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1. Heatwave reveals potential for enhanced aerosol formation in Siberian boreal forest

Author

Olga Garmash, Ekaterina Ezhova, Mikhail Arshinov, Boris Belan, Anastasiia Lampilahti, Denis Davydov, Meri Räty, Diego Aliaga, Rima Baalbaki, Tommy Chan, Federico Bianchi, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka Petäjä, and Markku Kulmala

Subjects
secondary aerosol, boreal forest, atmospheric chemistry, pollution, BVOC, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Siberia is covered by 6 million km ^2 of forest, which moderates climate as a carbon sink and a source of aerosol particles causing negative radiative effect. Aerosol particles in boreal forests frequently form via gas-to-particle conversion, known as new particle formation (NPF). Compared to boreal sites at similar latitudes, NPF was reported to occur less often in the Siberian forest. However, factors controlling NPF in Siberia remain unknown. Our results suggest that the combination of biogenic and anthropogenic contributions caused unexpectedly high monthly NPF frequency (50%) at the observatory Fonovaya in the West Siberian taiga during the Siberian 2020 heatwave. High frequency was due to early spring photosynthetic recovery, which boosted biogenic emissions into polluted air masses carrying SO _2 . After mid-April, high temperatures and cleaner air masses led to less frequent (15%) and less intense NPF despite the increased emissions of natural organic vapors and ammonia. Furthermore, the contrast between the two spring periods was seen in cluster composition, particle-forming vapors (two times difference in sulfuric acid concentration), particle formation ( J _3 , 2.2 and 0.4 cm ^−3 s ^−1 ) and growth rates (GR _2−3 , 1.7 and 0.6 nm h ^−1 ). Given the strong warming trend, our results suggest that within 25‒30 years, the monthly NPF frequency during early spring in the West Siberian taiga can reach 40%–60%, as in the European boreal sites.

Published
2024
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2. Analysis of the Diurnal, Weekly, and Seasonal Cycles and Annual Trends in Atmospheric CO2 and CH4 at Tower Network in Siberia from 2005 to 2016

Author

Dmitry Belikov, Mikhail Arshinov, Boris Belan, Denis Davydov, Aleksandr Fofonov, Motoki Sasakawa, and Toshinobu Machida

Subjects
methane, carbon dioxide, greenhouse gas emissions, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

We analyzed 12 years (2005–2016) of continuous measurements of atmospheric CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations made at nine tower observation sites in the Japan–Russia Siberian Tall Tower Inland Observation Network (JR-STATION), located in Siberia. Since the data are very noisy and have a low temporal resolution due to gaps in instrument operation, we used the recently developed Prophet model, which was designed to handle the common features of time series (multiple strong seasonalities, trend changes, outliers) and has a robust performance in the presence of missing data and trend shifts. By decomposing each sampled time-series into its major components (i.e., annual trend and seasonal, weekly, and hourly variation), we observed periodically changing patterns of tracer concentrations. Specifically, we detected multi-year variability of tracers and identified high-concentration events. The frequency of such events was found to vary throughout the year, reaching up to 20% of days for some months, while the number of such events was found to be different for CO 2 and CH 4 . An analysis of weather conditions showed that, in most cases, high-concentration events were caused by a temperature inversion and low wind speed. Additionally, wind directions were found to be different for high- and low-concentration events. For some sites, the wind direction indicated the location of strong local sources of CO 2 and CH 4 . As well as elucidating the seasonality of greenhouse gas concentrations, this study confirmed the potential of the Prophet model for detecting periodicity in environmental phenomena.

Published
2019
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3. Arctic observations and sustainable development goals:Contributions and examples from ERA-PLANET iCUPE data

Author

Steffen M. Noe, Ksenia Tabakova, Alexander Mahura, Hanna K. Lappalainen, Miriam Kosmale, Jyri Heilimo, Roberto Salzano, Mattia Santoro, Rosamaria Salvatori, Andrea Spolaor, Warren Cairns, Carlo Barbante, Fidel Pankratov, Angelika Humbert, Jeroen E. Sonke, Kathy S. Law, Tatsuo Onishi, Jean-Daniel Paris, Henrik Skov, Andreas Massling, Aurélien Dommergue, Mikhail Arshinov, Denis Davydov, Boris Belan, Tuukka Petäjä, Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMU), Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Arctic Space Centre [Helsinki], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (IIA), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Polar Sciences [Venezia-Mestre] (CNR-ISP), Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics [Venezia], University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Fachbereich Geowissenschaften [Bremen], Universität Bremen, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Environmental Science [Roskilde] (ENVS), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics (IAO), and Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Data driven public services, Sustainable development, Geography, Planning and Development, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, In-situ, Arctic dataIn-situ, Mercury, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Remote sensing, Arctic data
Abstract

International audience; Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments (iCUPE) project developed 24 novel datasets utilizing in-situ observational capacities within the Arctic or remote sensing observations from ground or from space. The datasets covered atmospheric, cryospheric, marine, and terrestrial domains. This paper connects the iCUPE datasets to United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals and showcases the use of selected datasets as knowledge provision services for policy- and decision-making actions. Inclusion of indigenous and societal knowledge into the data processing pipelines enables a feedback mechanism that facilitates data driven public services.

Published
2022
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4. Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China – a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective

Author

Hanna K. Lappalainen, Tuukka Petäjä, Timo Vihma, Jouni Räisänen, Alexander Baklanov, Sergey Chalov, Igor Esau, Ekaterina Ezhova, Matti Leppäranta, Dmitry Pozdnyakov, Jukka Pumpanen, Meinrat O. Andreae, Mikhail Arshinov, Eija Asmi, Jianhui Bai, Igor Bashmachnikov, Boris Belan, Federico Bianchi, Boris Biskaborn, Michael Boy, Jaana Bäck, Bin Cheng, Natalia Chubarova, Jonathan Duplissy, Egor Dyukarev, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Martin Forsius, Martin Heimann, Sirkku Juhola, Vladimir Konovalov, Igor Konovalov, Pavel Konstantinov, Kajar Köster, Elena Lapshina, Anna Lintunen, Alexander Mahura, Risto Makkonen, Svetlana Malkhazova, Ivan Mammarella, Stefano Mammola, Stephany Buenrostro Mazon, Outi Meinander, Eugene Mikhailov, Victoria Miles, Stanislav Myslenkov, Dmitry Orlov, Jean-Daniel Paris, Roberta Pirazzini, Olga Popovicheva, Jouni Pulliainen, Kimmo Rautiainen, Torsten Sachs, Vladimir Shevchenko, Andrey Skorokhod, Andreas Stohl, Elli Suhonen, Erik S. Thomson, Marina Tsidilina, Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen, Petteri Uotila, Aki Virkkula, Nadezhda Voropay, Tobias Wolf, Sayaka Yasunaka, Jiahua Zhang, Yubao Qiu, Aijun Ding, Huadong Guo, Valery Bondur, Nikolay Kasimov, Sergej Zilitinkevich, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Markku Kulmala, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), INAR Physics, Global Atmosphere-Earth surface feedbacks, Polar and arctic atmospheric research (PANDA), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Department of Forest Sciences, Forest Ecology and Management, Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences), Helsinki Institute of Physics, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Helsinki Institute of Urban and Regional Studies (Urbaria), Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Urban Environmental Policy, Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, Zoology, Natural Sciences Unit, Aleksanteri Institute - Finnish Centre for Russian and East European Studies, Russian and Eurasian Studies (Aleksanteri Institute), Suomen ympäristökeskus, The Finnish Environment Institute, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 10663, 2858, 32771, 311932, 314798/99, 315203, 317999, 337549, 19-05-50024, 561975-EPP-1-2015-1-FI-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP, 606953, 654109, 0148-2019-0006, 13.1902.21.0003, 1 075-15-2021-574, TRAKT-2018, 13-01-20/39, European Research Council, ERC: 742206, 850614, Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India, डीएसटी, National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC: 41275137, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, РФФИ: 17-29-05027, 17-29-05102, 18-05-00306, 18-05-60037, 18-05-60083, 18-05-60219, 18-35-20031, 18-44-860017, 18-45-700015, 19-05-00352, 19-05-50088, 19-55-80021, Academy of Finland, AKA: 280700, 294600, 296302, Jane ja Aatos Erkon Säätiö, J&AE; Saint Petersburg State University, SPbU, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, MOST, Norges Forskningsråd: 311986, Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 17-17-01117, 18-17-00076, 19-77-300-12, 19-77-30004, 21-17-00181, Horizon 2020: 689443, 727890, Ulkoministeriö: PC0TQ4BT-20, Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, The work of Stanislav Myslenkov was supported by the Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of Moscow State University 'The Future of the Planet and Global Environmental Changes'., Acknowledgements. We thank the following funding agencies and projects: Academy of Finland contract nos. 280700, 294600, 296302 (Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical Concentrations and Sources to Future Climate Impacts, NABCEA), 307331 (FCoE Atmospheric Sciences), 311932, 314798/99, 315203, 317999, and 337549 (Atmosphere and Climate Competence Center, ACCC), the Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland (IBA-project no. PC0TQ4BT-20), PECC (Transferable Knowledge and Technologies for High-Resolution Environmental Impact Assessment and Management, TRAKT-2018) project, Russian Government mega-grant project 1 075-15-2021-574 'Megapolis – heat and pollution island: interdisciplinary hydroclimatic, geochemical and ecological analysis', Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) project nos. 17-29-05027 (Selenga–Baikal river system), 17-29-05102, 18-05-00306, 18-05-60037, 18-05-60219 (Arctic river), 18-35-20031, 18-44-860017, 18-45-700015, 18-05-60083 (Storm activity in the Barents Sea), 20-5512001 (An interdisciplinary study on the impact of aerosolized particulate matter from aged wildfire plumes on environment and human health), 19-05-50088, 19-05-00352, and 19-55-80021 (MOST and DST studies), Scientific and Educational School of Moscow State University 'The Future of the Planet and Global Environmental Changes', the IAO SB RAS supported by RFBR project no. 19-05-50024, Russian Science Foundation (RSF) projects 21-17-00181 (Monitoring at Lena River catchment), 17-17-01117, 18-17-00076 (Long-term measurement of aerosol chemical composition in central Siberia, 19-77-20109 (black carbon emissions from Siberian fires), 19-77-30004 (Moscow environment), and 19-77-300-12 (Measurement networks and field sites in the Kola Peninsula), Yugra State University grant no. 13-01-20/39, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia agreement no. 13.1902.21.0003, State assignment no. 0148-2019-0006, project N75295423 launched by St. Petersburg State University, Eu- ropean Research Council (ERC) project nos. 742206 (ATM-GTP) and 850614 (CHAPAs), EU Horizon 2020 project nos. 727890 (Integrated Arctic Observing System, INTAROS), 689443 (Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments, iCUPE), and 654109 (Aerosol Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure, ACTRIS-2), EU7 FP MarcoPolo grant no. 606953, Erasmus+ 561975-EPP-1-2015-1-FI-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP, Norwegian Research Council and Belmont Forum project SERUS no. 311986, National Natural Science Foundation of China grant no. 41275137, and ESA-MOST China Dragon Cooperation project nos. 10663 and 32771 (Dragons 3 and 4). We also thank the AASCO – Arena gap analysis of the existing Arctic science co-operations (contract 2858) funded by the Prince Albert Foundation of Monaco (contract no. 2858)., European Project: 654109,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,ACTRIS-2(2015), and European Project: 606953,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2013-1,MARCOPOLO(2014)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, ARCTIC SEA-ICE, kaupungit, EMILIANIA-HUXLEYI BLOOMS, GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY, LONG-TERM MEASUREMENTS, 116 Chemical sciences, AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES, VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS, kulkeutuminen, 114 Physical sciences, CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI, Venäjä, 1172 Environmental sciences, NUMBER SIZE DISTRIBUTION, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, arktinen alue, ilmansuojelu, PARTICLE FORMATION EVENTS, Siperia, ilmastonmuutokset, metsät, TOWER OBSERVATORY ZOTTO, ilmansaasteet, kasvihuonekaasut, boreaalinen vyöhyke, ilmanlaatu, Kiina, Euraasia
Abstract

Short summary We summarize results during the last 5 years in the northern Eurasian region, especially from Russia, and introduce recent observations of the air quality in the urban environments in China. Although the scientific knowledge in these regions has increased, there are still gaps in our understanding of large-scale climate–Earth surface interactions and feedbacks. This arises from limitations in research infrastructures and integrative data analyses, hindering a comprehensive system analysis. The Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) Science Plan, released in 2015, addressed a need for a holistic system understanding and outlined the most urgent research needs for the rapidly changing Arctic-boreal region. Air quality in China, together with the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants, was also indicated as one of the most crucial topics of the research agenda. These two geographical regions, the northern Eurasian Arctic-boreal region and China, especially the megacities in China, were identified as a “PEEX region”. It is also important to recognize that the PEEX geographical region is an area where science-based policy actions would have significant impacts on the global climate. This paper summarizes results obtained during the last 5 years in the northern Eurasian region, together with recent observations of the air quality in the urban environments in China, in the context of the PEEX programme. The main regions of interest are the Russian Arctic, northern Eurasian boreal forests (Siberia) and peatlands, and the megacities in China. We frame our analysis against research themes introduced in the PEEX Science Plan in 2015. We summarize recent progress towards an enhanced holistic understanding of the land–atmosphere–ocean systems feedbacks. We conclude that although the scientific knowledge in these regions has increased, the new results are in many cases insufficient, and there are still gaps in our understanding of large-scale climate–Earth surface interactions and feedbacks. This arises from limitations in research infrastructures, especially the lack of coordinated, continuous and comprehensive in situ observations of the study region as well as integrative data analyses, hindering a comprehensive system analysis. The fast-changing environment and ecosystem changes driven by climate change, socio-economic activities like the China Silk Road Initiative, and the global trends like urbanization further complicate such analyses. We recognize new topics with an increasing importance in the near future, especially “the enhancing biological sequestration capacity of greenhouse gases into forests and soils to mitigate climate change” and the “socio-economic development to tackle air quality issues”.

Published
2022
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6. Integrative and comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments (iCUPE): the concept and initial results

Author

Tuukka Petäjä, Ella-Maria Duplissy, Ksenia Tabakova, Julia Schmale, Barbara Altstädter, Gerard Ancellet, Mikhail Arshinov, Yrii Balin, Urs Baltensperger, Jens Bange, Alison Beamish, Boris Belan, Antoine Berchet, Rossana Bossi, Warren R. L. Cairns, Ralf Ebinghaus, Imad El Haddad, Beatriz Ferreira-Araujo, Anna Franck, Lin Huang, Antti Hyvärinen, Angelika Humbert, Athina-Cerise Kalogridis, Pavel Kontantinov, Astrid Lampert, Matthew MacLeod, Olivier Magand, Alexander Mahura, Louis Marelle, Vladimir Masloboev, Dmitri Moisseev, Vaios Moschos, Niklas Neckel, Tatsuo Onishi, Stefan Osterwalder, Aino Ovaska, Pauli Paasonen, Mikhail Panchenko, Fidel Pankratov, Jakob B. Pernov, Andreas Platis, Olga Popovicheva, Jean-Christophe Raut, Aurélie Riandet, Torsten Sachs, Rosamaria Salvatori, Roberto Salzano, Ludwig Schröder, Martin Schön, Vladimir Shevchenko, Henrik Skov, Jeroen E. Sonke, Andrea Spolaor, Vasileios Stathopoulos, Mikko Strahlendorff, Jennie L. Thomas, Vito Vitale, Sterios Vratolis, Carlo Barbante, Sabine Chabrillat, Aurélien Dommergue, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Jyri Heilimö, Kathy S. Law, Andreas Massling, Steffen M. Noe, Jean-Daniel Paris, André Prévôt, Ilona Riipinen, Birgit Wehner, Zhiyong Xie, and Hanna K. Lappalainen

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The role of polar regions increases in terms of megatrends such as globalization, new transport routes, demography and use of natural resources consequent effects of regional and transported pollutant concentrations. We set up the ERA-PLANET Strand 4 project iCUPE – integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments to provide novel insights and observational data on global grand challenges with an Arctic focus. We utilize an integrated approach combining in situ observations, satellite remote sensing Earth Observations (EO) and multi-scale modeling to synthesize data from comprehensive long-term measurements, intensive campaigns and satellites to deliver data products, metrics and indicators to the stakeholders concerning the environmental status, availability and extraction of natural resources in the polar areas. The iCUPE work consists of thematic state-of-the-art research and provision of novel data in atmospheric pollution, local sources and transboundary transport, characterization of arctic surfaces and their changes, assessment of concentrations and impacts of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants and their cycling, quantification of emissions from natural resource extraction and validation and optimization of satellite Earth Observation (EO) data streams. In this paper we introduce the iCUPE project and summarize initial results arising out of integration of comprehensive in situ observations, satellite remote sensing and multiscale modeling in the Arctic context.

Published
2020

7. A 4D-Var inversion system based on the icosahedral grid model (NICAM-TM 4D-Var v1.0): 1. Off-line forward and adjoint transport models

Author

Yosuke Niwa, Hirofumi Tomita, Masaki Satoh, Ryoichi Imasu, Yousuke Sawa, Kazuhiro Tsuboi, Hidekazu Matsueda, Toshinobu Machida, Motoki Sasakawa, Boris Belan, and Nobuko Saigusa

Abstract

A 4-dimensional variational (4D-Var) method is a popular algorithm for inverting atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) measurements. In order to meet the computationally intense 4D-Var iterative calculation, off-line forward and adjoint transport models are developed based on the Nonhydorstatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM). By introducing flexibility into the temporal resolution of the input meteorological data, the forward model developed in this study is not only computationally efficient but is also found to nearly match the transport performance of the on-line model. In a transport simulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), the data-thinning error (error resulting from reduction in the time resolution of the meteorological data used to drive the off-line transport model) is minimized by employing high temporal resolution data of the vertical diffusion coefficient; with a lower temporal resolution, significant concentration biases near the surface are introduced. The new adjoint model can be run in discrete or continuous adjoint mode for the advection process. The discrete adjoint is characterized by perfect adjoint relationship with the forward model that switches off the flux limiter, while the continuous adjoint is characterized by imperfect but reasonable adjoint relationship with its corresponding forward model. In the latter case, both the forward and adjoint models use the flux limiter to ensure the monotonicity of tracer concentrations and sensitivities. Trajectory analysis for high-CO2 concentration events are performed to test adjoint sensitivities; we also demonstrate the potential usefulness of our adjoint model for diagnosing tracer transport. Both the off-line forward and adjoint models have computational efficiency about ten times more than that of the on-line model. A description of our new 4D-Var system that includes an optimization method, along with its application in an atmospheric CO2 inversion and the effects of using either the discrete or continuous adjoint method, is presented in an accompanying paper (Niwa et al., 2016).

Published
2016
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8. Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX): Towards holistic understanding of the feedbacks and interactions in the land–atmosphere–ocean–society continuum in the Northern Eurasian region

Author

Hanna K. Lappalainen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka Petäjä, Theo Kurten, Aleksander Baklanov, Anatoly Shvidenko, Jaana Bäck, Timo Vihma, Pavel Alekseychik, Stephen Arnold, Mikhail Arshinov, Eija Asmi, Boris Belan, Leonid Bobylev, Sergey Chalov, Yafang Cheng, Natalia Chubarova, Gerrit de Leeuw, Aijun Ding, Sergey Dobrolyubov, Sergei Dubtsov, Egor Dyukarev, Nikolai Elansky, Kostas Eleftheriadis, Igor Esau, Nikolay Filatov, Mikhail Flint, Congbin Fu, Olga Glezer, Aleksander Gliko, Martin Heimann, Albert A. M. Holtslag, Urmas Hõrrak, Juha Janhunen, Sirkku Juhola, Leena Järvi, Heikki Järvinen, Anna Kanukhina, Pavel Konstantinov, Vladimir Kotlyakov, Antti-Jussi Kieloaho, Alexander S. Komarov, Joni Kujansuu, Ilmo Kukkonen, Ella Kyrö, Ari Laaksonen, Tuomas Laurila, Heikki Lihavainen, Alexander Lisitzin, Aleksander Mahura, Alexander Makshtas, Evgeny Mareev, Stephany Mazon, Dmitry Matishov, Vladimir Melnikov, Eugene Mikhailov, Dmitri Moisseev, Robert Nigmatulin, Steffen M. Noe, Anne Ojala, Mari Pihlatie, Olga Popovicheva, Jukka Pumpanen, Tatjana Regerand, Irina Repina, Aleksei Shcherbinin, Vladimir Shevchenko, Mikko Sipilä, Andrey Skorokhod, Dominick V. Spracklen, Hang Su, Dmitry A. Subetto, Junying Sun, Arkady Yu Terzhevik, Yuri Timofeyev, Yuliya Troitskaya, Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen, Viacheslav I. Kharuk, Nina Zaytseva, Jiahua Zhang, Yrjö Viisanen, Timo Vesala, Pertti Hari, Hans Christen Hansson, Gennady G. Matvienko, Nikolai S. Kasimov, Huadong Guo, Valery Bondur, Sergej Zilitinkevich, and Markku Kulmala

Abstract

The Northern Eurasian regions and Arctic Ocean will very likely undergo substantial changes during the next decades. The arctic-boreal natural environments play a crucial role in the global climate via the albedo change, carbon sources and sinks, as well as atmospheric aerosol production via biogenic volatile organic compounds. Furthermore, it is expected that the global trade activities, demographic movement and use of natural resources will be increasing in the Arctic regions. There is a need for a novel research approach, which not only identifies and tackles the relevant multi-disciplinary research questions, but is also able to make a holistic system analysis of the expected feedbacks. In this paper, we introduce the research agenda of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX), a multi-scale, multi-disciplinary and international program started in 2012 (https://www.atm.helsinki.fi/peex/). PEEX is setting a research approach where large-scale research topics are investigated from a system perspective and which aims to fill the key gaps in our understanding of the feedbacks and interactions between the land–atmosphere–aquatic–society continuum in the Northern Eurasian region. We introduce here the state of the art of the key topics in the PEEX research agenda and give the future prospects of the research which we see relevant in this context.

Published
2016
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