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Background: The increasing prevalence of diabetes in the United States continues to drive a steady rise in health care resource utilization, especially emergency department visits and all-cause hospitalizations, and the associated costs., Objective: To investigate the impact of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on emergency department visits and all-cause hospitalizations among Medicaid beneficiaries with type 2 diabetes (T2D) treated with multiple daily insulin injections (MDIs) or basal insulin therapy (BIT) in a real-world setting., Methods: In this retrospective, 12-month analysis, we used the Inovalon Insights claims dataset to evaluate the effects of CGM acquisition on emergency department visits and all-cause hospitalizations in the Managed Medicaid population. The analysis included 44,941 beneficiaries with T2D who were treated with MDIs (n = 35,367) or BIT (n = 9,574). Primary outcomes were changes in the number of emergency department visits and all-cause hospitalizations following 6 months after acquisition of CGM (post-index period) compared with 6 month prior to CGM acquisition (pre-index period). The first claim for CGM was the index date. Inclusion criteria were as follows: aged younger than 65 years, diagnosis of T2D, claims for short- or rapid-acting insulin (MDI group) or basal insulin (not rapid-acting) (BIT group), acquisition of a CGM device between January 1, 2017, and September 30, 2022, and continuous enrollment in their health plan throughout the pre-index and post-index periods., Results: In the MDI group, all-cause inpatient hospitalization rates decreased from 3.25 to 2.29 events/patient-year (hazard ratio = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.11-0.13; P < 0.001) and emergency department visit rates decreased from 2.15 to 1.86 events/patient-year (hazard ratio = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.50-0.53; P < 0.001). In the BIT group, all-cause inpatient hospitalization rates decreased from 1.63 to 1.39 events/patient-year (hazard ratio = 0.11; 95% CI = 0.09-0.12; P < 0.001) and emergency department visit rates decreased from 1.60 to 1.43 events/patient-year (hazard ratio = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.44-0.50; P < 0.001)., Conclusions: Acquisition of CGM is associated with significant reductions in emergency department visits and all-cause hospitalizations among people with T2D treated with MDIs or BIT.

Aims/introduction: The FreeStyle Libre (FSL) intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM) system continually measures interstitial glucose levels and provides the data to users in numerical and graphical formats that guide users in their daily diabetes self-management. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the glycemic benefits of FSL in pediatric and adult populations, few studies have characterized FSL use specifically by Japanese adults with type 1 or 2 diabetes. We utilized established CGM metrics to assess glycemic control in a large cohort of Japanese adults with type 1 and 2 diabetes., Materials and Methods: A total of 3,463 anonymized FSL users provided categorization into one of four therapy groups of interest: type 1 diabetes (n = 1,768), type 2 diabetes-multiple daily injections (MDI) (n = 612), type 2 diabetes-basal (BOI) (n = 343), and type 2 diabetes-non-insulin (NIT) (n = 740). Established CGM metrics were used to assess glycemic control., Results: All study groups showed relatively good glycemic control. Type 1 diabetes users showed the highest glucose variability (SD, 61 mg/dL; and %CV, 40%), above the established target level (%CV ≤ 36%). type 2 diabetes-MDI and type 2 diabetes-BOI users had similar levels of glucose variability (both within target). Type 2 diabetes-NIT users had the highest mean % time in range (TIR) (84.3%) and largest percentage of users that met the target of %TIR > 70% (87.4%). In contrast, type 1 diabetes users had the lowest mean %TIR (62.6%) and the lowest percentage meeting the established %TIR target (30.5%)., Conclusions: By utilizing CGM devices in daily diabetes care, both healthcare professionals and patients can monitor glycemic excursions and gain insights into their historical glucose control patterns., (© 2024 Abbott Laboratories and The Authors. Journal of Diabetes Investigation published by Asian Association for the Study of Diabetes (AASD) and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Introduction: Frequent scanning of FreeStyle Libre (FSL) flash glucose monitoring sensors is known to be important whilst wearing an active sensor, but adherence to sensor reapplication is also critical to effective glucose monitoring. We report novel measures of adherence for users of the FSL system and their association with improvements in metrics of glucose control., Methods: Anonymous data were extracted for 1600 FSL users in the Czech Republic with ≥ 36 completed sensors from October 22, 2018 to December 31, 2021. "Experience" was defined by the number of sensors used (1-36 sensors). "Adherence" was defined by time between the end of one sensor and the start of the next (gap time). User adherence was analyzed for four experience levels after initiating FLASH; Start (sensors 1-3); Early (sensors 4-6); Middle (sensors 19-21); End (sensors 34-36). Users were split into two adherence levels based on mean gap time during Start period, "low" (> 24 h, n = 723) and "high" (≤ 8 h, n = 877)., Results: Low-adherence users reduced their sensor gap times significantly: 38.5% applied a new sensor within 24 h during sensors 4-6, rising to 65.0% by sensors 34-36 (p < 0.001). Improved adherence was associated with increased %TIR (time in range; mean + 2.4%; p < 0.001), reduced %TAR (time above range; mean - 3.1%; p < 0.001), and reduced glucose coefficient of variation (CV; mean - 1.7%; p < 0.001)., Conclusions: With experience, FSL users became more adherent in sensor reapplication, with associated increases in %TIR, and reductions in %TAR and glucose variability., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Multicomponent reactions, conducted in a domino, sequential or consecutive fashion, have not only considerably enhanced synthetic efficiency as one-pot methodology, but they have also become an enabling tool for interdisciplinary research. The highly diversity-oriented nature of the synthetic concept allows accessing huge structural and functional space. Already some decades ago this has been recognized for life sciences, in particular, lead finding and exploration in pharma and agricultural chemistry. The quest for novel functional materials has also opened the field for diversity-oriented syntheses of functional π-systems, i.e. dyes for photonic and electronic applications based on their electronic properties. This review summarizes recent developments in MCR syntheses of functional chromophores highlighting syntheses following either the framework forming scaffold approach by establishing connectivity between chromophores or the chromogenic chromophore approach by de novo formation of chromophore of interest. Both approaches warrant rapid access to molecular functional π-systems, i.e. chromophores, fluorophores, and electrophores for various applications., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Brandner and Müller.)

Background: This real-world data study analyzed glucose metrics from FreeStyle Libre ® flash glucose monitoring in relation to scanning frequency, time in range (TIR) and estimated A1c (eA1c) in Saudi Arabia., Methods: Anonymized reader data were analyzed according to scanning frequency quartiles, eA1c categories (<7%,≥7%‒≤9% or>9%) and TIR categories (<50%,≥50%‒≤70% or>70%). Sensors, grouped by reader, were required to have≥120 h of operation. Differences in scanning frequency, eA1c, TIR, time in hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, and glucose variability (standard deviation [SD] and coefficient of variation [CV]) were analyzed between groups., Results: 6097 readers, 35,747 sensors, and 40 million automatic glucose measurements were analyzed. Patients in the highest scanning frequency quartile (Q4, mean 32.0 scans/day) had lower eA1c (8.47%), greater TIR (46.4%) and lower glucose variation (SD 75.0 mg/dL, CV 38.2%) compared to the lowest quartile (Q1, mean 5.2 scans/day; eA1c 9.77%, TIR 32.8%, SD 94.9 mg/dL, CV 41.3%). Lower eA1c and higher TIR were associated with greater scanning frequency, lower glucose variability and less time in hyperglycemia., Conclusions: Higher scanning frequency in flash glucose users from Saudi Arabia is associated with lower eA1c, higher TIR, lower glucose variability and less time in hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia., (© 2022. The Author(s).)