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En Amazonie Brésilienne, il existe des populations indigènes qui ne maintiennent pas de contacts réguliers avec les sociétés extérieures, qu’elles soient nationales ou indigènes. Il est ainsi difficile d’en apprendre sur leurs modes de vie, leurs habitudes et leurs caractéristiques. Malgré cette situation d’incommunicabilité, certaines organisations étudient ces peuples en isolement afin officiellement de mieux les comprendre et les protéger. Le gouvernement brésilien ainsi que certaines organisations non gouvernementales, avec le soutien d’anthropologues, tentent ainsi d’assurer la protection de leurs territoires pour éviter les menaces d’étrangers qui cherchent à tirer profit des nombreuses ressources de l’Amazonie. Cette protection territoriale entre dans le cadre des politiques indigénistes qui prévoient uniquement la surveillance des espaces amazoniens, sans envisager le contact avec les peuples qui y demeurent en isolement. C’est le travail de ces organisations qui m’a intéressée tout au long de cette recherche. J’ai ainsi tenté de mieux comprendre le travail de ces organisations en montrant comment elles en viennent à établir l’existence même de ces peuples. Afin de comprendre et analyser les activités de ces organisations, j’ai conduit un travail ethnographique à Brasilia et en Amazonie brésilienne. Ce travail m’a permis d’identifier et analyser trois dispositifs communicationnels que ces organisations mobilisent dans leur travail. Il y a d’abord le recueil des témoignages des peuples qui côtoient les isolés ou qui vivent avec eux pendant une période donnée. Ensuite, il y a la collecte et l’étude des choses que ces peuples laissent derrière eux dans la forêt. Enfin, le troisième dispositif repose sur la mise à disposition d’objets utilitaires que le gouvernement fournit aux isolés de manière indirecte. Comme je le montrerai, ce sont ces dispositifs qui permettent de faire exister et faire parler les peuples isolés par et pour ces organisations., In the Brazilian Amazon region, we find indigenous peoples that do not keep a regular contact with outsiders (national or other indigenous societies), which makes it hard to learn more about their lifestyles, habits and characteristics. Despite this situation of incommunicability, some organisations study these tribes in order, as they claim, to understand and protect them. The Brazilian government as well as non-governmental organisations, with the support of anthropologists, indeed try to guarantee the protection of these isolated people’s territories to prevent threats from foreign interests that look for resources from the Amazon. This territorial protection falls within the framework of indigenous policies that allow the monitoring of Amazonian areas, but forbids the establishment of contacts with the peoples who live in isolation. For this research, I focused on the work of these organisations. I therefore tried to understand how these organisations work by showing how they establish the existence of these peoples. In order to understand and analyse the activities of these organizations, I conducted an ethnographic study in Brasilia and in the Brazilian Amazon region. This enabled me to identify and analyse three communication devices. First, there is the device that consists of collecting the testimony of the peoples that live close to the isolated people or live with them for a given period. Then there are the things that the isolated leave behind them and that these organizations collect and study to better understand their way of life. Finally, the third device is based on utilitarian objects that these organizations leave in the forest for the isolated peoples. These three devices constitute the way by which these isolated peoples are made to exist and speak by these organizations.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2021-04-08T23:07:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2018 - Ana Paula de Castro Pires.pdf: 9338368 bytes, checksum: a37a45398dc12972dd8a94ec22b7df44 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-04-08T23:07:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2018 - Ana Paula de Castro Pires.pdf: 9338368 bytes, checksum: a37a45398dc12972dd8a94ec22b7df44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES, Brasil) Agribusiness has increasing substantially in the Brazilian Amazon region for the past decade, especially to animal production. Surveys on farm animal diseases are critical for the development of activities related to livestock production; hence, pathogenic agents are one of the most important risk factors concerned with this industry. Our study aimed to survey livestock diseases in Para state (Brazil), diagnosed at Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (SAP/UFRRJ) between 1997 and 2017. Clinical, pathological and epidemiological data were collected through a criterious analysis of necropsy and/or biopsy reports im farm animals from the Brazilian Amazon region. All slides were evaluated to assess or confirm the diagnosis. Histochemical, immunohistochemistry and molecular techniques were applied in inconclusive cases in order to establish a definitive diagnosis. Conclusive cases were sorted by species, etiology, and organic system involvement. Data were collected and displayed in tables and graphics. Between January 1997 and June 2017, we evaluated 488 cases in livestock from the Para state, which yielded 520 diagnose. About 38, 5% (188/488) of those cases belonged to cattle, 23, 4% (144/488) belonged to buffaloes, 19, 5% (95/488) belonged to horses, and the remaining 18, 6% (61) belonged to sheep, goats, donkeys and pigs. Retrospective study complied 408 cases; 47 were initially inconclusive. Following a careful analysis of the slides and appliance of modern diagnostic tools, we stablished four diagnostics, and aid ten cases. Real-time study complied 80 cases; only one remained inconclusive. Based at the data received in our Laboratory, we concluded that infectious and inflammatory diseases and mineral deficiencies were the most common assets in livesctock from Para (Brazil). A Amaz?nia ? a regi?o brasileira que apresenta o maior potencial para o desenvolvimento do agroneg?cio no pa?s, o qual exibiu um crescimento extraordin?rio na ?ltima d?cada. Devido ao papel que a produ??o animal exerce na regi?o, ? essencial que se conhe?a os seus fatores limitantes, em especial, as enfermidades que acometem os seus rebanhos. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar as principais enfermidades de animais de produ??o no estado do Par?, diagnosticadas pelo Setor de Anatomia Patol?gica da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro no per?odo entre 1997 e 2017. Dados referentes ? esp?cie, ra?a, sexo, idade, proced?ncia e achados anatomopatol?gicos foram obtidos atrav?s de uma an?lise criteriosa dos hist?ricos e laudos de necropsia e/ou bi?psia de animais de produ??o oriundos do estado do Par?. Todas as l?minas foram analisadas e algumas revisadas a fim de se estabelecer ou confirmar o diagn?stico. Nos casos em que o diagn?stico era inconclusivo ou duvidoso, realizaram-se t?cnicas histoqu?micas, imuno-histoqu?micas e moleculares, conforme a necessidade, na tentativa de estabelecer um diagn?stico morfol?gico e/ou etiol?gico. Os diagn?sticos conclusivos foram agrupados segundo a esp?cie animal, etiologia e sistema org?nico envolvido, e os dados assim obtidos expressos na forma de tabelas e gr?ficos. Entre janeiro de 1997 e junho de 2017 foram avaliados no SAP/UFRRJ, 488 casos de animais de produ??o provenientes do estado do Par?, os quais resultaram em 520 diagn?sticos. Dos 488 casos, 188 (38,5%) eram oriundos de bovinos, 144 (23,4%) de bubalinos, 95 (19,5%) de equinos e os 61 (18,6%) restantes corresponderam a ovinos, caprinos, asininos e su?nos. Compuseram o estudo retrospectivo 408 casos, dentre os quais 47 haviam sido considerados inconclusivos. Ap?s revis?o criteriosa das l?minas e aplica??o de t?cnicas modernas de diagn?stico quando se julgou necess?rio, quatro casos tiveram seus diagn?sticos esclarecidos, e 10 casos tiveram seus diagn?sticos aprimorados. Entre os 80 casos que fizeram parte do estudo em tempo real, apenas um foi considerado inconclusivo. Este estudo representou a contribui??o do Setor de Anatomia Patol?gica da UFFRJ no tocante ?s enfermidades que afetam animais de produ??o no Par?, com destaque para as enfermidades de origem infecciosa, inflamat?ria e as defici?ncias minerais.

We refer to Oswaldo Cruz's reports dating from 1913 about the necessities of a healthcare system for the Brazilian Amazon Region and about the journey of Carlos Chagas to 27 locations in this region and the measures that would need to be adopted. We discuss the risks of endemicity of Chagas disease in the Amazon Region. We recommend that epidemiological surveillance of Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon Region and Pan-Amazon region should be implemented through continuous monitoring of the human population that lives in the area, their housing, the environment and the presence of triatomines. The monitoring should be performed with periodic seroepidemiological surveys, semi-annual visits to homes by health agents and the training of malaria microscopists and healthcare technicians to identify Trypanosoma cruzi from patients' samples and T. cruzi infection rates among the triatomines caught. We recommend health promotion and control of Chagas disease through public health policies, especially through sanitary education regarding the risk factors for Chagas disease. Finally, we propose a healthcare system through base hospitals, intermediate-level units in the areas of the Brazilian Amazon Region and air transportation, considering the distances to be covered for medical care.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico UNESCO - Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura JC virus (JCV) is a member of the Polyomaviridae family and is associated with a severe disease known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, PML, which is progressively increasing in incidence as an opportunistic infection among AIDS patients. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of JCV among HIV-1 carriers including their types and molecular subtypes and the possible association with disease.Urine samples from 66 HIV-1 infected subjects were investigated for the presence of the virus by amplifying VP1 (215 bp) and IG (610 bp) regions using the polymerase chain reaction. JCV was detected in 32% of the samples. The results confirmed the occurrence of type B (subtype Af2); in addition, another polyomavirus, BKV, was also detected in 1.5% of samples of the HIV-1 infected subjects. Apparently, there was no significant difference between mono- (HIV-1 only) and co-infected (HIV-1 / JCV) subjects regarding their TCD4 + / TCD8 + lymphocyte counts or HIV-1 viral plasma load. Self admitted seizures, hearing and visual loses were not significantly different between the two groups. UFPA - Universidade Federal do Pará

Blood sampling on filter paper is a current practice in malaria seroepidemiological studies by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). There is, however, scant comparative information about the use of bloodspot eluates for detection of malarial IgG antibodies simultaneously by IFAT and enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Here we report data obtained by both serological methods done on 219 bloodspot eluate samples collected in a rural community in Brazilian Amazon Basin (Alto Paraiso, Ariquemes municipality) where malaria is endemic. Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax thick smear antigens were used in the IFAT; a detergent-soluble P. falciparum antigen was prepared for ELISA. Substantial agreement of results (Kappa coefficient k = 0.686) was observed when P. falciparum antigen was used in both tests, and IFAT titers were found to be strongly correlated to ELISA antibody units (Spearman correlation coefficient rs = 0.818, p < 0.001). Only moderate agreement (k = 0.467) between IFAT with P. vivax antigen and ELISA with P. falciparum antigen was observed. Spearman correlation coefficient value between quantitative results (IFAT titers and ELISA antibody units) in this case was numerically lower (rs = 0.540, p < 0.0001). Our results suggest that, with P. falciparum antigen, both IFAT and ELISA performed on bloodspot eluates are equivalent for seroepidemiological purposes.

Recentemente é descrito estado de persistência do vírus da hepatite B denominado hepatite crônica B oculta. Sua prevalência e fisiopatologia são desconhecidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência dessa entidade clínica em pacientes da Amazônia brasileira. De 51 pacientes anti-HBc total reativos testados pela reação em cadeia da polimerase, 17% foram positivos. Não observamos associação com fatores de risco clássicos de infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B, testes bioquímicos, hematológicos e histopatologia. No entanto, os pacientes ictéricos e reativos para o anti-HIV apresentaram associação com a presença do ADN-vírus da hepatite B. Os resultados demonstram a ocorrência da hepatite crônica B oculta, entre nossos doentes, porém, com taxas de prevalência abaixo do esperado para a região. Acreditamos que, apesar do tamanho da amostra avaliada ser pequeno, sua ocorrência poderia ter sido maior se empregássemos primers para a região S, C e X do genoma do vírus da hepatite B, aumentando a sensibilidade do teste. A persistent form of the hepatitis B virus called occult chronic hepatitis B has recently been described. Its prevalence and physiopathology are unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of this clinical entity among patients in the Brazilian Amazon region. Out of 51 anti-HBc total-positive patients who were tested using the polymerase chain reaction, 17% were positive. We did not find any associations with classical risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection or with biochemical tests, hematological tests or histological patterns. However, the jaundiced and HIV-positive patients showed a statistical association with the presence of hepatitis B virus-DNA. The results demonstrated that occult hepatitis B occurred among our patients, but at prevalence rates lower than expected for this region. We believe that despite the small sample size, the occurrence might have been found to be greater if we had used primers for the S, C and X regions of the hepatitis B virus genome, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the test.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:23:32Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:33:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-40749127614.pdf: 356366 bytes, checksum: b0281b66c4d7c1c0d48d2d87c07e88cd (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:23:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-04-22 Malaria is an endemic parasitosis and its causitive agent, Plasmodium, has a metabolism linked to iron supply. HFE is a gene with the polymorphisms C282Y and H63D, which are associated with a progressive iron accumulation in the organism leading to a disease called hereditary hemochromatosis. The aim of the present study was to determine the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the HFE gene polymorphisms in malaria patients and blood donors from the Brazilian Amazon region. We screened 400 blood donors and 400 malaria patients for the HFE C282Y and H63D polymorphisms from four states of the Brazilian Amazon region by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. We did not find any C282Y homozygous individuals, and the only five heterozygous individuals detected were from Pará State. The most frequent genotype in the North region of Brazil was the H63D heterozygote, in both study groups. Our results contribute to the concept that the Brazilian Amazon region should not be regarded as a single entity in South America. These polymorphisms did not influence the symptoms of malaria in the population studied, as neither severe signs nor high parasitemia were observed. Therefore, different hereditary hemochromatosis diagnostic and control measures must be developed and applied within its diverse locations. Investigations are currently being carried out in our laboratory in order to determine the importance of the coexistence of hereditary hemochromatosis in patients affected by parasitic diseases, such as malaria. ©FUNPEC-RP. Laboratório de Hemoglobinas e Genética Das Doenças Hematológicas Departamento de Biologia Instituto de Biociencias, Letras e Ciencias Exatas (IBILCE-UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP Faculdade SEAMA, Macapá, AP Laboratório de Hemoglobinas e Genética Das Doenças Hematológicas Departamento de Biologia Instituto de Biociencias, Letras e Ciencias Exatas (IBILCE-UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP

The transmission of malaria in Brazil is heterogeneous throughout endemic areas and the presence of asymptomatic Plasmodium sp. carriers (APCs) in the Brazilian Amazon has already been demonstrated. Malaria screening in blood banks is based on the selection of donors in respect to possible risks associated with travel or residence, clinical evidence and/or inaccurate diagnostic methods thereby increasing the probability of transfusion-transmitted infection. We evaluated the frequency of APCs in four blood services in distinct areas of the Brazilian Amazon region. DNA was obtained from 400 human blood samples for testing using the phenol-chloroform method followed by a nested-PCR protocol with species-specific primers. The positivity rate varied from 1 to 3% of blood donors from the four areas with an average of 2.3%. All positive individuals had mixed infections for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. No significant differences in the results were detected among these areas; the majority of cases originated from the transfusion centres of Porto Velho, Rondônia State and Macapá, Amapá State. Although it is still unclear whether APC individuals may act as reservoirs of the parasite, efficient screening of APCs and malaria patients in Brazilian blood services from endemic areas needs to be improved. A transmissão da malária no Brasil é heterogênea em todas as áreas endêmicas e a presença de portadores assintomáticos de Plasmodium sp. (PAPs) na Amazônia brasileira já foi demonstrada. A triagem de pacientes maláricos em bancos de sangue é baseada na seleção dos doadores com relação aos riscos possíveis associados com residência, evidência clínica e/ou os métodos diagnósticos não acurados que aumentam a probabilidade da infecção transmitida por transfusão. Avaliamos a freqüência de PAPs em quatro bancos de sangue em áreas distintas da região Amazônica brasileira. O DNA foi obtido a partir de 400 amostras de sangue humano usando o método do fenol-clorofórmio, seguido por um protocolo de nested-PCR com oligonucleotídeos espécie-específicos. A taxa de positividade variou de 1 a 3% de doadores do sangue das quatro áreas, com uma média de 2,3%. Todos os indivíduos positivos tinham infecções mistas entre o Plasmodium vivax e o Plasmodium falciparum. Nenhuma diferença significativa nos resultados foi detectada entre estas áreas; a maioria dos casos originou dos Hemocentros de Porto Velho, do Estado de Rondônia e de Macapá, Estado do Amapá. Embora ainda não esteja claro se os indivíduos PAPs possam agir como reservatórios do parasito, a triagem eficiente de PAPs e de pacientes com malária em bancos de sangue no Brasil das áreas endêmicas necessita ser implementada.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:05:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0036-46652007000100001.pdf: 89731 bytes, checksum: db374aed174933db1226d2f70a93cd5d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:05:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0036-46652007000100001.pdf: 89731 bytes, checksum: db374aed174933db1226d2f70a93cd5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:08:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0036-46652007000100001.pdf: 89731 bytes, checksum: db374aed174933db1226d2f70a93cd5d (MD5) S0036-46652007000100001.pdf.txt: 20041 bytes, checksum: 620b5ae8a089f4eddd608dfdd3c56e6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T14:00:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0036-46652007000100001.pdf: 89731 bytes, checksum: db374aed174933db1226d2f70a93cd5d (MD5) S0036-46652007000100001.pdf.txt: 20041 bytes, checksum: 620b5ae8a089f4eddd608dfdd3c56e6b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T14:00:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0036-46652007000100001.pdf: 89731 bytes, checksum: db374aed174933db1226d2f70a93cd5d (MD5) S0036-46652007000100001.pdf.txt: 20041 bytes, checksum: 620b5ae8a089f4eddd608dfdd3c56e6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) A transmissão da malária no Brasil é heterogênea em todas as áreas endêmicas e a presença de portadores assintomáticos de Plasmodium sp. (PAPs) na Amazônia brasileira já foi demonstrada. A triagem de pacientes maláricos em bancos de sangue é baseada na seleção dos doadores com relação aos riscos possíveis associados com residência, evidência clínica e/ou os métodos diagnósticos não acurados que aumentam a probabilidade da infecção transmitida por transfusão. Avaliamos a freqüência de PAPs em quatro bancos de sangue em áreas distintas da região Amazônica brasileira. O DNA foi obtido a partir de 400 amostras de sangue humano usando o método do fenol-clorofórmio, seguido por um protocolo de nested-PCR com oligonucleotídeos espécie-específicos. A taxa de positividade variou de 1 a 3% de doadores do sangue das quatro áreas, com uma média de 2,3%. Todos os indivíduos positivos tinham infecções mistas entre o Plasmodium vivax e o Plasmodium falciparum. Nenhuma diferença significativa nos resultados foi detectada entre estas áreas; a maioria dos casos originou dos Hemocentros de Porto Velho, do Estado de Rondônia e de Macapá, Estado do Amapá. Embora ainda não esteja claro se os indivíduos PAPs possam agir como reservatórios do parasito, a triagem eficiente de PAPs e de pacientes com malária em bancos de sangue no Brasil das áreas endêmicas necessita ser implementada. The transmission of malaria in Brazil is heterogeneous throughout endemic areas and the presence of asymptomatic Plasmodium sp. carriers (APCs) in the Brazilian Amazon has already been demonstrated. Malaria screening in blood banks is based on the selection of donors in respect to possible risks associated with travel or residence, clinical evidence and/or inaccurate diagnostic methods thereby increasing the probability of transfusion-transmitted infection. We evaluated the frequency of APCs in four blood services in distinct areas of the Brazilian Amazon region. DNA was obtained from 400 human blood samples for testing using the phenol-chloroform method followed by a nested-PCR protocol with species-specific primers. The positivity rate varied from 1 to 3% of blood donors from the four areas with an average of 2.3%. All positive individuals had mixed infections for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. No significant differences in the results were detected among these areas; the majority of cases originated from the transfusion centres of Porto Velho, Rondônia State and Macapá, Amapá State. Although it is still unclear whether APC individuals may act as reservoirs of the parasite, efficient screening of APCs and malaria patients in Brazilian blood services from endemic areas needs to be improved. Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP) Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias Fundação HEMERON Instituto de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amapá Fundação Centro de Hemoterapia e Hematologia do Pará Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Acre Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP) Departamento de Biologia Molecular Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Biologia