werner, and Reich, David

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution
Abstract

We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000-3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost four hundred thousand polymorphisms. Enrichment of these positions decreases the sequencing required for genome-wide ancient DNA analysis by a median of around 250-fold, allowing us to study an order of magnitude more individuals than previous studies and to obtain new insights about the past. We show that the populations of western and far eastern Europe followed opposite trajectories between 8,000-5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Neolithic period in Europe, ~8,000-7,000 years ago, closely related groups of early farmers appeared in Germany, Hungary, and Spain, different from indigenous hunter-gatherers, whereas Russia was inhabited by a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a ~24,000 year old Siberian6 . By ~6,000-5,000 years ago, a resurgence of hunter-gatherer ancestry had occurred throughout much of Europe, but in Russia, the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. Western and Eastern Europe came into contact ~4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced ~3/4 of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ~3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for the theory of a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.

Published
2015
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3. Tracking Five Millennia of Horse Management with Extensive Ancient Genome Time Series

Author

Fages, Antoine, Hanghøj, Kristian, Khan, Naveed, Gaunitz, Charleen, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Leonardi, Michela, McCrory Constantz, Christian, Gamba, Cristina, Al-Rasheid, Khaled A.S., Albizuri, Silvia, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Allentoft, Morten, Alquraishi, Saleh, Anthony, David, Baimukhanov, Nurbol, Barrett, James H., Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Benecke, Norbert, Bernáldez-Sánchez, Eloísa, Berrocal-Rangel, Luis, Biglari, Fereidoun, Boessenkool, Sanne, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Brem, Gottfried, Brown, Dorcas, Burger, Joachim, Crubézy, Eric, Daugnora, Linas, Davoudi, Hossein, de Barros Damgaard, Peter, de los Ángeles de Chorro y de Villa-Ceballos, María, Deschler-Erb, Sabine, Detry, Cleia, Dill, Nadine, do Mar Oom, Maria, Dohr, Anna, Ellingvåg, Sturla, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Fathi, Homa, Felkel, Sabine, Fernández-Rodríguez, Carlos, García-Viñas, Esteban, Germonpré, Mietje, Granado, José D., Hallsson, Jón H., Hemmer, Helmut, Hofreiter, Michael, Kasparov, Aleksei, Khasanov, Mutalib, Khazaeli, Roya, Kosintsev, Pavel, Kristiansen, Kristian, Kubatbek, Tabaldiev, Kuderna, Lukas, Kuznetsov, Pavel, Laleh, Haeedeh, Leonard, Jennifer A., Lhuillier, Johanna, Liesau von Lettow-Vorbeck, Corina, Logvin, Andrey, Lõugas, Lembi, Ludwig, Arne, Luis, Cristina, Arruda, Ana Margarida, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Matoso Silva, Raquel, Merz, Victor, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Miller, Bryan K., Monchalov, Oleg, Mohaseb, Fatemeh A., Morales, Arturo, Nieto-Espinet, Ariadna, Nistelberger, Heidi, Onar, Vedat, Pálsdóttir, Albína H., Pitulko, Vladimir, Pitskhelauri, Konstantin, Pruvost, Mélanie, Rajic Sikanjic, Petra, Rapan Papeša, Anita, Roslyakova, Natalia, Sardari, Alireza, Sauer, Eberhard, Schafberg, Renate, Scheu, Amelie, Schibler, Jörg, Schlumbaum, Angela, Serrand, Nathalie, Serres-Armero, Aitor, Shapiro, Beth, Sheikhi Seno, Shiva, Shevnina, Irina, Shidrang, Sonia, Southon, John, Star, Bastiaan, Sykes, Naomi, Taheri, Kamal, Taylor, William, Teegen, Wolf-Rüdiger, Trbojević Vukičević, Tajana, Trixl, Simon, Tumen, Dashzeveg, Undrakhbold, Sainbileg, Usmanova, Emma, Vahdati, Ali, Valenzuela-Lamas, Silvia, Viegas, Catarina, Wallner, Barbara, Weinstock, Jaco, Zaibert, Victor, Clavel, Benoit, Lepetz, Sébastien, Mashkour, Marjan, Helgason, Agnar, Stefánsson, Kári, Barrey, Eric, Willerslev, Eske, Outram, Alan K., Librado, Pablo, and Orlando, Ludovic

Published
2019
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5. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians

Author

Mathieson, Iain, Lazaridis, Iosif, Rohland, Nadin, Mallick, Swapan, Patterson, Nick, Roodenberg, Songul Alpaslan, Harney, Eadaoin, Stewardson, Kristin, Fernandes, Daniel, Novak, Mario, Sirak, Kendra, Gamba, Cristina, Jones, Eppie R., Llamas, Bastien, Dryomov, Stanislav, Pickrell, Joseph, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, de Castro, Jose Maria Bermudez, Carbonell, Eudald, Gerritsen, Fokke, Khokhlov, Aleksandr, Kuznetsov, Pavel, Lozano, Marina, Meller, Harald, Mochalov, Oleg, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo, Roodenberg, Jacob, Verges, Josep Maria, Krause, Johannes, Cooper, Alan, Alt, Kurt W., Brown, Dorcas, Anthony, David, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Haak, Wolfgang, Pinhasi, Ron, and Reich, David

Subjects
Eurasians -- Health aspects, Genomes -- Research, Single nucleotide polymorphisms -- Research, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers. We also report a transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5600 and 300 bc, which allows us to identify admixture into the steppe from at least two external sources. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height., The arrival of farming in Europe around 8,500 years ago necessitated adaptation to new environments, pathogens, diets and social organizations. While indirect evidence of this adaptation can be detected in [...]

Published
2015
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7. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe

Author

Haak, Wolfgang, Lazaridis, Iosif, Patterson, Nick, Rohland, Nadin, Mallick, Swapan, Llamas, Bastien, Brandt, Guido, Nordenfelt, Susanne, Harney, Eadaoin, Stewardson, Kristin, Fu, Qiaomei, Mittnik, Alissa, Bánffy, Eszter, Economou, Christos, Francken, Michael, Friederich, Susanne, Pena, Rafael Garrido, Hallgren, Fredrik, Khartanovich, Valery, Khokhlov, Aleksandr, Kunst, Michael, Kuznetsov, Pavel, Meller, Harald, Mochalov, Oleg, Moiseyev, Vayacheslav, Nicklisch, Nicole, Pichler, Sandra L., Risch, Roberto, Guerra, Manuel Rojo A., Roth, Christina, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Wahl, Joachim, Meyer, Matthias, Krause, Johannes, Brown, Dorcas, Anthony, David, Cooper, Alan, Alt, Kurt Werner, and Reich, David

Published
2015
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8. Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs

Author

Bergström, Anders, Frantz, Laurent, Schmidt, Ryan, Ersmark, Erik, Lebrasseur, Ophelie, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Lin, Audrey T., Storå, Jan, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Anthony, David, Antipina, Ekaterina, Amiri, Sarieh, Bar-Oz, Guy, Bazaliiskii, Vladimir I., Bulatovic, Jelena, Brown, Dorcas, Carmagnini, Alberto, Davy, Tom, Fedorov, Sergey, Fiore, Ivana, Fulton, Deirdre, Germonpré, Mietje, Haile, James, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Jamieson, Alexandra, Janssens, Luc, Kirillova, Irina, Horwitz, Liora Kolska, Kuzmanovic-Cvetkovic, Julka, Kuzmin, Yaroslav, Losey, Robert J., Ložnjak Dizdar, Daria, Mashkour, Marjan, Novak, Mario, Onar, Vedat, Orton, David, Pasaric, Maja, Radivojevic, Miljana, Rajkovic, Dragana, Roberts, Benjamin, Ryan, Hannah, Sablin, Mikhail, Shidlovskiy, Fedor, Stojanovic, Ivana, Tagliacozzo, Antonio, Trantalidou, Katerina, Ullén, Inga, Villaluenga, Aritza, Wapnish, Paula, Dobney, Keith, Götherström, Anders, Linderholm, Anna, Dalén, Love, Pinhasi, Ron, Larson, Greger, Skoglund, Pontus, Bergström, Anders, Frantz, Laurent, Schmidt, Ryan, Ersmark, Erik, Lebrasseur, Ophelie, Girdland-Flink, Linus, Lin, Audrey T., Storå, Jan, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Anthony, David, Antipina, Ekaterina, Amiri, Sarieh, Bar-Oz, Guy, Bazaliiskii, Vladimir I., Bulatovic, Jelena, Brown, Dorcas, Carmagnini, Alberto, Davy, Tom, Fedorov, Sergey, Fiore, Ivana, Fulton, Deirdre, Germonpré, Mietje, Haile, James, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Jamieson, Alexandra, Janssens, Luc, Kirillova, Irina, Horwitz, Liora Kolska, Kuzmanovic-Cvetkovic, Julka, Kuzmin, Yaroslav, Losey, Robert J., Ložnjak Dizdar, Daria, Mashkour, Marjan, Novak, Mario, Onar, Vedat, Orton, David, Pasaric, Maja, Radivojevic, Miljana, Rajkovic, Dragana, Roberts, Benjamin, Ryan, Hannah, Sablin, Mikhail, Shidlovskiy, Fedor, Stojanovic, Ivana, Tagliacozzo, Antonio, Trantalidou, Katerina, Ullén, Inga, Villaluenga, Aritza, Wapnish, Paula, Dobney, Keith, Götherström, Anders, Linderholm, Anna, Dalén, Love, Pinhasi, Ron, Larson, Greger, and Skoglund, Pontus

Abstract

Dogs were the first domestic animal, but little is known about their population history and to what extent it was linked to humans. We sequenced 27 ancient dog genomes and found that all dogs share a common ancestry distinct from present-day wolves, with limited gene flow from wolves since domestication but substantial dog-to-wolf gene flow. By 11,000 years ago, at least five major ancestry lineages had diversified, demonstrating a deep genetic history of dogs during the Paleolithic. Coanalysis with human genomes reveals aspects of dog population history that mirror humans, including Levant-related ancestry in Africa and early agricultural Europe. Other aspects differ, including the impacts of steppe pastoralist expansions in West and East Eurasia and a near-complete turnover of Neolithic European dog ancestry.

Published
2020
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9. Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski's horses

Author

Gaunitz, Charleen, Fages, Antoine Alphonse, Hanghøj, Kristian Ebbesen, Albrechtsen, Anders, Khan, Naveed, Schubert, Mikkel, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Owens, Ivy J., Felkel, Sabine, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Damgaard, Peter de Barros, Mittnik, Alissa, Mohaseb, Azadeh F., Davoudi, Hossein, Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Crubézy, Eric, Benecke, Norbert, Olsen, Sandra, Brown, Dorcas, Anthony, David, Massy, Ken, Pitulko, Vladimir, Kasparov, Aleksei, Brem, Gottfried, Hofreiter, Michael, Mukhtarova, Gulmira, Baimukhanov, Nurbol, Lõugas, Lembi, Onar, Vedat, Stockhammer, Philipp W., Krause, Johannes, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Undrakhbold, Sainbileg, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Lepetz, Sébastien, Mashkour, Marjan, Ludwig, Arne, Wallner, Barbara, Merz, Victor, Merz, Ilja, Zaibert, Viktor, Willerslev, Eske, Sanz, Pablo Librado, Outram, Alan K., Orlando, Ludovic Antoine Alexandre, Gaunitz, Charleen, Fages, Antoine Alphonse, Hanghøj, Kristian Ebbesen, Albrechtsen, Anders, Khan, Naveed, Schubert, Mikkel, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Owens, Ivy J., Felkel, Sabine, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Damgaard, Peter de Barros, Mittnik, Alissa, Mohaseb, Azadeh F., Davoudi, Hossein, Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Crubézy, Eric, Benecke, Norbert, Olsen, Sandra, Brown, Dorcas, Anthony, David, Massy, Ken, Pitulko, Vladimir, Kasparov, Aleksei, Brem, Gottfried, Hofreiter, Michael, Mukhtarova, Gulmira, Baimukhanov, Nurbol, Lõugas, Lembi, Onar, Vedat, Stockhammer, Philipp W., Krause, Johannes, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Undrakhbold, Sainbileg, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Lepetz, Sébastien, Mashkour, Marjan, Ludwig, Arne, Wallner, Barbara, Merz, Victor, Merz, Ilja, Zaibert, Viktor, Willerslev, Eske, Sanz, Pablo Librado, Outram, Alan K., and Orlando, Ludovic Antoine Alexandre

Published
2018

10. A Bronze Age Landscape in the Russian Steppes: The Samara Valley Project

Author

Anthony, David W.1, Brown, Dorcas R., Khokhlov, Aleksandr A., Kuznetsov, Pavel F., Mochalov, Oleg D., Anthony, David W.1, Brown, Dorcas R., Khokhlov, Aleksandr A., Kuznetsov, Pavel F., and Mochalov, Oleg D.

Abstract

The first English-language monograph that describes seasonal and permanent Late Bronze Age settlements in the Russian steppes, this is the final report of the Samara Valley Project, a U.S.-Russian archaeological investigation conducted between 1995 and 2002. It explores the changing organization and subsistence resources of pastoral steppe economies from the Eneolithic (4500 BC) through the Late Bronze Age (1900–1200 BC) across a steppe-and-river valley landscape in the middle Volga region, with particular attention to the role of agriculture during the unusual episode of sedentary, settled pastoralism that spread across the Eurasian steppes with the Srubnaya and Andronovo cultures (1900–1200 BC). Three astonishing discoveries were made by the SVP archaeologists: agriculture played no role in the LBA diet across the region, a surprise given the settled residential pattern; a unique winter ritual was practiced at Krasnosamarskoe involving dog and wolf sacrifices, possibly related to male initiation ceremonies; and overlapping spheres of obligation, cooperation, and affiliation operated at different scales to integrate groups defined by politics, economics, and ritual behaviors.

Published
2016

11. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians

Author

Mathieson, Iain, Lazaridis, Iosif, Rohland, Nadin, Mallick, Swapan, Patterson, Nick, Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan, Harney, Eadaoin, Stewardson, Kristin, Fernandes, Daniel, Novak, Mario, Sirak, Kendra, Gamba, Cristina, Jones, Eppie R., Llamas, Bastien, Dryomov, Stanislav, Pickrel, Joseph, Arsuaga, Juan Luís, de Castro, José María Bermúdez, Carbonell, Eudald, Gerritsen, Fokke, Khokhlov, Aleksandr, Kuznetsov, Pavel, Lozano, Marina, Meller, Harald, Mochalov, Oleg, Moiseyev, Vayacheslav, Rojo Guerra, Manuel A., Roodenberg, Jacob, Vergès, Josep Maria, Krause, Johannes, Cooper, Alan, Alt, Kurt W., Brown, Dorcas, Anthony, David, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Haak, Wolfgang, Pinhasi, Ron, and Reich, David

Abstract

Ancient DNA makes it possible to directly witness natural selection by analyzing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report the first scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest genome-wide dataset yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians dating to between 6500 and 1000 BCE, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include the first genome-wide data from the Anatolian Neolithic culture whose genetic material we extracted from the DNA-rich petrous bone and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe’s first farmers. We also report a complete transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5500 and 1200 BCE that allows us to recognize admixture from at least two external sources into steppe populations during this period. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.

Published
2016
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12. A Bronze Age Landscape in the Russian Steppes: The Samara Valley Project

Author

Anthony, David W., Brown, Dorcas R., Khokhlov, Aleksandr A., Kuznetsov, Pavel F., and Mochalov, Oleg D.

Subjects
settlements, research, archaeological investigation, Andronovo cultures, Late Bronze Age, Eneolithic, settled pastoralism, archaeology, Russian steps, Srubnaya cultures, Samara Valley
Abstract

The first English-language monograph that describes seasonal and permanent Late Bronze Age settlements in the Russian steppes, this is the final report of the Samara Valley Project, a U.S.-Russian archaeological investigation conducted between 1995 and 2002. It explores the changing organization and subsistence resources of pastoral steppe economies from the Eneolithic (4500 BC) through the Late Bronze Age (1900–1200 BC) across a steppe-and-river valley landscape in the middle Volga region, with particular attention to the role of agriculture during the unusual episode of sedentary, settled pastoralism that spread across the Eurasian steppes with the Srubnaya and Andronovo cultures (1900–1200 BC). Three astonishing discoveries were made by the SVP archaeologists: agriculture played no role in the LBA diet across the region, a surprise given the settled residential pattern; a unique winter ritual was practiced at Krasnosamarskoe involving dog and wolf sacrifices, possibly related to male initiation ceremonies; and overlapping spheres of obligation, cooperation, and affiliation operated at different scales to integrate groups defined by politics, economics, and ritual behaviors.

Published
2016

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