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1. A Survey on Echo Chambers on Social Media: Description, Detection and Mitigation

Author

Alatawi, Faisal, Cheng, Lu, Tahir, Anique, Karami, Mansooreh, Jiang, Bohan, Black, Tyler, and Liu, Huan

Subjects
Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, Computer Science - Machine Learning, 91D30 68T01, I.2, J.4
Abstract

Echo chambers on social media are a significant problem that can elicit a number of negative consequences, most recently affecting the response to COVID-19. Echo chambers promote conspiracy theories about the virus and are found to be linked to vaccine hesitancy, less compliance with mask mandates, and the practice of social distancing. Moreover, the problem of echo chambers is connected to other pertinent issues like political polarization and the spread of misinformation. An echo chamber is defined as a network of users in which users only interact with opinions that support their pre-existing beliefs and opinions, and they exclude and discredit other viewpoints. This survey aims to examine the echo chamber phenomenon on social media from a social computing perspective and provide a blueprint for possible solutions. We survey the related literature to understand the attributes of echo chambers and how they affect the individual and society at large. Additionally, we show the mechanisms, both algorithmic and psychological, that lead to the formation of echo chambers. These mechanisms could be manifested in two forms: (1) the bias of social media's recommender systems and (2) internal biases such as confirmation bias and homophily. While it is immensely challenging to mitigate internal biases, there has been great efforts seeking to mitigate the bias of recommender systems. These recommender systems take advantage of our own biases to personalize content recommendations to keep us engaged in order to watch more ads. Therefore, we further investigate different computational approaches for echo chamber detection and prevention, mainly based around recommender systems., Comment: 21 pages, 5 figures

Published
2021

2. Mechanisms and Attributes of Echo Chambers in Social Media

Author

Jiang, Bohan, Karami, Mansooreh, Cheng, Lu, Black, Tyler, and Liu, Huan

Subjects
Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction
Abstract

Echo chambers may exclude social media users from being exposed to other opinions, therefore, can cause rampant negative effects. Among abundant evidence are the 2016 and 2020 US presidential elections conspiracy theories and polarization, as well as the COVID-19 disinfodemic. To help better detect echo chambers and mitigate its negative effects, this paper explores the mechanisms and attributes of echo chambers in social media. In particular, we first illustrate four primary mechanisms related to three main factors: human psychology, social networks, and automatic systems. We then depict common attributes of echo chambers with a focus on the diffusion of misinformation, spreading of conspiracy theory, creation of social trends, political polarization, and emotional contagion of users. We illustrate each mechanism and attribute in a multi-perspective of sociology, psychology, and social computing with recent case studies. Our analysis suggest an emerging need to detect echo chambers and mitigate their negative effects., Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, accepted at SBP-BRiMS 2021 (2021 International Conference on Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling, & Prediction and Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation), working/late-breaking paper track

Published
2021

4. Evaluating the psychosocial status of BC children and youth during the COVID-19 pandemic: A MyHEARTSMAP cross-sectional study

Author

Woodward, Melissa L., primary, Hossain, Abrar, additional, Chun, Alaina, additional, Liu, Cindy, additional, Kilyk, Kaitlyn, additional, Bone, Jeffrey N., additional, Meckler, Garth, additional, Black, Tyler, additional, Stewart, S. Evelyn, additional, Samji, Hasina, additional, Barbic, Skye, additional, and Doan, Quynh, additional

Published
2023
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5. Commentary: School closures, the pandemic, and pediatric mental health: Scrutinizing the evidence

Author

Black, Tyler R, Virk, Punit, Woodward, Melissa L, Stea, Jonathan N., and Doan, Quynh

Subjects
Covid-19 Pandemic and Child Mental Health: An Invited Discussion Section
Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic arrived with significant hardship. The secondary impacts of the pandemic and our response with respect to pediatric mental health has been a subject of significant discussion in the lay public, media, and decision-maker groups. The initiatives to control SARS-CoV-2 have become politicized. A narrative emerged early that strategies to mitigate the spread of the virus were harming children’s mental health. Position statements from professional organizations in Canada have been used to support this claim. The aim of this commentary is to provide a reanalysis of some of the data and research methodology used to support these position statements. Some of the direct claims such as “online learning is harmful,” should be supported by a strong evidence base with significant consensus that speaks directly to causality. We find that the quality of the studies and the heterogeneity of the results does not support the strength of the unequivocal claims made by these position statements. In a sample of the current literature examining the issue, we find that outcomes range from improvements to deteriorations. Earlier studies relying on cross-sectional surveys typically have shown stronger negative effects than longitudinal cohort studies, which often have also shown groups of children experiencing no changes to measured mental health characteristics or groups that have experienced improvements. We argue it is imperative that policymakers use the highest quality evidence in making the best decisions. We as professionals must avoid discussing only one side of heterogeneous evidence.

Published
2023

10. Commentary: School closures, the pandemic, and pediatric mental health: Scrutinizing the evidence.

Author

Black, Tyler R., Virk, Punit, Woodward, Melissa L, Stea, Jonathan N., and Doan, Quynh

Subjects
*ONLINE education, *PROFESSIONAL practice, *RESEARCH methodology, *PEDIATRICS, *MENTAL health, *EVIDENCE-based medicine, *SCHOOLS, *QUALITY assurance, *STAY-at-home orders, *POLICY sciences, *COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic arrived with significant hardship. The secondary impacts of the pandemic and our response with respect to pediatric mental health has been a subject of significant discussion in the lay public, media, and decision-maker groups. The initiatives to control SARS-CoV-2 have become politicized. A narrative emerged early that strategies to mitigate the spread of the virus were harming children’s mental health. Position statements from professional organizations in Canada have been used to support this claim. The aim of this commentary is to provide a reanalysis of some of the data and research methodology used to support these position statements. Some of the direct claims such as “online learning is harmful,” should be supported by a strong evidence base with significant consensus that speaks directly to causality. We find that the quality of the studies and the heterogeneity of the results does not support the strength of the unequivocal claims made by these position statements. In a sample of the current literature examining the issue, we find that outcomes range from improvements to deteriorations. Earlier studies relying on cross-sectional surveys typically have shown stronger negative effects than longitudinal cohort studies, which often have also shown groups of children experiencing no changes to measured mental health characteristics or groups that have experienced improvements. We argue it is imperative that policymakers use the highest quality evidence in making the best decisions. We as professionals must avoid discussing only one side of heterogeneous evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023

14. Genetic Structure and Diversity of the Endemic Carolina Madtom and Conservation Implications

Author

Cope, W. Robert, Kwak, Thomas J., Black, Tyler R., Pacifici, Krishna, Harris, Sheila C., Miller, Caitlin M., Raley, Morgan E., Hallerman, Eric M., Cope, W. Robert, Kwak, Thomas J., Black, Tyler R., Pacifici, Krishna, Harris, Sheila C., Miller, Caitlin M., Raley, Morgan E., and Hallerman, Eric M.

Abstract

Identification and conservation of genetic diversity within and among freshwater fish populations are important to better manage and conserve imperiled species. The Carolina Madtom Noturus furiosus is a small, nongame catfish that is endemic to the Tar and Neuse River basins of North Carolina. Genetic structure has not been studied in the species, and given recent population declines in both basins, identification of remaining genetic diversity within the species is vital for informing conservation efforts. To assess the status and trends of Carolina Madtom genetic structure, we analyzed genetic markers from 173 individuals to (1) define population genetic structure, (2) assess intra- and interbasin genetic differentiation in the Tar and Neuse River basins, and (3) present management implications to guide conservation efforts. Using 10 microsatellite primers developed for the related Yellowfin Madtom N. flavipinnis, we observed low genetic diversity in Carolina Madtoms. Genotype frequencies within samples were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with a deficit of heterozygotes that could be due to family structure, inbreeding, or segregation of null alleles. Mean (+/- SD) M-ratios for the Tar River (0.414 +/- 0.117) and Neuse River (0.117 +/- 0.102) basin collections indicated that both populations have experienced recent demographic bottlenecks, with that in the Neuse River basin population being more severe. Effective population size estimates for the respective populations were small, on the order of tens of individuals, driving low genetic diversity within populations. However, the multilocus population differentiation metrics GST ' (mean +/- SE = 0.135 +/- 0.031) and D-EST (0.125 +/- 0.029) were significantly different from zero (P < 0.001), indicating significant genetic differentiation between the Tar and Neuse River basin populations. Our findings will inform managers on the status of genetic variation in the Carolina Madtom and will guide conservation toward

Published
2021
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15. Genetic Structure and Diversity of the Endemic Carolina Madtom and Conservation Implications

Author

Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Cope, W. Robert, Kwak, Thomas J., Black, Tyler R., Pacifici, Krishna, Harris, Sheila C., Miller, Caitlin M., Raley, Morgan E., Hallerman, Eric M., Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Cope, W. Robert, Kwak, Thomas J., Black, Tyler R., Pacifici, Krishna, Harris, Sheila C., Miller, Caitlin M., Raley, Morgan E., and Hallerman, Eric M.

Abstract

Identification and conservation of genetic diversity within and among freshwater fish populations are important to better manage and conserve imperiled species. The Carolina Madtom Noturus furiosus is a small, nongame catfish that is endemic to the Tar and Neuse River basins of North Carolina. Genetic structure has not been studied in the species, and given recent population declines in both basins, identification of remaining genetic diversity within the species is vital for informing conservation efforts. To assess the status and trends of Carolina Madtom genetic structure, we analyzed genetic markers from 173 individuals to (1) define population genetic structure, (2) assess intra- and interbasin genetic differentiation in the Tar and Neuse River basins, and (3) present management implications to guide conservation efforts. Using 10 microsatellite primers developed for the related Yellowfin Madtom N. flavipinnis, we observed low genetic diversity in Carolina Madtoms. Genotype frequencies within samples were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with a deficit of heterozygotes that could be due to family structure, inbreeding, or segregation of null alleles. Mean (+/- SD) M-ratios for the Tar River (0.414 +/- 0.117) and Neuse River (0.117 +/- 0.102) basin collections indicated that both populations have experienced recent demographic bottlenecks, with that in the Neuse River basin population being more severe. Effective population size estimates for the respective populations were small, on the order of tens of individuals, driving low genetic diversity within populations. However, the multilocus population differentiation metrics GST ' (mean +/- SE = 0.135 +/- 0.031) and D-EST (0.125 +/- 0.029) were significantly different from zero (P < 0.001), indicating significant genetic differentiation between the Tar and Neuse River basin populations. Our findings will inform managers on the status of genetic variation in the Carolina Madtom and will guide conservation toward

Published
2021

21. The effects of a simulated spill of diluted bitumen on invertebrates in a boreal lake environment

Author

Wang, Feiyue (Environment & Geography), Paterson, Michael (Entomology), Hanson, Mark (Environment & Geography), Black, Tyler Andrew, Wang, Feiyue (Environment & Geography), Paterson, Michael (Entomology), Hanson, Mark (Environment & Geography), and Black, Tyler Andrew

Abstract

To bring bitumen from Canada's Oil Sands to market requires transportation over sensitive boreal environments via rail, truck, and pipeline. With proposed expansion of pipeline infrastructure, there is a need for whole-ecosystem research evaluating fate and toxicity of oil spills specific to freshwater environments; the Boreal Lake Oil Release Experiment by Additions to Limnocorrals (BOREAL) aimed to address this. The BOREAL study was conducted in an oligotrophic lake (Lake 260) at the IISD-Experimental Lakes Area in Summer 2018. Nine 10-metre diameter, ~ 100-m3, limnocorrals were deployed, with seven treated with different volumes of a diluted bitumen product in a regression design accompanied by two reference limnocorrals. Dilbit volumes ranged from 1.5 L to 180 L, which is representative of historical oil:water ratios for pipeline spills in North America between the 50th and 99th centile (2008-2018). Zooplankton, emerging insects, and benthic invertebrates were monitored pre- and post-spill for abundance and community composition. By 13 days post-spill, zooplankton abundance had decreased in all limnocorrals and did not recover to pre-treatment values, with rotifers becoming the dominant phylum. No discernable impact based on treatment to zooplankton community diversity was observed. No impact was observed to resident benthic invertebrate communities relative to control limnocorrals; however, a concentration-response decline was observed in total insect emergence. Emergence rate declines were confounded by benthic impacts and presence of submerged oil and will require further work to elucidate drivers of long-term impacts. The physical component of oil was observed to be the likely driver of pleuston (water striders) immobility and mortality.

Published
2019

25. In Reply

Author

Gill, Carson, primary, Arnold, Brendan, additional, Nugent, Sean, additional, Rajwani, Alykhan, additional, Xu, Michael, additional, Black, Tyler, additional, and Doan, Quynh, additional

Published
2018
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27. Re: Response to Letter to the Editor.

Author

Black, Tyler

Subjects
*PROFESSIONAL practice, *HOSPITAL closures, *EVIDENCE-based medicine, *SCHOOLS, *COVID-19 pandemic
Published
2023

28. Small Grains in 2016

Author

Thomason, Wade E., Griffey, Carl A., Behl, Harry D., Black, Tyler, Malla, Subas, Hokanson, Liz, Custis, J. Tommy, Langston, David B., Jones, Karl, Pitman, Robert M., Vaughn, Mark E., Jones, Ned, Brooks, Wynse S., Light, Jon, Clark, Robert A., Gulick, Steve, Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE), and School of Plant and Environmental Sciences

Subjects
Grains, Triticum aestivum, cultivars, Hordeum vulgare
Abstract

Notes the cultivars of barley and wheat recommended in Virginia for 2016. Discusses performance testing for these varieties, and summarizes the results.

Published
2016

31. Small Grains in 2016

Author

Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE), School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Thomason, Wade E., Griffey, Carl A., Behl, Harry D., Black, Tyler, Malla, Subas, Hokanson, Liz, Custis, J. Tommy, Langston, David B., Jones, Karl, Pitman, Robert M., Vaughn, Mark E., Jones, Ned, Brooks, Wynse S., Light, Jon, Clark, Robert A., Gulick, Steve, Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE), School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Thomason, Wade E., Griffey, Carl A., Behl, Harry D., Black, Tyler, Malla, Subas, Hokanson, Liz, Custis, J. Tommy, Langston, David B., Jones, Karl, Pitman, Robert M., Vaughn, Mark E., Jones, Ned, Brooks, Wynse S., Light, Jon, Clark, Robert A., and Gulick, Steve

Abstract

Notes the cultivars of barley and wheat recommended in Virginia for 2016. Discusses performance testing for these varieties, and summarizes the results.

Published
2016

32. Small Grains in 2014

Author

Thomason, Wade E., Griffey, Carl A., Behl, Harry D., Black, Tyler, Malla, Subas, Hokanson, Liz, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE), and School of Plant and Environmental Sciences

Subjects
Grains, Fusarium, Cultivars, Secale cereale, Triticum aestivum, food and beverages, macromolecular substances, Triticale, Hordeum vulgare
Abstract

Discusses test results for several varieties of barley, wheat and triticale grown in Virginia. Presents yield performance data for each variety for the year and also averaged for several years. Also discusses milling and baking qualities of the barley and wheat cultivars, and reports on barley and wheat scab research.

Published
2014

34. Small Grains in 2015

Author

Thomason, Wade E., Griffey, Carl A., Behl, Harry D., Black, Tyler, Malla, Subas, Hokanson, Liz, Thomason, Wade E., Griffey, Carl A., Behl, Harry D., Black, Tyler, Malla, Subas, and Hokanson, Liz

Abstract

Discusses test results for several varieties of barley, wheat and triticale grown in Virginia. Presents yield performance for each variety for the year and also averaged for several years. Also discusses milling and baking qualities of the barley and wheat cultivars, and reports on barley and wheat scab.

Published
2015

35. A psychosocial assessment and management tool for children and youth in crisis

Author

Lee, Alison, Deevska, Mariana, Stillwell, Karly, Black, Tyler, Meckler, Garth, Park, David, Eslami, Ali, and Doan, Quynh

Abstract

CLINICIAN’S CAPSULEWhat is known about the topic?Emergency clinicians are not specifically trained to assess and manage mental health emergencies; thus, they have wide practice variation while determining disposition for children with mental health crises.What did this study ask?What is the inter-user reliability of a new emergency psychosocial assessment and management guiding tool, HEARTSMAP, and the impact of implementing it in a pediatric emergency department?What did this study find?The tool demonstrated strong inter-rater reliability between PED clinicians and was associated with high rates of outpatient resource connectivity.Why does this study matter to clinicians?HEARTSMAP can provide emergency clinicians with reliable and comprehensive assessment and management strategies for youth presenting with mental health-related concerns

Published
2019
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37. Small Grains in 2013

Author

Thomason, Wade E., Griffey, Carl A., Behl, Harry D., Black, Tyler, Malla, Subas, Hokanson, Liz, Thomason, Wade E., Griffey, Carl A., Behl, Harry D., Black, Tyler, Malla, Subas, and Hokanson, Liz

Abstract

Discusses test results for several varieties of barley, wheat and triticale grown in Virginia. Presents yield performance data for each variety for the year and also averaged for several years. Also discusses milling and baking qualities of the barley and wheat cultivars, and reports on barley and wheat scab research.

Published
2013

38. Small Grains in 2013

Author

Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE), School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Thomason, Wade E., Griffey, Carl A., Behl, Harry D., Black, Tyler, Malla, Subas, Hokanson, Liz, Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE), School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Thomason, Wade E., Griffey, Carl A., Behl, Harry D., Black, Tyler, Malla, Subas, and Hokanson, Liz

Abstract

Discusses test results for several varieties of barley, wheat and triticale grown in Virginia. Presents yield performance data for each variety for the year and also averaged for several years. Also discusses milling and baking qualities of the barley and wheat cultivars, and reports on barley and wheat scab research.

Published
2013

39. Division of Services for People with Disabilities : support coordination providers (6/2/2011)

Author

Utah. Division of Services for People with Disabilities, Black, Tyler, Utah. Division of Services for People with Disabilities, and Black, Tyler

Abstract

Directory and ratings of Utah support coordination providers from the Division of Services for People with Disabilities (DSPD). The DSPD administers home and community based services to individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, brain injuries, and physical disabilities. The mission is to promote opportunities and provide supports for persons with disabilities to lead self-determined lives.

Published
2011

43. "Red Flag" Evaluation Yield in Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Author

Black, Tyler P., Manolakis, Catherine S., and Di Palma, Jack A.

Subjects
*IRRITABLE colon diagnosis, *IRON deficiency anemia, *WEIGHT loss, *COLON cancer, *AGE of onset
Abstract

Background: The diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is based on clinical criteria. Further diagnostic testing is advised for certain "red flag" alarm or warning signs. Aim: This investigation was designed to examine the yield of testing for "red flags". methods: Consecutive patients who were prospectively evaluated and met the ROME III criteria for IBS were reviewed for "red flags" which included: 1) rectal bleeding, 2) iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), 3) weight loss, 4) family history of colon cancer, 5) fever, and 6) age of onset after age 50. The evaluations were reviewed for type of testing and findings. Subjects with nocturnal symptoms and fecal soiling, although not traditional warning signs, were also reviewed. Results: There were 200 patients who met the IBS criteria; 139 (70%) had a "red flag" alarm symptom or sign. Diarrhea predominant-IBS (D-IBS) was seen in 105, constipation predominant-IBS (C-IBS) in 57, alternating, mixed, or pain predominant-IBS in 38. There were 30 men and 170 women. Testing was not often performed in this setting and, when done, the yield was low with few clinically significant diagnostic findings. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of "red flag" symptoms or signs in the prospectively evaluated IBS cohort, but a low frequency of diagnostic testing directed at the investigation of these symptoms or signs. Further systematic study may show that the yield for testing in IBS is low even when "red flags" prompt diagnostic testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012

44. Psychopharmacology Challenge.

Author

Elbe, Dean, Gorman, Daniel A., Black, Tyler, and Lee, Cecilia

Subjects
*PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, *DRUG side effects, *DYSLIPIDEMIA, *CHILDREN with autism spectrum disorders, *HYPONATREMIA, *CHILDREN with developmental disabilities
Abstract

An introduction is presented in which the guest editors discuss the theme of the issue, Aggression, irritability, and weight gain, the pros and cons of antipsychotic use.

Published
2020

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