15 results on '"Bohrmann J"'
Search Results
2. Organ and primary culture of medaka (Oryzias latipes) testis: Test systems for the analysis of cell proliferation and differentiation
- Author
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Gutzeit, Herwig O., Nagel, R., Bohrmann, J., Song, Miyeoun, Gutzeit, Herwig O., Nagel, R., Bohrmann, J., and Song, Miyeoun
- Abstract
In cultured medaka testis fragments, cells remained viable for the entire culture period (17h), and spermatids that developed from spermatocytes were viable and motile. Primary cultures were characterized over a period of two days with respect to cell viability and the distribution of adherent and suspended cells. These two cell populations were maintained in dynamic equilibrium in vitro for several days. Proliferating cells were predominant among clusters of suspended cells, as determined by BrdU labeling, and CFSE and propidium iodide PI labeling. Based on cytological criteria, the proliferating cells were mostly spermatogonia and possibly also preleptotene spermatocytes. Differentiation of spermatocytes into spermatids or spermatozoa was also observed, mainly among the suspended cells. These results suggest that the organ and primary culture systems are suitable systems for studying the effects of substances that interfere with spermatogenesis in the medaka, a model vertebrate. The organ and primary culture systems were used to analyze the effects of a synthetic estrogen, EE2, on cell proliferation in medaka testis. Both organ and primary culture were suitable for this purpose consistently small concentrations (0.01 and 1 nM) of EE2 stimulated cell proliferation slightly, while higher concentrations (100 nM) had an inhibitory effect. To investigate the effect of phytoestrogens on cell proliferation in spermatogenesis, selected flavonoids [genistein (1, 10, 100 µg/ml), quercetin (0.01, 1, 100 µM), and 8-prenylnarigenin (0.001, 0.1, 1, 10 µM)] were added to medaka testis primary cultures. Genistein and quercetin inhibited cell proliferation in the cultures while 8-prenylnarigenin had no effect. In a second series of experiments the addition of genistein (10 µg/ml) to primary cultures significantly inhibited both cell proliferation and cell differentiation as determined by flow cytometry using CFSE/PI labeling.
- Published
- 2003
3. Cytoskeleton-dependent transport of cytoplasmic particles in previtellogenic to mid-vitellogenic ovarian follicles of Drosophila: time-lapse analysis using video-enhanced contrast microscopy
- Author
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Bohrmann, J., primary and Biber, K., additional
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Antisera against a channel-forming 16 kDa protein inhibit dye-coupling and bind to cell membranes in Drosophila ovarian follicles
- Author
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Bohrmann, J., primary
- Published
- 1993
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5. Evidence against electrophoresis as the principal mode of protein transport in vitellogenic ovarian follicles of Drosophila
- Author
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Bohrmann, J., primary and Gutzeit, H., additional
- Published
- 1987
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6. The extracellular electrical current pattern and its variability in vitellogenic Drosophila follicles
- Author
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Bohrmann, J., primary, Dorn, A., additional, Sander, K., additional, and Gutzeit, H., additional
- Published
- 1986
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7. Intracellular electrical potential measurements in Drosophila follicles
- Author
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Bohrmann, J., primary, Huebner, E., additional, Sander, K., additional, and Gutzeit, H., additional
- Published
- 1986
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8. Organ and primary culture of medaka (Oryzias latipes) testis: Test systems for the analysis of cell proliferation and differentiation
- Author
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Song, Miyeoun, Gutzeit, Herwig O., Nagel, R., and Bohrmann, J.
- Subjects
ddc:32 ,Diole ,Durchflusscytometrie ,Endokrin wirksamer Stoff ,Genistein ,Japankärpfling ,Proliferation ,Spermatogenese ,Spermatogonium ,Zelldifferenzierung ,EE2, cell proliferation, flow cytometry, genistein, primary culture, spermatogenesis, spermatogonia ,Durchflusszytometrie, EE2, Genistein, Medaka, Spermatogenese, Spermatogonien, Zelldifferenzierung, Zellproliferation - Abstract
In cultured medaka testis fragments, cells remained viable for the entire culture period (17h), and spermatids that developed from spermatocytes were viable and motile. Primary cultures were characterized over a period of two days with respect to cell viability and the distribution of adherent and suspended cells. These two cell populations were maintained in dynamic equilibrium in vitro for several days. Proliferating cells were predominant among clusters of suspended cells, as determined by BrdU labeling, and CFSE and propidium iodide PI labeling. Based on cytological criteria, the proliferating cells were mostly spermatogonia and possibly also preleptotene spermatocytes. Differentiation of spermatocytes into spermatids or spermatozoa was also observed, mainly among the suspended cells. These results suggest that the organ and primary culture systems are suitable systems for studying the effects of substances that interfere with spermatogenesis in the medaka, a model vertebrate. The organ and primary culture systems were used to analyze the effects of a synthetic estrogen, EE2, on cell proliferation in medaka testis. Both organ and primary culture were suitable for this purpose consistently small concentrations (0.01 and 1 nM) of EE2 stimulated cell proliferation slightly, while higher concentrations (100 nM) had an inhibitory effect. To investigate the effect of phytoestrogens on cell proliferation in spermatogenesis, selected flavonoids [genistein (1, 10, 100 µg/ml), quercetin (0.01, 1, 100 µM), and 8-prenylnarigenin (0.001, 0.1, 1, 10 µM)] were added to medaka testis primary cultures. Genistein and quercetin inhibited cell proliferation in the cultures while 8-prenylnarigenin had no effect. In a second series of experiments the addition of genistein (10 µg/ml) to primary cultures significantly inhibited both cell proliferation and cell differentiation as determined by flow cytometry using CFSE/PI labeling.
- Published
- 2003
9. Analysing bioelectrical phenomena in the Drosophila ovary with genetic tools: tissue-specific expression of sensors for membrane potential and intracellular pH, and RNAi-knockdown of mechanisms involved in ion exchange.
- Author
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Schotthöfer SK and Bohrmann J
- Subjects
- Animals, Drosophila, Female, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ion Exchange, Membrane Potentials genetics, RNA Interference, Membrane Potentials physiology, Ovary metabolism
- Abstract
Background: Changes in transcellular bioelectrical patterns are known to play important roles during developmental and regenerative processes. The Drosophila follicular epithelium has proven to be an appropriate model system for studying the mechanisms by which bioelectrical signals emerge and act. Fluorescent indicator dyes in combination with various inhibitors of ion-transport mechanisms have been used to investigate the generation of membrane potentials (V
mem ) and intracellular pH (pHi ). Both parameters as well as their anteroposterior and dorsoventral gradients were affected by the inhibitors which, in addition, led to alterations of microfilament and microtubule patterns equivalent to those observed during follicle-cell differentiation., Results: We expressed two genetically-encoded fluorescent sensors for Vmem and pHi , ArcLight and pHluorin-Moesin, in the follicular epithelium of Drosophila. By means of the respective inhibitors, we obtained comparable effects on Vmem and/or pHi as previously described for Vmem - and pHi -sensitive fluorescent dyes. In a RNAi-knockdown screen, five genes of ion-transport mechanisms and gap-junction subunits were identified exerting influence on ovary development and/or oogenesis. Loss of ovaries or small ovaries were the results of soma knockdowns of the innexins inx1 and inx3, and of the DEG/ENaC family member ripped pocket (rpk). Germline knockdown of rpk also resulted in smaller ovaries. Soma knockdown of the V-ATPase-subunit vha55 caused size-reduced ovaries with degenerating follicles from stage 10A onward. In addition, soma knockdown of the open rectifier K+ channel 1 (ork1) resulted in a characteristic round-egg phenotype with altered microfilament and microtubule organisation in the follicular epithelium., Conclusions: The genetic tool box of Drosophila provides means for a refined and extended analysis of bioelectrical phenomena. Tissue-specifically expressed Vmem - and pHi -sensors exhibit some practical advantages compared to fluorescent indicator dyes. Their use confirms that the ion-transport mechanisms targeted by inhibitors play important roles in the generation of bioelectrical signals. Moreover, modulation of bioelectrical signals via RNAi-knockdown of genes coding for ion-transport mechanisms and gap-junction subunits exerts influence on crucial processes during ovary development and results in cytoskeletal changes and altered follicle shape. Thus, further evidence amounts for bioelectrical regulation of developmental processes via the control of both signalling pathways and cytoskeletal organisation.- Published
- 2020
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10. Bioelectrical and cytoskeletal patterns correlate with altered axial polarity in the follicular epithelium of the Drosophila mutant gurken.
- Author
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Schotthöfer SK and Bohrmann J
- Subjects
- Animals, Drosophila, Drosophila Proteins genetics, Electrochemistry, Oogenesis genetics, Oogenesis physiology, Transforming Growth Factor alpha genetics, Transforming Growth Factor alpha metabolism, Tubulin metabolism, Cytoskeleton metabolism, Drosophila Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
Background: Bioelectrical signals are known to be involved in the generation of cell and tissue polarity as well as in cytoskeletal dynamics. The epithelium of Drosophila ovarian follicles is a suitable model system for studying connections between electrochemical gradients, patterns of cytoskeletal elements and axial polarity. By interactions between soma and germline cells, the transforming growth factor-α homolog Gurken (Grk) establishes both the anteroposterior and the dorsoventral axis during oogenesis., Results: In the follicular epithelium of the wild-type (wt) and the polarity mutant grk, we analysed stage-specific gradients of membrane potentials (V
mem ) and intracellular pH (pHi ) using the potentiometric dye DiBAC4 (3) and the fluorescent pH-indicator 5-CFDA,AM, respectively. In addition, we compared the cytoskeletal organisation in the follicular epithelium of wt and grk using fluorescent phalloidin and an antibody against acetylated α-tubulin. Corresponding to impaired polarity in grk, the slope of the anteroposterior Vmem -gradient in stage S9 is significantly reduced compared to wt. Even more striking differences in Vmem - and pHi -patterns become obvious during stage S10B, when the respective dorsoventral gradients are established in wt but not in grk. Concurrent with bioelectrical differences, wt and grk exhibit differences concerning cytoskeletal patterns in the follicular epithelium. During all vitellogenic stages, basal microfilaments in grk are characterised by transversal alignment, while wt-typical condensations in centripetal follicle cells (S9) and in dorsal centripetal follicle cells (S10B) are absent. Moreover, in grk, longitudinal alignment of microtubules occurs throughout vitellogenesis in all follicle cells, whereas in wt, microtubules in mainbody and posterior follicle cells exhibit a more cell-autonomous organisation. Therefore, in contrast to wt, the follicular epithelium in grk is characterised by missing or shallower electrochemical gradients and by more coordinated transcellular cytoskeletal patterns., Conclusions: Our results show that bioelectrical polarity and cytoskeletal polarity are closely linked to axial polarity in both wt and grk. When primary polarity signals are altered, both bioelectrical and cytoskeletal patterns in the follicular epithelium change. We propose that not only cell-specific levels of Vmem and pHi , or the polarities of transcellular electrochemical gradients, but also the slopes of these gradients are crucial for cytoskeletal modifications and, thus, for proper development of epithelial polarity.- Published
- 2020
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11. Electrochemical gradients are involved in regulating cytoskeletal patterns during epithelial morphogenesis in the Drosophila ovary.
- Author
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Weiß I and Bohrmann J
- Subjects
- Animals, Biomarkers metabolism, Body Patterning, Drosophila Proteins antagonists & inhibitors, Female, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ion Transport, Membrane Potentials, Oogenesis, Ovary metabolism, Actin Cytoskeleton metabolism, Drosophila melanogaster physiology, Ion Channels antagonists & inhibitors, Microtubules metabolism, Ovary cytology
- Abstract
Background: During Drosophila oogenesis, the follicular epithelium differentiates into several morphologically distinct follicle-cell populations. Characteristic bioelectrical properties make this tissue a suitable model system for studying connections between electrochemical signals and the organisation of the cytoskeleton. Recently, we have described stage-specific transcellular antero-posterior and dorso-ventral gradients of intracellular pH (pH
i ) and membrane potential (Vmem ) depending on the asymmetrical distribution and/or activity of various ion-transport mechanisms. In the present study, we analysed the patterns of basal microfilaments (bMF) and microtubules (MT) in relation to electrochemical signals., Results: The bMF- and MT-patterns in developmental stages 8 to 12 were visualised using labelled phalloidin and an antibody against acetylated α-tubulin as well as follicle-cell specific expression of GFP-actin and GFP-α-tubulin. Obviously, stage-specific changes of the pHi - and Vmem -gradients correlate with modifications of the bMF- and MT-organisation. In order to test whether cytoskeletal modifications depend directly on bioelectrical changes, we used inhibitors of ion-transport mechanisms that have previously been shown to modify pHi and Vmem as well as the respective gradients. We inhibited, in stage 10b, Na+ /H+ -exchangers and Na+ -channels with amiloride, V-ATPases with bafilomycin, ATP-sensitive K+ -channels with glibenclamide, voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ -channels with verapamil, Cl- -channels with 9-anthroic acid and Na+ /K+ /2Cl- -cotransporters with furosemide, respectively. The correlations between pHi , Vmem , bMF and MT observed in different follicle-cell types are in line with the correlations resulting from the inhibition experiments. While relative alkalisation and/or hyperpolarisation stabilised the parallel transversal alignment of bMF, acidification led to increasing disorder and to condensations of bMF. On the other hand, relative acidification as well as hyperpolarisation stabilised the longitudinal orientation of MT, whereas alkalisation led to loss of this arrangement and to partial disintegration of MT., Conclusions: We conclude that the pHi - and Vmem -changes induced by inhibitors of ion-transport mechanisms simulate bioelectrical changes occurring naturally and leading to the cytoskeletal changes observed during differentiation of the follicle-cell epithelium. Therefore, gradual modifications of electrochemical signals can serve as physiological means to regulate cell and tissue architecture by modifying cytoskeletal patterns.- Published
- 2019
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12. Electrochemical patterns during Drosophila oogenesis: ion-transport mechanisms generate stage-specific gradients of pH and membrane potential in the follicle-cell epithelium.
- Author
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Weiß I and Bohrmann J
- Subjects
- Animals, Cell Membrane metabolism, Drosophila melanogaster, Electrochemistry, Female, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Membrane Potentials physiology, Oogenesis, Potassium Channels physiology, Sodium Channels physiology, Epithelium physiology, Ion Transport physiology, Ovarian Follicle cytology, Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters metabolism, Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases metabolism
- Abstract
Background: Alterations of bioelectrical properties of cells and tissues are known to function as wide-ranging signals during development, regeneration and wound-healing in several species. The Drosophila follicle-cell epithelium provides an appropriate model system for studying the potential role of electrochemical signals, like intracellular pH (pH
i ) and membrane potential (Vmem ), during development. Therefore, we analysed stage-specific gradients of pHi and Vmem as well as their dependence on specific ion-transport mechanisms., Results: Using fluorescent indicators, we found distinct alterations of pHi - and Vmem -patterns during stages 8 to 12 of oogenesis. To determine the roles of relevant ion-transport mechanisms in regulating pHi and Vmem and in establishing stage-specific antero-posterior and dorso-ventral gradients, we used inhibitors of Na+ /H+ -exchangers and Na+ -channels (amiloride), V-ATPases (bafilomycin), ATP-sensitive K+ -channels (glibenclamide), voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ -channels (verapamil), Cl- -channels (9-anthroic acid) and Na+ /K+ /2Cl- -cotransporters (furosemide). Either pHi or Vmem or both parameters were affected by each tested inhibitor. While the inhibition of Na+ /H+ -exchangers (NHE) and amiloride-sensitive Na+ -channels or of V-ATPases resulted in relative acidification, inhibiting the other ion-transport mechanisms led to relative alkalisation. The most prominent effects on pHi were obtained by inhibiting Na+ /K+ /2Cl- -cotransporters or ATP-sensitive K+ -channels. Vmem was most efficiently hyperpolarised by inhibiting voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ -channels or ATP-sensitive K+ -channels, whereas the impact of the other ion-transport mechanisms was smaller. In case of very prominent effects of inhibitors on pHi and/or Vmem , we also found strong influences on the antero-posterior and dorso-ventral pHi - and/or Vmem -gradients. For example, inhibiting ATP-sensitive K+ -channels strongly enhanced both pHi -gradients (increasing alkalisation) and reduced both Vmem -gradients (increasing hyperpolarisation). Similarly, inhibiting Na+ /K+ /2Cl- -cotransporters strongly enhanced both pHi -gradients and reduced the antero-posterior Vmem -gradient. To minor extents, both pHi -gradients were enhanced and both Vmem -gradients were reduced by inhibiting voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ -channels, whereas only both pHi -gradients were reduced (increasing acidification) by inhibiting V-ATPases or NHE and Na+ -channels., Conclusions: Our data show that in the Drosophila follicle-cell epithelium stage-specific pHi - and Vmem -gradients develop which result from the activity of several ion-transport mechanisms. These gradients are supposed to represent important bioelectrical cues during oogenesis, e.g., by serving as electrochemical prepatterns in modifying cell polarity and cytoskeletal organisation.- Published
- 2019
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13. Relating proton pumps with gap junctions: colocalization of ductin, the channel-forming subunit c of V-ATPase, with subunit a and with innexins 2 and 3 during Drosophila oogenesis.
- Author
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Lautemann J and Bohrmann J
- Subjects
- Animals, Cell Communication, Cell Membrane metabolism, Cytoplasm metabolism, Female, Gap Junctions metabolism, Ovary growth & development, Ovary metabolism, Proton Pumps metabolism, Connexins metabolism, Drosophila Proteins metabolism, Drosophila melanogaster physiology, Oogenesis, Proteolipids metabolism, Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases metabolism
- Abstract
Background: Ion-transport mechanisms and gap junctions are known to cooperate in creating bioelectric phenomena, like pH gradients, voltage gradients and ion fluxes within single cells, tissues, organs, and whole organisms. Such phenomena have been shown to play regulatory roles in a variety of developmental and regenerative processes. Using Drosophila oogenesis as a model system, we aim at characterizing in detail the mechanisms underlying bioelectric phenomena in order to reveal their regulatory functions. We, therefore, investigated the stage-specific distribution patterns of V-ATPase components in relation to gap-junction proteins., Results: We analysed the localization of the V-ATPase components ductin (subunit c) and subunit a, and the gap-junction components innexins 2 and 3, especially in polar cells, border cells, stalk cells and centripetally migrating cells. These types of follicle cells had previously been shown to exhibit characteristic patterns of membrane channels as well as membrane potential and intracellular pH. Stage-specifically, ductin and subunit a were found either colocalized or separately enriched in different regions of soma and germ-line cells. While ductin was often more prominent in plasma membranes, subunit a was more prominent in cytoplasmic and nuclear vesicles. Particularly, ductin was enriched in polar cells, stalk cells, and nurse-cell membranes, whereas subunit a was enriched in the cytoplasm of border cells, columnar follicle cells and germ-line cells. Comparably, ductin and both innexins 2 and 3 were either colocalized or separately enriched in different cellular regions. While ductin often showed a continuous membrane distribution, the distribution of both innexins was mostly punctate. Particularly, ductin was enriched in polar cells and stalk cells, whereas innexin 2 was enriched in the oolemma, and innexin 3 in centripetally migrating follicle cells. In lateral follicle-cell membranes, the three proteins were found colocalized as well as separately concentrated in presumed gap-junction plaques., Conclusions: Our results support the notion of a large variety of gap junctions existing in the Drosophila ovary. Moreover, since ductin is the channel-forming part of a proton pump and, like the innexins, is able to form junctional as well as non-junctional membrane channels, a plethora of cellular functions could be realized by using these proteins. The distribution and activity patterns of such membrane channels are expected to contribute to developmentally important bioelectric signals.
- Published
- 2016
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14. Bioelectric patterning during oogenesis: stage-specific distribution of membrane potentials, intracellular pH and ion-transport mechanisms in Drosophila ovarian follicles.
- Author
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Krüger J and Bohrmann J
- Subjects
- Adenosine Triphosphatases metabolism, Amiloride pharmacology, Animals, Calcium Channels, L-Type metabolism, Drosophila melanogaster metabolism, Electricity, Female, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ion Transport, Ovarian Follicle metabolism, Sodium Channels drug effects, Body Patterning, Drosophila melanogaster physiology, Membrane Potentials, Oogenesis, Ovarian Follicle physiology
- Abstract
Background: Bioelectric phenomena have been found to exert influence on various developmental and regenerative processes. Little is known about their possible functions and the cellular mechanisms by which they might act during Drosophila oogenesis. In developing follicles, characteristic extracellular current patterns and membrane-potential changes in oocyte and nurse cells have been observed that partly depend on the exchange of protons, potassium ions and sodium ions. These bioelectric properties have been supposed to be related to various processes during oogenesis, e. g. pH-regulation, osmoregulation, cell communication, cell migration, cell proliferation, cell death, vitellogenesis and follicle growth. Analysing in detail the spatial distribution and activity of the relevant ion-transport mechanisms is expected to elucidate the roles that bioelectric phenomena play during oogenesis., Results: To obtain an overview of bioelectric patterning along the longitudinal and transversal axes of the developing follicle, the spatial distributions of membrane potentials (Vmem), intracellular pH (pHi) and various membrane-channel proteins were studied systematically using fluorescent indicators, fluorescent inhibitors and antisera. During mid-vitellogenic stages 9 to 10B, characteristic, stage-specific Vmem-patterns in the follicle-cell epithelium as well as anteroposterior pHi-gradients in follicle cells and nurse cells were observed. Corresponding distribution patterns of proton pumps (V-ATPases), voltage-dependent L-type Ca(2+)-channels, amiloride-sensitive Na(+)-channels and Na(+),H(+)-exchangers (NHE) and gap-junction proteins (innexin 3) were detected. In particular, six morphologically distinguishable follicle-cell types are characterized on the bioelectric level by differences concerning Vmem and pHi as well as specific compositions of ion channels and carriers. Striking similarities between Vmem-patterns and activity patterns of voltage-dependent Ca(2+)-channels were found, suggesting a mechanism for transducing bioelectric signals into cellular responses. Moreover, gradients of electrical potential and pH were observed within single cells., Conclusions: Our data suggest that spatial patterning of Vmem, pHi and specific membrane-channel proteins results in bioelectric signals that are supposed to play important roles during oogenesis, e. g. by influencing spatial coordinates, regulating migration processes or modifying the cytoskeletal organization. Characteristic stage-specific changes of bioelectric activity in specialized cell types are correlated with various developmental processes.
- Published
- 2015
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15. Gap junctions in the ovary of Drosophila melanogaster: localization of innexins 1, 2, 3 and 4 and evidence for intercellular communication via innexin-2 containing channels.
- Author
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Bohrmann J and Zimmermann J
- Subjects
- Animals, Connexins metabolism, Drosophila Proteins metabolism, Embryo, Nonmammalian metabolism, Female, Immunohistochemistry, Membrane Proteins analysis, Membrane Proteins metabolism, Nerve Tissue Proteins analysis, Nerve Tissue Proteins metabolism, Oogenesis physiology, Ovary metabolism, Cell Communication physiology, Connexins analysis, Connexins physiology, Drosophila Proteins analysis, Drosophila Proteins physiology, Drosophila melanogaster metabolism, Gap Junctions metabolism
- Abstract
Background: In the Drosophila ovary, germ-line and soma cells are interconnected via gap junctions. The main gap-junction proteins in invertebrates are members of the innexin family. In order to reveal the role that innexins play in cell-cell communication during oogenesis, we investigated the localization of innexins 1, 2, 3 and 4 using immunohistochemistry, and analyzed follicle development following channel blockade., Results: We found innexin 1 predominantly localized to the baso-lateral domain of follicle cells, whereas innexin 2 is positioned apico-laterally as well as apically between follicle cells and germ-line cells. Innexin 3 was observed laterally in follicle cells and also in nurse cells, and innexin 4 was detected in the oolemma up to stage 8 and in nurse-cell membranes up to stage 12. In order to test whether innexins form channels suitable for intercellular communication, we microinjected innexin antibodies in combination with a fluorescent tracer into the oocyte of stage-10 follicles. We found that dye-coupling between oocyte and follicle cells was largely reduced by innexin-2 antibodies directed against the intracellular C-terminus as well as against the intracellular loop. Analyzing in vitro, between stages 10 and 14, the developmental capacities of follicles following microinjections of innexin-2 antibodies revealed defects in follicle-cell differentiation, nurse-cell regression, oocyte growth and choriogenesis., Conclusion: Our results suggest that all analyzed innexins are involved in the formation of gap junctions in the ovary. While innexins 2 and 3 are colocalized between soma cells, innexins 2 and 4 are colocalized between soma and germ-line cells. Innexin 2 is participating in cell-cell communication via hemichannels residing in the oolemma. It is obvious that gap-junctional communication between germ-line and soma cells is essential for several processes during oogenesis.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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