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Relevant for various areas of human genetics, Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) are commonly used for testing close paternal relationships among individuals and populations, and for male lineage identification. However, even the widely used 17-loci Yfiler set cannot resolve individuals and populations completely. Here, 52 centers generated quality-controlled data of 13 rapidly mutating (RM) Y-STRs in 14,644 related and unrelated males from 111 worldwide populations. Strikingly, >99% of the 12,272 unrelated males were completely individualized. Haplotype diversity was extremely high (global: 0.9999985, regional: 0.99836-0.9999988). Haplotype sharing between populations was almost absent except for six (0.05%) of the 12,156 haplotypes. Haplotype sharing within populations was generally rare (0.8% nonunique haplotypes), significantly lower in urban (0.9%) than rural (2.1%) and highest in endogamous groups (14.3%). Analysis

The Jbel Tirremi fluorite-barite sulfide deposit in northeastern Morocco is hosted in a Jurassic-aged structurally high carbonate platform known as the Jbel Tirremi dome. The host rocks consist of unmetamorphosed, flat-lying early Jurassic dolomitized limestones, locally intruded by Eocene lamprophyre dikes. The orebodies consist mostly of fluorite and barite, and occur as open-space fillings and partial to massive replacement of the enclosing medium- to coarse-grained dolomitized limestones. The ore mineralogy is dominated by fluorite of different colors and habits, barite, and, to a lesser extent, sulfides. Rare earth element compositions along with fluid inclusion, halogen and isotopic data suggest that the fluorite barite mineralization and the spatially associated Eocene alkaline magmatism are petrogenetically unrelated, pointing instead to the regional circulation of hydrothermal basinal brines mixed to various degrees with meteoric water in a dominantly closed rock-buffered system at progressively higher temperatures and fluid/rock ratios. In this respect, fluid inclusion microthermometric measurements show that the ore-bearing hydrothermal system developed in two separate stages of fluorite-barite mineralization, as also revealed by isotopic data. Both stages precipitated from saline fluids at shallow crustal levels (i.e., <5 km), and were related, in varying degrees, to different stages of basin evolution and salt dome growth (salt mobilization and mineralization). During the first stage, the ore fluid was a highly saline aqueous brine with a total salinity up to 44.2 wt % NaCl + KCl equiv, at temperatures >= 82 degrees C and possibly up to 218 degrees C, whereas in the second stage the mineralizing fluid had a similar temperature range, but lower salinities (similar to 20-10 wt % NaCl equiv). The recorded high salinities are interpreted to represent the involvement of a mixture of halite dissolution water and evaporated seawater component. Oxygen (delta O

La Constitution du 28 novembre1996 aenrichi notre système institutionnel par la création d’un Conseil d’Etat. Cette structure exerce traditionnellement une fonction consultative - plus largement, une fonction administrative et une fonction juridictionnelle. Le Conseil d’Etat n’est pas strictement un organe juridictionnel; également, il n’est pas uniquement une structure chargée d’une mission de conseil. Sa vocation n’est donc pas unidimensionnelle.Il semble que cette double vocation ait échappé à notre législateur constitutionnel au moment de la rédaction du texte qui a institué notre Conseil d’Etat, à savoir l’article 152. Ce que l’on pouvait qualifier de maladresse sémantique a été, à notre avis, aggravé encore par l’interprétation très restrictive du Conseil Constitutionnel d’un texte complémentaire : l’article 153.

This is probably the largest Mississippi Valley-type district in Africa, and has produced around 67 000 000 tonnes of ore averaging 7% Pb and 3% Zn. Mineralisation is thought to have occurred during Oligo-Miocene compressional deformation and uplift and to have involved thermochemical sulphate reduction by hydrocarbons. The distribution of delta S34 values of the main stage mineralisation can be interpreted as the result of mixing between a heavy and a light delta S34 reservoir. The results suggest that thermochemical reduction of Triassic sulphate and, possibly, pyrite disseminated in the sedimentary sequence (and/or leaching of basement sulphides) constitute the sources of the two sulphur types. Temperatures calculated from coexisting sphalerite-galena pairs range from 70 to 135 degrees C and are in good agreement with geological and fluid inclusion data., This is probably the largest Mississippi Valley-type district in Africa, and has produced around 67 000 000 tonnes of ore averaging 7% Pb and 3% Zn. Mineralisation is thought to have occurred during Oligo-Miocene compressional deformation and uplift and to have involved thermochemical sulphate reduction by hydrocarbons. The distribution of delta S34 values of the main stage mineralisation can be interpreted as the result of mixing between a heavy and a light delta S34 reservoir. The results suggest that thermochemical reduction of Triassic sulphate and, possibly, pyrite disseminated in the sedimentary sequence (and/or leaching of basement sulphides) constitute the sources of the two sulphur types. Temperatures calculated from coexisting sphalerite-galena pairs range from 70 to 135 degrees C and are in good agreement with geological and fluid inclusion data.

The Touissit-Bou Beker Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) district includes five major strata-bound Pb-Zn-Ag deposits that produced, over a century of mining, more than 70 000 000 t of ore at an average grade of 4.0 wt% Pb, 3.5 wt% Zn, 1 wt% Cu, and 120 g/t Ag. Economic orebodies are hosted by a 25-m-thick sequence of unmetamorphosed, flat-lying, diagenetically and hydrothermally dolomitised carbonate platform rocks of Aalenian-Bajocian (174-168 Ma) age. The sulphide mineralisation consists principally of galena and sphalerite, and occurs as open-space fillings and partial to massive replacements of medium- to coarse-grained dolostones. Throughout the district and surrounding prospects, S isotope compositions of sulphide minerals range from -8.6 to 12.9 per mille CDT (n = 194) and display spatial and temporal variations characterised by an overall progressive decrease of d34S values, explained in terms of inorganic and/or bacteriogenic reduction, at different rates, of seawater sulphate in seawater or pore fluids, in reservoirs both open and closed with respect to sulphate. The highly variable 3He/4He values reflect different degrees of mixing between mantle and crustal He components along the fluid flow path. Whole-rock and galena lead isotope compositions are consistent with a model in which metals were extracted from the local country rocks. The extraction of lead is likely to have occurred during the late Neogene, coincident with the Messinian salinity crisis and anorogenic alkaline magmatism. Conventional MVT genetic models cannot satisfactorily account for Pb-Zn-Ag ore deposition; an alternative model is proposed involving a genetic link among extensional tectonics, Neogene-Quaternary mafic magmatism, the Messinian salinity crisis, and formation of the Touissit-Bou Beker deposits., The Touissit-Bou Beker Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) district includes five major strata-bound Pb-Zn-Ag deposits that produced, over a century of mining, more than 70 000 000 t of ore at an average grade of 4.0 wt% Pb, 3.5 wt% Zn, 1 wt% Cu, and 120 g/t Ag. Economic orebodies are hosted by a 25-m-thick sequence of unmetamorphosed, flat-lying, diagenetically and hydrothermally dolomitised carbonate platform rocks of Aalenian-Bajocian (174-168 Ma) age. The sulphide mineralisation consists principally of galena and sphalerite, and occurs as open-space fillings and partial to massive replacements of medium- to coarse-grained dolostones. Throughout the district and surrounding prospects, S isotope compositions of sulphide minerals range from -8.6 to 12.9 per mille CDT (n = 194) and display spatial and temporal variations characterised by an overall progressive decrease of d34S values, explained in terms of inorganic and/or bacteriogenic reduction, at different rates, of seawater sulphate in seawater or pore fluids, in reservoirs both open and closed with respect to sulphate. The highly variable 3He/4He values reflect different degrees of mixing between mantle and crustal He components along the fluid flow path. Whole-rock and galena lead isotope compositions are consistent with a model in which metals were extracted from the local country rocks. The extraction of lead is likely to have occurred during the late Neogene, coincident with the Messinian salinity crisis and anorogenic alkaline magmatism. Conventional MVT genetic models cannot satisfactorily account for Pb-Zn-Ag ore deposition; an alternative model is proposed involving a genetic link among extensional tectonics, Neogene-Quaternary mafic magmatism, the Messinian salinity crisis, and formation of the Touissit-Bou Beker deposits.

The Mississippi Valley-type deposits of the Touissit-Bou Beker district are hosted by a 25 m thick sequence of diagenetically and hydrothermally dolomitised carbonate platform rocks of Aalenian-Bajocian age. Galena and sphalerite mineralisation occur as open-space fillings of voids and moderate to massive replacement of the medium- to coarse-grained host dolostone. Five types of dolomite have been distinguished. Main ore controls include stratigraphy and lithology, carbonate dissolution, palaeogeography, faults or faulted rocks, and availability of organic matter. Isotopic compositions are consistent with a basinal-type fluid with reduced sulphur very likely being derived through thermochemical reduction of dissolved sulphate, resulting in metal precipitation, and carbon of mainly marine Aalenian-Bajocian carbonate origin with a minor biogenic component. 87Sr/86Sr values of replacement dolostone are similar to those of ore-related hydrothermal dolomites, and are different from those of the Visean rhyodacite. Lead isotope ratios of sulphides are consistent with Pb being derived from the Visean rhyodacite and associated volcaniclastic rocks. The intimate link between faults and mineralisation suggests the strong possibility of brine flow along both ENE-trending regional-scale faults and NW-SW-trending local- scale faults. The data suggest that MVT mineralisation was emplaced during the late Neogene-Quaternary (ca. 15-0 Ma), possibly as a result of subsurface gravity-driven fluid flow in response to the collision between the African and Eurasian plates., The Mississippi Valley-type deposits of the Touissit-Bou Beker district are hosted by a 25 m thick sequence of diagenetically and hydrothermally dolomitised carbonate platform rocks of Aalenian-Bajocian age. Galena and sphalerite mineralisation occur as open-space fillings of voids and moderate to massive replacement of the medium- to coarse-grained host dolostone. Five types of dolomite have been distinguished. Main ore controls include stratigraphy and lithology, carbonate dissolution, palaeogeography, faults or faulted rocks, and availability of organic matter. Isotopic compositions are consistent with a basinal-type fluid with reduced sulphur very likely being derived through thermochemical reduction of dissolved sulphate, resulting in metal precipitation, and carbon of mainly marine Aalenian-Bajocian carbonate origin with a minor biogenic component. 87Sr/86Sr values of replacement dolostone are similar to those of ore-related hydrothermal dolomites, and are different from those of the Visean rhyodacite. Lead isotope ratios of sulphides are consistent with Pb being derived from the Visean rhyodacite and associated volcaniclastic rocks. The intimate link between faults and mineralisation suggests the strong possibility of brine flow along both ENE-trending regional-scale faults and NW-SW-trending local- scale faults. The data suggest that MVT mineralisation was emplaced during the late Neogene-Quaternary (ca. 15-0 Ma), possibly as a result of subsurface gravity-driven fluid flow in response to the collision between the African and Eurasian plates.

The fluorite-barite +/-sulphide deposit is hosted in a Jurassic carbonate platform known as the Jbel Tirremi dome. The orebodies occur as open-space fillings and partial to massive replacement of the enclosing dolomitised limestones. Rare earth element compositions along with fluid inclusion, halogen and isotopic data suggest that the mineralisation and the spatially associated Eocene alkaline magmatism were petrogenetically unrelated, pointing instead to the regional circulation of hydrothermal basinal brines mixed to various degrees with meteoric water in a dominantly closed rock-buffered system at progressively higher temperatures and fluid/rock ratios. Fluid inclusion microthermometric measurements and isotopic data show that the ore-bearing hydrothermal system developed in two separate stages of mineralisation. Both stages precipitated from saline fluids at shallow crustal levels. Petroleum-bearing fluid, released from overpressured portions of the Guercif Basin at lithostatic pressures, and bittern brines dominated the first stage of mineralisation during Late Miocene. Mixing of saline, oxidised, CaCl2- and sulphate-rich bittern brine with oil-bearing fluid resulted in fluorite precipitation. Conversely, in the second stage of mineralisation during Tortonian time, the hydrothermal system was open to influx of oxidised meteoric water as a consequence of upward migration of the Triassic salt-bearing diapir and associated pressure decrease., The fluorite-barite +/-sulphide deposit is hosted in a Jurassic carbonate platform known as the Jbel Tirremi dome. The orebodies occur as open-space fillings and partial to massive replacement of the enclosing dolomitised limestones. Rare earth element compositions along with fluid inclusion, halogen and isotopic data suggest that the mineralisation and the spatially associated Eocene alkaline magmatism were petrogenetically unrelated, pointing instead to the regional circulation of hydrothermal basinal brines mixed to various degrees with meteoric water in a dominantly closed rock-buffered system at progressively higher temperatures and fluid/rock ratios. Fluid inclusion microthermometric measurements and isotopic data show that the ore-bearing hydrothermal system developed in two separate stages of mineralisation. Both stages precipitated from saline fluids at shallow crustal levels. Petroleum-bearing fluid, released from overpressured portions of the Guercif Basin at lithostatic pressures, and bittern brines dominated the first stage of mineralisation during Late Miocene. Mixing of saline, oxidised, CaCl2- and sulphate-rich bittern brine with oil-bearing fluid resulted in fluorite precipitation. Conversely, in the second stage of mineralisation during Tortonian time, the hydrothermal system was open to influx of oxidised meteoric water as a consequence of upward migration of the Triassic salt-bearing diapir and associated pressure decrease.

Sulphur isotope (delta34S) data from sphalerite and galena samples indicated that sulphur in sulphides at the Oued Maden and Fedj Hassene Pb-Zn deposits of northern Tunisia had been derived from Triassic evaporates or seawater through thermochemical sulphate reduction, whereas sulphur at the Jebel Hallouf deposit had been derived by bacterial sulphate reduction. Lead isotope ratios (206Pb/204Pb; 207Pb/204Pb; 208Pb/204Pb) and the corresponding calculated age models indicated that the lead in galenas had been derived from a homogenous crustal source during the Upper Miocene time. Thermal anomalies associated with the Neogene magmatism are proposed as the driving mechanism for hydrothermal fluids responsible for the genesis of the Oued Maden and Fedj Hassene Pb-Zn deposits., Sulphur isotope (delta34S) data from sphalerite and galena samples indicated that sulphur in sulphides at the Oued Maden and Fedj Hassene Pb-Zn deposits of northern Tunisia had been derived from Triassic evaporates or seawater through thermochemical sulphate reduction, whereas sulphur at the Jebel Hallouf deposit had been derived by bacterial sulphate reduction. Lead isotope ratios (206Pb/204Pb; 207Pb/204Pb; 208Pb/204Pb) and the corresponding calculated age models indicated that the lead in galenas had been derived from a homogenous crustal source during the Upper Miocene time. Thermal anomalies associated with the Neogene magmatism are proposed as the driving mechanism for hydrothermal fluids responsible for the genesis of the Oued Maden and Fedj Hassene Pb-Zn deposits.