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The distribution of the magnetic field generated by an electromagnetic device can provide insights into their operational condition. This paper focuses on diagnosing electrolyzers through magneto-tomography, a method which involves mapping the magnetic field generated by electrical devices. Since current density and magnetic field are directly linked, this study can characterize the normal and abnormal operation of an electrolyzer. To achieve this, a two-dimensional (2-D) Biot–Savart model in polar coordinates is developed. To validate this model for electrolyzer diagnostics, an experimental setup was established to replicate the electrolyzer operation. The purely analytical model was successfully validated, with the average difference between the analytical results and experimental measurements established. The model validation is performed by comparing the experimental data to the theoretical results, and it is observed that the difference does not exceed 5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a meticulous modeling approach is proposed not only for a fuel cell stack itself but also for all auxiliary components that collectively form the fuel cell system. This comprehensive modeling approach encompasses a wide range of components, including, but not limited to, the hydrogen recirculation pump and the air compressor. Each component is thoroughly analyzed and modeled based on the detailed specifications provided by suppliers. This involves considering factors such as efficiency, operating parameters, response times, and interactions with other system elements. By integrating these detailed models, a holistic understanding of the entire fuel cell system's performance can be attained. Such an approach enables engineers and designers to simulate various operating scenarios, predict system behavior under different conditions, and optimize the system design for maximum efficiency and reliability. Moreover, it allows for informed decision-making throughout the system's development, deployment, and operational phases, ultimately leading to more robust and effective energy systems. The model validation is performed by comparing experimental data to theoretical results, and the observed difference does not exceed 3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicle technology has been adopting fuel cells (FCs) for hybrid applications over the past few years. Therefore, the development of advanced power electronic systems for the integration of fuel cells with on-board energy management is fundamental for achieving high-performance systems. An FC for vehicular applications is usually a low-voltage current-source like device that produces electricity and heat directly from input hydrogen and oxygen. Most often, it is required that the FCs be stacked for high-voltage dc-link in order to supply the input power for the drivetrain and electric motor drive system. The FC has a nonlinear nature, and it must be controlled to operate in the high-efficiency operating range. Hybrid electric vehicles have physical constraints such as volume and weight under limited cost and expected lifetime. There is a need for high-voltage input/output ratio of dc-dc boost converters to be connected between the FC to the motor drive dc-link. In addition, it is necessary to have low input ripple at the dc-dc boost converter in order to maximize the FC lifetime, and the traditional dc-dc boost converter topologies have poor performance on these specifications. This paper proposes a new dc-dc converter family of topologies aimed at improving the application to electric vehicle power control. This family is defined as floating-interleaving boost converters (FIBCs). The paper will thoroughly show analysis and experimental verification of FIBC's, and they will be compared with conventional boost converter characteristics. The paper supports how performance figures related to the passive components, i.e., the inductor and capacitor, will have better volume and weight, extremely low input current ripple, and improved efficiency and transfer ratio. The analysis presented in this paper shows how to choose the most suitable topology in order to achieve the desired specifications. The selected topology is fully validated experimentally using advanced nonlinear sliding mode control, which has the additional feature of operating even in faulty conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents a multiphysical proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack model. The stack model is divided into three submodels describing the different physical domains, namely, electrical, fluidic, and thermal. The stacking method has been used to model the fuel cell stack from a single-cell model. The proposed model has been validated against a 1.2-kW commercial PEMFC stack with excellent agreement between simulation and experimentation. Based on the simulation results, a novel model reduction method is proposed. The reduced model is suitable for real-time simulation purpose. Moreover, a real-time-model-based fuel cell emulator is introduced. The emulator has three real-time computation cores with different rates. The three computation cores are interconnected with a digital communication bus. A dc/dc buck converter is designed in order to receive the model-predicted stack power conditions and emulate the real fuel cell stack power output. The experimental test results show that such an emulator is suitable for fuel cell system hardware-in-the-loop applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a new methodology based on the statistical description of driving cycles to size the energy source of a hybrid vehicle. This methodology is applied to a fuel-cell-based collection truck for very specific driving patterns. Based on experimental data, random driving cycles are then generated, allowing the distribution of the average powers and energies to be computed. The analysis proves that a 20-kW fuel cell stack is sufficient for a 13 000-kg truck. The results show that the fuel cell system could be downsized, compared with classical solutions, where much larger fuel cells are required. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Resilience is becoming increasingly important in power systems, microgrids (MG) and buildings. It evaluates their performance against disruptive events. The approaches mainly correspond to high-impact, low-probability events such as natural disasters and intentional attacks affecting the electrical systems infrastructure. However, resilience can encompass medium and low-impact events such as minor civil structural accidents, light faults and supply disturbances. Some resilience assessment advances are in buildings at the low-voltage (LV) level. They include vulnerability to natural disasters, reliability of supply, and service quality. These works usually use approaches independent of each other, leaving a gap between their relationship and interpretation. Therefore, there is a need to consolidate a resilience assessment strategy to guide the analysis of vulnerabilities and strengths in the same direction. This paper proposes a comprehensive approach to evaluate electrical resilience for buildings. It compiles quantitative strategies for studying electrical resilience, focusing on LV systems. It proposes a methodology for integrating the electrical system infrastructure's vulnerability, the supply's continuity and the voltage service's quality. Implementing this approach in a university building equipped with smart metering demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for assessing electrical resilience. The results show a comprehensive resilience analysis and the possibility of extending the methodology to MG and LV distribution networks. • A categorisation of building electrical system disturbances by impact level and frequency. • A methodology to assess electrical resilience for each category of disturbance. • A Comprehensive assessment of electrical resilience, covering structural robustness, service continuity, and supply quality. • A case study application integrating critical loads, a backup system, and smart metering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]